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Vargas-Castro R, García-Becerra R, Díaz L, Avila E, Ordaz-Rosado D, Bernadez-Vallejo SV, Cano-Colín S, Camacho J, Larrea F, García-Quiroz J. Enhancing Tamoxifen Therapy with α-Mangostin: Synergistic Antiproliferative Effects on Breast Cancer Cells and Potential Reduced Endometrial Impact. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1576. [PMID: 38004441 PMCID: PMC10675669 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent neoplasia among women worldwide. For the estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) phenotype, tamoxifen is the standard hormonal therapy; however, it carries the risk of promoting endometrial carcinoma. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of the phytochemical α-mangostin (AM) as a co-adjuvant alongside tamoxifen on breast cancer cells to improve its efficacy while reducing its adverse effects on endometrium. For this, ER+ breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and T-47D) and endometrial cells (N30) were treated with AM, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH-TMX), and their combination. Cell proliferation was evaluated using sulforhodamine B assay, and the pharmacological interaction was determined through the combination index and the dose reduction index calculation. The genes KCNH1, CCDN1, MKI67, and BIRC5 were amplified by real-time PCR as indicators of oncogenesis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, respectively. Additionally, genes involved in ER signaling were analyzed. In breast cancer cells, the combination of AM with 4-OH-TMX showed a synergistic antiproliferative effect and favorable dose reduction. AM and 4-OH-TMX decreased KCNH1, CCND1, and BIRC5 gene expression. In endometrial cells, AM decreased MKI-67 gene expression, while it reverted the 4-OH-TMX-dependent CCND1 upregulation. This study establishes the benefits of incorporating AM as a co-adjuvant for first-line ER+ breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vargas-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
| | - Rocío García-Becerra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (S.C.-C.)
- Programa de Investigación de Cáncer de Mama, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
| | - Euclides Avila
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
| | - David Ordaz-Rosado
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
| | - Samantha V. Bernadez-Vallejo
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
| | - Saúl Cano-Colín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (R.G.-B.); (S.C.-C.)
| | - Javier Camacho
- Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico;
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
| | - Janice García-Quiroz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (R.V.-C.); (L.D.); (E.A.); (D.O.-R.); (S.V.B.-V.); (F.L.)
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Alam M, Rashid S, Fatima K, Adnan M, Shafie A, Akhtar MS, Ganie AH, Eldin SM, Islam A, Khan I, Hassan MI. Biochemical features and therapeutic potential of α-Mangostin: Mechanism of action, medicinal values, and health benefits. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114710. [PMID: 37141737 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin (α-MG) is a natural xanthone obtained from the pericarps of mangosteen. It exhibits excellent potential, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and induces apoptosis. α-MG controls cell proliferation by modulating signaling molecules, thus implicated in cancer therapy. It possesses incredible pharmacological features and modulates crucial cellular and molecular factors. Due to its lesser water solubility and pitiable target selectivity, α-MG has limited clinical application. As a known antioxidant, α-MG has gained significant attention from the scientific community, increasing interest in extensive technical and biomedical applications. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems were designed to improve the pharmacological features and efficiency of α-MG. This review is focused on recent developments on the therapeutic potential of α-MG in managing cancer and neurological diseases, with a special focus on its mechanism of action. In addition, we highlighted biochemical and pharmacological features, metabolism, functions, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and pre-clinical applications of α-MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kisa Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, PO Box 2440, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Salman Akhtar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - A H Ganie
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Theoretical Studies, Saudi Electronic University, Abha Male 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Setyawati LU, Nurhidayah W, Khairul Ikram NK, Mohd Fuad WE, Muchtaridi M. General toxicity studies of alpha mangostin from Garcinia mangostana: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16045. [PMID: 37215800 PMCID: PMC10196863 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha mangostin (AM), the main xanthone derivative contained in mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana/GM), has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiproliferation, antiinflammatory, and anticancer. Several general toxicity studies of AM have been previously reported to assess the safety profile of AM. Toxicity studies were carried out by various methods such as on test animals, interventions, and various routes of administration, but the test results have not been well documented. Our study aimed to systematically summarizes research on the safety profile of GM containing AM through general toxicity tests to get the LD50 and NOAEL values, and so, can be used as a database related to AM toxicity profiles. This could facilitate other researchers in determining further development of GM-or-AM-based products. Pubmed, Google scholar, ScienceDirect, and EBSCO were chosen to collect the articles while ARRIVE 2.0 was used to evaluate the quality and risk-of-bias of the in vivo toxicity studies included in this systematic review. A total of 20 articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed to predict the LD50 and NOAEL of AM. The results showed that the LD50 of AM is between >15.480 mg/kgBW to ≤6000 mg/kgBW while the NOAEL value is between <100 and ≤2000 mg/kgBW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luthfi Utami Setyawati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
| | - Wiwit Nurhidayah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
| | - Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ezumi Mohd Fuad
- Programme of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, USM Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363 Sumedang, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Centre for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia
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Kalick LS, Khan HA, Maung E, Baez Y, Atkinson AN, Wallace CE, Day F, Delgadillo BE, Mondal A, Watanapokasin R, Barbalho SM, Bishayee A. Mangosteen for malignancy prevention and intervention: Current evidence, molecular mechanisms, and future perspectives. Pharmacol Res 2023; 188:106630. [PMID: 36581166 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), also known as the "queen of fruits", is a tropical fruit of the Clusiacea family. While native to Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, and the Philippines, the fruit has gained popularity in the United States due to its health-promoting attributes. In traditional medicine, mangosteen has been used to treat a variety of illnesses, ranging from dysentery to wound healing. Mangosteen has been shown to exhibit numerous biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Disease-preventative and therapeutic properties of mangosteen have been ascribed to secondary metabolites called xanthones, present in several parts of the tree, including the pericarp, fruit rind, peel, stem bark, root bark, and leaf. Of the 68 mangosteen xanthones identified so far, the most widely-studied are α-mangostin and γ-mangostin. Emerging studies have found that mangosteen constituents and phytochemicals exert encouraging antineoplastic effects against a myriad of human malignancies. While there are a growing number of individual research papers on the anticancer properties of mangosteen, a complete and critical evaluation of published experimental findings has not been accomplished. Accordingly, the objective of this work is to present an in-depth analysis of the cancer preventive and anticancer potential of mangosteen constituents, with a special emphasis on the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms. Moreover, the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and safety of mangosteen-derived agents together with current challenges and future research avenues are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S Kalick
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Hamaad A Khan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Erica Maung
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Yasmany Baez
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Alexa N Atkinson
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Carly E Wallace
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Faith Day
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Blake E Delgadillo
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha 743 234, India
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Sandra M Barbalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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Triyasa KS, Diantini A, Barliana MI. A Review of Herbal Medicine-Based Phytochemical of Garcinia as Molecular Therapy for Breast Cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:3573-3588. [PMID: 36248245 PMCID: PMC9554952 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s358229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from globocan statistic in 2020 indicate that breast cancer has become highest incidence rate of cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are known immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers that mediate cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, regulator proteins, receptors, and their downstream signaling pathways have emerged as critical components in breast cancer formation and proliferation, and have become well-established therapeutic targets and the core focus of breast cancer therapy research. Garcinia is a big genus in the Clusiaceae family that contains a wide spectrum of biologically active metabolites for the chemical composition of their isolated fruits, stem barks, seeds, leaves, and roots, have resulted including polyisoprenylated benzophenones, polyphenols, bioflavonoids, xanthones, lactones, and triterpenes. This review article aimed to analyze the potential of Garcinia phytochemicals as a molecular therapy of breast cancer. The results showed that phytochemicals of Garcinia (i.e., α-mangostin, Cambogin, Gambogic Acid [GA], Garcinol, Griffipavixanthone, Friedolanostane triterpenoid, Hexane, Neobractatin, 7-Epiclusianone, xanthochymol - guttiferone E, and isoxanthochymol - cycloxanthochymol) have anticancer properties, including apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation, and metastasis. This review is important to provide information regarding phytochemicals of Garcinia as an alternative treatment for breast cancer patients. This article selected 28 article researches based on inclusion criteria with the keyword “Garcinia” and “Breast cancer”, in English, and available in full text and abstract searching on PubMed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komang Suma Triyasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ajeng Diantini
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Correspondence: Melisa Intan Barliana, Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno KM. 21, Jatinangor, Bandung, 45363, Indonesia, Email
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Dewi C, Fristiohady A, Amalia R, Bunggulawa EJ, Muchtaridi M. Alpha-mangostin as an inhibitor of GSK3β in triple-negative breast cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-7. [PMID: 35465844 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2068074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subtype that does not express the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, or the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and that is characterized by high invasiveness, high metastatic potential, and poor prognosis. TNBC lacks receptors and hence cannot be treated by using targeted therapies; as such, the therapeutic potential of Indonesian herbal plants against this disease is worth exploring. Herein, we explore the molecular docking and the molecular dynamics simulations of α-mangostin on glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β; PDB ID: 4ACC). Our findings reveal that α-mangostin has a weaker binding affinity to GSK3β than the native ligand (-8.22 kcal/mol), while the latter binds to GSK3β with a stronger binding affinity of -8.92 kcal/mol. According to the binding site analysis, the hydrogen bonds of the native ligand on Asp133 and Arg141, while α-mangostin only appeared to form a hydrogen bond on the enzyme's Asp133. On the other hand, α-mangostin shares similar docking sites with the native ligand (namely, Ile62, Phe67, Val70, and Thr138), thus leading to the conclusion that the native ligand and α-mangostin might share a similar molecular mechanism. The molecular dynamics simulation by using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann and surface area (MM-PBSA) calculations' method shows that α-mangostin maintains a better affinity (with a value of ΔGTotal at -114.463 kJ/mol) as compared with the native ligand (with a respective ΔGTotal value of -75.158 kJ/mol). Our findings are suggestive of α-mangostin possessing a valuable potential as an anti-TNBC agent through GSK3β inhibition.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra Dewi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Mandala Waluya University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Adryan Fristiohady
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kampus Hijau Bumi Tridharma, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Riezki Amalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edwin J Bunggulawa
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Jo MK, Moon CM, Kim EJ, Kwon JH, Fei X, Kim SE, Jung SA, Kim M, Mun YC, Ahn YH, Seo SY, Kim TI. Suppressive effect of α-mangostin for cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer via the Notch pathway. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:341. [PMID: 35351071 PMCID: PMC8962146 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09414-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Since colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in chemoresistance and in tumor recurrence and metastasis, targeting of CSCs has emerged as a sophisticated strategy for cancer therapy. α-mangostin (αM) has been confirmed to have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on cancer cells. This study aimed to evaluate the selective inhibition of αM on CSCs in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the suppressive effect on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced CSCs.
