1
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Cecchini M, Cleary JM, Shyr Y, Chao J, Uboha N, Cho M, Shields A, Pant S, Goff L, Spencer K, Kim E, Stein S, Kortmansky JS, Canosa S, Sklar J, Swisher EM, Radke M, Ivy P, Boerner S, Durecki DE, Hsu CY, LoRusso P, Lacy J. NCI10066: a Phase 1/2 study of olaparib in combination with ramucirumab in previously treated metastatic gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:476-482. [PMID: 38135713 PMCID: PMC10844282 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our preclinical work revealed tumour hypoxia induces homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), increasing sensitivity to Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. We aimed to induce tumour hypoxia with ramucirumab thereby sensitising tumours to olaparib. PATIENTS AND METHODS This multi-institution single-arm Phase 1/2 trial enrolled patients with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma refractory to ≥1 systemic treatment. In dose escalation, olaparib was evaluated at escalating dose levels with ramucirumab 8 mg/kg day 1 in 14-day cycles. The primary endpoint of Phase 1 was the recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D), and in Phase 2 the primary endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR). RESULTS Fifty-one patients received ramucirumab and olaparib. The RP2D was olaparib 300 mg twice daily with ramucirumab 8 mg/kg. In evaluable patients at the RP2D the ORR was 6/43 (14%) (95% CI 4.7-25.6). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.8 months (95% CI 2.3-4.2) and median overall survival (OS) was 7.3 months (95% CI 5.7-13.0). Non-statistically significant improvements in PFS and OS were observed for patients with tumours with mutations in HRD genes. CONCLUSIONS Olaparib and ramucirumab is well-tolerated with efficacy that exceeds historical controls with ramucirumab single agent for gastric cancer in a heavily pre-treated patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cecchini
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - James M Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Joseph Chao
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nataliya Uboha
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - May Cho
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92868, USA
| | - Anthony Shields
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Shubham Pant
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Laura Goff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Kristen Spencer
- Department of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center of NYU Langone Health and NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Edward Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Stacey Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jeremy S Kortmansky
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sandra Canosa
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sklar
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Swisher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Marc Radke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Percy Ivy
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Scott Boerner
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Diane E Durecki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Hsu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Patricia LoRusso
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jill Lacy
- Department of Internal Medicine (Medical Oncology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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2
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Zhao S, Wu S, Jiang S, Zhao G, Wang B. Developing Effective Cancer Vaccines Using Rendered-Inactive Tumor Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1330. [PMID: 37631898 PMCID: PMC10458160 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health threat, and researchers are constantly looking for new ways to develop effective treatments. One approach is the use of cancer vaccines, which work by boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer. The goal of this study was to develop an effective cancer vaccine using rendered-inactive tumor cells. A CMS5 fibrosarcoma tumor model in BALB/c mice and an E.G7 lymphoma tumor model in C57BL/6 mice were used to evaluate how mitomycin C-inactivated tumor cells mediated tumor protection. The results showed that immunization with inactivated CMS5 cells significantly improved tumor suppression after a challenge with live CMS5 tumor cells, but no effect was observed using the E.G7 tumor model. The results suggested that DC (dendritic cell) responses to tumor antigens are critical. The maturation and activation of DCs were effectively promoted by mitomycin C-treated CMS5 cells, as well as enhanced phagocytosis ability in vitro. The tumor-protective effects established by the vaccination of inactivated CMS5 cells were CD8+ T cell-dependent, as the antitumor responses disappeared after eliminating CD8+ T cells. It was found that the tumor-prevention efficacy was dramatically increased by combining inactivated CM55 tumor cells with anti-CD25 antibodies to temporarily deplete Treg cells (regulatory T cells). This strategy could also significantly induce the rejection against E.G7 tumors. In addition, vaccination with anti-CD25 antibodies plus inactivated CMS5 cells elicited antitumor responses against heterologous tumors. According to the findings of this study, combining the immunization of inactivated tumor cells with an anti-CD25 antibody may be an effective method for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.Z.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (G.Z.)
| | - Shuting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.Z.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (G.Z.)
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.Z.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.Z.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (G.Z.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (S.Z.); (S.W.); (S.J.); (G.Z.)
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Kessler ER, Callihan E, Hu J, Eule C, Srivastava G, Kemme DJ, Iruku P, Rana V, Moore J, Schuster SR, Amirault M, Flaig TW, Lam ET. A Phase I/II Clinical Trial of Pembrolizumab and Cabozantinib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1004-1012. [PMID: 37377613 PMCID: PMC10249509 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Immune checkpoint inhibitor and VEGFR inhibitor combinations are effective treatments for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). This phase I/II clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab and cabozantinib in patients with mRCC. Experimental Design Eligible patients had mRCC with clear-cell or non-clear cell histology, adequate organ function, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0-1 performance status, and no prior exposure to pembrolizumab or cabozantinib. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) at the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). Secondary endpoints included safety, disease control rate (DCR), duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results Forty-five patients were enrolled. A total of 40 patients were treated at the RP2D of pembrolizumab 200 mg i.v. every 3 weeks and cabozantinib 60 mg orally once daily, 38 of which were evaluable for response. The ORR was 65.8% [95% confidence interval (CI), 49.9-78.8] for all evaluable patients [78.6% as first-line therapy, 58.3% as second-line therapy]. The DCR was 97.4% (95% CI, 86.5-99.9). Median DoR was 8.3 months (interquartile range, 4.6-15.1). At a median follow-up of 23.54 months, the median PFS was 10.45 months (95% CI, 6.25-14.63) and median OS was 30.81 months (95% CI, 24.2-not reached). The most common grade 1 and/or 2 treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) were diarrhea, anorexia, dysgeusia, weight loss, and nausea. The most common grade 3 and/or 4 TRAEs were hypertension, hypophosphatemia, alanine transaminase elevation, diarrhea, and fatigue. There was one grade 5 TRAE of reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome related to cabozantinib. Conclusions Pembrolizumab and cabozantinib treatment in patients with mRCC demonstrated encouraging preliminary efficacy and a manageable toxicity profile comparable with other available checkpoint inhibitor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor combinations. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03149822 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03149822. Significance This study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the combination of pembrolizumab and cabozantinib in patients with mRCC. The safety profile was manageable. The combination showed promising activity with an objective response rate of 65.8%, median PFS of 10.45 months, and median OS of 30.81 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Kessler
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eryn Callihan
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Junxiao Hu
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Corbin Eule
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Geetika Srivastava
- UCHealth Cancer Care and Hematology Clinic, Memorial Hospital Central, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Douglas J. Kemme
- UCHealth Cancer Center Harmony Campus, Poudre Valley Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Praveena Iruku
- UCHealth Cancer Care and Hematology Clinic, Memorial Hospital Central, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Vishal Rana
- UCHealth Cancer Care and Hematology Clinic, Memorial Hospital Central, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - James Moore
- UCHealth Cancer Center Harmony Campus, Poudre Valley Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven R. Schuster
- UCHealth Cancer Center Harmony Campus, Poudre Valley Hospital, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Mali Amirault
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas W. Flaig
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elaine T. Lam
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- UCHealth Lone Tree Medical Center, Lone Tree, Colorado
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4
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Liang J, Bai Y, Ha FS, Luo Y, Deng HT, Gao YT. Combining local regional therapy and systemic therapy: Expected changes in the treatment landscape of recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:1-18. [PMID: 36684055 PMCID: PMC9850755 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Improvements in early screening, new diagnostic techniques, and surgical treatment have led to continuous downward trends in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) morbidity and mortality rates. However, high recurrence and refractory cancer after hepatectomy remain important factors affecting the long-term prognosis of HCC. The clinical characteristics and prognosis of recurrent HCC are heterogeneous, and guidelines on treatment strategies for recurrent HCC are lacking. Therapies such as surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, and transhepatic arterial chemoembolization are effective for tumors confined to the liver, and targeted therapy is a very important treatment for unresectable recurrent HCC with systemic metastasis. With the deepening of the understanding of the immune microenvironment of HCC, blocking immune checkpoints to enhance the antitumor immune response has become a new direction for the treatment of HCC. In addition, improvements in the tumor immune microenvironment caused by local treatment may provide an opportunity to improve the therapeutic effect of HCC treatment. Ongoing and future clinical trial data of combined therapy may develop the new treatment scheme for recurrent HCC. This paper reviews the pattern of recurrent HCC and the characteristics of the immune microenvironment, demonstrates the basis for combining local treatment and systemic treatment, and reports current evidence to better understand current progress and future approaches in the treatment of recurrent HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liang
- Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Yi Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Fu-Shuang Ha
- Department of Hepatology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Hui-Ting Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
| | - Ying-Tang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Nankai University Affiliated Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300170, China
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5
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Benjamin DJ, Nolla K, Cella D. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib for advanced renal cell carcinoma. Future Oncol 2022; 18:4351-4359. [PMID: 36655774 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a challenging oncologic disease to treat despite advancements in therapeutics. Nonetheless, the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy has drastically altered the treatment landscape for advanced RCC over the past decade. The current standard-of-care treatment for advanced RCC involves combination TKI and immunotherapy regimens including cabozantinib and nivolumab as studied in the CheckMate 9ER trial. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence that led to the CheckMate 9ER study, as well as pertinent study aspects such as treatment efficacy, adverse events and patient-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Benjamin
- Hoag Family Cancer Institute, 1 Hoag Drive, Building 51, Newport Beach, CA 92663, USA
| | - Kyle Nolla
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - David Cella
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 625 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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6
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Deng K, Yang D, Zhou Y. Nanotechnology-Based siRNA Delivery Systems to Overcome Tumor Immune Evasion in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071344. [PMID: 35890239 PMCID: PMC9315482 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is a common reason causing the failure of anticancer immune therapy. Small interfering RNA (siRNA), which can activate the innate and adaptive immune system responses by silencing immune-relevant genes, have been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for preventing or reversing immune evasion. However, siRNAs show poor stability in biological fluids and cannot efficiently cross cell membranes. Nanotechnology has shown great potential for intracellular siRNA delivery in recent years. Nano-immunotherapy can efficiently penetrate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and deliver multiple immunomodulatory agents simultaneously, which appears to be a promising method for combination therapy. Therefore, it provides a new perspective for siRNA delivery in immunomodulation and cancer immunotherapy. The current advances and challenges in nanotechnology-based siRNA delivery strategies for overcoming immune evasion will be discussed in this review. In addition, we also offer insights into therapeutic options, which may expand its applications in clinical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; (K.D.); (D.Y.)
