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Li J, Xiao WH, Ye F, Tang XW, Jia QF, Zhang XB. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, sex hormones and cognitive decline in male patients with schizophrenia receiving continuous antipsychotic therapy. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:995-1004. [PMID: 38186728 PMCID: PMC10768483 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i12.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are systematic differences in clinical features between women and men with schizophrenia (SCZ). The regulation of sex hormones may play a potential role in abnormal neurodevelopment in SCZ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and sex hormones have complex interacting actions that contribute to the etiology of SCZ. AIM To investigate the influence of BDNF and sex hormones on cognition and clinical symptomatology in chronic antipsychotic-treated male SCZ patients. METHODS The serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), progesterone, testosterone (T), prolactin (PRL) and BDNF were compared between chronic antipsychotic-treated male (CATM) patients with SCZ (n = 120) and healthy controls (n = 120). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was used to quantify SCZ symptoms, while neuropsychological tests were used to assess cognition. Neuropsychological tests, such as the Digit Cancellation Test (DCT), Semantic Verbal Fluency (SVF), Spatial Span Test (SS), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), Trail Making Task (TMT-A), and Block Design Test (BDT), were used to assess executive functions (BDT), attention (DCT, TMT-A), memory (SS, PASAT), and verbal proficiency (SVF). RESULTS Although E2 levels were significantly lower in the patient group compared to the healthy controls, T, PRL, and LH levels were all significantly higher. Additionally, the analysis revealed that across the entire sample, there were positive correlations between E2 Levels and BDNF levels as well as BDNF levels and the digital cancellation time. In CATM patients with SCZ, a significant correlation between the negative symptoms score and PRL levels was observed. CONCLUSION Sex hormones and BDNF levels may also be linked to cognitive function in patients with chronic SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Huan Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wutaishan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wutaishan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Wutaishan Hospital of Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiu-Fang Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215137, Jiangsu Province, China
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Dutra-Tavares AC, Souza TP, Silva JO, Semeão KA, Mello FF, Filgueiras CC, Ribeiro-Carvalho A, Manhães AC, Abreu-Villaça Y. Neonatal phencyclidine as a model of sex-biased schizophrenia symptomatology in adolescent mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2111-2129. [PMID: 37530885 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex-biased differences in schizophrenia are evident in several features of the disease, including symptomatology and response to pharmacological treatments. As a neurodevelopmental disorder, these differences might originate early in life and emerge later during adolescence. Considering that the disruption of the glutamatergic system during development is known to contribute to schizophrenia, we hypothesized that the neonatal phencyclidine model could induce sex-dependent behavioral and neurochemical changes associated with this disorder during adolescence. C57BL/6 mice received either saline or phencyclidine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) on postnatal days (PN) 7, 9, and 11. Behavioral assessment occurred in late adolescence (PN48-50), when mice were submitted to the open field, social interaction, and prepulse inhibition tests. Either olanzapine or saline was administered before each test. The NMDAR obligatory GluN1 subunit and the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) were evaluated in the frontal cortex and hippocampus at early (PN30) and late (PN50) adolescence. Neonatal phencyclidine evoked dose-dependent deficits in all analyzed behaviors and males were more susceptible. Males also had reduced GluN1 expression in the frontal cortex at PN30. There were late-emergent effects at PN50. Cortical GluN1 was increased in both sexes, while phencyclidine increased cortical and decreased hippocampal PSD-95 in females. Olanzapine failed to mitigate most phencyclidine-evoked alterations. In some instances, this antipsychotic aggravated the deficits or potentiated subthreshold effects. These results lend support to the use of neonatal phencyclidine as a sex-biased neurodevelopmental preclinical model of schizophrenia. Olanzapine null effects and deleterious outcomes suggest that its use during adolescence should be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Dutra-Tavares
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Thainá P Souza
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Juliana O Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Keila A Semeão
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Mello
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), RJ, São Gonçalo, Brazil
| | - Alex C Manhães
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Yael Abreu-Villaça
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Av. Prof. Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil.