Methods
The cell viability assay was performed to determine the optimal concentration of αM. A sphere forming assay and flow cytometry with CSC markers were carried out to evaluate the αM-mediated inhibition of CSCs. Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to investigate the effects of αM on the Notch signaling pathway and colon CSCs. The in vivo anticancer efficacy of αM in combination with 5-FU was investigated using a xenograft mouse model.
Results
αM inhibited the cell viability and reduced the number of spheres in HT29 and SW620 cells. αM treatment decreased CSCs and suppressed the 5-FU-induced an increase in CSCs on flow cytometry. αM markedly suppressed Notch1, NICD1, and Hes1 in the Notch signaling pathway in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, αM attenuated CSC markers CD44 and CD133, in a manner similar to that upon DAPT treatment, in HT29 cells. In xenograft mice, the tumor and CSC makers were suppressed in the αM group and in the αM group with 5-FU treatment.
Conclusion
This study shows that low-dose αM inhibits CSCs in CRC and suppresses 5-FU–induced augmentation of CSCs via the Notch signaling pathway.
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Markowicz J, Wołowiec S, Rode W, Uram Ł. Synthesis and Properties of α-Mangostin and Vadimezan Conjugates with Glucoheptoamidated and Biotinylated 3rd Generation Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer, and Conjugation Effect on Their Anticancer and Anti-Nematode Activities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:606. [PMID: 35335982 PMCID: PMC8951109 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin and vadimezan are widely studied potential anticancer agents. Their biological activities may be improved by covalent bonding by amide or ester bonds with the third generation poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer, substituted with α-D-glucoheptono-1,4-lactone and biotin. Thus, conjugates of either ester- (G3gh4B5V) or amide-linked (G32B12gh5V) vadimezan, and equivalents of α-mangostin (G3gh2B5M and G32B12gh5M, respectively), were synthesized, characterized and tested in vitro against cancer cells: U-118 MG glioma, SCC-15 squamous carcinoma, and BJ normal human fibroblasts growth, as well as against C. elegans development. α-Mangostin cytotoxicity, stronger than that of Vadimezan, was increased (by 2.5-9-fold) by conjugation with the PAMAM dendrimer (with the amide-linking being slightly more effective), and the strongest effect was observed with SCC-15 cells. Similar enhancement of toxicity resulting from the drug conjugation was observed with C. elegans. Vadimezan (up to 200 µM), as well as both its dendrimer conjugates, was not toxic against both the studied cells and nematodes. It showed an antiproliferative effect against cancer cells at concentrations ≥100 µM. This effect was significantly enhanced after conjugation of the drug with the dendrimer via the amide, but not the ester bond, with G32B12gh5V inhibiting the proliferation of SCC-15 and U-118 MG cells at concentrations ≥4 and ≥12 μM, respectively, without a visible effect in normal BJ cells. Thus, the drug delivery system based on the PAMAM G3 dendrimer containing amide bonds, partially-blocked amino groups on the surface, larger particle diameter and higher zeta potential can be a useful tool to improve the biological properties of transported drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Markowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Medical College, Rzeszów University, 1a Warzywna Street, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy Ave, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
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Nauman MC, Johnson JJ. The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana): Defining the anticancer potential of selected xanthones. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106032. [PMID: 34896543 PMCID: PMC9597473 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a popular Southeast Asian fruit that has been used traditionally for its health promoting benefits for years. Unique to the mangosteen are a class of phytochemicals known as xanthones that have been reported to display significant anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities, specifically through the promotion of apoptosis, targeting of specific cancer-related proteins, or modulation of cell signaling pathways. α-Mangostin, the most abundant xanthone isolated from the mangosteen, has received substantial attention as it has proven to be a potent phytochemical, specifically as an anticancer agent, in numerous different cancer cell studies and cancer animal models. While the mechanisms for these anticancer effects have been reported in many studies, lesser xanthones, including gartanin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, garcinone C, and garcinone E, and mangosteen extracts from the pericarp, roots, rind, and stem show promise for their anticancer activity but their mechanisms of action are not as well developed and remain to be determined. Mangosteen products appear safe and have been well tolerated in human clinical trials where they show antioxidant activity, though their clinical anticancer activity has not yet been evaluated. This review summarizes the work that has been done to explore and explain the anticancer and antitumor activities of α-mangostin, lesser xanthones, and mangosteen extracts in vitro, in vivo, and in humans in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirielle C Nauman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, USA
| | - Jeremy J Johnson
- University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, USA.
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Mardianingrum R, Hariono M, Ruswanto R, Yusuf M, Muchtaridi M. Synthesis, Anticancer Activity, Structure-Activity Relationship, and Molecular Modeling Studies of α-Mangostin Derivatives as hERα Inhibitor. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5305-5316. [PMID: 34854302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin is one of the secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarp, which has been reported to have anti-breast cancer activity. In our previous study, three α-mangostin derivatives were computationally designed as hERα antagonists. In this present study, the designed compounds were synthesized undergoing a benzoylation reaction between α-mangostin with three benzoyl chloride derivatives to produce three derivatives, namely, AMB-1, AMB-2, and AMB-10. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell model with hERα as the protein target. The in vitro assay shows moderate activity (57-126 μM) for all derivatives. The dynamic behaviors of all ligands, including α-mangostin and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), were studied with 100 ns of MD simulation. The structure-activity relationship shows that although it does not entirely concord with the expected design, it can explain the trend of α-mangostin and its derivatives antiproliferative activities against MCF-7, which associates with hERα antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Mardianingrum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia.,Pharmacy Program, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Perjuangan, Tasikmalaya 46115, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Maywan Hariono
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Depok, Sleman 55282, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ruswanto Ruswanto
- Pharmacy Program, STIKes Bakti Tunas Husada, Tasikmalaya 46115, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muchtaridi Muchtaridi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, West Java, Indonesia
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11
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The Polyphenols α-Mangostin and Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid Induce Oxidative Stress, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in a Cellular Model of Medulloblastoma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237230. [PMID: 34885809 PMCID: PMC8659270 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a common malignant brain tumor in the pediatric age. The current therapeutics present serious collateral effects. Polyphenols α-mangostin and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) exert potent antitumoral activity in different cancer models, although their antitumoral effects have not been described in medulloblastoma cells yet. This study aimed to examine the proapoptotic effects of these polyphenols on human medulloblastoma cells. Medulloblastoma cell line Daoy was incubated with increasing concentrations of α-mangostin or NDGA for 24 h. The cell viability was analyzed using crystal violet and trypan blue dyes. Determination of the glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) ratio and levels of carbonylated proteins was performed to evaluate the oxidative stress. Cell cycle progression and induction of cell death by fluorochrome-couple and TUNEL assays were evaluated using flow cytometry assays. Individual treatments with α-mangostin or NDGA decreased the viability of Daoy cells in a dose-dependent manner, inducing G2/M and S-G2/M cell cycle arrest, respectively. Both polyphenols induced cell death and increased oxidative stress. Very interestingly, α-mangostin showed more potent effects than NDGA. Our results indicate that α-mangostin and NDGA exert important cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in the Daoy cell line. These data highlight the potential usefulness of these compounds as an alternative strategy in medulloblastoma treatment.
