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del Rosal T, García-García ML, Casas I, Iglesias-Caballero M, Pozo F, Alcolea S, Bravo B, Rodrigo-Muñoz JM, del Pozo V, Calvo C. Torque Teno Virus in Nasopharyngeal Aspirate of Children With Viral Respiratory Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:184-188. [PMID: 36729788 PMCID: PMC9935559 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torque teno virus (TTV) is a ubiquitous anellovirus responsible for persistent infections and is considered a marker of immune function. The role of TTV as a facilitator of respiratory infections (RIs) is unknown. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to estimate, in a prospective study, the prevalence of TTV in the nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) of hospitalized children <5 years old, with RIs and correlate them with outcomes and immune response. PATIENTS AND METHODS NPA was taken for testing of 16 respiratory viruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), TTV PCR, and immunologic study. RESULTS Sixty hospitalized children with an RI were included. A total of 51/60 patients had positive common respiratory viral (CRV) identification. A total of 23/60 (38.3%) children were TTV+ in NPA. TTV+ patients had other CRVs in 100% of cases versus 78.3% in TTV- ( P = 0.029). The TTV+ patients tended to be older, have fever, and to need pediatric intensive care unit admission more often than TTV- patients. Abnormal chest radiograph was more frequent in the TTV+ patients, odds ratios 2.6 (95% CI: 1.3-5.2). The genetic expression of filaggrin (involved in epithelial barrier integrity) was lower in TTV+ patients; however, the levels of filaggrin in the NPA were increased. CONCLUSIONS TTV infection is common in children with RI and could be associated with abnormal imaging in radiograph, greater severity and an alteration in filaggrin gene expression and protein release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa del Rosal
- From the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades raras, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mª Luz García-García
- CIBER de Enfermedades raras, CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Respiratory Viruses and Influenza Unit at the National Center for Microbiology (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Iglesias-Caballero
- Respiratory Viruses and Influenza Unit at the National Center for Microbiology (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pozo
- Respiratory Viruses and Influenza Unit at the National Center for Microbiology (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alcolea
- From the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Department, Severo Ochoa University Hospital, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Bravo
- From the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rodrigo-Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria del Pozo
- Department of Immunology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Calvo
- From the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, CIBERINFEC, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Emmel V, Gama B, de Paula A, Ferreira G, Binato R, Abdelhay E. Can torque teno virus be a predictor of SARS-CoV-2 disease progression in cancer patients? J Infect Chemother 2022; 28:1623-1627. [PMID: 36007694 PMCID: PMC9395288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can experience a broad range of clinical manifestations and outcomes. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between torque teno virus (TTV) load and deficiencies of the immune system. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and TTV viral loads in cancer patients is unknown. METHODS In this retrospective study, 157 cancer patients and 191 noncancer controls were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and TTV DNA presence. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 66.2% of cancer patients and in 68.6% of noncancer control subjects. In SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, TTV was detectable in 79.8% of cancer patients, while in controls, TTV was detected in 71.7% of subjects. No statistically significant correlation was found between TTV and SARS-CoV-2 loads in cancer patients. However, the 100-day survival rate in cancer patients who died from COVID-19 was significantly lower in the TTV-positive group than in the TTV-negative group (P = 0.0475). In the cancer TTV-positive group, those who died also had a higher load of TTV than those who did not die (P = 0.0097). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the presence of TTV in nasopharyngeal swabs from cancer patients was related to a higher number of deaths from COVID-19 and to a higher TTV DNA load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Emmel
- Oncovirology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Gama
- Oncovirology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra de Paula
- Oncovirology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute (INCA), Praça da Cruz Vermelha, 23, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Evaluation of TTV replication as a biomarker of immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy in melanoma patients. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255972. [PMID: 34370787 PMCID: PMC8351925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque Teno Virus (TTV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded and circular DNA virus that infects the majority of the population worldwide. Increased levels of plasma TTV viral load have been observed in various situations of immune deficiency or dysregulation, and several studies have suggested that TTV levels may be inversely correlated with immune competence. The measurement of TTV viremia by qPCR has been proposed as a potential biomarker for the follow-up of functional immune competence in immunosuppressed individuals, particularly hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. We hypothesized that TTV viral load could be used as a prognostic marker of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy, and therefore investigated the TTV viral load in melanoma patients treated with nivolumab or pembrolizumab before and after 6 months of treatment. In the present study, TTV viral load was not different in melanoma patients before anti-PD-1 introduction compared to healthy volunteers, was not modified by ICI treatment and did not allowed to distinguish patients with treatment-sensitive tumor from patients with treatment-resistant tumor.