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315021, China
| | - Dongxue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; (K.D.); (D.Y.)
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China; (K.D.); (D.Y.)
- Institute of Digestive Disease of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315020, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Shah K, Mallik SB, Gupta P, Iyer A. Targeting Tumour-Associated Fibroblasts in Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:908156. [PMID: 35814453 PMCID: PMC9258494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.908156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours develop within complex tissue environments consisting of aberrant oncogenic cancer cells, diverse innate and adaptive immune cells, along with structural stromal cells, extracellular matrix and vascular networks, and many other cellular and non-cellular soluble constituents. Understanding the heterogeneity and the complex interplay between these cells remains a key barrier in treating tumours and cancers. The immune status of the pre-tumour and tumour milieu can dictate if the tumour microenvironment (TME) supports either a pro-malignancy or an anti-malignancy phenotype. Identification of the factors and cell types that regulate the dysfunction of the TME is crucial in order to understand and modulate the immune status of tumours. Among these cell types, tumour-associated fibroblasts are emerging as a major component of the TME that is often correlated with poor prognosis and therapy resistance, including immunotherapies. Thus, a deeper understanding of the complex roles of tumour-associated fibroblasts in regulating tumour immunity and cancer therapy could provide new insight into targeting the TME in various human cancers. In this review, we summarize recent studies investigating the role of immune and key stromal cells in regulating the immune status of the TME and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting stromal cells, especially tumour-associated fibroblasts, within the TME as an adjuvant therapy to sensitize immunosuppressive tumours and prevent cancer progression, chemo-resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairav Shah
- Alembic Discovery & Innovation, Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Praveer Gupta
- Alembic Discovery & Innovation, Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Hyderabad, India
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Alembic Discovery & Innovation, Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Hyderabad, India
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8
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Bejjani AC, Finn RS. Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Pick the Winner-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Versus Immuno-oncology Agent-Based Combinations. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2763-2773. [PMID: 35649192 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment landscape for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma has changed dramatically over the past 4 years. We now have numerous options for patients in frontline, second-line, and beyond. The most significant impact has been the introduction of immunotherapy into our treatment paradigms. We now have regimens that induce consistent double-digit objective response rates and markedly improve overall survival (OS) with favorable side effect profiles. The combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab has demonstrated that the combination of targeting programmed death-ligand 1 and the vascular endothelial growth factor axis can improve outcomes versus sorafenib in the IMBrave150 study. Results from the COSMIC-312 study evaluating the multikinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and AXL tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor cabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab improved progression-free survival versus sorafenib, but at this time, there is no improvement in OS and response rates were lower than expected. Additional data with similar combinations are awaited on the basis of encouraging early-phase data. In addition, the combination of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 targeting is yielding similar promising early results, and the phase III HIMALAYA study met its primary end points of improving OS versus sorafenib for durvalumab plus tremelimumab and demonstrated noninferiority for single-agent durvalumab as well. However, this combination did not improve progression-free survival and objective response rates with this combination did not seem significantly different from that with single-agent durvalumab. Although there are still knowledge gaps in this rapidly changing landscape, we will address some of the important questions relevant to making therapeutic decisions in the management of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the modern era on the basis of our current knowledge of the safety and efficacy of these evolving regimens. The goal is to provide clinicians with the knowledge needed to optimize outcomes for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Bejjani
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA Medical Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard S Finn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Santa Monica, CA
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9
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Ben Khaled N, Seidensticker M, Ricke J, Mayerle J, Oehrle B, Rössler D, Teupser D, Ehmer U, Bitzer M, Waldschmidt D, Fuchs M, Reuken PA, Lange CM, Wege H, Kandulski A, Dechêne A, Venerito M, Berres ML, Luedde T, Kubisch I, Reiter FP, De Toni EN. Atezolizumab and bevacizumab with transarterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma: the DEMAND trial protocol. Future Oncol 2022; 18:1423-1435. [PMID: 35081747 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of the anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab and the anti-VEGF bevacizumab is the first approved immunotherapeutic regimen for first-line therapy in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), currently approved in more than 80 countries. The efficacy and tolerability of this regimen suggest that the use of atezolizumab + bevacizumab could be extended to the treatment of patients with intermediate-stage HCC in combination with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). The authors describe the rationale and design of the DEMAND study. This investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized phase II study is the first trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of atezolizumab + bevacizumab prior to or in combination with TACE in patients with intermediate-stage HCC. The primary end point is the 24-month survival rate; secondary end points include objective response rate, progression-free survival, safety and quality of life. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04224636 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Najib Ben Khaled
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Max Seidensticker
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Jens Ricke
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Bettina Oehrle
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Daniel Rössler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Ursula Ehmer
- Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TU München, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | - Michael Bitzer
- Department for Internal Medicine I & Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, 72016, Germany
| | - Dirk Waldschmidt
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - Martin Fuchs
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & GI-Oncology, Munich Hospital Bogenhausen, Munich, 81925, Germany
| | - Philipp A Reuken
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Christian M Lange
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, 45147, Germany
| | - Henning Wege
- Cancer Center Esslingen, Medical Center Esslingen, Esslingen, 73730, Germany
| | - Arne Kandulski
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Alexander Dechêne
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, General Hospital Nuremberg, Nuremberg, 90419, Germany
| | - Marino Venerito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University Hospital, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Berres
- Medical Department III, University Hospital of Aachen, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Ilja Kubisch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Disorders, Oncology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, Chemnitz, 09116, Germany
| | - Florian P Reiter
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Enrico N De Toni
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
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10
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Girardi DM, Niglio SA, Mortazavi A, Nadal R, Lara P, Pal SK, Saraiya B, Cordes L, Ley L, Ortiz OS, Cadena J, Diaz C, Bagheri H, Redd B, Steinberg SM, Costello R, Chan KS, Lee MJ, Lee S, Yu Y, Gurram S, Chalfin HJ, Valera V, Figg WD, Merino M, Toubaji A, Streicher H, Wright JJ, Sharon E, Parnes HL, Ning YM, Bottaro DP, Cao L, Trepel JB, Apolo AB. Cabozantinib plus Nivolumab Phase I Expansion Study in Patients with Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Refractory to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:1353-1362. [PMID: 35031545 PMCID: PMC9365339 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of cabozantinib plus nivolumab (CaboNivo) in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) that progressed on checkpoint inhibition (CPI). PATIENTS AND METHODS A phase I expansion cohort of patients with mUC who received prior CPI was treated with cabozantinib 40 mg/day and nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks until disease progression/unacceptable toxicity. The primary goal was objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST v.1.1. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), duration of response (DoR), overall survival (OS), safety, and tolerability. RESULTS Twenty-nine out of 30 patients enrolled were evaluable for efficacy. Median follow-up was 22.2 months. Most patients (86.7%) received prior chemotherapy and all patients received prior CPI (median seven cycles). ORR was 16.0%, with one complete response and three partial responses (PR). Among 4 responders, 2 were primary refractory, 1 had a PR, and 1 had stable disease on prior CPI. Median DoR was 33.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.7-33.5], median PFS was 3.6 months (95% CI, 2.1-5.5), and median OS was 10.4 months (95% CI, 5.8-19.5). CaboNivo decreased immunosuppressive subsets such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and increased potential antitumor immune subsets such as nonclassical monocytes and effector T cells. A lower percentage of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear MDSCs, lower CTLA-4 and TIM-3 expression on Tregs, and higher effector CD4+ T cells at baseline were associated with better PFS and/or OS. CONCLUSIONS CaboNivo was clinically active, well tolerated, and favorably modulated peripheral blood immune subsets in patients with mUC refractory to CPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Girardi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scot A. Niglio
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amir Mortazavi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rosa Nadal
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Primo Lara
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Sumanta K. Pal
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - Biren Saraiya
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Lisa Cordes
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Ley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Olena Sierra Ortiz
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jacqueline Cadena
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlos Diaz
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hadi Bagheri
- Clinical Image Processing Service, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bernadette Redd
- Clinical Image Processing Service, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rene Costello
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keith S. Chan
- Samuel Oschin Cancer Center, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yunkai Yu
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandeep Gurram
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Heather J. Chalfin
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vladimir Valera
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D. Figg
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maria Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Antoun Toubaji
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard Streicher
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - John J. Wright
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Elad Sharon
- Investigational Drug Branch, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Howard L. Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yang-Min Ning
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donald P. Bottaro
- Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liang Cao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jane B. Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Andrea B. Apolo
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Corresponding Author: Andrea B. Apolo, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
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11
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George DJ, Lee CH, Heng D. New approaches to first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211034708. [PMID: 34527080 PMCID: PMC8435931 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211034708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is evolving rapidly, with promising new regimens being developed and approved for patients with advanced disease, particularly the combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Within the last 6 months, favorable first-line setting results for patients with clear cell RCC have been reported for the combination of cabozantinib plus nivolumab in the phase III CheckMate 9ER study, leading to its regulatory approval, and lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab in the phase III CLEAR study. Additional systemic first-line treatments for clear cell RCC include axitinib plus pembrolizumab, pazopanib, and sunitinib for favorable-risk patients and ipilimumab plus nivolumab, axitinib plus pembrolizumab, axitinib plus avelumab, and cabozantinib for intermediate- or poor-risk patients. In this review of novel approaches for first-line treatment of advanced RCC, we present an overview of current treatment strategies, the basis behind emerging treatment approaches, a summary of key results from the pivotal studies using tyrosine kinase inhibitor and immune checkpoint inhibitor combination therapy, novel treatments and strategies under development, and efforts for identifying biomarkers to guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. George
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Box 103861, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chung-Han Lee
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, USA
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12
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Marchetti A, Rosellini M, Rizzo A, Mollica V, Battelli N, Massari F, Santoni M. An up-to-date evaluation of cabozantinib for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2323-2336. [PMID: 34405738 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1959548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In the evolving treatment scenario of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, cabozantinib is gaining increasing attention, presenting as a cornerstone therapy, both as a monotherapy and in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.Areas covered: In this review, the authors explore the role of cabozantinib in the treatment of metastatic clear cell and non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma, presenting data from the most recent clinical trials and investigating ongoing studies. They, furthermore, evaluate the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and immunomodulatory effect of cabozantinib, as well as underlining the tolerability profile and patients' quality of life.Expert opinion: Cabozantinib's administration as a single agent is restricted to intermediate- and poor-risk patients (according to IMDC criteria). The further advent of anti-VEGF-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens (such as pembrolizumab + axitinib) has allowed to expand the use of cabozantinib, leading to its combination with nivolumab. In the next few years, more information is required to look for the application of cabozantinib-based combinations as a later-line approach in metastatic RCC patients, beside their use in the first-line setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marchetti
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Matteo Rosellini
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Veronica Mollica
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | | | - Francesco Massari
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
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13
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Kang BW, Chau I. Current status and future potential of predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastric cancer. ESMO Open 2021; 5:S2059-7029(20)32652-1. [PMID: 32817133 PMCID: PMC7440716 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionising cancer treatment and has already emerged as standard treatment for patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer (GC). Recent research has been focused on identifying robust predictive biomarkers for GC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The expression of programmed cell death protein-ligand-1 (PD-L1) is considered a manifestation of immune response evasion, and several studies have already reported the potential of PD-L1 expression as a predictive parameter for various human malignancies. Meanwhile, based on comprehensive molecular characterisation of GC, testing for Epstein-Barr virus and microsatellite instability is a potential predictive biomarker. Culminating evidence suggests that novel biomarkers, such as the tumour mutational burden and gene expression signature, could indicate the success of treatment with ICIs. However, the exact roles of these biomarkers in GC treated with ICIs remain unclear. Therefore, this study reviews recent scientific data on current and emerging biomarkers for ICIs in GC, which have potential to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Woog Kang
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ian Chau
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey, UK
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14
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El-Khoueiry AB, Hanna DL, Llovet J, Kelley RK. Cabozantinib: An evolving therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 98:102221. [PMID: 34029957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rising in incidence and remains a leading cause of cancer-related death. After a decade of disappointing trials following the approval of sorafenib for patients with advanced HCC, a number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies targeting angiogenesis and immune checkpoints have recently been approved. The phase 3 CELESTIAL trial demonstrated improved progression-free and overall survival with the TKI cabozantinib compared to placebo, supporting it as a treatment option for patients with advanced HCC previously treated with sorafenib. Cabozantinib blocks multiple key pathways of HCC pathogenesis, including VEGFR, MET, and the TAM (TYRO3, AXL, MER) family of receptor kinases, and promotes an immune-permissive tumor microenvironment. Here, we review the mechanisms of action of cabozantinib, including effects on tumor growth and its immunomodulatory properties, providing pre-clinical rationale for combination strategies with checkpoint inhibitors. We discuss the design and outcomes of CELESTIAL including improved survival across subgroups defined by age, disease etiology, baseline AFP level, prior therapies (including duration of prior sorafenib), and tumor burden. Cabozantinib had a manageable safety profile with dose modification. Studies combining cabozantinib with atezolizumab (COSMIC-312) and durvalumab (CAMILLA) in the first and second-line settings are ongoing, as well as a neoadjuvant study of cabozantinib with nivolumab. Future investigations are warranted to define the use of cabozantinib in patients with Child-Pugh B liver function and identify markers predictive of clinical benefit. The role of cabozantinib in HCC continues to evolve with an anticipated role in immunotherapy combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana L Hanna
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Hoag Cancer Center, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Josep Llovet
- Mount Sinai Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Translational Research in Hepatic Oncology Group, Liver Unit, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robin Kate Kelley
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Ghosh K, Ghosh S, Chatterjee U, Bhattacharjee P, Ghosh A. Dichotomy in Growth and Invasion from Low- to High-Grade Glioma Cellular Variants. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2219-2234. [PMID: 33978861 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial dysfunction outraging CNS plasticity and integrity results in one of the most dangerous cancers, namely glioma, featuring little median survival period and high recurrence. The hallmark properties of proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis with the infiltrated macrophages in glioma are expected to be tightly coupled or cross-linked, but not properly related so far. The present study is aimed to find a relationship between this featured quadrangle from lower to higher grades (HG) of post-operative glioma tissues and their invading subsets. Elevated Ki67-associated proliferation in lower grades (LG) was supported with VEGF dependent angiogenic maintenance which found a decrease unlikely in HG. In contrast, MMP 2 and 9-associated invasions augmented high in HG with the dominant presence of CD204+ M2 polarized macrophages and a general increase in global DNMT1-associated methylation. Marked differences found in ECM invading cellular subsets of HG showing high proliferative capacity indicating rationally for recurrence, contrasting the nature of gross tumor tissue of the same grade. Thus in LG, the neoplastic lesion is more inclined to its growth while in higher grade more disposed towards tissue wreckage in support with cellular environmental milieu whereas the cellular variants and subsets of invaded cells showed different trends. Therefore, some operational dichotomy or coupling among cellular variants in glioma is active in determining its low- to high-grade transition and aggressive progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Ghosh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.,Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Samarendranath Ghosh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Uttara Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pritha Bhattacharjee
- Environmental Epigenomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. .,Department of Zoology, School of Sciences, Netaji Subhas Open University, DD-26, Salt Lake, Sector-I, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700064, India.
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16
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Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Based Combination Immunotherapy to Boost Antigen-Specific CD8 + T Cell Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081922. [PMID: 33923463 PMCID: PMC8073815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cytotoxic T cell response against hepatocellular carcinoma antigens is exhausted and fails in its task of deleting tumoral cells. These cells are featured by the expression of negative immune checkpoints that can be modulated to restore T cell function. The blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has shown promising results in rescuing hepatocellular carcinoma-specific CD8 T cells but only a reduced group of cases is sensitive to this treatment and the effect is usually temporary. Therefore, new anti-PD-1 based combinatory strategies are underway to increase the response by adding the effect of blocking neo-angiogenesis and other negative immune checkpoints, boosting positive immune checkpoints, blocking suppressive cytokines, or inducing the expression of tumoral neoantigens. The restoration of T cell responses with these anti-PD-1 based combinatory therapies will change the outcome of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Abstract Thirty to fifty percent of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) display an immune class genetic signature. In this type of tumor, HCC-specific CD8 T cells carry out a key role in HCC control. Those potential reactive HCC-specific CD8 T cells recognize either HCC immunogenic neoantigens or aberrantly expressed host’s antigens, but they become progressively exhausted or deleted. These cells express the negative immunoregulatory checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) which impairs T cell receptor signaling by blocking the CD28 positive co-stimulatory signal. The pool of CD8 cells sensitive to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment is the PD-1dim memory-like precursor pool that gives rise to the effector subset involved in HCC control. Due to the epigenetic imprints that are transmitted to the next generation, the effect of PD-1 blockade is transient, and repeated treatments lead to tumor resistance. During long-lasting disease, besides the TCR signaling impairment, T cells develop other failures that should be also set-up to increase T cell reactivity. Therefore, several PD-1 blockade-based combinatory therapies are currently under investigation such as adding antiangiogenics, anti-TGFβ1, blockade of other negative immune checkpoints, or increasing HCC antigen presentation. The effect of these combinations on CD8+ T cells is discussed in this review.