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Muralidharan S, Vellaichamy A. Evaluation of anti-epithelial-mesenchymal transition property of Garcinia mangostana rind extract. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) helps solid tumors to lose their intercellular adhesive property and drives metastasis. As mangosteen fruit is known for many beneficial effects including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-tumorigenic properties and has been used widely in traditional medicine, we interrogated its possible anti-metastatic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
Results
We found that aqueous mangosteen rind extract (MRE) inhibited growth of MCF-7 and altered the transcript levels of ERα, ERβ, and EGFR genes. Additionally, the MRE changed the expression of important markers of EMT, E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin, Snail, and MMP-9. Moreover, MRE inhibited migration of MCF-7 cells.
Conclusion
The results suggest that MRE suppresses growth and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 cells.
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Fatima SW, Imtiyaz K, Alam Rizvi MM, Khare SK. Microbial transglutaminase nanoflowers as an alternative nanomedicine for breast cancer theranostics. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34613-34630. [PMID: 35494746 PMCID: PMC9042677 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04513j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women. With the aim of decreasing the toxicity of conventional breast cancer treatments, an alternative that could provide appropriate and effective drug utilization was envisioned. Thus, we contemplated and compared the in vitro effects of microbial transglutaminase nanoflowers (MTGase NFs) on breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Transglutaminase is an important regulatory enzyme acting as a site-specific cross-linker for proteins. With the versatility of MTGase facilitating the nanoflower formation by acting as molecular glue, it was demonstrated to have anti-cancer properties. The rational drug design based on a transglutaminase enzyme-assisted approach led to the uniform shape of petals in these nanoflowers, which had the capacity to act directly as an anti-cancer drug. Herein, we report the anti-cancer characteristics portrayed by enzymatic MTGase NFs, which are biocompatible in nature. This study demonstrated the prognostic and therapeutic significance of MTGase NFs as a nano-drug in breast cancer treatment. The results on MCF-7 cells showed a significantly improved in vitro therapeutic efficacy. MTGase NFs were able to exhibit inhibitory effects on cell viability (IC50-8.23 μg ml−1) within 24 h of dosage. To further substantiate its superior anti-proliferative role, the clonogenic potential was measured to be 62.8%, along with migratory inhibition of cells (3.76-fold change). Drastic perturbations were induced (4.61-fold increase in G0/G1 phase arrest), pointed towards apoptotic induction with a 58.9% effect. These results validated the role of MTGase NFs possessing a cytotoxic nature in mitigating breast cancer. Thus, MTGase bestows distinct functionality towards therapeutic nano-modality, i.e., nanoflowers, which shows promise in cancer treatment. Development of a novel therapeutic nano-modality in the form of enzymatic transglutaminase nanoflowers; endowed with anti-cancerous action against breast cancers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Warisul Fatima
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi-110016 India +91-112659 6533
| | - Khalid Imtiyaz
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi-110025 India
| | - Mohammad M Alam Rizvi
- Genome Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi-110025 India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi-110016 India +91-112659 6533
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α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175119. [PMID: 34500560 PMCID: PMC8434247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin (AMG) is a potent anticancer xanthone that was discovered in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). AMG possesses the highest opportunity for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic therapy. AMG inhibits every step in the process of carcinogenesis. AMG suppressed multiple breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation and apoptosis by decreasing the creation of cancerous compounds. Accumulating BC abnormalities and their associated molecular signaling pathways promotes novel treatment strategies. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment; due to the possibility of unpleasant side effects and multidrug resistance, there has been substantial progress in searching for alternative solutions, including the use of plant-derived natural chemicals. Due to the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, nanotechnology provides hope for effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology enables the delivery of nanoparticles and increased solubility of drugs and drug targeting, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and cell death during BC treatment. This review summarizes the progress and development of AMG’s cytotoxicity and the mechanism of death BC cells. The combination of natural medicine and nanotechnology into a synergistic capital will provide various benefits. This information will aid in the development of AMG nanoparticle preparations and may open up new avenues for discovering an effective BC treatment.
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Bhattacharya T, Dutta S, Akter R, Rahman MH, Karthika C, Nagaswarupa HP, Murthy HCA, Fratila O, Brata R, Bungau S. Role of Phytonutrients in Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Perspective in Curing Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1176. [PMID: 34439842 PMCID: PMC8394348 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common type of cancer and an important contributor to female mortality. Several genes and epigenetic modifications are involved in the development and progression of BC. Research in phytochemistry, nutrigenomics, and nutrigenetics has provided strong evidence that certain phytonutrients are able to modulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Such phytonutrients may also be beneficial to prevent and treat BC. In this review, we will focus on the nutrigenomic effects of various phytochemicals including polyphenols, phytosterols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other compounds from different sources. Overall, these phytonutrients are found to inhibit BC cell proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and induce apoptotic cell death by targeting various molecular pathways. They also alter epigenetic mechanisms and enhance the chemosensitivity and radiosensitivity of cancer cells. Such phytochemicals may be used for the effective management of BC patients in the clinical setting in the future. The present article aims to summarize the specific molecular pathways involved in the genetic effects of phytochemicals in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanima Bhattacharya
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
- Techno India NJR Institute of Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313003, India
| | - Soumam Dutta
- Food and Nutrition Division, University of Calcutta, Calcutta 700027, India;
| | - Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh;
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon-do, Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Chenmala Karthika
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Ooty 643001, India;
| | | | - Hanabe Chowdappa Ananda Murthy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia;
| | - Ovidiu Fratila
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (O.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Roxana Brata
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (O.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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16
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Tangphokhanon W, Pradidarcheep W, Lametschwandtner A. α-mangostin preserves hepatic microvascular architecture in fibrotic rats as shown by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33859819 PMCID: PMC8042669 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic condition caused by wound-healing in which scar tissue replaces the liver parenchyma following repetitive injuries. It is hypothesized that α-mangostin (AM), the major constituent of the xanthone fraction in extracts of Garcinia mangostana L., may protect the hepatic microvascular bed from thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fibrosis. In the present study, rats were divided into 4 groups: Control rats received no treatment; TAA-treated rats received 150 mg/kg TAA 3 times per week intraperitoneally; AM-treated rats received 75 mg/kg AM twice per week intraperitoneally; and TAA+AM-treated rats received both TAA and AM as described above. Rat livers were processed either for light microscopy or for vascular corrosion casting after 30 and 60 days of treatment. Vascular parameters were measured by 3D morphometry analysis of scanning electron micrographs. AM attenuated hepatocellular injuries and delayed both periportal and pericentral fibrosis in the TAA-treated rats. The comparison of findings at day 30 and 60 showed that TAA-induced fibrotic changes were progressive in time, and that the beneficial effects of AM only became apparent after prolonged treatment. The livers of rats treated with both TAA and AM had less space surrounding the portal vessels, improved preservation of the hepatic microvascular pattern, and minimally altered sinusoidal patterns with few signs of terminal portal venule remodeling. AM therefore partially protected the liver against hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis and the associated microvascular changes. The mechanism of the protective effect of AM on the liver remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Tangphokhanon
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wisuit Pradidarcheep
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Alois Lametschwandtner
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular and Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
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α-Mangostin Synergizes the Antineoplastic Effects of 5-Fluorouracil Allowing a Significant Dose Reduction in Breast Cancer Cells. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although 5-fluorouracil is a conventional chemotherapeutic agent for breast cancer treatment, its use may result in severe side effects. Thus, there is widespread interest in lowering 5-fluorouracil drawbacks, without affecting its therapeutic efficacy by the concomitant use with natural products. Herein, we aimed at evaluating whether α-mangostin, a natural antineoplastic compound, could increase the anticancer effect of 5-fluorouracil in different breast cancer cell lines, allowing for dose reduction. Cell proliferation was evaluated by sulforhodamine-B assays, inhibitory concentrations and potency were calculated by dose-response curves, followed by analysis of their pharmacological interaction by the combination-index method and dose-reduction index. Cell cycle distribution was evaluated by flow cytometry. Each compound inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, the triple negative breast cancer cells being the most sensitive. When 5-fluorouracil and α-mangostin were used concomitantly, synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed. The calculated dose-reduction index suggested that this combination exhibits therapeutic potential for reducing 5-fluorouracil dosage in breast cancer. Mechanistically, the cotreatment induced cell death in a greater extent than each drug alone. Therefore, α-mangostin could be used as a potent co-adjuvant for 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer.
