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Acchioni C, Sandini S, Acchioni M, Sgarbanti M. Co-Infections and Superinfections between HIV-1 and Other Human Viruses at the Cellular Level. Pathogens 2024; 13:349. [PMID: 38787201 PMCID: PMC11124504 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-infection or superinfection of the host by two or more virus species is a common event, potentially leading to viral interference, viral synergy, or neutral interaction. The simultaneous presence of two or more viruses, even distantly related, within the same cell depends upon viral tropism, i.e., the entry of viruses via receptors present on the same cell type. Subsequently, productive infection depends on the ability of these viruses to replicate efficiently in the same cellular environment. HIV-1 initially targets CCR5-expressing tissue memory CD4+ T cells, and in the absence of early cART initiation, a co-receptor switch may occur, leading to the infection of naïve and memory CXCR4-expressing CD4+ T cells. HIV-1 infection of macrophages at the G1 stage of their cell cycle also occurs in vivo, broadening the possible occurrence of co-infections between HIV-1 and other viruses at the cellular level. Moreover, HIV-1-infected DCs can transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells via trans-infection. This review focuses on the description of reported co-infections within the same cell between HIV-1 and other human pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or low-pathogenic viruses, including HIV-2, HTLV, HSV, HHV-6/-7, GBV-C, Dengue, and Ebola viruses, also discussing the possible reciprocal interactions in terms of virus replication and virus pseudotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
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Okpaise D, Sluis-Cremer N, Rappocciolo G, Rinaldo CR. Cholesterol Metabolism in Antigen-Presenting Cells and HIV-1 Trans-Infection of CD4 + T Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2347. [PMID: 38140588 PMCID: PMC10747884 DOI: 10.3390/v15122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides an effective method for managing HIV-1 infection and preventing the onset of AIDS; however, it is ineffective against the reservoir of latent HIV-1 that persists predominantly in resting CD4+ T cells. Understanding the mechanisms that facilitate the persistence of the latent reservoir is key to developing an effective cure for HIV-1. Of particular importance in the establishment and maintenance of the latent viral reservoir is the intercellular transfer of HIV-1 from professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs-monocytes/macrophages, myeloid dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes) to CD4+ T cells, termed trans-infection. Whereas virus-to-cell HIV-1 cis infection is sensitive to ART, trans-infection is impervious to antiviral therapy. APCs from HIV-1-positive non-progressors (NPs) who control their HIV-1 infection in the absence of ART do not trans-infect CD4+ T cells. In this review, we focus on this unique property of NPs that we propose is driven by a genetically inherited, altered cholesterol metabolism in their APCs. We focus on cellular cholesterol homeostasis and the role of cholesterol metabolism in HIV-1 trans-infection, and notably, the link between cholesterol efflux and HIV-1 trans-infection in NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles R. Rinaldo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (D.O.); (N.S.-C.); (G.R.)
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3
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Zayas JP, Mamede JI. HIV Infection and Spread between Th17 Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020404. [PMID: 35215997 PMCID: PMC8874668 DOI: 10.3390/v14020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV mainly targets CD4+ T cells, from which Th17 cells represent a major cell type, permissive, and are capable of supporting intracellular replication at mucosal sites. Th17 cells possess well-described dual roles, while being central to maintaining gut integrity, these may induce inflammation and contribute to autoimmune disorders; however, Th17 cells’ antiviral function in HIV infection is not completely understood. Th17 cells are star players to HIV-1 pathogenesis and a potential target to prevent or decrease HIV transmission. HIV-1 can be spread among permissive cells via direct cell-to-cell and/or cell-free infection. The debate on which mode of transmission is more efficient is still ongoing without a concrete conclusion yet. Most assessments of virus transmission analyzing either cell-to-cell or cell-free modes use in vitro systems; however, the actual interactions and conditions in vivo are not fully understood. The fact that infected breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions contain a mix of both cell-free viral particles and infected cells presents an argument for the probability of HIV taking advantage of both modes of transmission to spread. Here, we review important insights and recent findings about the role of Th17 cells during HIV pathogenesis in mucosal surfaces, and the mechanisms of HIV-1 infection spread among T cells in tissues.