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Burton AR, Maini MK. Human antiviral B cell responses: Emerging lessons from hepatitis B and COVID-19. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:108-117. [PMID: 33559128 PMCID: PMC8014162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is a critical component of the coordinated response required to resolve viral infections and mediate protection following pathogen clearance or vaccination. A better understanding of factors shaping the memory B cell response will allow tailored development of efficient preventative vaccines against emerging acute viral infections, therapeutic vaccines, and immunotherapies for chronic viral infections. Here, we use recent data obtained by profiling antigen-specific B cell responses in hepatitis B as a framework to explore lessons that can be learnt from different viral infections about the diverse influences on humoral immunity. Hepatitis B provides a paradigm where successful B cell responses in resolved or vaccinated individuals can be contrasted to the failed response in chronic infection, while also exemplifying the degree to which B cell responses within infected individuals can differ to two antigens from the same virus. Drawing on studies in other human and murine infections, including emerging data from COVID-19, we consider the influence of antigen quantity and structure on the quality of the B cell response, the role of differential CD4 help, the importance of germinal center vs extrafollicular responses and the emerging concept that responses residing in non-lymphoid organs can participate in B cell memory.
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Moustafa H, Madkour M, Hamed F, Abouelnazar S, Abo Elwafa R, Moaaz M. Modulation of Memory B Cell Phenotypes and Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection During Direct-Acting Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy: Correlation with Interleukin-7. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:227-240. [PMID: 33180667 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem with the highest incidence rates in Egypt. It affects B cells that serve as reservoirs for persistent HCV, resulting in phenotypic B cell alterations. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine with antiviral activity, important for B cell physiology. In addition, B cell-intrinsic toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) signaling is required for optimal B cell responses during chronic viral infection, and the deficiency of TLR7 in B cells is sufficient to significantly impact antibody responses. Based on their known immunomodulatory effects, we hypothesized that direct-acting antiviral interferon-free therapy may affect TLR7 expression and the exhausted peripheral B cell compartment with the possibility of their restoration in patients who achieved a sustained virological response and their correlation to IL-7 level. This prospective study was accomplished on 80 Egyptian HCV patients and 75 controls. Frequencies of peripheral B cell subsets, TLR7 gene expression, TLR7 protein, and serum IL-7 levels were investigated by flow cytometry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. B cell subpopulations were exhausted and partially restored among HCV patients after receiving treatment, but not recovered with regard to activated mature or resting memory B cells. Almost all responders to direct antiviral drugs showed upregulation of TLR7 gene expression and correlated with the frequency of memory B cell, but not with IL-7. Moreover, IL-7 was not significantly different between groups although correlated with immature transitional B cells. Results may indicate the interplay between TLR7 and B cells during remission or progression of HCV. Thus, TLR7 could be used as a promising biomarker for assessment of antiviral treatment efficacy among chronically infected HCV patients, and that targeting TLR7 may be used as a potential prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent during chronic HCV as well as immune-potentiation of memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Moustafa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa Madkour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fathi Hamed
- Faculty of Medical Technology-Mussrata, Mussrata, Libya
| | - Salma Abouelnazar
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Reham Abo Elwafa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mai Moaaz
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Badura R, Foxall RB, Ligeiro D, Rocha M, Godinho-Santos A, Trombetta AC, Sousa AE. Early ART in Acute HIV-1 Infection: Impact on the B-Cell Compartment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:347. [PMID: 32766164 PMCID: PMC7378391 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection induces B cell defects, not fully recovered upon antiretroviral therapy (ART). Acute infection and the early start of ART provide unique settings to address the impact of HIV on the B cell compartment. We took advantage of a cohort of 21 seroconverters, grouped according to the presence of severe manifestations likely mediated by antibodies or immune complexes, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, with a follow-up of 8 weeks upon effective ART. We combined B and T cell phenotyping with serum immunoglobulin level measurement and quantification of sj-KRECs and ΔB to estimate bone marrow output and peripheral proliferative history of B cells, respectively. We observed marked B cell disturbances, notably a significant expansion of cells expressing low levels of CD21, in parallel with markers of both impaired bone marrow output and increased peripheral B cell proliferation. This B cell dysregulation is likely to contribute to the severe immune-mediated conditions, as attested by the higher serum IgG and the reduced levels of sj-KRECs with increased ΔB in these individuals as compared to those patients with mild disease. Nevertheless, upon starting ART, the dynamic of B cell recovery was not distinct in the two groups, featuring both persistent alterations by week 8. Overall, we showed for the first time that acute HIV-1 infection is associated with decreased bone marrow B cell output assessed by sj-KRECs. Our study emphasizes the need to intervene in both bone marrow and peripheral responses to facilitate B cell recovery during acute HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Badura
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dario Ligeiro
- Centro de Sangue e Transplantação de Lisboa, Instituto Português de Sangue e Transplantação, IP, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Rocha
- Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos, Community Based Center for HIV and STD, CheckpointLX, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Godinho-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amelia C Trombetta
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Milazzo L, van den Bogaart L, Sollima S, Oreni L, Lai A, Morena V, Bonazzetti C, Ridolfo Anna L, Antinori S. Impact of HCV eradication with direct-acting antiviral agents on serum gamma globulin levels in HCV and HCV/HIV coinfected patients. Eur J Intern Med 2020; 75:50-54. [PMID: 31980330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND chronic viral infections by both HCV and HIV may lead to polyclonal activation of B cells resulting in hypergammaglobulinemia. This study retrospectively analyzed the effect of HCV eradication with interferon-free direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) on the gamma globulin levels in HCV-infected patients with or without HIV coinfection to identify factors potentially associated with gamma globulins decrease. METHODS The charts of patients treated with DAAs for HCV chronic infection between January 2015-June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Gamma globulin levels before treatment and 12 weeks after the end of anti-HCV therapy were evaluated along with liver tests, liver fibrosis stage by elastography, SVR achievement, HIV-coinfection. Multivariate analyses were carried out to assess the factors and the potential confounders related to the changes in gamma globulin levels. RESULTS A significant decrease of gamma globulin concentration was found in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV-infected patients after treatment (from mean ± SD of 1.5 ± 0.44 g/dL to 1.31 ± 0.37 g/dL; p = 0.0001). Adjusted linear regression analyses of serum gamma globulin changes from baseline to SVR12 showed a positive significant association with pre-treatment gamma-globulin levels (β-coefficient -0.23; p = 0.0001), Metavir fibrosis score (β-coefficient -0.74; p = 0.008), ALT values and baseline HCV-RNA levels > 800,000. No difference was found between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms previous preliminary observation of the decrease of serum gamma globulins after HCV eradication either achieved with interferon-based therapy or with DAAs, suggesting a leading role of the virus on the activation of B cell compartment and gamma globulins production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Milazzo
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy.