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18
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Elhasawy FA, Ashour DS, ElSaka AM, Ismail HI. The Apoptotic Effect of Trichinella spiralis Infection Against Experimentally Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:935-946. [PMID: 33773560 PMCID: PMC8286675 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer. Prognosis of HCC remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, developing new therapeutic modalities is still mandatory. Tumor biotherapy is a novel concept developed as a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. There is a similarity between the regulatory mechanism of Trichinella spiralis nurse cell formation and tumor cell apoptosis signal regulation. OBJECTIVES Induction of apoptosis by T. spiralis can represent a new strategy for tumor treatment. METHODS Experimental animals were divided in four groups; negative control (GI), T. spiralis infected (GII), induced HCC (GIII) and HCC then infected with T. spiralis (GIV). The apoptotic effect of T. spiralis infection was assessed by histopathological and immunohistochemical staining of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). RESULTS We found higher survival rate of rats and decreased weight of their livers with no nodules in HCC- T. spiralis group as compared to HCC group. Improvement of the dysplastic changes and increased apoptotic bodies which was confirmed by decreased expression of Bcl-2 reported in HCC- T. spiralis group. CONCLUSION Trichinella-induced apoptosis can be a contributing mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of T. spiralis infection. Our results showed a certain level of decreased progression of the tumor in HCC-T. spiralis group as indicated by increased rate of apoptosis and subsequently had a positive impact on the survival of rats. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzya A Elhasawy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Dalia S Ashour
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Ayman M ElSaka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Howaida I Ismail
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
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Wanandi SI, Limanto A, Yunita E, Syahrani RA, Louisa M, Wibowo AE, Arumsari S. In silico and in vitro studies on the anti-cancer activity of andrographolide targeting survivin in human breast cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240020. [PMID: 33211707 PMCID: PMC7676700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) express high levels of the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin. This study aimed to discover a natural active compound with anti-cancer properties that targeted survivin in human breast cancer stem cells. From the seven examined compounds, andrographolide was selected as a lead compound through in silico molecular docking with survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3. We found that the affinity between andrographolide and survivin is higher than that with caspase-9 and caspase-3. Human CD24-/CD44+ BCSCs were treated with andrographolide in vitro for 24 hours. The cytotoxic effect of andrographolide on BCSCs was compared to that on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The expression of survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3 mRNA was analyzed using qRT-PCR, while Thr34-phosphorylated survivin and total survivin levels were determined using ELISA and Immunoblotting assay. Annexin-V/PI flow cytometry assays were performed to evaluate the apoptotic activity of andrographolide. Our results demonstrate that the CC50 of andrographolide in BCSCs was 0.32mM, whereas there was no cytotoxic effect in MSCs. Moreover, andrographolide decreased survivin and Thr34-phosphorylated survivin, thus inhibiting survivin activation and increasing survivin mRNA in BCSCs. The apoptotic activity of andrographolide was revealed by the increase of caspase-3 mRNA and protein, as well as the increase in both the early and late phases of apoptosis. In conclusion, andrographolide can be considered an anti-cancer compound that targets BCSCs due to its molecular interactions with survivin, caspase-9, and caspase-3, which induce apoptosis. We suggest that the binding of andrographolide to survivin is a critical aspect of the effect of andrographolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Septelia Inawati Wanandi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Center for Hypoxia and Oxidative Stress Studies, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agus Limanto
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elvira Yunita
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Resda Akhra Syahrani
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Melva Louisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Agung Eru Wibowo
- Laboratory for Development of Industrial Agro and Biomedical Technology (LAPTIAB), Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT), Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Sekar Arumsari
- Molecular Biology and Proteomic Core Facilities, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Nauman MC, Tocmo R, Vemu B, Veenstra JP, Johnson JJ. Inhibition of CDK2/CyclinE1 by xanthones from the mangosteen ( Garcinia mangostana): a structure-activity relationship study. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5429-5433. [PMID: 32691623 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1777413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled regulation of cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) has negative implications in many cancers and malignancies and has recently led to the approval of select CDK inhibitors. Herein we present data reporting that xanthones, a class of compounds isolated from the purple mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit, can inhibit CDK2/CyclinE1. We evaluated nine different xanthones, including α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, gartanin, 8-desoxygartanin, garcinone C, garcinone D, 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, and 3-isomangostin for toxicity in 22Rν1 (prostate cancer cells) and MDA-MB-231 (breast cancer cells). All compounds dose-dependently inhibited the viability of both cell lines. A cell free biochemical assay was performed to determine if selected phytochemicals inhibited CDK2/CyclinE1. γ-Mangostin and α-mangostin were the strongest inhibitors, respectively. The results suggest that the position of key functional groups including hydroxyl and isoprenyl groups contribute to the CDK2 inhibitory effect. Taken together, the evidence suggests that xanthones can directly target CDK2 providing a possible explanation for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirielle C Nauman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Restituto Tocmo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bhaskar Vemu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob P Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy J Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mangosteen pericarp components alleviate progression of prostatic hyperplasia and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:322. [PMID: 31941927 PMCID: PMC6962454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56970-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatic hyperplasia, characterized by progressive hyperplasia of glandular and stromal tissues, is the most common proliferative abnormality of the prostate in aging men. A high-fat diet (HFD) usually is a major factor inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and an abnormal state of the prostate. Mangosteen pericarp powder (MPP) has abundant xanthones which can be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative agents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to research whether MPP supplementation can affect the progression of prostatic hyperplasia. Twenty-four male F344 rats were randomly divided into four groups, including a control group (C), prostatic hyperplasia-induced group (P), prostatic hyperplasia-induced with low-dose MPP group (PL), and induced with high-dose MPP group (PH). The P, PL, and PH groups were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of 3,2′-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) at 25 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks, and simultaneously fed an HFD for 24 weeks. Our findings first demonstrated that MPP consumption significantly decreased the prostate weight, serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations, protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and malondialdehyde levels and ameliorated mitochondrial function in prostatic tissues. These results suggest that MPP supplementation could be used to attenuate the progression of prostatic hyperplasia.