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4
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Circumcision as an Intervening Strategy against HIV Acquisition in the Male Genital Tract. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070806. [PMID: 34201976 PMCID: PMC8308621 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsafe sex with HIV-infected individuals remains a major route for HIV transmission, and protective strategies, such as the distribution of free condoms and pre-or post-prophylaxis medication, have failed to control the spread of HIV, particularly in resource-limited settings and high HIV prevalence areas. An additional key strategy for HIV prevention is voluntary male circumcision (MC). International health organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization, UNAIDS) have recommended this strategy on a larger scale, however, there is a general lack of public understanding about how MC effectively protects against HIV infection. This review aims to discuss the acquisition of HIV through the male genital tract and explain how and why circumcised men are more protected from HIV infection during sexual activity than uncircumcised men who are at higher risk of HIV acquisition.
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Arista-Romero M, Pujals S, Albertazzi L. Towards a Quantitative Single Particle Characterization by Super Resolution Microscopy: From Virus Structures to Antivirals Design. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:647874. [PMID: 33842446 PMCID: PMC8033170 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.647874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last year the COVID19 pandemic clearly illustrated the potential threat that viruses pose to our society. The characterization of viral structures and the identification of key proteins involved in each step of the cycle of infection are crucial to develop treatments. However, the small size of viruses, invisible under conventional fluorescence microscopy, make it difficult to study the organization of protein clusters within the viral particle. The applications of super-resolution microscopy have skyrocketed in the last years, converting this group into one of the leading techniques to characterize viruses and study the viral infection in cells, breaking the diffraction limit by achieving resolutions up to 10 nm using conventional probes such as fluorescent dyes and proteins. There are several super-resolution methods available and the selection of the right one it is crucial to study in detail all the steps involved in the viral infection, quantifying and creating models of infection for relevant viruses such as HIV-1, Influenza, herpesvirus or SARS-CoV-1. Here we review the use of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) to study all steps involved in the viral infection and antiviral design. In light of the threat of new viruses, these studies could inspire future assays to unveil the viral mechanism of emerging viruses and further develop successful antivirals against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arista-Romero
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Pujals
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Albertazzi
- Nanoscopy for Nanomedicine Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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The Mechanism of PEDV-Carrying CD3 + T Cells Migrate into the Intestinal Mucosa of Neonatal Piglets. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030469. [PMID: 33809123 PMCID: PMC8000367 DOI: 10.3390/v13030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause intestinal infection in neonatal piglets through the nasal cavity. A process in which CD3+ T cells carry PEDV plays a key role. However, the modes through which PEDV bridles CD3+ T cells as a vehicle for migration to the intestinal epithelium have not been clarified. In this study, we first demonstrated that PEDV could survive in blood-derived CD3+ T cells for several hours, depending on the multiplicity of infection. In addition, PEDV preferentially survived in CD4+ T cells over CD8+ T cells. Moreover, viral transmission was mediated by cell-to-cell contact between mesenteric lymph-node-derived CD3+ T cells, but did not occur in blood-derived CD3+ T cells. Following an increase in gut-homing integrin α4β7, blood-derived CD3+ T cells carrying PEDV migrated to the intestines via blood circulation and transferred the virus to intestinal epithelial cells through cell-to-cell contact in neonatal piglets. Our findings have significant implications for understanding PEDV pathogenesis in neonatal piglets, which is essential for developing innovative therapies to prevent PEDV infection.
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Ex vivo rectal explant model reveals potential opposing roles of Natural Killer cells and Marginal Zone-like B cells in HIV-1 infection. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20154. [PMID: 33214610 PMCID: PMC7677325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of innate immune responses in human rectal mucosal tissues (RM) and their contributions to promoting or restricting HIV transmission is limited. We defined the RM composition of innate and innate-like cell subsets, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells; CD1c + myeloid DCs; neutrophils; macrophages; natural killer cells (NK); Marginal Zone-like B cells (MZB); γδ T cells; and mucosal-associated invariant T cells in RM from 69 HIV-negative men by flow cytometry. Associations between these cell subsets and HIV-1 replication in ex vivo RM explant challenge experiments revealed an inverse correlation between RM-NK and p24 production, in contrast to a positive association between RM-MZB and HIV replication. Comparison of RM and blood-derived MZB and NK illustrated qualitative and quantitative differences between tissue compartments. Additionally, 22 soluble molecules were measured in a subset of explant cultures (n = 26). Higher production of IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-10, IP-10, GM-CSF, sFasL, Granzyme A, Granzyme B, Granulysin, and Perforin following infection positively correlated with HIV replication. These data show novel associations between MZB and NK cells and p24 production in RM and underscore the importance of inflammatory cytokines in mucosal HIV infection, demonstrating the likely critical role these innate immune responses play in early mucosal HIV replication in humans.