| | - Lorena van den Bogaart
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sollima
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Lai
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Morena
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bonazzetti
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Lisa Ridolfo Anna
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
| | - Spinello Antinori
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Università degli Studi di, Milano, Italy
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Westman G, Schoofs C, Ingelsson M, Järhult JD, Muradrasoli S. Torque teno virus viral load is related to age, CMV infection and HLA type but not to Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227670. [PMID: 31917803 PMCID: PMC6952092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is an unenveloped, circular, single stranded DNA virus with a genome size of approximately 3.8 kb. Previous studies have demonstrated varying grades of association between TTV DNA levels and immune deficiencies related to age, chronic infections and cancer. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been related to persistent viral infections such as HSV-1 and CMV, but it is not known whether TTV viral load could serve as a functional biomarker of cellular immunity in this setting. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate whether TTV infection and viral load is related to AD status, CMV immunity, systemic inflammation or HLA types connected to anti-viral immunity. A total of 50 AD subjects and 51 non-demented controls were included in the study. AD subjects were diagnosed according to NINCDS-ADRDA and DSM-IV criteria and neuroradiologic findings were consistent with the diagnosis. TTV viral load was analyzed in plasma samples using a quantitative real-time PCR. Using a cut-off for TTV status at 200 copies/ml, 88% (89/101) of the study subjects were classified as TTV positive. TTV viral load significantly increased with age (beta 0.049 per year, p<0.001) but significantly decreased in relation to CMV IgG levels (beta -0.022 per 1000 units, p = 0.005) and HLA-B27 positivity (beta -0.53, p = 0.023). In conclusion, TTV immune control is not significantly affected by AD status, but appears related to age, CMV humoral immune response and HLA type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Westman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Schoofs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shaman Muradrasoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Martín-López M, Albert E, Fernández-Ruiz M, González-Álvaro I, Rodríguez E, Aguado JM, Navarro D, Pablos JL. Torque teno virus viremia in patients with chronic arthritis: Influence of biologic therapies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 50:166-171. [PMID: 31324467 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Torque teno virus (TTV) is a highly prevalent non-pathogenic anellovirus whose plasma levels may be a biomarker of immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to assess whether specific immune-targeting with different biologic drugs may differentially modulate TTV viremia in arthritis patients. METHODS TTV DNA load was quantified by PCR in a cross-sectional sample of 79 patients with chronic arthritis on biologic therapy (abatacept, infliximab, rituximab or tocilizumab), 31 patients treated with conventional DMARDs (methotrexate and/or leflunomide), and 54 healthy individuals. Longitudinal changes in TTV load were analysed in a second group of 59 patients at baseline and 4-months after biologic therapy. Correlations between clinical or biological characteristics of recruited patients and TTV viremia were also analysed. RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, TTV load was significantly higher in patients who received abatacept, infliximab or tocilizumab compared to healthy individuals. Patients treated with rituximab or conventional DMARDs showed TTV loads similar to healthy controls. In the longitudinal study, an increase in the TTV load was observed after anti-TNF, tocilizumab, abatacept and rituximab, but not after secukinumab therapy. Correlations between TTV load and clinical variables such as disease duration, concomitant glucocorticoid or DMARDs therapy, lymphocytes or previous infections were not found. A non-significant trend towards higher TTV load was observed in therapy responders. CONCLUSION Patients with chronic arthritis on biologic but not on conventional DMARD or anti-IL17 therapy have increased TTV viremia. This observation provides a basis to prospectively explore the potential value of TTV load as a potential pharmacodynamic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-López
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eliseo Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Rodríguez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Hospital Clínico, Valencia, Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Martelli F, Macera L, Spezia PG, Medici C, Pistello M, Guasti D, Romagnoli P, Maggi F, Giannecchini S. Torquetenovirus detection in exosomes enriched vesicles circulating in human plasma samples. Virol J 2018; 15:145. [PMID: 30236130 PMCID: PMC6149034 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Torquetenovirus (TTV) belongs to Anelloviridae family, infects nearly all people indefinitely without causing overt disease establishing a fine and successful interaction with the host. Increasing evidence have shown some human viruses exploit extracellular vesicles thereby helping viral persistence in the host. Here, the presence of TTV in extracellular vesicles circulating in human plasma was investigated. METHODS TTV DNA was quantified in plasma-derived exosomes from 122 samples collected from 97 diseased patients and 25 healthy donors. Exosomes enriched vesicles (EEVs) were extracted from plasma and characterized by Nanoparticle tracking analysis, by western blot for presence of tetraspanin CD63, CD81 and annexin II protein and, finally, by electron microscopy (EM). Presence and quantitation