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17
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Mikhail AS, Negussie AH, Mauda-Havakuk M, Owen JW, Pritchard WF, Lewis AL, Wood BJ. Drug-eluting embolic microspheres: State-of-the-art and emerging clinical applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:383-398. [PMID: 33480306 PMCID: PMC11247414 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1835858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-eluting embolic (DEE) microspheres, or drug-eluting beads (DEB), delivered by transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) serve as a therapeutic embolic to stop blood flow to tumors and a drug delivery vehicle. New combinations of drugs and DEE microspheres may exploit the potential synergy between mechanisms of drug activity and local tissue responses generated by TACE to enhance the efficacy of this mainstay therapy. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of key drug delivery concepts related to DEE microspheres with a focus on recent technological developments and promising emerging clinical applications as well as speculation into the future. EXPERT OPINION TACE has been performed for nearly four decades by injecting chemotherapy drugs into the arterial supply of tumors while simultaneously cutting off their blood supply, trying to starve and kill cancer cells, with varying degrees of success. The practice has evolved over the decades but has yet to fulfill the promise of truly personalized therapies envisioned through rational selection of drugs and real-time multi-parametric image guidance to target tumor clonality or heterogeneity. Recent technologic and pharmacologic developments have opened the door for potentially groundbreaking advances in how TACE with DEE microspheres is performed with the goal of achieving advancements that benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mikhail
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ayele H Negussie
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Mauda-Havakuk
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua W Owen
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William F Pritchard
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew L Lewis
- Interventional Medicine Innovation Group, Biocompatibles UK, Ltd. (Now Boston Scientific Corp.), Camberley, UK
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Zhang EL, Zhang ZY, Li J, Huang ZY. Complete Response to the Sequential Treatment with Regorafenib Followed by PD-1 Inhibitor in a Sorafenib-Refractory Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12477-12487. [PMID: 33311988 PMCID: PMC7727032 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s284092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have advanced diseases, and many are not eligible for curative therapies. There is growing evidence suggesting that the combination treatment of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is becoming a prospective trend for advanced HCC. For those HCC patients with sorafenib resistance, the efficacy of regorafenib combined with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors remains unclear. Herein, we represent a case of HCC with lung metastasis in the setting of Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced liver cirrhosis responding dramatically to the sequential treatment with regorafenib followed by PD-1 inhibitor after initial liver resection. A 51-year-old man diagnosed with alpha fetoprotein (AFP)-negative HCC underwent liver resection in September 2015 and was found to have solitary liver recurrence and multiple lung metastases in March 2017. He received microwave coagulation therapy (MCT) and trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for liver tumor and treatment was started with sorafenib 400 mg twice daily for controlling lung metastases. In December 2018, an abdominal computerized tomography (CT) scan showed two new lesions in the liver. In March 2019, disease progression of lung metastases was measured and he received 160 mg regorafenib once daily. After a short period of partial response, in December 2019, due to the progression of the disease, he started treatment with regorafenib 160 mg in combination with sintilimab (PD-1 inhibitor) (200 mg, 3 weeks as a cycle). Surprisingly, after five cycles of sintilimab injection, he showed complete response in target lesions. There was no clinical evidence of disease progression, and the side-effects were mild. The current overall survival (OS) is 58 months. Data from this clinical case report suggest that sequential treatment with regorafenib followed by PD-1 inhibitor is a promising therapeutic option for sorafenib-refractory cases of HCCs. ![]()
Point your SmartPhone at the code above. If you have a QR code reader the video abstract will appear. Or use: https://youtu.be/9Hw8vlnbtNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Lei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zun-Yi Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Huang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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19
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Colitis induced by Lenvatinib in a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin J Gastroenterol 2020; 14:187-192. [PMID: 33025343 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-020-01249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lenvatinib is a standard molecular targeted agent for the first-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we report a case of colitis induced by Lenvatinib treatment in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. A 78-year-old man previously treated with Lenvatinib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma was admitted to our hospital complaining of right lateral abdominal pain without diarrhea. Our endoscopic findings showed multiple ulcers and erosions on his ascending colon, and he was diagnosed with colitis induced by Lenvatinib treatment. After the discontinuation of Lenvatinib, his colitis improved, and he resumed Lenvatinib at a lower dose. Colitis is a rare adverse event of Lenvatinib, and this is the first detailed report of colitis induced by Lenvatinib with endoscopic findings.
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20
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Raybould AL, Sanoff H. Combination Antiangiogenic and Immunotherapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Evidence to Date. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2020; 7:133-142. [PMID: 32984090 PMCID: PMC7501959 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s224938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade, sorafenib remained the only systemic agent with proven clinical efficacy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent years have seen a proliferation of agents. In the first line, lenvatinib was found to be non-inferior to sorafenib in terms of overall survival (OS), with significantly better progression-free survival and objective response rate. Meanwhile, encouraging efficacy signals were observed in phase I/II studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors as monotherapy in HCC. Although subsequent phase III trials failed to demonstrate statistically significant benefit in OS, other clinically meaningful outcomes were observed, including long-term disease control with a favorable toxicity profile. In addition, a synergistic response has been postulated based on the interplay between antiangiogenic molecular targeted agents and immunotherapy. On this basis, interest has turned toward combination strategies of immunotherapy with these standard-of-care medications in the hope of improving treatment efficacy for advanced HCC, while maintaining tolerable safety profiles. Indeed, preliminary results from phase I studies of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab and atezolizumab plus bevacizumab have proved favorable, prompting phase III investigations in the frontline setting, and for atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, these positive findings have been substantiated by recent reporting of phase III data from IMbrave150. In this review, we will present the currently available data on combination therapy atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in advanced HCC, and compare these findings to other promising combination treatments, most notably that of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Raybould
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Hanna Sanoff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
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Zhu XD, Tang ZY, Sun HC. Targeting angiogenesis for liver cancer: Past, present, and future. Genes Dis 2020; 7:328-335. [PMID: 32884987 PMCID: PMC7452391 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the second leading cause of cancer mortality globally. Most patients were diagnosed at an advanced stage, and systemic therapy is the standard of care. All the approved systemic therapies for HCC are molecular targeted therapies with anti-angiogenic effects targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. Sorafenib and lenvatinib are the first-line treatment, and regorafenib, ramucirumab, and cabozantinib are second-line treatment options. Although anti-PD-1 antibodies, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab, demonstrated promising anti-tumor effects as monotherapy for advanced HCC in phase II clinical trials, both failed in phase III studies. Anti-angiogenic treatment remains the backbone of systemic therapy for HCC. In this review, we summarized the approved anti-angiogenic medicines and discussed the potential strategies to improve the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy, including combination therapy with other treatments, and discussed the approaches to overcome the drawbacks of anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Key Words
- Anti-angiogenic therapy
- CR, complete response
- Combinational therapy
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- ICI, immune checkpoint inhibitor
- Molecular targeted therapy
- ORR, objective response rate
- OS, overall survival
- PD-1, program death-1
- PD-L1, program death-1 ligand
- PFS, progression-free survival
- PR, partial response
- RECIST, Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
- Systemic therapy
- TACE, transcatheter chemoembolization
- TKI, tyrosine kinase inhibitor
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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22
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Bergerot P, Lamb P, Wang E, Pal SK. Cabozantinib in Combination with Immunotherapy for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma and Urothelial Carcinoma: Rationale and Clinical Evidence. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 18:2185-2193. [PMID: 31792125 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment landscape for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and urothelial carcinoma (mUC) has evolved rapidly in recent years with the approval of several checkpoint inhibitors. Despite these advances, survival rates for metastatic disease remain poor, and additional strategies will be needed to improve the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. Combining anti-VEGF/VEGFR agents with checkpoint inhibitors has emerged as a potential strategy to advance the immunotherapy paradigm, because VEGF inhibitors have immunomodulatory potential. Cabozantinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) whose targets include MET, AXL, and VEGFR2. Cabozantinib has a unique immunomodulatory profile and has demonstrated clinical efficacy as a monotherapy in mRCC and mUC, making it a potentially suitable partner for checkpoint inhibitor therapy. In this review, we summarize the current status of immunotherapy for mRCC and mUC and discuss the development of immunotherapy-TKI combinations, with a focus on cabozantinib. We discuss the rationale for such combinations based on our growing understanding of the tumor microenvironment, and we review in detail the preclinical and clinical studies supporting their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bergerot
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | | | - Sumanta K Pal
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.
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23
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Lavacchi D, Pellegrini E, Palmieri VE, Doni L, Mela MM, Di Maida F, Amedei A, Pillozzi S, Carini M, Antonuzzo L. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cancer: Current State and Future Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4691. [PMID: 32630154 PMCID: PMC7369721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatment of renal cancer (RCC) has undergone remarkable changes over the past 20 years with the introduction of immunotherapeutic agents targeting programmed cell death (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis, as a single-agent or combined with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) or a multi-target vascular endothelial growth factor-(VEGF) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). In this paper, we review the main evidence on the use of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) for RCC treatment from the first demonstration of activity of a nivolumab single agent in a phase I trial to the novel combination strategies (anti-PD-1 plus anti-CTLA4 or anti-PD-1 plus TKI). In addition, we discuss the use of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents in patients with non-clear cells and rare histological subtype RCC. Then, we critically examine the current findings in biomarkers that have been proposed to be prognostic or predictive to the response of immunotherapy including immune gene expression signature, B7-H1 expression, PBRM1 loss of function, PD-L1 expression, frame shift indel count, mutations in bromodomain-containing genes in patients with MiT family translocation RCC (tRCC), high expression of the T-effector gene signature, and a high myeloid inflammation gene expression pattern. To date, a single biomarker as a predictor of response has not been established. Since the dynamic behavior of the immune response and the different impact of ICI treatment on patients with specific RCC subtypes, the integration of multiple biomarkers and further validation in clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lavacchi
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Valeria Emma Palmieri
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Doni
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Marinella Micol Mela
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Di Maida
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Carini
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Clinical Oncology Unit, AOU Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy; (D.L.); (E.P.); (V.E.P.); (L.D.); (M.M.M.); (F.D.M.); (S.P.); (M.C.)