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Ding YY, Luan JJ, Fan Y, Olatunji OJ, Song J, Zuo J. α-Mangostin reduced the viability of A594 cells in vitro by provoking ROS production through downregulation of NAMPT/NAD. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:163-172. [PMID: 31898286 PMCID: PMC6985413 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin (MAN) is a bioactive compound isolated from the inedible pericarp of a tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn). It exhibits notable therapeutic potentials on lung cancers, but the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. This study was designed to further explore the mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity of MAN on A549 cells. Apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by flow cytometry methods. The fluorescent probes DCFH-DA and JC-1 were used to assess the intracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential statuses, respectively. The regulation of MAN on relevant pathways was investigated by immunoblotting assays. The results obtained indicated that MAN caused significant apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in A549 cells, which eventually resulted in inhibition on cell proliferation in vitro. All these phenomena were synchronized with escalated oxidative stress and downregulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAMPT/NAD). Supplementation with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) efficiently eased MAN-induced ROS accumulation, and potently antagonized MAN-elicited apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The pro-apoptotic effect of MAN was further confirmed by increased expressions of cleaved caspase 3, 6, 7, and 9, and its effect on cell cycle progression was validated by the altered expressions of p-p38, p-p53, CDK4, and cyclin D1. The immunoblotting assays also demonstrated that NAC/NMN effectively restored these molecular changes elicited by MAN treatment. Collectively, this study revealed a unique anti-tumor mechanism of MAN by provoking ROS production through downregulation of NAMPT/NAD signaling and further validated MAN as a potential therapeutic reagent for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Ding
- Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jia-Jie Luan
- Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Jing Song
- Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, No 2nd West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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Liao C, Cheng X, Liu M, Wang X, Boireau P. Trichinella spiralis and Tumors: Cause, Coincidence or Treatment? Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 18:1091-1099. [PMID: 29173187 PMCID: PMC6340159 DOI: 10.2174/1871520617666171121115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Conventional therapeutic strategies for tumors have had limited success, and innovative and more effective approaches to treatment are urgently required. The ancient idea that various biological, bacterial, yeast, viral, and para-sitic agents can be used as cancer therapeutics has gradually attracted considerable interest. Certain parasites have been widely discussed in association with human and animal tumors. The purpose of this review was to examine previous literatures which investigates the relations between Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) and tumors. Methods: Using PubMed, articles published before 2018 in the whole world have been searched and comprehensively re-viewed. Results: Many researches have provided proofs that T. spiralis possesses antitumor activities. The antitumor effect of T. spi-ralis was first described in the 1970s. However, its research has been inconsistent, and little progress has been made in this field. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects are still unclear, and convincing evidence of the links be-tween T. spiralis and the prevention or treatment of tumors from clinical trials is absent. Meanwhile, some other researches al-so suggested that T. spiralis may cause or contribute to coinfection with a tumors. Conclusion: The review has highlighted the scientific literature focussing on evidence for T. spiralis to act as a pro- or anti-tumorigenic agent is summarized and discussed, in hope of contributing to a better understanding of the relations between T. spiralis and tumors
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshui Liao
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/ College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,OIE Collaborating Center for Food-Borne Parasites in the Asian-Pacific Region, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health/ College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,OIE Collaborating Center for Food-Borne Parasites in the Asian-Pacific Region, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,OIE Collaborating Center for Food-Borne Parasites in the Asian-Pacific Region, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pascal Boireau
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,OIE Collaborating Center for Food-Borne Parasites in the Asian-Pacific Region, Changchun, China.,ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Maisons-Alfort, France
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24
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Shibata MA, Hamaoka H, Morimoto J, Kanayama T, Maemura K, Ito Y, Iinuma M, Kondo Y. Synthetic α-mangostin dilaurate strongly suppresses wide-spectrum organ metastasis in a mouse model of mammary cancer. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1660-1671. [PMID: 29601143 PMCID: PMC5980246 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that, in a mouse model of mammary cancer, α‐mangostin alone exhibits anti‐metastatic properties. To enhance this anti‐metastatic effect, we examined the efficacy of synthetic α‐mangostin dilaurate (MGD), prepared by adding lauric acid to α‐mangostin, in the same experimental system wherein mice bearing mammary tumors are exposed to dietary MGD at 0, 2000 and 4000 ppm. Lauric acid has a high propensity for lymphatic absorption, which is the most common pathway of initial dissemination of many solid malignancies. Both mammary tumor volumes and wide‐spectrum organ metastasis were markedly reduced at 2000 and 4000 ppm: furthermore, survival in the 4000‐ppm group was significantly greater than in control mice. Apoptosis in mammary carcinomas was also significantly increased in the 4000‐ppm group, whereas blood microvessel density and lymphatic vessel invasion were markedly reduced. In real‐time PCR analyses of tumor samples, increased p21 and decreased Pcna expression were observed with 4000 ppm but values were not statistically significant when compared to expression in control tumors. However, exposure to 4000 ppm significantly decreased expression of phospho‐Akt (Ser473/Thr308) as compared to the control, indicating a role in the anti‐tumorigenic effects of MGD. These findings suggest that MGD may be useful for adjuvant therapy and chemoprevention and that conjugated medium‐chain fatty acids may enhance the efficacy of certain chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa-Aki Shibata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Hamaoka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junji Morimoto
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kanayama
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Maemura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuko Ito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoichi Kondo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Kanbara K, Otsuki Y, Watanabe M, Yokoe S, Mori Y, Asahi M, Neo M. GABA B receptor regulates proliferation in the high-grade chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27 via apoptotic pathways. BMC Cancer 2018. [PMID: 29514603 PMCID: PMC5842535 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade chondrosarcoma, which has a high incidence of local recurrence and pulmonary metastasis despite surgical resection, is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, new and effective adjuvant therapies are urgently required for this disease. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which acts as a neurotrophic factor during nervous system development, is related to the proliferation and migration of certain cancer cells. The GABAergic system, which is composed of GABA, the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and GABA receptors, has an important function in nerve growth and development of neural crest. Therefore, the GABAergic system may play important functional roles in the proliferation of chondrosarcoma cells, which are derived from neural crest cells. We examined the anti-tumor effects of the GABAergic system on a chondrosarcoma cell line. METHODS We evaluated the underlying mechanisms of the anti-tumor effects of the GABAergic system, such as the involvement of different signaling pathways, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, in the high-grade chondrosarcoma cell line OUMS-27. In addition, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings for Ca2+ currents and evaluated the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration via Ca2+ channels, which are related to the GABAB receptor in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells. RESULTS The GABAB receptor antagonist CGP had anti-tumor effects on high-grade chondrosarcoma cells in a dose-dependent manner. The activities of caspase 3 and caspase 9 were significantly elevated in CGP-treated cells compared to in untreated cells. The activity of caspase 8 did not differ significantly between untreated cells and CGP-treated cells. However, caspase 8 tended to be up-regulated in CGP-treated cells. The GABAB receptor antagonist exhibited anti-tumor effects at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and induced apoptosis via dual inhibition of the PI3/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the changes in intracellular Ca2+ via GABAB receptor-related Ca2+ channels inhibited the proliferation of high-grade chondrosarcoma cells by inducing and modulating apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSIONS The GABAB receptor antagonist may improve the prognosis of high-grade chondrosarcoma by exerting anti-tumor effects via different signaling pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and Ca2+ channels in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoto Kanbara
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka Medical College Takatsuki, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Otsuki
- President of Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka, Kashihara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syunichi Yokoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Mori
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Asahigaoka, Kashihara, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Asahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Neo
- Department of Orthopedics, Osaka Medical College Takatsuki, Daigaku-machi 2-7, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan
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Scolamiero G, Pazzini C, Bonafè F, Guarnieri C, Muscari C. Effects of α-Mangostin on Viability, Growth and Cohesion of Multicellular Spheroids Derived from Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:23-30. [PMID: 29333084 PMCID: PMC5765736 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: α-Mangostin (αMG) is extracted from Garcinia mangostana Linn and exerts antiproliferative activities. Although several researches on αMG were performed using cell monolayers, the in vitro pharmacological effects on 3D cancer models have never been investigated. Aim of the present study was to find new anticancer properties of αMG by evaluating the changes that this compound provokes in multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTSs). Methods: MCTSs were generated from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast tumour cell lines and then treated with 0.1÷30 μg/ml αMG for 24 and 48 h. MCTS size, density, and cell migration were determined by software elaboration of phase contrast images captured by a digital camera. Cell viability was evaluated by resazurin and acid phosphatase assays, while cell apoptosis was assessed by a fluorescent assay of caspase activity. The distribution of living cells inside MCTSs was shown by live/dead fluorescence staining. Results: A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was obtained by treating MDA-MB-231 spheroids with αMG for 48 h (IC50 = 0.70-1.25 μg/ml). A significant reduction in spheroid volume, paralleled by its increased compactness, was observed only at concentration of 30 μg/ml, but not with lower doses of αMG. By contrast, αMG in the range of 5-15 μg/ml increased the size of MCTSs due to a parallel reduction in cell aggregation. The same window of concentrations was also able to stimulate cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Bimodal volumetric effects were also obtained by treating the spheroids generated from the MCF-7 cells with 0.1÷30 μg/ml αMG for 48 h. Finally, doses higher than 5 μg/ml caused a progressive impairment in cell migration from the edge of MDA-MB-231 MCTSs. Conclusion: After exposure at doses of αMG just above IC50, MDA-MB-231 spheroids showed a significant reduction in cell adhesion that did not stimulate cell migration but, on the contrary, blunted cell motility. These findings suggest a novel anticancer feature of αMG that could be taken into consideration to improve conventional drug penetration into the tumour bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Scolamiero
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Pazzini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonafè
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Guarnieri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Muscari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Health Sciences and Technologies, Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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27
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Ovalle-Magallanes B, Eugenio-Pérez D, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Medicinal properties of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): A comprehensive update. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:102-122. [PMID: 28842267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia known as mangosteen which fruits possess a distinctive and pleasant taste that has granted them the epithet of "queen of the fruits". The seeds and pericarps of the fruit have a long history of use in the traditional medicinal practices of the region, and beverages containing mangosteen pulp and pericarps are sold worldwide as nutritional supplements. The main phytochemicals present in the species are isoprenylated xanthones, a class of secondary metabolites with multiple reports of biological effects, such as antioxidant, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic and anti-obesity. The diversity of actions displayed by mangosteen xanthones shows that these compounds target multiple signaling pathways involved in different pathologies, and place them as valuable sources for developing new drugs to treat chronic and degenerative diseases. This review article presents a comprehensive update of the toxicological findings on animal models, and the preclinical anticancer, analgesic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of G. mangostana L. extracts and its main isolates. Pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems and reports on dose-finding human trials are also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Ovalle-Magallanes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Dianelena Eugenio-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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28
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Dietary Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070728. [PMID: 28698459 PMCID: PMC5537842 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among females worldwide. Several epidemiological studies suggested the inverse correlation between the intake of vegetables and fruits and the incidence of breast cancer. Substantial experimental studies indicated that many dietary natural products could affect the development and progression of breast cancer, such as soy, pomegranate, mangosteen, citrus fruits, apple, grape, mango, cruciferous vegetables, ginger, garlic, black cumin, edible macro-fungi, and cereals. Their anti-breast cancer effects involve various mechanisms of action, such as downregulating ER-α expression and activity, inhibiting proliferation, migration, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast tumor cells, inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and sensitizing breast tumor cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review summarizes the potential role of dietary natural products and their major bioactive components in prevention and treatment of breast cancer, and special attention was paid to the mechanisms of action.