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Gine-Serven E, Martinez-Ramirez M, Boix-Quintana E, Davi-Loscos E, Guanyabens N, Casado V, Muriana D, Torres-Rivas C, Cuesta M, Labad J. Association between free thyroxine levels and clinical phenotype in first-episode psychosis: a prospective observational study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15347. [PMID: 37283900 PMCID: PMC10241168 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine whether thyroid hormone levels are associated with a specific clinical phenotype in patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods Ninety-eight inpatients experiencing FEP and with less than 6 weeks of antipsychotic treatment were included in the study and were followed up for one year. Baseline psychiatric evaluation included assessment of prodromal symptoms, positive and negative symptoms, depressive symptoms, stressful life events and cycloid psychosis criteria. Thyroid function (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4)) was determined at admission. Partial correlation analysis was conducted to analyse the correlation between levels of TSH/FT4 and symptoms. Logistic regression was performed to explore the association between psychopathological symptoms, 12-month diagnoses and thyroid hormones while adjusting for covariates. Results Patients with prodromal symptomatology showed lower baseline FT4 levels (OR = 0.06; p = 0.018). The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) was inversely associated with FT4 concentrations (r = - 0.243; p = 0.039). FEP patients with sudden onset of psychotic symptoms (criteria B, cycloid psychosis) showed higher FT4 levels at admission (OR = 10.49; p = 0.040). Patients diagnosed with affective psychotic disorders (BD or MDD) at the 12-month follow-up showed higher FT4 levels at admission than patients diagnosed with nonaffective psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective) (OR = 8.57; p = 0.042). Conclusions Our study suggests that higher free-thyroxine levels are associated with a specific clinical phenotype of FEP patients (fewer prodromal symptoms, shorter DUP duration and sudden onset of psychosis) and with affective psychosis diagnoses at the 12-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Gine-Serven
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Maria Martinez-Ramirez
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Ester Boix-Quintana
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Eva Davi-Loscos
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Nicolau Guanyabens
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Virginia Casado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Desiree Muriana
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-Rivas
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - M.J. Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Mental Health, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Institut de Innovació i Investigació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez‐Olguin CP, Zamudio SR, Guzmán‐Velázquez S, Márquez‐Portillo M, Caba‐Flores MD, Camacho‐Abrego I, Flores G, Melo AI. Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion disrupts maternal behavior in rats: An animal model of schizophrenia. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22283. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.22283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P. Sánchez‐Olguin
- Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Sergio R. Zamudio
- Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico
| | - Sonia Guzmán‐Velázquez
- Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City Mexico
| | - Mariana Márquez‐Portillo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal CINVESTAV Laboratorio Tlaxcala Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico
| | | | - Israel Camacho‐Abrego
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría Instituto de Fisiología Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Flores
- Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría Instituto de Fisiología Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla Mexico
| | - Angel I. Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal CINVESTAV Laboratorio Tlaxcala Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico
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Căpățînă OO, Micluția IV, Fadgyas-Stănculete M. Current perspectives in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A narrative review (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:276. [PMID: 33603883 PMCID: PMC7851661 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are an unmet treatment target as currently approved treatments mostly control positive symptoms. The persistence of these symptoms holds back the patient's reinstatement in society, making them incapable of fulfilling their social, professional, or family roles. There is overwhelming research evidence suggesting that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with poorer functioning and lower quality of life than positive symptoms, confirming the need for developing new treatments for this particular category of symptoms. This present review aims to review clinical trials addressing novel pharmacological approaches addressing primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia. We overview both monotherapies, first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, and add-on therapies, including psychostimulants, anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, molecules targeting glutamatergic, cholinergic or serotonergic systems and hormones. Our findings suggest that the primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be mitigated by adjunctive therapies, and we highlight the pharmacological agents that have proven superior efficacy. Novel compounds such as cariprazine and MIN-101, to date, show promising results, but large clinical trials are needed to test their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavia O Căpățînă