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
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24
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Jordan AC, Wu J. Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: Combination strategies. World J Meta-Anal 2020; 8:190-209. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v8.i3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death globally, and its incidence in the United States is increasing. Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not candidates for surgical resection, liver transplant, or locoregional therapies can be treated with systemic therapies. Multiple agents, including sorafenib, lenvatinib, and regorafenib are approved for use as either first- or second-line therapy in this patient population, but all have relatively modest survival benefits. HCC is potentially susceptible to therapy with checkpoint inhibitors, including agents such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab, which are both approved by the Food and Drug Administration for patients previously treated with sorafenib but have not demonstrated superior overall survival in phase III trials. It is clear that more effective approaches are needed to potentiate the effects of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with HCC. This review will outline and appraise the current literature on the use of checkpoint inhibitors in HCC as part of a combination treatment involving an additional mode of therapy. The list of agents that can be paired with checkpoint inhibitors includes an additional checkpoint inhibitor, vascular endothelial growth factor or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, OX-40 agonists, and PT-112 inhibitors. The main non-pharmacologic therapies currently being studied for inclusion in a combination strategy include radiation therapy, trans-arterial chemoembolization, and ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Claudius Jordan
- Department of Internal Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jennifer Wu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
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Kelley RK, W Oliver J, Hazra S, Benzaghou F, Yau T, Cheng AL, Rimassa L. Cabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab versus sorafenib in treatment-naive advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: COSMIC-312 Phase III study design. Future Oncol 2020; 16:1525-1536. [PMID: 32491932 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cabozantinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets VEGFR, MET and the TAM (TYRO3, AXL, MER) family of kinase receptors. In addition to their role in tumor growth and angiogenesis, cabozantinib targets promote an immune-suppressive microenvironment. Cabozantinib is approved as single-agent therapy for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma who received prior sorafenib. Owing to its antitumor and immunomodulatory properties, cabozantinib is being developed in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Early studies of these combinations have shown promising antitumor activity and tolerability in patients with solid tumors. Here, we describe the rationale and design of COSMIC-312, a Phase III study evaluating the safety and efficacy of cabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody) versus sorafenib for treatment-naive patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. ClinicalTrial.gov Registration: NCT03755791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kate Kelley
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Yau
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lorenza Rimassa
- Medical Oncology & Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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26
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Fan G, Wei X, Xu X. Is the era of sorafenib over? A review of the literature. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920927602. [PMID: 32518599 PMCID: PMC7252361 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920927602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most severe diseases worldwide. For the different stages of HCC, there are different clinical treatment strategies, such as surgical therapy for the early stage, and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) for intermediate-stage disease. Systemic treatment, which uses mainly targeted drugs, is the standard therapy against advanced HCC. Sorafenib is an important first-line therapy for advanced HCC. As a classically effective drug, sorafenib can increase overall survival markedly. However, it still has room for improvement because of the heterogeneity of HCC and acquired resistance. Scientists have reported the acquired sorafenib resistance is associated with the anomalous expression of certain genes, most of which are also related with HCC onset and development. Combining sorafenib with inhibitors targeting these genes may be an effective treatment. Combined treatment may not only overcome drug resistance, but also inhibit the expression of carcinoma-related genes. This review focuses on the current status of sorafenib in advanced HCC, summarizes the inhibitors that can combine with sorafenib in the treatment against HCC, and provides the rationale for clinical trials of sorafenib in combination with other inhibitors in HCC. The era of sorafenib in the treatment of HCC is far from over, as long as we find better methods of medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghan Fan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, 79 QingChun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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27
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Zhang H, Xia W, Liang C, Wang X, Zhi L, Guo C, Niu Z, Zhu W. VEGF165b and its mutant demonstrate immunomodulatory, not merely anti-angiogenic functions, in tumor-bearing mice. Mol Immunol 2020; 122:132-140. [PMID: 32353584 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of evidence has shown that anti-angiogenic molecules and antibodies targeting the VEGF-A/VEGFRs signal pathway can also reverse tumor-induced immunosuppression to an extent. VEGF165b, an anti-angiogenic VEGF-A isoform, has demonstrated capacity as an efficacious anti-tumor therapy in mice as an anti-angiogenic agent. However, whether VEGF165b also plays an immunomodulatory role in anti-tumor field remains unclear. mVEGF165b effect on regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro were evaluated using flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) methods. Its effects on Tregs (or Foxp3 expressing cells) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were analyzed in vivo using flow cytometry and immunostaining techniques. In this study, we found VEGF165b and its mutant (its half-life in plasma was extended 10 times while retaining its bioactivity; the VEGF165b mutant is called mVEGF165b for short) inhibited the proliferation of Tregs in vitro. In addition, mVEGF165b dramatically inhibited the accumulation of MDSCs and Tregs (or Foxp3 expressing cells) in the spleen and tumor in tumor-bearing mice. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated for the first time that VEGF165b and its mutant has immunoregulatory functions. It may be used as a potential immunomodulatory agent, beyond its anti-angiogenic capacities, in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Zhang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China.
| | - Wenjiao Xia
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Lingtong Zhi
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Changjiang Guo
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China
| | - Wuling Zhu
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, PR China.
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Chamani R, Soleimanjahi H, Asghari SM, Karimi H, Kianmehr Z, Ardestani SK. Re-engineering of the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment by Antiangiogenic Therapy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Suzuki N, Tajiri K, Futsukaichi Y, Tanaka S, Murayama A, Entani T, Kobayashi S, Takahashi K, Fujii T, Imura J, Yasuda I. Perforation of the Small Intestine after Introduction of Lenvatinib in a Patient with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2020; 14:63-69. [PMID: 32110202 PMCID: PMC7036537 DOI: 10.1159/000505774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenvatinib is a first-line standard treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with better anti-tumor effects than sorafenib, as shown by greater inhibition of the kinases of fibroblast growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor. This report describes a patient with advanced HCC who experienced perforation of the small intestine 1 month after starting the treatment with lenvatinib. This patient likely had partial necrosis of a metastasis to the small intestine before starting lenvatinib treatment, with subsequent ischemic changes leading to perforation of the small intestine. Although metastasis of HCC to the small intestine is rare, patients with these metastases should be regarded as being at risk for perforation during lenvatinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
- Graduate Education and Clinical Training Center, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tajiri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
- *Kazuto Tajiri, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194 (Japan),
| | - Yuka Futsukaichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Tanaka
- Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Aiko Murayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Entani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Saito Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fujii
- The Second Department of Surgery, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Johji Imura
- Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan
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30
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The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the hypoxic and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: perspectives for therapeutic implications. Med Oncol 2019; 37:2. [PMID: 31713115 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microvasculature and immune cells are major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Hypoxia plays a pivotal role in the TME through hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) which upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF, an angiogenesis stimulator, suppresses tumor immunity by inhibiting the maturation of dendritic cells, and induces immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. HIF-1α directly induces immune checkpoint molecules. VEGF/VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-targeted therapy as a cancer treatment has not only anti-angiogenic effects, but also immune-supportive effects. Anti-angiogenic therapy has the potential to change the immunological "cold tumors" into the "hot tumors". Glioblastoma (GB) is a hypervascular tumor with high VEGF expression which leads to development of an immuno suppressive TME. Therefore, in the last decade, several combination immunotherapies with anti-angiogenic agents have been developed for numerous tumors including GBs. In particular, combination therapy with an immune checkpoint inhibitor and VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy has been suggested as a synergic treatment strategy that may show favorable changes in the TME. In this article, we discuss the cross talk among immunosuppressive cells exposed to VEGF in the hypoxic TME of GBs. Current efficient combination strategies using VEGF/VEGFR-targeted therapy are reviewed and proposed as novel cancer treatments.
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Qin H, Sheng J, Zhang D, Zhang X, Liu L, Li B, Li G, Zhang Z. New Strategies for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:213-221. [PMID: 30411693 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181109151835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with low response rates to cancer vaccines, short duration of anti-tumor response after vaccination, and relatively weak curative effects are problems that have not been resolved effectively during the development and application of cancer vaccines. With the continuous improvement of knowledge and awareness regarding the immune system and cancer cells, many researches have helped to explain the reasons for poor vaccine efficacy. Input from researchers accompanied by some newly emerged strategies could bring hope to improve the therapeutic effects of vaccines. METHODS Data were collected from Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, through searching of these keywords: "cancer vaccine", "cancer stem cell", "targeted agent", "immune checkpoint blockade" and "neoantigen". RESULTS It may be more effective in immunotherapy of human cancers, including cancer stem cell vaccines, combination vaccines with targeted agents or immune checkpoint blockade, and neoantigen-based vaccines. CONCLUSION Personalized vaccines will become the mainstream solution of cancer treatment program with the continuous improvement of human understanding of the immune system and the progress of related experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jiyao Sheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Guangquan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 13033, China
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McGowan K, Ware RS, Acton C, Ivanovski S, Johnson NW. Full blood counts are not predictive of the risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a case-control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 128:373-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sinigaglia M, Assi T, Besson FL, Ammari S, Edjlali M, Feltus W, Rozenblum-Beddok L, Zhao B, Schwartz LH, Mokrane FZ, Dercle L. Imaging-guided precision medicine in glioblastoma patients treated with immune checkpoint modulators: research trend and future directions in the field of imaging biomarkers and artificial intelligence. EJNMMI Res 2019; 9:78. [PMID: 31432278 PMCID: PMC6702257 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-019-0542-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies that employ immune checkpoint modulators (ICMs) have emerged as an effective treatment for a variety of solid cancers, as well as a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancers. Despite this breakthrough, the median survival time of glioblastoma patients has remained at about 2 years. Therefore, the safety and anti-cancer efficacy of combination therapies that include ICMs are being actively investigated. Because of the distinct mechanisms of ICMs, which restore the immune system’s anti-tumor capacity, unconventional immune-related phenomena are increasingly being reported in terms of tumor response and progression, as well as adverse events. Indeed, immunotherapy response assessments for neuro-oncology (iRANO) play a central role in guiding cancer patient management and define a “wait and see strategy” for patients treated with ICMs in monotherapy with progressive disease on MRI. This article deciphers emerging research trends to ameliorate four challenges unaddressed by the iRANO criteria: (1) patient selection, (2) identification of immune-related phenomena other than pseudoprogression (i.e., hyperprogression, the abscopal effect, immune-related adverse events), (3) response assessment in combination therapies including ICM, and (4) alternatives to MRI. To this end, our article provides a structured approach for standardized selection and reporting of imaging modalities to enable the use of precision medicine by deciphering the characteristics of the tumor and its immune environment. Emerging preclinical or clinical innovations are also discussed as future directions such as immune-specific targeting and implementation of artificial intelligence algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Sinigaglia
- Department of Imaging Nuclear Medicine, Institut Claudius Regaud-Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Tarek Assi
- Département de médecine oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Florent L Besson
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Bicêtre University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,IR4M-UMR 8081, CNRS, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Samy Ammari
- Département d'imagerie médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Myriam Edjlali
- INSERM U894, Service d'imagerie morphologique et fonctionnelle, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Whitney Feltus
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA
| | - Laura Rozenblum-Beddok
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, AP-HP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Binsheng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA
| | - Lawrence H Schwartz
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA
| | - Fatima-Zohra Mokrane
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA.,Département d'imagerie médicale, CHU Rangueil, Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Dercle
- Department of Radiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10039, USA. .,UMR1015, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris Saclay, 94800, Villejuif, France.