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Wu CP, Hsiao SH, Murakami M, Lu YJ, Li YQ, Huang YH, Hung TH, Ambudkar SV, Wu YS. Alpha-Mangostin Reverses Multidrug Resistance by Attenuating the Function of the Multidrug Resistance-Linked ABCG2 Transporter. Mol Pharm 2017. [PMID: 28641010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporter ABCG2 can actively efflux a wide variety of chemotherapeutic agents out of cancer cells and subsequently reduce the intracellular accumulation of these drugs. Therefore, the overexpression of ABCG2 often contributes to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells, which is one of the major obstacles to successful cancer chemotherapy. Moreover, ABCG2 is highly expressed in various tissues including the intestine and blood-brain barrier (BBB), limiting the absorption and bioavailability of many therapeutic agents. For decades, the task of developing a highly effective synthetic inhibitor of ABCG2 has been hindered mostly by the intrinsic toxicity, the lack of specificity, and complex pharmacokinetics. Alternatively, considering the wide range of diversity and relatively nontoxic nature of natural products, developing potential modulators of ABCG2 from natural sources is particularly valuable. α-Mangostin is a natural xanthone derived from the pericarps of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) with various pharmacological purposes, including suppressing angiogenesis and inducing cancer cell growth arrest. In this study, we demonstrated that at nontoxic concentrations, α-mangostin effectively and selectively inhibits ABCG2-mediated drug transport and reverses MDR in ABCG2-overexpressing MDR cancer cells. Direct interactions between α-mangostin and the ABCG2 drug-binding site(s) were confirmed by stimulation of ATPase activity and by inhibition of photolabeling of the substrate-binding site(s) of ABCG2 with [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin. In summary, our findings show that α-mangostin has great potential to be further developed into a promising modulator of ABCG2 for reversing MDR and for its use in combination therapy for patients with MDR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | | | - Megumi Murakami
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yu-Jen Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | | | - Yang-Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, CCR, NCI, NIH , Bethesda, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Yu-Shan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University , Taichung 407, Taiwan
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Synergic Effect of α-Mangostin on the Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin in a Cervical Cancer Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7981397. [PMID: 28053694 PMCID: PMC5178369 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7981397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death among Mexican women. The treatment with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) has some serious side effects. Alpha-mangostin (α-M), has a protective effect against CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, we explored the in vitro and in vivo effect of α-M on human cervical cancer cell proliferation when combined with CDDP. In vitro, The cytotoxic effect of α-M and/or CDDP was measured by the 3-(3,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium assay. Meanwhile, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the cell cycle were determined with flow cytometry. For α-M+CDDP treatment, both a coincubation and preincubation scheme were employed. In vivo, xenotransplantation was performed in female athymic BALB/c (nu/nu) mice, and then tumor volume and body weight were measured weekly, whereas α-M interfered with the antiproliferative activity of CDDP in the coincubation scheme, with preincubation with α-M+CDDP showing significantly greater cytotoxicity than CDDP or α-M alone, significantly inhibiting average tumor volume and preventing nephrotoxicity. This effect was accompanied by increased apoptosis and ROS production by HeLa cervical cancer cells, as well as an arrest in the cell cycle. These results suggest that α-M may be useful as a neoadjuvant agent in cervical cancer therapy.
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Lee D, Choi YO, Kim KH, Chin YW, Namgung H, Yamabe N, Jung K. Protective effect of α-mangostin against iodixanol-induced apoptotic damage in LLC-PK1 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3806-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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α-Mangostin Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5352412. [PMID: 27478478 PMCID: PMC4960343 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5352412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mangosteen has long been used as a traditional medicine and is known to have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Although the effects of α-mangostin, a natural compound extracted from the pericarp of mangosteen, have been investigated in many studies, there is limited data on the effects of the compound in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, α-mangostin was assessed as a potential anticancer agent against human OSCC cells. α-Mangostin inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell death in OSCC cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner with little to no effect on normal human PDLF cells. α-Mangostin treatment clearly showed apoptotic evidences such as nuclear fragmentation and accumulation of annexin V and PI-positive cells on OSCC cells. α-Mangostin treatment also caused the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and the translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol. The expressions of the mitochondria-related proteins were activated by α-mangostin. Treatment with α-mangostin also induced G1 phase arrest and downregulated cell cycle-related proteins (CDK/cyclin). Hence, α-mangostin specifically induces cell death and inhibits proliferation in OSCC cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, suggesting that α-mangostin may be an effective agent for the treatment of OSCC.
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DNA Protection against Oxidative Damage Using the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Garcinia mangostana and Alpha-Mangostin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3430405. [PMID: 27042187 PMCID: PMC4799812 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3430405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana, popularly known as “mangosteen fruit,” originates from Southeast Asia and came to Brazil about 80 years ago where it mainly grows in the states of Pará and Bahia. Although mangosteen or its extracts have been used for ages in Asian folk medicine, data on its potential genotoxicity is missing. We, therefore, evaluated genotoxicity/mutagenicity of hydroethanolic mangosteen extract [HEGM, 10 to 640 μg/mL] in established test assays (Comet assay, micronucleus test, and Salmonella/microsome test). In the Comet assay, HEGM-exposed human leukocytes showed no DNA damage. No significant HEGM-induced mutation in TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium (with or without metabolic activation) was observed and HEGM-exposed human lymphocytes had no increase of micronuclei. However, HEGM suggested exposure concentration-dependent antigenotoxic potential in leukocytes and antioxidant potential in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. HEGM preloading effectively protected against H2O2-induced DNA damage in leukocytes (Comet assay). Preloading of yeast with HEGM for up to 4 h significantly protected the cells from lethality of chronic H2O2-exposure, as expressed in better survival. Absence of genotoxicity and demonstration of an antigenotoxic and antioxidant potential suggest that HEGM or some substances contained in it may hold promise for pharmaceutical or nutraceutical application.