- Department of Neurosciences, 'Iuliu Haţieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana V Micluția
- Department of Neurosciences, 'Iuliu Haţieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Fadgyas-Stănculete
- Department of Neurosciences, 'Iuliu Haţieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Timing of menarche and abnormal hippocampal connectivity in youth at clinical-high risk for psychosis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104672. [PMID: 32388227 PMCID: PMC7305941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The "estrogen hypothesis" suggests that estrogen is a protective factor against psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Although the precise protective mechanisms are still unclear, one potential explanation lies in the role that increased estrogens play in mediating hippocampal plasticity, as this may reduce hippocampal dysconnectivity that is characteristically observed in psychosis. In support of this view, later age at menarche- less available estrogen during critical early adolescent development- is related to earlier onset of psychosis and increased symptom severity. Furthermore, if estrogens have protective effects, then we should see this effect in the psychosis risk period in those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis - i.e., individuals showing attenuated symptoms at imminent risk for transitioning to a psychotic diagnosis. This study examined whether earlier age at menarche would result in more normative hippocampal connectivity in CHR youth; menarche is an easily assessed, developmental marker associated with the availability of estrogens. Resting-state connectivity was examined in sixty female participants (26 CHR and 34 healthy control; age 12-21) using a cross-sectional approach; hippocampal connectivity was found to relate to age at menarche. Later age at menarche in the CHR group related to increased hippocampal dysconnectivity to the occipital cortex (a region with a neurotrophic response to estrogen) compared to the controls. Results suggest that earlier availability of estrogens may have neuroprotective effects on hippocampal plasticity. Findings have relevance for understanding sex differences and etiology, as well as guiding novel treatments.
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Petrikis P, Tigas S, Tzallas AT, Karampas A, Papadopoulos I, Skapinakis P. Sex hormone levels in drug-naïve, first-episode patients with psychosis. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2020; 24:20-24. [PMID: 31825684 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2019.1699117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Sex differences have long been reported in schizophrenia leading to the hypothesis that sex hormones may be implicated in the pathophysiology of the disorder. We assessed gonadal hormones during the fasted state in drug-naïve patients with psychosis.Method: Fasting serum concentrations of follicular-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, free-testosterone, Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and oestradiol (E2) were compared between a group of 55 newly diagnosed, drug-naïve, first-episode men with psychosis and a group of 55 healthy controls, matched for age, smoking status and BMI. Testosterone, free-testosterone and SHBG were compared between a group of 32 drug-naïve, first-episode females with psychosis and a group of 32 healthy controls matched for age, smoking status and BMI.Results: Testosterone and free-testosterone levels were significantly lower in the patients' group and SHBG levels significantly higher in the patients' group compared to those in healthy controls. The two female groups had similar values in the hormones which were measured.Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence of lower testosterone and free-testosterone levels and increased SHBG levels in drug-naïve, first-episode males with psychosis.KEY POINTSReduced testosterone and free-testosterone levels in drug-naive, first-episode males with psychosis.Increased SHBG levels in drug-naive first-episode males with psychosis.No difference in FSH, LH and E2 levels between drug-naive first episode males with psychosis and controls.No difference in testosterone, free-testosterone and SHBG levels between drug-naive, first-episode women with psychosis and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Petrikis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stelios Tigas
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros T Tzallas
- Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Ioannina School of Informatics and Telecommunications, Arta, Greece
| | - Andreas Karampas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Petros Skapinakis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