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Personeni N, Pressiani T, Rimassa L. Lenvatinib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence to date. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2019; 6:31-39. [PMID: 30775342 PMCID: PMC6362912 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s168953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10 years, the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib has emerged as the only systemic treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). More recently, data from the Phase III REFLECT trial showed that another multikinase inhibitor, namely, lenvatinib, was non-inferior to sorafenib in terms of overall survival (OS). In contrast, with respect to OS, previous randomized Phase III trials have been negative, and several agents tested have failed to prove non-inferiority (or superiority) when compared with sorafenib in a first-line setting. Furthermore, the REFLECT trial demonstrated that lenvatinib, in comparison with sorafenib, significantly increased progression-free survival, time to progression, and objective response rate. Overall, the incidence of grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was similar in the two treatment arms of the trial, with a higher incidence of serious TEAEs in the lenvatinib arm. Encouraging efficacy signals had already been reported for immune checkpoint inhibitors in HCC, and different synergisms have been postulated in the frame of interplay between vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 inhibitors and immunotherapy. Given these premises, future approaches are being developed in Phase I trials testing lenvatinib in combination with pembrolizumab or nivolumab. As the treatment landscape of HCC is expanding with novel agents being approved for patients who are intolerant or are progressing on prior sorafenib, we will discuss current challenges pertaining to the optimal sequencing of active agents in first- and second-line setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Personeni
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy,
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20090, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pressiani
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy,
| | - Lorenza Rimassa
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy,
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Sun C, He D, Ma C, Gao Z, Chen Y, Wang S. Bifunctional Fusion Proteins Derived from Tumstatin and 4-1BBL for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2018; 16:867-876. [PMID: 30565463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic utilities of antiangiogenesis and immunotherapy have been proven in clinics, and cancer patients have benefited from respective therapy. Given that the combination of both therapeutic strategies may further improve the effectiveness, a recombinant human 4-1BBL/tumstatin fusion protein (rh4TFP) library was constructed in the present study to target both angiogenesis and T lymphocyte activation, in which the fragments of an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor tumstatin and a T lymphocyte costimulatory 4-1BBL are coupled with different linkers. After comparison of different combinations, rh4TFP-2 was found to show a promise on potential antiangiogenic immunotherapy. On one hand, rh4TFP-2 inhibited proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, exhibiting the antiangiogenic activity similar to tumstatin. On the other hand, rh4TFP-2 led to significant increase of T lymphocyte activation for the release of IL-2 and IFN-γ, showing the T lymphocyte activation by 4-1BBL. Moreover, administration of rh4TFP-2 suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in a B16F10 melanoma-bearing mouse model. Taken together, the present study provides a new approach of using bifunctional fusion proteins to target both angiogenesis and T lymphocyte activation for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Dongyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Zhenyue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Shuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Laboratory of Chemical Biology , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Shen L, Li J, Liu Q, Song W, Zhang X, Tiruthani K, Hu H, Das M, Goodwin TJ, Liu R, Huang L. Local Blockade of Interleukin 10 and C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 with Nano-Delivery Promotes Antitumor Response in Murine Cancers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9830-9841. [PMID: 30253648 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In many cancers, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is largely immune suppressive, blocking the antitumor immunity and resulting in immunotherapy resistance. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a major player controlling the immunosuppressive TME in different murine tumor models. Increased IL-10 production suppresses intratumoral dendritic cell production of interleukin 12, thereby limiting antitumor cytotoxic T-cell responses and activation of NK cells during therapy. We engineered, formulated, and delivered genes encoding an IL-10 protein trap to change immunosuppressive TME, which could enhance antitumor immunity. Additionally, to achieve stronger and long-term therapeutic efficacy in a pancreatic cancer model, we targeted C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), a key factor for inhibiting T-cell tumor infiltration, and simultaneously delivered an IL-10 trap. Following three injections of the lipid-protamine-DNA (LPD) nanoparticles loaded with trap genes (IL-10 trap and CXCL12 trap), we found tumor growth reduction and significantly prolonged survival of the host compared to control groups. Furthermore, the combination trap gene treatment significantly reduced immunosuppressive cells, such as M2 macrophages, MDSCs, and PD-L1+ cells, and activated immunosuppressive tolerogenic dendritic cells, NK cells, and macrophages intratumorally. We have also shown that, when effectively delivered to the tumor, the IL-10 trap gene alone can inhibit triple-negative breast cancer growth. This strategy may allow clinicians and researchers to change the immunosuppressive microenvironment in the tumor with either a single therapeutic agent or in combination with other immunotherapies to prime the immune system, preventing cancer invasion and prolonging patient survival.
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Cavalcanti E, Ignazzi A, De Michele F, Caruso ML. PDGFRα expression as a novel therapeutic marker in well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 20:423-430. [PMID: 30346879 PMCID: PMC6422502 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1529114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the biological significance of dense vascular networks associated with low-grade NENs, we assessed the impact of PDGFRα tissue expression in 77 GEP/NEN patients, associating PDGFRα expression with the morphological characterization in low-grade tumors. METHODS AND RESULTS Paraffin-embedded specimens of 77 GEP- NEN tissues, collected from January 2006 to March 2018, were evaluated for PDGFRα tissue expression and correlations with clinicopathological characteristics. PDGFRα tissue expression was significantly correlated with grade and the NEN growth pattern (p < 0.001) but not with gender, primary site or lymph nodes metastatic status. PDGFRα staining was mainly localized in the vascular pole of the neuroendocrine cells and in Enterochromaffin (EC) cells. In particular PDGFRα tissue expression was significantly more expressed in G2 (p < 0.001) than G1 and G3 cases (p 0.004; p < 0.0002;) and correlated with an insular growth pattern. PDGFRα tissue expression was associated with the Ki67 index and we found a significant negative trend of association with the Ki67 proliferation index (P < 0.001): thus PDGFRα expression is referred to morphological and not to proliferative data. CONCLUSIONS PDGFRα represents an effective target for new anti-angiogenic treatment in WD- GEP-NENs, in particular in G2 cases, and in G3 cases only when there is a mixed insular-acinar pattern. In this context, it is important to carefully delineate those tumors that might better respond to this type of treatment alone or in combination. Further investigation of the relationship between PD-L1 and PDGFRa is warranted, and may contribute to optimize the therapeutic approach in patients with GEP-NENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Cavalcanti
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Gastroenterologico “S. de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonia Ignazzi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Gastroenterologico “S. de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco De Michele
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Gastroenterologico “S. de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Caruso
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Gastroenterologico “S. de Bellis”, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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Third line treatment of advanced oesophagogastric cancer: A critical review of current evidence and evolving trends. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:32-38. [PMID: 30343173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that treatment beyond second line provides significant survival benefit for selected advanced oesophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma patients, and important randomised controlled trials of both chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have recently been reported in this space. Despite this growing evidence base there are presently no formal guidelines for third line treatment available to clinicians, and as these agents move into routine clinical practice patient selection and rational sequencing of treatment will become an increasingly relevant clinical challenge. This review critically appraises the current evidence base for third line treatment and discusses patient selection, potential predictive biomarkers and future directions for third line treatment in this challenging condition.