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Barbosa J, Lima RT, Sousa D, Gomes AS, Palmeira A, Seca H, Choosang K, Pakkong P, Bousbaa H, Pinto MM, Sousa E, Vasconcelos MH, Pedro M. Screening a Small Library of Xanthones for Antitumor Activity and Identification of a Hit Compound which Induces Apoptosis. Molecules 2016; 21:81. [PMID: 26771595 PMCID: PMC6274047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has described a library of thioxanthones designed to have dual activity as P-glycoprotein modulators and antitumor agents. Some of these compounds had shown a significant cell growth inhibitory activity towards leukemia cell lines, without affecting the growth of non-tumor human fibroblasts. However, their effect in cell lines derived from solid tumors has not been previously studied. The present work aimed at: (i) screening this small series of compounds from an in-house library, for their in vitro cell growth inhibitory activity in human tumor cell lines derived from solid tumors; and (ii) initiate a study of the effect of the most potent compound on apoptosis. The tumor cell growth inhibitory effect of 27 compounds was first analysed in different human tumor cell lines, allowing the identification of a hit compound, TXA1. Its hydrochloride salt TXA1·HCl was then synthesized, to improve solubility and bioavailability. Both TXA1 and TXA1·HCl inhibited the growth of MCF-7, NCI-H460, A375-C5, HeLa, 786-O, Caki-2 and AGS cell lines. The effect of TXA1·HCl in MCF-7 cells was found to be irreversible and was associated, at least in part, with an increase in cellular apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, IUCS-Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal.
| | - Raquel T Lima
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, FMUP-Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal.
| | - Diana Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Ana Sara Gomes
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Seca
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
| | - Kantima Choosang
- Faculty of Medicinal Technology, Rangsit University, 52/347 Muang Ake, Phaholyothin Road, Lakhok, Pathumthani 10210, Thailand.
| | - Pannee Pakkong
- Applied Radiation and Isotopes Department, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Jatujak, Bangkok 10930, Thailand.
| | - Hassan Bousbaa
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, IUCS-Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal.
| | - Madalena M Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP-Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Madalena Pedro
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, IUCS-Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra 4585-116, Portugal.
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A Method of Effectively Improved α-Mangostin Bioavailability. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:605-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Taher M, Mohamed Amiroudine MZA, Tengku Zakaria TMFS, Susanti D, Ichwan SJA, Kaderi MA, Ahmed QU, Zakaria ZA. α-Mangostin Improves Glucose Uptake and Inhibits Adipocytes Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells via PPARγ, GLUT4, and Leptin Expressions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2015; 2015:740238. [PMID: 25873982 PMCID: PMC4385643 DOI: 10.1155/2015/740238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been often associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. The development of obesity is also accompanied by significant differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes. In this study, we investigated the activity of α-mangostin, a major xanthone component isolated from the stem bark of G. malaccensis, on glucose uptake and adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells focusing on PPARγ, GLUT4, and leptin expressions. α-Mangostin was found to inhibit cytoplasmic lipid accumulation and adipogenic differentiation. Cells treated with 50 μM of α-mangostin reduced intracellular fat accumulation dose-dependently up to 44.4% relative to MDI-treated cells. Analyses of 2-deoxy-D-[(3)H] glucose uptake activity showed that α-mangostin significantly improved the glucose uptake (P < 0.05) with highest activity found at 25 μM. In addition, α-mangostin increased the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) released. The highest glycerol release level was observed at 50 μM of α-mangostin. qRT-PCR analysis showed reduced lipid accumulation via inhibition of PPARγ gene expression. Induction of glucose uptake and free fatty acid release by α-mangostin were accompanied by increasing mRNA expression of GLUT4 and leptin. These evidences propose that α-mangostin might be possible candidate for the effective management of obesity in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Zaffar Ali Mohamed Amiroudine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Tengku Muhamad Faris Syafiq Tengku Zakaria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Deny Susanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Solachuddin J. A. Ichwan
- Faculty of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Arifin Kaderi
- Faculty of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Istana, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Korm S, Jeong HC, Kwon OS, Park JR, Cho H, Kim YM, Chin YW, Cha HJ. α-Mangostin induces G1 cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells through p38MAPK-p16INK4a pathway. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00780a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Mangostin (α-MG), one of the active substances inGarcinia mangostana, has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer effects in HCT116 colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovannarith Korm
- Department of Life Science
- College of Natural Science
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chang Jeong
- Department of Life Science
- College of Natural Science
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Seon Kwon
- Department of Life Science
- College of Natural Science
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Rak Park
- Department of Life Science
- College of Natural Science
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeseong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry
- Ajou University School of Medicine
- Suwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Kim
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team
- Dongguk University-Seoul
- Goyang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21PLUS R-FIND Team
- Dongguk University-Seoul
- Goyang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Jin Cha
- Department of Life Science
- College of Natural Science
- Sogang University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
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Ibrahim MY, Mohd Hashim N, Mohan S, Abdulla MA, Abdelwahab SI, Kamalidehghan B, Ghaderian M, Dehghan F, Ali LZ, Karimian H, Yahayu M, Ee GCL, Farjam AS, Mohd Ali H. Involvement of NF-κB and HSP70 signaling pathways in the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 cells induced by a prenylated xanthone compound, α-mangostin, from Cratoxylum arborescens. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:2193-211. [PMID: 25395836 PMCID: PMC4227646 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s66574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cratoxylum arborescens has been used traditionally in Malaysia for the treatment of various ailments. Methods α-Mangostin (AM) was isolated from C. arborescens and its cell death mechanism was investigated. AM-induced cytotoxicity was observed with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Acridine orange/propidium iodide staining and annexin V were used to detect cells in early phases of apoptosis. High-content screening was used to observe the nuclear condensation, cell permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release. The role of caspases-3/7, -8, and -9, reactive oxygen species, Bcl-2 and Bax expression, and cell cycle arrest were also investigated. To determine the role of the central apoptosis-related proteins, a protein array followed by immunoblot analysis was conducted. Moreover, the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was also analyzed. Results Apoptosis was confirmed by the apoptotic cells stained with annexin V and increase in chromatin condensation in nucleus. Treatment of cells with AM promoted cell death-transducing signals that reduced MMP by downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax, triggering cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. The released cytochrome c triggered the activation of caspase-9 followed by the executioner caspase-3/7 and then cleaved the PARP protein. Increase of caspase-8 showed the involvement of extrinsic pathway. AM treatment significantly arrested the cells at the S phase (P<0.05) concomitant with an increase in reactive oxygen species. The protein array and Western blotting demonstrated the expression of HSP70. Moreover, AM significantly blocked the induced translocation of NF-κB from cytoplasm to nucleus. Conclusion Together, the results demonstrate that the AM isolated from C. arborescens inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells, leading to cell cycle arrest and programmed cell death, which was suggested to occur through both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways with involvement of the NF-κB and HSP70 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yousif Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Najihah Mohd Hashim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Medical Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Ameen Abdulla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Behnam Kamalidehghan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mostafa Ghaderian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Epigenetics Lab, HIR Building, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Firouzeh Dehghan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Landa Zeenelabdin Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hamed Karimian
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maizatulakmal Yahayu
- Department of Bioproduct Research and Innovation, Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Gwendoline Cheng Lian Ee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Hapipah Mohd Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Hafeez BB, Mustafa A, Fischer JW, Singh A, Zhong W, Shekhani MO, Meske L, Havighurst T, Kim K, Verma AK. α-Mangostin: a dietary antioxidant derived from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. inhibits pancreatic tumor growth in xenograft mouse model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:682-99. [PMID: 24295217 PMCID: PMC4104617 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive malignant disease, ranking as the fourth most leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the United States. In this study, we provide evidence of chemotherapeutic effects of α-mangostin, a dietary antioxidant isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. against human PC. RESULTS The chemotherapeutic effect of α-mangostin was determined using four human PC cells (PL-45, PANC1, BxPC3, and ASPC1). α-Mangostin resulted in a significant inhibition of PC cells viability without having any effects on normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. α-Mangostin showed a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in PC cells. Also, α-mangostin inhibited the expression levels of pNF-κB/p65Ser552, pStat3Ser727, and pStat3Tyr705. α-Mangostin inhibited DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator 3 (Stat3). α-Mangostin inhibited the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), cyclin D1, and gp130; however, increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) was observed in PC cells. In addition, i.p. administration of α-mangostin (6 mg/kg body weight, 5 days a week) resulted in a significant inhibition of both primary (PL-45) and secondary (ASPC1) human PC cell-derived orthotopic and ectopic xenograft tumors in athymic nude mice. No sign of toxicity was observed in any of the mice administered with α-mangostin. α-Mangostin treatment inhibited the biomarkers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen [PCNA]) in the xenograft tumor tissues. INNOVATION We present, for the first time, that dietary antioxidant α-mangostin inhibits the growth of PC cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of α-mangostin against human PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Bin Hafeez
- 1 Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Paul Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin
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α-Mangostin suppresses the viability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pancreatic cancer cells by downregulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:546353. [PMID: 24812621 PMCID: PMC4000937 DOI: 10.1155/2014/546353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
α-Mangostin, a natural product isolated from the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit, has been shown to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in various types of cancers. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unclear. Here, we report that α-mangostin suppressed the viability and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of pancreatic cancer cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Treatment of pancreatic cancer BxPc-3 and Panc-1 cells with α-mangostin resulted in loss of cell viability, accompanied by enhanced cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, and decrease of cyclin-D1. Moreover, Transwell and Matrigel invasion assays showed that α-mangostin significantly reduced the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Consistent with these results, α-mangostin decreased the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, N-cadherin, and vimentin and increased the expression of E-cadherin. Furthermore, we found that α-mangostin suppressed the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway in pancreatic cancer cells as demonstrated by the reduction of the Akt phosphorylation by α-mangostin. Finally, α-mangostin significantly inhibited the growth of BxPc-3 tumor mouse xenografts. Our results suggest that α-mangostin may be potentially used as a novel adjuvant therapy or complementary alternative medicine for the management of pancreatic cancers.