of TTV DNA were assessed with an universal single step real-time TaqMan PCR assay. RESULTS Preliminary investigation showed that the human plasma extracted extracellular vesicles exhibited a main size of 70 nm, had concentration of 2.5 × 109/ml, and scored positive for tetraspanin CD63, CD81 and annexin II, typical characteristic of the exosomes vesicles. EEVs extracted from pooled plasma with TTV DNA viremia of 9.7 × 104 copies/ml showed to contain 6.3 × 102 TTV copies/ml, corresponding to 0.65% of total viral load. Important, TTV yield changed significantly following freezing/thawing, detergents and DNAse treatment of plasma before EEVs extraction. EEVs purified by sucrose-density gradient centrifugation and analysis of gradient fraction positive for exosomes marker CD63 harbored 102 TTV copies/ml. Moreover, EM evidenced the presence of TTV-like particles in EEVs. Successive investigation of plasma EEVs from 122 subjects (37 HIV-positive, 20 HCV infected, 20 HBV infected, 20 kidney transplant recipients, and 25 healthy) reported TTV DNA detection in 42 (34%) of the viremic samples (37 were from diseased patients and 5 from healthy people) at a mean level of 4.8 × 103 copies/ml. The examination of EEVs selected samples reported the presence of TTV genogroup 1, 3, 4 and 5, with genogroup 3 highly observed. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, although these observations should be confirmed by further studies, circulation of TTV particles in EEVs opens new avenues and mechanistic insights on the molecular strategies adopted by anelloviruses to persist in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Martelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Macera
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Giorgio Spezia
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Medici
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Pistello
- Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.,Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Simone Giannecchini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 48, I-50134, Florence, Italy.
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11
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Yan J, Zhang S, Sun J, Xu J, Zhang X. Irreversible phenotypic perturbation and functional impairment of B cells during HIV-1 infection. Front Med 2017; 11:536-547. [PMID: 29181691 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can damage humoral immunity. The knowledge of B cell perturbations during chronic HIV-1 infection and their recovery after combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is not complete yet, and thus attempts to further improve humoral immunity are impeded. In this study, an HIV-1 chronically infected cohort with similar demographics, infection history, genetic background, and HIV-1 genotype was established to probe B cell perturbations. Results showed that the B cells from this cohort were highly activated and prone to cell death, and B cell compartments were altered significantly. Notably, although cART partially reversed the hyperactivation and reduced tissue-like memory B cells, other B cell perturbations, including impaired expression of survival factor Bcl-2, costimulatory molecules, and shrunken resting memory B cells, were irreversible. Further functional characterization revealed that the influenza HAspecific antibody-secreting cells were significantly lower during HIV-1 infection, whereas the recalled antibody response to HIV-1-specific antigens was decreased after cART. Finally, CpG plus R848 treatment increased the survival of B cells and memory B cells in vitro from HIV-1-infected patients. In conclusion, this study identified irreversible B cell immune perturbations in chronic HIV-1 infections regardless of cART and proposed the potential strategy to enhance B cell functions through the improvement of cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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12
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Portugal S, Obeng-Adjei N, Moir S, Crompton PD, Pierce SK. Atypical memory B cells in human chronic infectious diseases: An interim report. Cell Immunol 2017; 321:18-25. [PMID: 28735813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is a remarkable phenomenon in which survival of an initial infection by a pathogen leads to life-long protection from disease upon subsequent exposure to that same pathogen. For many infectious diseases, long-lived protective humoral immunity is induced after only a single infection in a process that depends on the generation of memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived plasma cells. However, over the past decade it has become increasingly evident that many chronic human infectious diseases to which immunity is not readily established, including HIV-AIDS, malaria and TB, are associated with fundamental alterations in the composition and functionality of MBC compartments. A common feature of these diseases appears to be a large expansion of what have been termed exhausted B cells, tissue-like memory B cells or atypical memory B cells (aMBCs) that, for simplicity's sake, we refer to here as aMBCs. It has been suggested that chronic immune activation and inflammation drive the expansion of aMBCs and that in some way aMBCs contribute to deficiencies in the acquisition of immunity in chronic infectious diseases. Although aMBCs are heterogeneous both within individuals and between diseases, they have several features in common including low expression of the cell surface markers that define classical MBCs in humans including CD21 and CD27 and high expression of genes not usually expressed by classical MBCs including T-bet, CD11c and a variety of inhibitory receptors, notably members of the FcRL family. Another distinguishing feature is their greatly diminished ability to be stimulated through their B cell receptors to proliferate, secrete cytokines or produce antibodies. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the phenotypic markers of aMBCs, their specificity in relation to the disease-causing pathogen, their functionality, the drivers of their expansion in chronic infections and their life span. We briefly summarize the features of aMBCs in healthy individuals and in autoimmune disease. We also comment on the possible relationship of human aMBCs and T-bet+, CD11c+ age/autoimmune-associated B cells, also a topic of this review volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Portugal