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Wang J, Liu L, Bai Q, Ou C, Xiong Y, Qu Y, Wang Z, Xia Y, Guo J, Xu J. Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils predict therapeutic benefit of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1515611. [PMID: 30546957 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1515611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils (TINs) show diverse predictive effects in the context of different cancer types and therapeutic regimens. In this study we investigated their relevance with therapeutic effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Two independent datasets including 271 mRCC patients treated by TKIs or IL-2/IFN-α based immunotherapy were retrospective included, and TINs were detected by immunohistochemistry. The presence of TINs was observed in 50 (45.0%) samples of the TKI cohort and in 73 (45.6%) samples of the immunotherapy cohort. TINs were associated with shorter overall survival (HR, 1.776; 95%CI, 1.191-2.650; p = 0.004) in the TKI cohort, but not in the immunotherapy cohort (HR, 1.074; 95%CI, 0.767-1.505; p = 0.672). Multivariate Cox analysis confirmed the independent prognostic value of TINs for TKI-treated patients (HR, 2.078, 95%CI, 1.352-3.195; p = 0.001), apart from other parameters. Moreover, survival benefit of TKI therapy was superior to IL-2/IFN-α immunotherapy only among TINs-absent patients (HR, 1.561; 95%CI, 0.927-2.629; p = 0.094). Data mining in the TCGA cohort of renal cell carcinoma revealed the predominant immunosuppressive function of TINs in renal cell carcinoma. The negative correlation between TINs and intratumoral CD8+ T cells was further confirmed in the TKI cohort (p = 0.019), the immunotherapy cohort (p = 0.001) and the TCGA cohort (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the presence of TINs was an independent, unfavorable prognostic factor in TKI-treated mRCC patients. TINs could also predict therapeutic benefit of TKIs over IL-2/IFN-α immunotherapy. These findings should be further confirmed within datasets of clinical trials or prospective observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenzhang Ou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Lin Z, Liu L, Xia Y, Chen X, Xiong Y, Qu Y, Wang J, Bai Q, Guo J, Xu J. Tumor infiltrating CD19 + B lymphocytes predict prognostic and therapeutic benefits in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1477461. [PMID: 30288343 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1477461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective response rate (ORR) of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) therapy in metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) patients was not satisfactory. Effective indicator of mRCC patient selection for TKI therapy is urgently needed. The function of tumor infiltrating B lymphocytes (TIBs) in tumor immune elimination is still unclear. We aim to investigate the prognostic and predictive value of TIBs for TKI therapy in mRCC patients in this study. 108 eligible patients treated with TKI were enrolled in this study. TIBs was estimated by immunohistochemical staining of CD19 in the resected tumor, and its relationship with clinicopathological features, clinical outcomes and CD8+ tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes (CD8+ TILs) were evaluated. Associations between the expression level of CD19 and CD8+ TILs associated cytotoxic effectors were also assessed in public databases. Results showed TIBs positive infiltration predicted better therapeutic response to sunitinib (p = 0.006), longer overall survival (OS) (p < 0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.028) in mRCC patients. Combining TIBs and International Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) model showed a better predict value of OS in TKI-treated mRCC patients than IMDC model alone. We also found a positive correlation between TIBs and CD8+ TILs (p < 0.001). Patients with both cells high infiltration showed markedly better OS compared with those infiltrated by CD8+ T cells alone (p = 0.015). To conclude, TIBs density was not only an independent prognostic factor for mRCC patients, but also a predictive marker for TKI therapy response. It may potently enhance the antitumor effect by recruiting and activating CD8+ TILs in mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai China
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Tsuchihashi K, Ito M, Moriwaki T, Fukuoka S, Taniguchi H, Takashima A, Kumekawa Y, Kajiwara T, Yamazaki K, Esaki T, Makiyama A, Denda T, Satake H, Suto T, Sugimoto N, Katsumata K, Ishikawa T, Kashiwada T, Oki E, Komatsu Y, Okuyama H, Sakai D, Ueno H, Tamura T, Yamashita K, Kishimoto J, Shimada Y, Baba E. Role of Predictive Value of the Modified Glasgow Prognostic Score for Later-line Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e687-e697. [PMID: 30149986 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assessment of patient factors is essential for selecting later-line chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The efficacy, prognosis, and safety of each treatment regimen according to nutritional and inflammatory status still remain to be elucidated. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 550 patients with mCRC who were registered in the REGOTAS study (Regorafenib versus TAS-102 as Salvage-line in patients with colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapies: a multicenter observational study, UMIN 000020416) and treated with trifluridine/tipiracil (TFTD) or regorafenib as a later-line therapy were retrospectively stratified according to the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS), which divided patients into mGPS 0 to 2 by serum albumin and C-reactive protein, and compared. RESULTS The median overall survival (OS) of patients with mGPS 0, 1, and 2 was 10.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2-11.6 months), 6.5 months (95% CI, 5.3-7.1 months), and 3.9 months (95% CI, 3.3-4.9 months), respectively. The median progression-free survival (PFS) with mGPS 0, 1, and 2 was 2.5 months (95% CI, 2.1-3.0 months), 2.0 months (95% CI, 1.9-2.3 months), and 1.7 months (95% CI, 1.4-1.9 months), respectively. There were significant differences by mGPS in both OS and PFS (all P < .001). No significant differences in OS and PFS were observed between the patient groups treated with TFTD and regorafenib in each mGPS group. In patients aged ≥ 65 years with mGPS 2, the OS and PFS were worse with regorafenib than with TFTD (OS: hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.93-2.25; P = .097; PFS: hazard ratio, 1.57, 95% CI, 1.01-2.44; P = .047), but there were no consistent trends observed as mGPS increased. The frequency of grade 3 and more adverse events was generally similar in each mGPS group. The multivariate analyses showed that mGPS was the strongest predictive factor for OS. CONCLUSIONS The mGPS before later-line chemotherapy is strongly correlated with survival in patients with mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsuchihashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Moriwaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shota Fukuoka
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroya Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuo Takashima
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kumekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Cancer Center, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kajiwara
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Minamiumemoto-machi, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamazaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Taito Esaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Medical Oncology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akitaka Makiyama
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Kyushu Hospital, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Denda
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hironaga Satake
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Suto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yamagata Prefectural Central Hospital, Yamagata, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Katsumata
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishikawa
- Department of Specialized Surgeries, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kashiwada
- Division of Hematology, Respiratory Medicine and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Komatsu
- Department of Cancer Chemotherapy, Hokkaido University Hospital Cancer Center, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Ueno
- Department of Surgery, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takao Tamura
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yamashita
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junji Kishimoto
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Clinical Oncology Division, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Eishi Baba
- Department of Comprehensive Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Meder L, Schuldt P, Thelen M, Schmitt A, Dietlein F, Klein S, Borchmann S, Wennhold K, Vlasic I, Oberbeck S, Riedel R, Florin A, Golfmann K, Schlößer HA, Odenthal M, Buettner R, Wolf J, Hallek M, Herling M, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Reinhardt HC, Ullrich RT. Combined VEGF and PD-L1 Blockade Displays Synergistic Treatment Effects in an Autochthonous Mouse Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4270-4281. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zizzari IG, Napoletano C, Botticelli A, Caponnetto S, Calabrò F, Gelibter A, Rughetti A, Ruscito I, Rahimi H, Rossi E, Schinzari G, Marchetti P, Nuti M. TK Inhibitor Pazopanib Primes DCs by Downregulation of the β-Catenin Pathway. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:711-722. [PMID: 29700053 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target angiogenesis by affecting, for example, the VEGF receptors in tumors and have improved outcomes for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have also been proposed for treatment of mRCC with encouraging results. A better understanding of the activity of immune cells in mRCC, the immunomodulatory effects of TKIs, and the characteristics defining patients most likely to benefit from various therapies will help optimize immunotherapeutic approaches. In this study, we investigated the influence of the TKI pazopanib on dendritic cell (DC) performance and immune priming. Pazopanib improved DC differentiation and performance by promoting upregulation of the maturation markers HLA-DR, CD40, and CCR7; decreasing IL10 production and endocytosis; and increasing T-cell proliferation. PD-L1 expression was also downregulated. Our results demonstrate that pazopanib inhibits the Erk/β-catenin pathway, suggesting this pathway might be involved in increased DC activation. Similar results were confirmed in DCs differentiated from mRCC patients during pazopanib treatment. In treated patients pazopanib appeared to enhance a circulating CD4+ T-cell population that expresses CD137 (4-1BB). These results suggest that a potentially exploitable immunomodulatory effect induced by pazopanib could improve responses of patients with mRCC in customized protocols combining TKIs with ICI immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(6); 711-22. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Grazia Zizzari
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Napoletano
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Botticelli
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caponnetto
- Division of Oncology, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Calabrò
- Division of Medical Oncology B, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Gelibter
- Division of Oncology, Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Science, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Rughetti
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilary Ruscito
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hassan Rahimi
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Rossi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Schinzari
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Marchetti
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Nuti
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Cell Therapy, Department of Experimental Medicine, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Velpula KK, Guda MR, Sahu K, Tuszynski J, Asuthkar S, Bach SE, Lathia JD, Tsung AJ. Metabolic targeting of EGFRvIII/PDK1 axis in temozolomide resistant glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35639-35655. [PMID: 28410193 PMCID: PMC5482605 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are characterized by amplification of EGFR. Approximately half of tumors with EGFR over-expression also express a constitutively active ligand independent EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII). While current treatments emphasize surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ), acquired chemoresistance is a universal feature of recurrent GBMs. To mimic the GBM resistant state, we generated an in vitro TMZ resistant model and demonstrated that dichloroacetate (DCA), a metabolic inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1), reverses the Warburg effect. Microarray analysis conducted on the TMZ resistant cells with their subsequent treatment with DCA revealed PDK1 as its sole target. DCA treatment also induced mitochondrial membrane potential change and apoptosis as evidenced by JC-1 staining and electron microscopic studies. Computational homology modeling and docking studies confirmed DCA binding to EGFR, EGFRvIII and PDK1 with high affinity. In addition, expression of EGFRvIII was comparable to PDK1 when compared to EGFR in GBM surgical specimens supporting our in silico prediction data. Collectively our current study provides the first in vitro proof of concept that DCA reverses the Warburg effect in the setting of EGFRvIII positivity and TMZ resistance leading to GBM cytotoxicity, implicating cellular tyrosine kinase signaling in cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran K Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Maheedhara R Guda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Kamlesh Sahu