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Kowalczyk M, Kucia K, Owczarek A, Suchanek-Raif R, Merk W, Fila-Danilow A, Paul-Samojedny M, Choreza P, Kowalski J. Association of HSPA1B Polymorphisms with Paranoid Schizophrenia in a Polish Population. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:159-169. [PMID: 31642026 PMCID: PMC7021735 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to find the potential association between HSPA1B polymorphisms and risk of paranoid schizophrenia, clinical variables of the disease, and suicidal behavior. A total of 901 unrelated Polish subjects of Caucasian origin (377 schizophrenia patients and 524 controls) were recruited. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped using PCR–RFLP (rs539689, rs9281590) and TaqMan assays (rs263979, rs6547452). A strong tendency towards statistical significance (p = 0.051) was observed in rs539689 allele distribution between patients and controls in overall study subjects. After stratification according to gender, we found that rs539689 was significantly associated with schizophrenia in males, but not in females. The minor allele C had a protective effect in males [OR 0.73 (95% CI 0.61–0.88, p < 0.05)]. In addition, two SNPs (rs539689, rs9281590) were significantly associated with PANSS scores. Another important finding was a strong significant association between the HSPA1B rs539689 polymorphism and attempted suicide in schizophrenic patients. The C/C genotype and C allele were protective against suicidal behavior in entire sample (p < 0.001), in males (p < 001), and in females (p < 0.05), although associations were weaker than in males. Our findings support that HSPA1B gene may be involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia and clinical presentation of the disease in a sex-dependent manner, and may play a role in suicidal behavior in the Polish population of schizophrenic patients. Further independent analyses in different populations should be performed to clarify the role of HSPA1B in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Kucia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Ziolowa 45, 40-635, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Owczarek
- Division of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Ostrogorska 30, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Renata Suchanek-Raif
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Wojciech Merk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Ziolowa 45, 40-635, Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Fila-Danilow
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Piotr Choreza
- Division of Statistics, Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Ostrogorska 30, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Jan Kowalski
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Immune activation in lactating dams alters sucklings' brain cytokines and produces non-overlapping behavioral deficits in adult female and male offspring: A novel neurodevelopmental model of sex-specific psychopathology. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:35-49. [PMID: 28189716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early immune activation (IA) in rodents, prenatal through the mother or early postnatal directly to the neonate, is widely used to produce behavioral endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia and depression. Given that maternal immune response plays a crucial role in the deleterious effects of prenatal IA, and lactation is a critical vehicle of immunological support to the neonate, we predicted that immune activation of the lactating dam will produce long-term abnormalities in the sucklings. Nursing dams were injected on postnatal day 4 with the viral mimic poly-I:C (4mg/kg) or saline. Cytokine assessment was performed in dams' plasma and milk 2h, and in the sucklings' hippocampus, 6h and 24h following poly-I:C injection. Male and female sucklings were assessed in adulthood for: a) performance on behavioral tasks measuring constructs considered relevant to schizophrenia (selective attention and executive control) and depression (despair and anhedonia); b) response to relevant pharmacological treatments; c) brain structural changes. Maternal poly-I:C injection caused cytokine alterations in the dams' plasma and milk, as well as in the sucklings' hippocampus. Lactational poly-I:C exposure led to sex-dimorphic (non-overlapping) behavioral abnormalities in the adult offspring, with male but not female offspring exhibiting attentional and executive function abnormalities (manifested in persistent latent inhibition and slow reversal) and hypodopaminergia, and female but not male offspring exhibiting despair and anhedonia (manifested in increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced saccharine preference) and hyperdopaminergia, mimicking the known sex-bias in schizophrenia and depression. The behavioral double-dissociation predicted distinct pharmacological profiles, recapitulating the pharmacology of negative/cognitive symptoms and depression. In-vivo imaging revealed hippocampal and striatal volume reductions in both sexes, as found in both disorders. This is the first evidence for the emergence of long-term behavioral and brain abnormalities after lactational exposure to an inflammatory agent, supporting a causal link between early immune activation and disrupted neuropsychodevelopment. That such exposure produces schizophrenia- or depression-like phenotype depending on sex, resonates with notions that risk factors are transdiagnostic, and that sex is a susceptibility factor for neurodevelopmental psychopathologies.
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Does cannabidiol have a role in the treatment of schizophrenia? Schizophr Res 2016; 176:281-290. [PMID: 27374322 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder which places a significant emotional and economic strain on the individual and society-at-large. Unfortunately, currently available therapeutic strategies do not provide adequate relief and some patients are treatment-resistant. In this regard, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive constituent of Cannabis sativa, has shown significant promise as a potential antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. However, there is still considerable uncertainty about the mechanism of action of CBD as well as the brain regions which are thought to mediate its putative antipsychotic effects. We argue that further research on CBD is required to fast-track its progress to the clinic and in doing so, we may generate novel insights into the neurobiology of schizophrenia.