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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13
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Appay V, Sauce D. Assessing immune aging in HIV-infected patients. Virulence 2017; 8:529-538. [PMID: 27310730 PMCID: PMC5538339 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1195536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the alterations that affect innate and adaptive immune cell compartments in HIV-infected patients are reminiscent of the process of immune aging, characteristic of old age. These alterations define the immunological age of individuals and are likely to participate to the decline of immune competence with HIV disease progression. It is therefore important to characterize these changes, which point toward the accumulation of highly differentiated immunocompetent cells, associated with overall telomere length shortening, as well as understanding their etiology, especially related to the impact of chronic immune activation. Particular attention should be given to the exhaustion of primary immune resources, including haematopoietic progenitors and naïve cells, which holds the key for effective hematopoiesis and immune response induction, respectively. The alteration of these compartments during HIV infection certainly represents the foundation of the immune parallel with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Center d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- INSERM U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Center d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
- INSERM U1135, CIMI-Paris, Paris, France
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14
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Tanko RF, Soares AP, Müller TL, Garrett NJ, Samsunder N, Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Riou C, Burgers WA. Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Memory and Activation Profiles of B Cells in HIV-Infected African Women. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1220-1228. [PMID: 28039305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus infection induces a wide range of effects in B cells, including skewed memory cell differentiation, compromised B cell function, and hypergammaglobulinemia. However, data on the extent to which these B cell abnormalities can be reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART) are limited. To investigate the effect of ART on B cells, the activation (CD86) and differentiation (IgD, CD27, and CD38) profiles of B cells were measured longitudinally in 19 HIV-infected individuals before (median, 2 mo) and after ART initiation (median, 12 mo) and compared with 19 age-matched HIV-uninfected individuals using flow cytometry. Twelve months of ART restored the typical distribution of B cell subsets, increasing the proportion of naive B cells (CD27-IgD+CD38-) and concomitantly decreasing the immature transitional (CD27-IgD+CD38+), unswitched memory (CD27+IgD+CD38-), switched memory (CD27+IgD-CD38- or CD27-IgD-CD38-), and plasmablast (CD27+IgD-CD38high) subsets. However, B cell activation was only partially normalized post-ART, with the frequency of activated B cells (CD86+CD40+) reduced compared with pre-ART levels (p = 0.0001), but remaining significantly higher compared with HIV-uninfected individuals (p = 0.0001). Interestingly, unlike for T cell activation profiles, the extent of B cell activation prior to ART did not correlate with HIV plasma viral load, but positively associated with plasma sCD14 levels (p = 0.01, r = 0.58). Overall, ART partially normalizes the skewed B cell profiles induced by HIV, with some activation persisting. Understanding the effects of HIV on B cell dysfunction and restoration following ART may provide important insights into the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramla F Tanko
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Andreia P Soares
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Tracey L Müller
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Quarraisha Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Salim S Abdool Karim
- Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032; and
| | - Catherine Riou
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa; .,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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15
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Focosi D, Antonelli G, Pistello M, Maggi F. Torquetenovirus: the human virome from bench to bedside. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:589-93. [PMID: 27093875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Torquetenovirus (TTV) is the most abundant component of human virome. Virologists have long ignored this orphan and highly divergent virus, in part because TTV cannot be cultured and because it lacks serology reagents and animal models. Nevertheless, it is almost endemic worldwide and is insensitive to current antiviral drugs, so its monitoring is useful in various conditions. To date, TTV as a marker has proved useful in at least two circumstances: to identify anthropogenic pollution and to assess functional immune competence in immunosuppressed individuals. This review summarizes recent findings about TTV and discusses the main hurdles in translating them into clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Italy
| | - G Antonelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Pistello
- Virology Unit and Retrovirus Centre, Pisa University Hospital, Italy; Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Maggi
- Virology Unit and Retrovirus Centre, Pisa University Hospital, Italy.