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Lee HR, Hwang KA, Nam KH, Kim HC, Choi KC. Progression of Breast Cancer Cells Was Enhanced by Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Triclosan and Octylphenol, via an Estrogen Receptor-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Cellular and Mouse Xenograft Models. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:834-42. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary
Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary
Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hoan Nam
- Laboratory
Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chin Kim
- Laboratory
Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Veterinary
Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Won YS, Lee JH, Kwon SJ, Kim JY, Park KH, Lee MK, Seo KI. α-Mangostin-induced apoptosis is mediated by estrogen receptor α in human breast cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:158-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Moongkarndi P, Jaisupa N, Samer J, Kosem N, Konlata J, Rodpai E, Pongpan N. Comparison of the biological activity of two different isolates from mangosteen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:1171-9. [PMID: 24641353 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mangosteen has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases. Recent studies have reported the active constituents isolated from this plant. In this study, purified α-mangostin, a major component and partially purified water-soluble fraction found in fruit pericarps, was carefully isolated, and their biological activity was compared, i.e. antioxidative activity and cytotoxic effect in breast cancer cells: SKBR3. METHODS Antioxidative activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals (DPPH) assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, whereas the cytotoxic effect was evaluated by the MTT assay and morphological changes by fluorescence staining. KEY FINDING The DPPH scavenging capacities of α-mangostin and water-soluble extract were obtained, the IC50 at 183.95 and 54.57 μg/ml, respectively. Meanwhile, the intracellular ROS level was significantly decreased after treatment with α-mangostin and water-soluble extraction at 20 and 200 μg/ml, respectively. α-mangostin exhibited the cytotoxicity at ED50 8.21 μg/ml, while the water-soluble extract was non-toxic to cells at ED50 higher than 160 μg/ml. Both constituents showed antioxidative activity by chemical assay and in cells, but α-mangostin expressed strong cytotoxicity and showed apoptotic bodies. CONCLUSION The different isolated constituents would be further studied for future possible use as chemotherapy in cancer and chemoprevention in Alzheimer's disease.
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Biological activities and bioavailability of mangosteen xanthones: a critical review of the current evidence. Nutrients 2013; 5:3163-83. [PMID: 23945675 PMCID: PMC3775248 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia that produces a fruit whose pericarp contains a family of tricyclic isoprenylated polyphenols referred to as xanthones. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that these xanthones possess anti-oxidant, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Aggressive marketing of such health promoting benefits has resulted in mangosteen’s classification as a “superfruit”. This has led to sales of mangosteen containing beverages in USA alone exceeding $200 million in 2008 despite very limited animal and human studies. This review will (a) critically address recent reports of in vivo studies on the bioavailability and metabolism of mangosteen xanthones, (b) update the in vitro and in vivo data on anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of mangosteen xanthones, and (c) suggest needed areas of inquiry regarding the absorption, metabolism and efficacy of mangosteen xanthones.
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α-Mangostin induces mitochondrial dependent apoptosis in human hepatoma SK-Hep-1 cells through inhibition of p38 MAPK pathway. Apoptosis 2013; 18:1548-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Li G, Thomas S, Johnson JJ. Polyphenols from the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) fruit for breast and prostate cancer. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:80. [PMID: 23805102 PMCID: PMC3693070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia and has long been reported to contain multiple health promoting properties. This fruit is an abundant source of xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds with a distinctive tricyclic aromatic ring system and is largely responsible for its biological activities including anti-cancer activity. Herein we describe the anti-cancer activity and mechanisms of mangosteen polyphenolic xanthones including α-Mangostin against breast cancer and prostate cancer. So far, extracts and individual xanthones have been found to induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Based on the reported findings there is clear evidence that these polyphenols target multiple signaling pathways involved in cell cycle modulation and apoptosis. Further work is required to understand its potential for health promotion and potential drug discovery for prostate and breast cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Inhibitory effects of α-mangostin on mammalian DNA polymerase, topoisomerase, and human cancer cell proliferation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:793-800. [PMID: 23811100 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We found that the ethanol extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit rind had a strong inhibitory effect on mammalian DNA polymerase (pol) activity and isolated α-mangostin as a potent pol inhibitor from the extract. In this study, the inhibitory activities against mammalian pols by α-mangostin and its related five compounds, 3-isomangostin, xanthone, 9,10-anthraquinone, 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid, and anthracene, were investigated. α-Mangostin was the most potent inhibitor of the mammalian pol species among the tested compounds, with IC₅₀ values of 14.8-25.6 μM. This compound also inhibited human DNA topoisomerases (topos) I and II activities with IC₅₀ values of 15.0 and 7.5 μM, respectively, but did not inhibit the activities of other DNA metabolic enzymes tested. α-Mangostin also did not directly bind to double-stranded DNA as determined by thermal transition analysis. α-Mangostin was found to suppress human colon HCT116 carcinoma cell proliferation with an LC₅₀ of 18.5 μM, inhibit the activity of cellular topos, halt cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and induce apoptosis. These results suggest that decreased proliferation by α-mangostin may be a result of the inhibition of cellular topos rather than pols, and α-mangostin might be an anticancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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Chang HF, Yang LL. Gamma-mangostin, a micronutrient of mangosteen fruit, induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Molecules 2012; 17:8010-21. [PMID: 22759914 PMCID: PMC6268430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17078010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently colorectal cancer rates have increased rapidly in Taiwan. The treatment of colorectal cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) is a famous Asian tropical fruit. γ-Mangostin is a xanthone derivative isolated from the fruit hull. In previous studies, we found evidence of anti-inflammatory and anti-brain tumor activities in γ-mangostin. In this study, we performed further studies to assess the apoptotic effects of γ-mangostin on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells HT29. γ-Mangostin showed concentration and time-dependent cytotoxic effects on HT29 cells. Microscopic observation under Giemsa staining showed that γ-mangostin induced cellular swelling and the appearance of apoptotic bodies, characteristic of apoptosis in HT29 cells. In addition, flow cytometry analysis showed an increase of hypodiploid cells in γ-mangostin-treated HT29 cells, while enhancement of intracellular peroxide production was detected in the same γ-mangostin-treated cells by DCHDA assay and DiOC6(3) staining. In view of the above results, γ-mangostin has demonstrated anticancer activity and induces apoptosis in HT29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The evidence suggests that γ-mangostin could serve as a micronutrient for colon cancer prevention and is a potential lead compound for the development of anti-colon cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Center of e-CAM, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan;
| | - Ling-Ling Yang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, and Center of e-CAM, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wusing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Center of Translational Research on Traditional Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, 2 Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +886-4-2233-7440; Fax: +886-4-2233-3710
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