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Chua WLLC, Grigorov HS, Hiley J. Oestrogen (adjunct) versus placebo for women with schizophrenia. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Lian LC Chua
- Bradford District Care Trust; City Community Mental Health Team; Horton Park Centre 99 Horton Park Avenue Bradford West Yorkshire UK BD7 9EG
| | - Hristo S Grigorov
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust; Stonebridge Centre; Cardiff Street Nottingham Nottinghamshire UK NG3 2FH
| | - John Hiley
- Bradford District Care Trust; Research & Development; Lynfield Mount Hospital, Heights Lane Bradford UK BD9 6DP
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12
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Riahi F, Izadi-Mazidi M, Ghaffari A, Yousefi E, Khademvatan S. Comparison of Plasma Neurosteroid and Prolactin Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia and Healthy Individuals. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:3108689. [PMID: 27293968 PMCID: PMC4879258 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3108689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background. The present study aimed to compare plasma levels of cortisol, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and prolactin in patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. Method. A total of 100 patients with schizophrenia disorder (69 men and 31 women) and 190 healthy individuals (94 men and 96 women) participated in this cross-sectional study. They were tested for hormone levels and completed demographic questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and one-way analysis of variance. Results. Serum testosterone level was significantly higher in men with schizophrenia than in healthy men. Women with schizophrenia had a significantly higher level of testosterone and lower level of prolactin compared to healthy women. There were no significant differences in hormone levels across various subtypes of schizophrenia. No significant differences also were observed in hormones levels in patients with first-episode schizophrenia disorder compared to those in patients with recurrent episodes. Conclusion. This study indicated that abnormal testosterone and prolactin levels might be associated with pathophysiology of schizophrenia disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Riahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Psychiatry, Golestan Educational Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Izadi-Mazidi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghaffari
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia 57147 83734, Iran
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13
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Lodovighi MA, Palomba A, Belzeaux R, Adida M, Azorin JM. Symptômes négatifs de la schizophrénie : nouvelles approches pharmacologiques. Encephale 2015; 41:6S41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-7006(16)30010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Gogos A, Sbisa AM, Sun J, Gibbons A, Udawela M, Dean B. A Role for Estrogen in Schizophrenia: Clinical and Preclinical Findings. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:615356. [PMID: 26491441 PMCID: PMC4600562 DOI: 10.1155/2015/615356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender differences in schizophrenia have been extensively researched and it is being increasingly accepted that gonadal steroids are strongly attributed to this phenomenon. Of the various hormones implicated, the estrogen hypothesis has been the most widely researched one and it postulates that estrogen exerts a protective effect by buffering females against the development and severity of the illness. In this review, we comprehensively analyse studies that have investigated the effects of estrogen, in particular 17β-estradiol, in clinical, animal, and molecular research with relevance to schizophrenia. Specifically, we discuss the current evidence on estrogen dysfunction in schizophrenia patients and review the clinical findings on the use of estradiol as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia patients. Preclinical research that has used animal models and molecular probes to investigate estradiol's underlying protective mechanisms is also substantially discussed, with particular focus on estradiol's impact on the major neurotransmitter systems implicated in schizophrenia, namely, the dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gogos
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Alyssa M. Sbisa
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Jeehae Sun
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Andrew Gibbons
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Madhara Udawela
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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15
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Mokkonen M, Crespi BJ. Genomic conflicts and sexual antagonism in human health: insights from oxytocin and testosterone. Evol Appl 2015; 8:307-25. [PMID: 25926877 PMCID: PMC4408143 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the hypothesized and observed effects of two of the major forms of genomic conflicts, genomic imprinting and sexual antagonism, on human health. We focus on phenotypes mediated by peptide and steroid hormones (especially oxytocin and testosterone) because such hormones centrally mediate patterns of physical and behavioral resource allocation that underlie both forms of conflict. In early development, a suite of imprinted genes modulates the human oxytocinergic system as predicted from theory, with paternally inherited gene expression associated with higher oxytocin production, and increased solicitation to mothers by infants. This system is predicted to impact health through the incompatibility of paternal-gene and maternal-gene optima and increased vulnerability of imprinted gene systems to genetic and epigenetic changes. Early alterations to oxytocinergic systems have long-term negative impacts on human psychological health, especially through their effects on attachment and social