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16
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Zhang L, Li Z, Wan Z, Kilby A, Kilby JM, Jiang W. Humoral immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the setting of HIV-1 infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:4430-6. [PMID: 26141012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) remains one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infection in the general population, and the risk is 30-100 fold higher in HIV-infected individuals. Both innate and adaptive host immune responses to pneumococcal infection are important against pathogen invasion. Pneumococcal-specific IgA antibody (Ab) is key to control infection at the mucosal sites. Ab responses against pneumococcal infection by B cells can be generated through T cell-dependent or T cell-independent pathways. Depletion of CD4+ T cells is a hallmark of immunodeficiency in HIV infection and this defect also contributes to B cell dysfunction, which predisposes to infections such as the pneumococcus. Two pneumococcal vaccines have been demonstrated to have potential benefits for HIV-infected patients. One is a T cell dependent 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13); the other is a T cell independent 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23). However, many questions remain unknown regarding these two vaccines in the clinical setting in HIV disease. Here we review the latest research regarding B cell immune responses against pneumococcal antigens, whether derived from potentially invading pathogens or vaccinations, in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Andrew Kilby
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - J Michael Kilby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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17
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Focà E, Iaria ML, Caccuri F, Fiorentini S, Motta D, Giagulli C, Castelli F, Caruso A. Long-lasting humoral immune response induced in HIV-1-infected patients by a synthetic peptide (AT20) derived from the HIV-1 matrix protein p17 functional epitope. HIV CLINICAL TRIALS 2015; 16:157-62. [PMID: 26057863 DOI: 10.1179/1528433614z.0000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A therapeutic vaccination based on a synthetic peptide (AT20) representative of the HIV-1 matrix protein p17 (p17) functional region, coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) AT20-KLH was capable of inducing the production of high-avidity antibodies (Abs) toward a previous untargeted p17 hotspot of functional activity in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-treated HIV-1-infected patients. Since avidity of Abs after immunization and the retention of antigens are important in sustaining the long-lasting production of specific humoral responses, we asked whether AT20-KLH vaccination would result in development of a long-lived immune response. METHODS The long-term duration of Ab response to AT20-KLH has been evaluated in 10 patients previously enrolled for the AT20-KLH vaccination trial at day 898 post-immunization. Ab titer and their avidity was assessed using specifically designed ELISA assays, whereas their neutralizing capacity was estimated in vitro using a 'wound sealing assay'. RESULTS Data obtained show that high titers of specific anti-AT20 Abs were maintained at more than 2 years after the last immunization. Furthermore, these Abs were capable to neutralize exogenous p17, as assessed by ability of sera derived from AT20-KLH-immunized patients to block the ability of p17 to promote cell migration in vitro. CONCLUSION This finding attests for a successful AT20-KLH vaccine molecule formulation and for an effective HAART-dependent Ab persistence.
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18
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Hu Z, Luo Z, Wan Z, Wu H, Li W, Zhang T, Jiang W. HIV-associated memory B cell perturbations. Vaccine 2015; 33:2524-9. [PMID: 25887082 PMCID: PMC4420662 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Memory B-cell depletion, hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and impaired vaccine responses are the hallmark of B cell perturbations inhuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although B cells are not the targets for HIV infection, there is evidence for B cell, especially memory B cell dysfunction in HIV disease mediated by other cells or HIV itself. This review will focus on HIV-associated phenotypic and functional alterations in memory B cells. Additionally, we will discuss the mechanism underlying these perturbations and the effect of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on these perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Xitoutiao, You'an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Xitoutiao, You'an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 8 Xitoutiao, You'an men wai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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19
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Oliviero B, Mantovani S, Ludovisi S, Varchetta S, Mele D, Paolucci S, Baldanti F, Mondelli MU. Skewed B cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection maintain their ability to respond to virus-induced activation. J Viral Hepat 2015; 22:391-8. [PMID: 25258145 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by persistent B-cell activation, with enhanced differentiation and reduced proliferative ability. To assess the possible role of HCV in altering B-cell subset distribution, we examined ex vivo frequencies and B-cell inhibitory receptor expression in 37 chronic HCV-infected patients and 25 healthy donors (HD). In addition, we determined whether short-term exposure to culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) resulted in B-cell subset skewing and/or activation. There was a statistically significant increase in the frequencies of immature transitional, activated memory and tissue-like memory (TLM) B cells in HCV-infected patients compared with HD. We also found that the frequency of memory B cells correlated with serum HCV RNA levels. The proportion of B cells expressing the marker of exhaustion Fc receptor-like 4 (FcRL4) was generally low even though significantly higher in the patients' memory B-cell compartment compared with HD, and a positive correlation was found between the frequencies of the patients' TLM FcRL4+ B cells and serum alanine aminotransferase and histological activity index at liver biopsy. Exposure to cell-free HCVcc in vitro did not result in B-cell skewing but induced significant activation of naïve, TLM and resting memory B cells in HCV-infected patients but not in HD, in whom cell-associated virus was an absolute requirement for activation of memory B cells. These findings provide corroborative evidence in favour of significant B-cell subset skewing in chronic HCV infection and in addition show that expression of exhaustion markers in selected B-cell subsets does not impair virus-induced B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oliviero