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jack Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Swapna Asuthkar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Bach
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Tsung
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.,Illinois Neurological Institute, Peoria, IL, USA
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Scherpereel A, Willemin MC, Wasielewski E, Dhalluin X. [Anti-tumor immunotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma]. Rev Mal Respir 2018; 35:465-476. [PMID: 29415822 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a quite rare cancer, but with increasing incidence, that is usually induced by previous asbestos exposure. Its prognosis is poor and there is no validated curative therapy to date. Surgery of MPM, done only by few expert teams within a multimodal treatment is of limited and still disputed value. The standard treatment of MPM, relying on first-line chemotherapy by combined cisplatin-pemetrexed is often poorly effective, even if combination with bevacizumab anti-VEGF antibodies has slightly improved the results. Moreover, no second line treatment is recommended in case of failure of this chemotherapy. Therefore, the search of new therapies or strategies is crucial and the recruitment of patients in clinical trials is highly encouraged. BACKGROUND Among the treatments under investigation, various anti-tumour immunotherapies, in particular immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICI), currently exhibit the most promising preliminary results. First data from the phase II, randomized "IFCT MAPS-2", recently presented during the 2017 ASCO meeting, confirmed the value of ICI in MPM patients in cases of chemotherapy failure. OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS However, several exciting immunotherapies other than ICI are presently being evaluated in MPM and are reported in this article. Moreover, many questions still need to be answered about immunotherapy: what is its potential value as first line treatment? How to target the best candidates for these treatments? Which combinations between immunotherapy and standard chemotherapy, targeted therapies, surgery or radiotherapy? Finally, it is now essential that every clinician has sufficient knowledge about the possible toxicities of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scherpereel
- Pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, université Lille, Inserm U1019, CHU de Lille, CIIL, Institut Pasteur, 59000 Lille, France; MESOCLIN-réseau national des centres cliniques experts pour la prise en charge des mésothéliomes pleuraux malins, domiciliation du centre coordinateur national, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - M-C Willemin
- Pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, université Lille, Inserm U1019, CHU de Lille, CIIL, Institut Pasteur, 59000 Lille, France; MESOCLIN-réseau national des centres cliniques experts pour la prise en charge des mésothéliomes pleuraux malins, domiciliation du centre coordinateur national, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Wasielewski
- Pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, université Lille, Inserm U1019, CHU de Lille, CIIL, Institut Pasteur, 59000 Lille, France; MESOCLIN-réseau national des centres cliniques experts pour la prise en charge des mésothéliomes pleuraux malins, domiciliation du centre coordinateur national, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - X Dhalluin
- Pneumologie et oncologie thoracique, université Lille, Inserm U1019, CHU de Lille, CIIL, Institut Pasteur, 59000 Lille, France; MESOCLIN-réseau national des centres cliniques experts pour la prise en charge des mésothéliomes pleuraux malins, domiciliation du centre coordinateur national, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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M1-like macrophages change tumor blood vessels and microenvironment in murine melanoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191012. [PMID: 29320562 PMCID: PMC5761928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a significant role in at least two key processes underlying neoplastic progression: angiogenesis and immune surveillance. TAMs phenotypic changes play important role in tumor vessel abnormalization/ normalization. M2-like TAMs stimulate immunosuppression and formation of defective tumor blood vessels leading to tumor progression. In contrast M1-like TAMs trigger immune response and normalize irregular tumor vascular network which should sensitize cancer cells to chemo- and radiotherapy and lead to tumor growth regression. Here, we demonstrated that combination of endoglin-based DNA vaccine with interleukin 12 repolarizes TAMs from tumor growth-promoting M2-like phenotype to tumor growth-inhibiting M1-like phenotype. Combined therapy enhances tumor infiltration by CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells. Depletion of TAMs as well as CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells, but not CD4+ lymphocytes, reduces the effect of combined therapy. Furthermore, combined therapy improves tumor vessel maturation, perfusion and reduces hypoxia. It caused that suboptimal doses of doxorubicin reduced the growth of tumors in mice treated with combined therapy. To summarize, combination of antiangiogenic drug and immunostimulatory agent repolarizes TAMs phenotype from M2-like (pro-tumor) into M1-like (anti-tumor) which affects the structure of tumor blood vessels, improves the effect of chemotherapy and leads to tumor growth regression.
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Fedorchuk O, Susak Y, Rudyk M, Senchylo N, Khranovska N, Skachkova O, Skivka L. Immunological hallmarks of cis-DDP-resistant Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:373-385. [PMID: 29290023 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor cell resistance to platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents is one of the major hurdles to successful cancer treatment with these drugs, and is associated with alterations in tumor cell immune evasion and immunomodulatory properties. Immunocyte targeting is considered as a relevant approach to fight drug-resistant cancer. In this study, immunological hallmarks of cis-DDP-resistant Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC/R9) were investigated. METHODS Immunological features of LLC/R9 cells cultured in vitro in normoxic and hypoxic conditions as well as of those that were grown in vivo were examined. The expression of immunologically relevant genes was evaluated by RT-PCR. Tumor cell susceptibility to the macrophage contact tumoricidal activity and NK-mediated cytolysis was investigated in MTT test. TNF-α-mediated tumor cell apoptosis as well as macrophage phagocytosis, oxidative metabolism, and CD206 expression after the treatment with conditioned media from normoxic and hypoxic tumor cells were studied by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was also used to characterize dendritic cell maturity. RESULTS When growing in vitro, LLC/R9 were characterized by slightly increased immunosuppressive cytokine gene expression. Transition to in vivo growth was associated with the enhancement of transcription of these genes in tumor cells. LLC/R9 cells had lowered sensitivity to contact-dependent macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity and to the TNFα-mediated apoptosis in vitro. Conditioned media from hypoxic LLC/R9 cells stimulated reactive oxygen species generation and CD206 expression in non-sensitized macrophages. Acquisition of drug resistance by LLC/R9 cells was associated with their increased sensitivity to NK-cell-mediated cytolysis. Meanwhile, the treatment of LLCR/9-bearing animals with generated ex vivo and loaded with LLC/R9 cell-lysate dendritic cells (DCs) resulted in profoundly enhanced tumor metastasizing. CONCLUSION Decreased sensitivity to macrophage cytolysis, polarizing effect on DCs maturation along with increased susceptibility to NK-cell cytotoxic action promote extensive local growth of chemoresistant LLC/R9 tumors in vivo, but hamper their metastasizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olexandr Fedorchuk
- R. E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Susak
- O.O Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Rudyk
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kitayevska str., 14-16, ap. 12, Kyiv, 03083, Ukraine
| | - Nataliia Senchylo
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kitayevska str., 14-16, ap. 12, Kyiv, 03083, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Larysa Skivka
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, ESC "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kitayevska str., 14-16, ap. 12, Kyiv, 03083, Ukraine.
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Wang J, Liu L, Qu Y, Xi W, Xia Y, Bai Q, Xiong Y, Long Q, Xu J, Guo J. HLA class I expression predicts prognosis and therapeutic benefits from tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:79-87. [PMID: 28918459 PMCID: PMC11028261 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Classical HLA class I antigen is highly involved in antigen presentation and adaptive immune response against tumor. In this study, we explored its predictive value for treatment response and survival in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A TKI cohort of 111 mRCC patients treated with sunitinib or sorafenib and a non-TKI cohort of 160 mRCC patients treated with interleukin-2 or interferon-α-based immunotherapy at a single institution were retrospectively enrolled. HLA class I expression and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) density was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays. Association between HLA class I and CTL was also assessed in the TCGA KIRC cohort. RESULTS In the TKI cohort, down-regulated HLA class I was associated with lower objective response rate of TKI therapy (P = 0.004), shorter overall survival (OS) (P = 0.001), and shorter progression free survival (PFS) (P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression model defined HLA expression as an independent prognostic factor for both OS [hazard ratio 1.687 (95% CI 1.045-2.724), P = 0.032] and PFS [hazard ratio 2.139 (95% CI 1.376-3.326), P = 0.001]. In the non-TKI cohort, HLA class I was not significantly associated with survival. HLA class I expression was associated with CTL infiltration and function, and its prognostic value was more predominant in CTL high-density tumors (P < 0.001) rather than CTL low-density tumors (P = 0.294). CONCLUSIONS Classical HLA class I expression can serve as a potential predictive biomarker for TKI therapy in mRCC patients. Its predictive value was restricted in CTL high-density tumors. However, further external validations and functional investigations are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No. 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Alsina M, Moehler M, Hierro C, Guardeño R, Tabernero J. Immunotherapy for Gastric Cancer: A Focus on Immune Checkpoints. Target Oncol 2017; 11:469-77. [PMID: 26880697 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-016-0421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major world-wide health problem. It is the third leading cause of death from cancer. The treatment of advanced GC by chemotherapy has limited efficacy. The addition of some targeted therapies like trastuzumab and ramucirumab have added a modest benefit, but only in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2 or HER2)-positive patients and in the second-line setting, respectively. The development of new and effective therapeutic strategies must consider the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of GC; prognostic and predictive biomarkers should be identified for clinical implementation. Immune deregulation has been associated with some GC subtypes, especially those that are associated with virus infection and those with a high mutational rate. Different mechanisms to prevent immunologic escape have been characterized during the last years; in particular the PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors pembrolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab and atezolizumab have shown early sign of efficacy. Therefore, immunotherapeutic strategies may provide new opportunities for GC patients. This review will discuss (1) the main characteristics of GC treatment, (2) the immune response in GC, and (3) the current status of immune-related strategies in clinical development in GC patients, focusing on immune checkpoints therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alsina
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Markus Moehler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cinta Hierro
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Guardeño
- Oncology Deparment, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Tabernero
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Deparment, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the approval of ipilimumab, different immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and costimulatory agonists have been developed with success, improving patient's survival in a number of different tumour types. However, immunotherapy results in durable responses but only in a fraction of patients. In order to improve this, combination of different immune agents is currently being attempted in the clinic with the potential of becoming one day the next wave of immune treatments available for our cancer patients. RECENT FINDINGS Combinatory regimens may have synergistic effects by acting at different points of the cancer immune cycle, from initiation and propagation of anticancer immunity, to stimulation of neoantigen presentation and priming, promotion of trafficking of immune cells to access the tumour and, finally, cancer-cell recognition and killing. SUMMARY In this article, the most relevant combination strategies that are currently under research are reviewed, as they are expected to become a new standard of care in the near future.
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