behavior. In contrast to genomic imprinting, which generates maladaptation along an axis of mother–infant attachment, sexual antagonism is predicted from theory to generate maladaptation along an axis of sexual dimorphism, modulated by steroid and peptide hormones. We describe evidence of sexual antagonism from studies of humans and other animals, demonstrating that sexually antagonistic effects on sex-dimorphic phenotypes, including aspects of immunity, life history, psychology, and behavior, are commonly observed and lead to forms of maladaptation that are demonstrated, or expected, to impact human health. Recent epidemiological and psychiatric studies of schizophrenia in particular indicate that it is mediated, in part, by sexually antagonistic alleles. The primary implication of this review is that data collection focused on (i) effects of imprinted genes that modulate the oxytocin system, and (ii) effects of sexually antagonistic alleles on sex-dimorphic, disease-related phenotypes will lead to novel insights into both human health and the evolutionary dynamics of genomic conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Mokkonen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada ; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Bernard J Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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16
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Klemettilä JP, Kampman O, Seppälä N, Viikki M, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Mononen N, Lehtimäki T, Leinonen E. Association study of the HTR2C, leptin and adiponectin genes and serum marker analyses in clozapine treated long-term patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:296-302. [PMID: 25284335 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clozapine treatment is associated with weight gain and cardio-metabolic consequences among patients with schizophrenia. Polymorphisms of leptin, serotonin receptor HTR2C and adiponectin genes have been associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic comorbidity. However, the results of the studies so far are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was first to test for a possible role of serum leptin and adiponectin levels as a marker of weight gain in association with inflammatory cytokines/adipokines (IL-6, IL-1Ra, hs-CRP and adipsin), and second to study associations between SNPs LEP rs7799039 (-2548 A/G), ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 and weight gain and levels of leptin and adiponectin, in 190 patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment, with retrospectively assessed weight change and cross-sectionally measured cytokine levels. A strong association was found between serum levels of leptin and weight gain and cytokines/adipokines related to metabolic comorbidity, especially among female patients (in women leptin vs. weight gain, IL-6 and IL-1Ra, P<0.001; in men leptin vs. weight gain, P=0.026, leptin vs. IL-1Ra, P<0.001). In male patients low adiponectin level was a more specific marker of clozapine-induced weight gain (P=0.037). The results of the present study do not support a major role of SNPs LEP rs7799039, ADIPOQ rs1501299 and HTR2C rs1414334 in the regulation of weight gain or association of serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and corresponding studied SNPs in patients with schizophrenia on clozapine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Klemettilä
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland.
| | - O Kampman
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Seinäjoki Hospital District, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - N Seppälä
- Department of Psychiatry, Satakunta Hospital District, 28500 Pori, Finland
| | - M Viikki
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland; Tampere Mental Health Centre, Hallituskatu 8B, 33200 Tampere, Finland
| | - M Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - E Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - N Mononen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - T Lehtimäki
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - E Leinonen
- Department of Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380 Pitkäniemi, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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17
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Negative symptoms, past and present: a historical perspective and moving to DSM-5. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:710-24. [PMID: 24314851 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of schizophrenia includes "positive" and "negative" symptoms. These titles were developed to respectively reflect if the symptoms are additions to normal experiences, such as delusions and hallucinations, or if they refer to the absence or the loss of normal emotional function or behavior. This paper describes the history of the negative symptom concept, from its origins up to the considerations for the DSM-5, including the steps that produced the current conceptualizations. The DSM-5 only includes deficits in emotional expression and avolition as negative symptoms, which can be assessed from interview information. Factor analyses show they encompass most other negative symptom items. In addition to using these negative symptoms in a categorical manner to make a diagnosis, the DSM-5 has quantitative severity ratings of the negative symptoms, along with ratings of delusions, cognitive symptoms, motor symptoms, disorganization, depression and mania. With this approach, the different symptom domains, including negative symptoms, can be measured and tracked over time. Another change in the DSM-5 is the dropping of the schizophrenia subtypes that have been included in earlier volumes, as they were not useful in treatment decisions or prognosis. An intended outcome of these changes in DSM-5 is for clinicians to directly treat the individual psychopathological domains of the disorder for optimizing individual outcomes. Finally, this paper includes descriptions of the negative symptom items from over a dozen different scales.