- Research Laboratories, Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Focosi D, Macera L, Boggi U, Nelli LC, Maggi F. Short-term kinetics of torque teno virus viraemia after induction immunosuppression confirm T lymphocytes as the main replication-competent cells. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:115-117. [PMID: 25304651 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.070094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is increasingly considered a universal marker of global immune function. The virus is supposed to replicate in lymphocytes, but poor information is available about fluctuations of viraemia after administration of anti-lymphocyte agents. We studied TTV kinetics in a cohort of 70 kidney±pancreas recipients receiving one of two different anti-T-cell induction immunosuppressants. During the first 30 days after anti-T-cell antibody administration, we report kinetics of TTV viraemia compatible with replication in T lymphocytes, and highly dependent on the potency of the anti-T-cell drug administered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Macera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari Medical School, Cagliari, Italy.,Virology Unit, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Boggi
- Division of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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21
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Doi H, Tanoue S, Kaplan DE. Peripheral CD27-CD21- B-cells represent an exhausted lymphocyte population in hepatitis C cirrhosis. Clin Immunol 2014; 150:184-91. [PMID: 24434272 PMCID: PMC4580910 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis C cirrhosis is associated with a profound disappearance of memory B-cells. We sought to determine if this loss is associated with the expansion of the CD27(-)CD21(-) tissue-like memory B-cells with features of B-cell exhaustion. To this end, we quantified the frequency of CD27(-)CD21(-) B-cells in healthy, non-cirrhotic HCV-infected, and cirrhotic patients. We examined the expression of putative inhibitory receptors, the proliferative and immunoglobulin-secreting capacity of CD27/CD21-defined B-cell subsets upon B-cell receptor and/or CD40 stimulation. We found that CD27(-)CD21(-) B-cells are significantly increased in frequency relative to healthy donors in HCV-infected patients. CD27(-)CD21(-) B-cells were hypoproliferative relative to naïve and resting memory B-cells upon agonistic stimulation, but retained similar capacity for antibody secretion. CONCLUSION CD27(-)CD21(-) tissue-like memory B-cells with exhausted proliferation circulate at increased frequency in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV-infected patients. This B-cell subset does not appear anergic, exhibiting immunoglobulin-secreting capacity on CD40 agonism indistinguishable from other CD27/CD21-defined B-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Doi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shiroh Tanoue
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Kaplan
- Medicine and Research Services, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
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22
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Iaria ML, Fiorentini S, Focà E, Zicari S, Giagulli C, Caccuri F, Francisci D, Di Perri G, Castelli F, Baldelli F, Caruso A. Synthetic HIV-1 matrix protein p17-based AT20-KLH therapeutic immunization in HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral treatment: A phase I safety and immunogenicity study. Vaccine 2014; 32:1072-8. [PMID: 24456624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic vaccination is a promising novel approach to treat HIV-1 infected people by boosting or redirecting immune system to neutralize critical HIV-1 antigens whose biological effects are relevant in the context of viral pathogenesis. With the aim to induce neutralizing antibodies to the matrix protein p17 we have developed a peptide-based immunogen (AT20-KLH) and evaluated its safety and immunogenicity. METHODOLOGY Twenty four asymptomatic HAART-treated HIV-1+ patients were enrolled in a phase I clinical study and were randomized to three groups: 2 groups were treated with five IM injection (Arm A: 25μg/inoculation; Arm B: 100μg/inoculation) at day (D) D0, D28, D56, D84 and D112; the control group (Arm C) were not injected. Safety was assessed by monitoring local and systemic adverse events (AEs), recorded till D168. Evaluation of immunogenicity was by titering antibodies at D0, D35, D56, D63, D84, D91, D112, D140 and D168 using ELISA. RESULTS In all, 105 local and systemic AEs were reported across the three groups. Most were mild and resolved without sequelae. Also the few unsolicited events, deemed unrelated to the study vaccines, caused no problems. No significant changes in the routine laboratory parameters, CD4 T-cell count or HIV-1 viremia were found. At the time of enrollment 23 out of 24 patients had no anti-AT20 antibodies, whereas 11 exhibited anti-p17 antibodies. Irrespective of the presence of preimmunization antibodies, all subjects developed high titers of anti-AT20 antibodies (GM 9775) in response to both AT20-KLH doses. These antibodies were also capable of recognizing AT20 within the p17 framework. CONCLUSIONS The AT20 peptide-based approach has allowed to redirect HAART-treated patients' humoral responses toward a previously untargeted hotspot of functional activity. Overall, the tested AT20-KLH doses were safe and well tolerated, supporting further exploration of AT20-KLH as an HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Iaria
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Fiorentini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Focà
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Giagulli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Baldelli
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Ndungu FM, Lundblom K, Rono J, Illingworth J, Eriksson S, Färnert A. Long-lived Plasmodium falciparum specific memory B cells in naturally exposed Swedish travelers. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2919-29. [PMID: 23881859 PMCID: PMC4114544 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are critical for immunity to malaria. However, Plasmodium falciparum specific Abs decline rapidly in absence of reinfection, suggesting impaired immunological memory. This study determines whether residents of Sweden that were treated for malaria following international travel maintained long‐lasting malaria‐specific Abs and memory B cells (MBCs). We compared levels of malaria‐specific Abs and MBCs between 47 travelers who had been admitted with malaria at the Karolinska University Hospital between 1 and 16 years previously, eight malaria‐naïve adult Swedes without histories of travel, and 14 malaria‐immune adult Kenyans. Plasmodium falciparum‐lysate‐specific Ab levels were above naïve control levels in 30% of the travelers, whereas AMA‐1, merozoite surface protein‐142, and merozoite surface protein‐3‐specific Ab levels were similar. In contrast, 78% of travelers had IgG‐MBCs specific for at least one malaria antigen (59, 45, and 28% for apical merozoite antigen‐1, merozoite surface protein‐1, and merozoite surface protein‐3, respectively) suggesting that malaria‐specific MBCs are maintained for longer than the cognate serum Abs in the absence of re‐exposure to parasites. Five travelers maintained malaria antigen‐specific MBC responses for up to 16 years since the diagnosis of the index episode (and had not traveled to malaria‐endemic regions in the intervening time). Thus P. falciparum can induce long‐lasting MBCs, maintained for up to 16 years without reexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Ndungu
- Centre for Geographical Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kilifi, Kenya; Centres for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mancuso R, Saresella M, Hernis A, Agostini S, Piancone F, Caputo D, Maggi F, Clerici M. Torque teno virus (TTV) in multiple sclerosis patients with different patterns of disease. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2176-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simone Agostini
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation; ONLUS; Milan Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation; ONLUS; Milan Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Maggi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Virology Unit; Pisa University Hospital (AOUP); University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation; ONLUS; Milan Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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Cossarizza A, De Biasi S, Gibellini L, Bianchini E, Bartolomeo R, Nasi M, Mussini C, Pinti M. Cytometry, immunology, and HIV infection: three decades of strong interactions. Cytometry A 2013; 83:680-91. [PMID: 23788450 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) has been extensively used to investigate immunological changes that occur from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This review describes some of the most relevant cellular and molecular changes in the immune system that can be detected by FCM during HIV infection. Finally, it will be discussed how this technology has facilitated the understanding not only of the biology of the virus but also of the mechanisms that the immune system activates to fight HIV and is allowing to monitor the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Illingworth J, Butler NS, Roetynck S, Mwacharo J, Pierce SK, Bejon P, Crompton PD, Marsh K, Ndungu FM. Chronic exposure to Plasmodium falciparum is associated with phenotypic evidence of B and T cell exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1038-47. [PMID: 23264654 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to malaria develops slowly, requiring several years of repeated exposure to be effective. The cellular and molecular factors underlying this observation are only partially understood. Recent studies suggest that chronic Plasmodium falciparum exposure may induce functional exhaustion of lymphocytes, potentially impeding optimal control of infection. However, it remains unclear whether the "atypical" memory B cells (MBCs) and "exhausted" CD4 T cells described in humans exposed to endemic malaria are driven by P. falciparum per se or by other factors commonly associated with malaria, such as coinfections and malnutrition. To address this critical question we took advantage of a "natural" experiment near Kilifi, Kenya, and compared profiles of B and T cells of children living in a rural community where P. falciparum transmission is ongoing to the profiles of age-matched children living under similar conditions in a nearby community where P. falciparum transmission ceased 5 y prior to this study. We found that continuous exposure to P. falciparum drives the expansion of atypical MBCs. Persistent P. falciparum exposure was associated with an increased frequency of CD4 T cells expressing phenotypic markers of exhaustion, both programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) alone and PD-1 in combination with lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3). This expansion of PD-1-expressing and PD-1/LAG-3-coexpressing CD4 T cells was largely confined to CD45RA(+) CD4 T cells. The percentage of CD45RA(+)CD27(+) CD4 T cells coexpressing PD-1 and LAG-3 was inversely correlated with frequencies of activated and classical MBCs. Taken together, these results suggest that P. falciparum infection per se drives the expansion of atypical MBCs and phenotypically exhausted CD4 T cells, which has been reported in other endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Illingworth
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographical Medicine Research Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
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Demberg T, Brocca-Cofano E, Xiao P, Venzon D, Vargas-Inchaustegui D, Lee EM, Kalisz I, Kalyanaraman VS, DiPasquale J, McKinnon K, Robert-Guroff M. Dynamics of memory B-cell populations in blood, lymph nodes, and bone marrow during antiretroviral therapy and envelope boosting in simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:12591-604. [PMID: 22973034 PMCID: PMC3497654 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00298-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection causes B-cell dysregulation and the loss of memory B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). These effects are not completely reversed by antiretroviral treatment (ART). To further elucidate B-cell changes during chronic SIV infection and treatment, we investigated memory B-cell subpopulations and plasma cells/plasmablasts (PC/PB) in blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes of rhesus macaques during ART and upon release from ART. Macaques previously immunized with SIV recombinants and the gp120 protein were included to assess the effects of prior vaccination. ART was administered for 11 weeks, with or without gp120 boosting at week 9. Naïve and resting, activated, and tissue-like memory B cells and PC/PB were evaluated by flow cytometry. Antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and serum antibody titers were assessed. No lasting changes in B-cell memory subpopulations occurred in bone marrow and lymph nodes, but significant decreases in numbers of activated memory B cells and increases in numbers of tissue-like memory B cells persisted in PBMC. Macaque PC/PB were found to be either CD27(+) or CD27(-) and therefore were defined as CD19(+) CD38(hi) CD138(+). The numbers of these PC/PB were transiently increased in both PBMC and bone marrow following gp120 boosting of the unvaccinated and vaccinated macaque groups. Similarly, ASC numbers in PBMC and bone marrow of the two macaque groups also transiently increased following envelope boosting. Nevertheless, serum binding titers against SIVgp120 remained unchanged. Thus, even during chronic SIV infection, B cells respond to antigen, but long-term memory does not develop, perhaps due to germinal center destruction. Earlier and/or prolonged treatment to allow the generation of virus-specific long-term memory B cells should benefit ART/therapeutic vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peng Xiao
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene Kalisz
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Janet DiPasquale
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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