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18
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Donoghue K, Doody GA, Murray RM, Jones PB, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Hart J, Mazzoncini R, Maccabe JH. Cannabis use, gender and age of onset of schizophrenia: data from the ÆSOP study. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:528-32. [PMID: 24461684 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An earlier age of onset of schizophrenia has been identified as a poor prognostic indicator. The current study examines the interaction effect of gender and cannabis use on age of onset of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. This research forms part of a two-centre epidemiological study of first-episode psychosis and included individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and an age of onset between age 16 and 45. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to compare the effects of cannabis use and gender on age of first symptom of schizophrenia. Akaike's information criteria were used to find the model with the best fit to the data. Cannabis users had an earlier age of first symptom than non-users. There was an interaction with gender; the gender difference in age of onset was diminished in cannabis smokers compared with non-cannabis smokers. The model including cannabis use interacting with gender was the most parsimonious model, followed by cannabis use alone. The addition of other illegal drug use did not improve the model. Cannabis use is associated with an earlier age of onset of schizophrenia, and the gender difference in age of onset is reduced among cannabis smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Donoghue
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, 4 Windsor Walk, London SE5 8BB, England, UK.
| | - Gillian A Doody
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Nottingham, England, UK
| | - Robin M Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Section of Social Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Jozella Hart
- Section of Social Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England, UK
| | - Rodolfo Mazzoncini
- Department of Medicine and Public Health, Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, Italy
| | - James H Maccabe
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England, UK
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19
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Feigenson KA, Kusnecov AW, Silverstein SM. Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 38:72-93. [PMID: 24247023 PMCID: PMC3896922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the last few decades to suggest that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome with overlapping symptoms and etiologies. At the same time, an increasing number of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown links between schizophrenia and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we analyze the literature on inflammation and schizophrenia, with a particular focus on comorbidity, biomarkers, and environmental insults. We then identify several mechanisms by which inflammation could influence the development of schizophrenia via the two-hit hypothesis. Lastly, we note the relevance of these findings to clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Feigenson
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alex W Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Program and Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, 52 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; University Behavioral Health Care at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
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20
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Trotman HD, Holtzman CW, Ryan AT, Shapiro DI, MacDonald AN, Goulding SM, Brasfield JL, Walker EF. The development of psychotic disorders in adolescence: a potential role for hormones. Horm Behav 2013; 64:411-9. [PMID: 23998682 PMCID: PMC4070947 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". The notion that adolescence is characterized by dramatic changes in behavior, and often by emotional upheaval, is widespread and longstanding in popular western culture. In recent decades, this notion has gained increasing support from empirical research showing that the peri- and post-pubertal developmental stages are associated with a significant rise in the rate of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes. As a result, interest in adolescent development has burgeoned among researchers focused on the origins of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Two factors have fueled this trend: 1) increasing evidence from longitudinal research that adolescence is the modal period for the emergence of "prodromal" manifestations, or precursors of psychotic symptoms, and 2) the rapidly accumulating scientific findings on brain structural and functional changes occurring during adolescence and young adulthood. Further, gonadal and adrenal hormones are beginning to play a more prominent role in conceptualizations of adolescent brain development, as well as in the origins of psychiatric symptoms during this period (Walker and Bollini, 2002; Walker et al., 2008). In this paper, we begin by providing an overview of the nature and course of psychotic disorders during adolescence/young adulthood. We then turn to the role of hormones in modulating normal brain development, and the potential role they might play in the abnormal brain changes that characterize youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. The activational and organizational effects of hormones are explored, with a focus on how hormone-induced changes might be linked with neuropathological processes in the emergence of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan D Trotman
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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21
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Hädel S, Wirth C, Rapp M, Gallinat J, Schubert F. Effects of age and sex on the concentrations of glutamate and glutamine in the human brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:1480-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Hädel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Psychiatric University Hospital St. Hedwig, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Campus Mitte Berlin Germany
| | - Christoph Wirth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Psychiatric University Hospital St. Hedwig, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Campus Mitte Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Rapp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Psychiatric University Hospital St. Hedwig, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Campus Mitte Berlin Germany
- Geriatric Psychiatry Center; Psychiatric University Hospital St. Hedwig, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Campus Mitte Berlin Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Psychiatric University Hospital St. Hedwig, Charité - University Medicine Berlin; Campus Mitte Berlin Germany
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