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Posch W, Bermejo-Jambrina M, Lass-Flörl C, Wilflingseder D. Role of Complement Receptors (CRs) on DCs in Anti-HIV-1 Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:572114. [PMID: 33224139 PMCID: PMC7670068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.572114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon entry of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) into the host, innate immune mechanisms are acting as a first line of defense, that considerably also modify adaptive immunity by the provision of specific signals. Innate and adaptive immune responses are intimately linked and dendritic cells (DCs) together with complement (C) play an important role in regulation of adaptive immunity. Initially, the role of complement was considered to primarily support – or COMPLEMENT - cytolytic actions of antibodies or antibody-complexed antigens (immune complexes, ICs) or directly kill the pathogens by complement-mediated lysis. Recently, the role of complement was revised and found to significantly augmenting and modulating adaptive immunity, in particular against viruses. Complement and DCs are therefore predestined to open novel avenues for antiviral research and potential therapeutic interventions. Recent studies on interactions of complement-opsonized HIV-1 with DCs demonstrated a high potential of such primed DCs to initiate efficient antiviral and cytotoxic anti-HIV-1 immunity and complement-coated viral particles shift DCs functions via CR3 and CR4 in an antithetic manner. This review will focus on our current knowledge of CR3 and CR4 actions on DCs during HIV-1 binding and the outcome of infection influenced by entry and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta Bermejo-Jambrina
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Rappocciolo G, Sluis-Cremer N, Rinaldo CR. Efficient HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4 + T Cells Occurs in the Presence of Antiretroviral Therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz253. [PMID: 31304185 PMCID: PMC6613953 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically improved the quality of life of people with HIV-1 infection (PWH). However, it is not curative, and interruption of ART results in rapid viral rebound. Cell-to-cell transfer of HIV-1, or trans infection, is a highly efficient mechanism of virus infection of CD4+ T cells by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), that is, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes. Methods APC from HIV seronegative donors treated with ART in vitro (CCR5 agonist, NRTI, PI and NNRTI, alone or in combination), were loaded with HIV R5-tropic HIVBal and mixed with autologous or heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes to assess trans infection. Ex vivo APC from chronic HIV-infected MACS participants before and after initiation of ART, were also loaded with HIV R5-tropic HIVBal and tested for trans infection against autologous or heterologous CD4+ T lymphocytes. Virus replication was measured by p24 ELISA. Results Here we show in vitro that antiretroviral drugs did not block the ability of DCs and B cells to trans-infect CD4+ T cells, although they were effective in blocking direct cis infection of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, ex vivo DCs and B cells from ART-suppressed PWH mediated efficient HIV-1 trans infection of CD4+ T cells, which were resistant to direct cis infection. Conclusions Our study supports a role for HIV-1 trans infection in maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoir during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Rappocciolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Sluis-Cremer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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10
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Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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11
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Inefficient HIV-1 trans Infection of CD4 + T Cells by Macrophages from HIV-1 Nonprogressors Is Associated with Altered Membrane Cholesterol and DC-SIGN. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00092-18. [PMID: 29643243 PMCID: PMC6002718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00092-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APC; myeloid dendritic cells [DC] and macrophages [MΦ]; B lymphocytes) mediate highly efficient HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells, termed trans infection, that could contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis. We have previously shown that lower cholesterol content in DC and B lymphocytes is associated with a lack of HIV-1 trans infection in HIV-1-infected nonprogressors (NP). Here, we assessed whether HIV-1 trans infection mediated by another major APC, MΦ, is deficient in NP due to altered cholesterol metabolism. When comparing healthy HIV-1 seronegatives (SN), rapid progressors (PR), and NP, we found that monocyte-derived MΦ from NP did not mediate HIV-1 trans infection of autologous CD4+ T cells, in contrast to efficient trans infection mediated by SN and PR MΦ. MΦ trans infection efficiency was directly associated with the number of DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-expressing MΦ. Significantly fewer NP MΦ expressed DC-SIGN. Unesterified (free) cholesterol in MΦ cell membranes and lipid rafting was significantly lower in NP than PR, as was virus internalization in early endosomes. Furthermore, simvastatin (SIMV) decreased the subpopulation of DC-SIGN+ MΦ as well as cis and trans infection. Notably, SIMV decreased cell membrane cholesterol and led to lipid raft dissociation, effectively mimicking the incompetent APC trans infection environment characteristic of NP. Our data support that DC-SIGN and membrane cholesterol are central to MΦ trans infection, and a lack of these limits HIV-1 disease progression. Targeting the ability of MΦ to drive HIV-1 dissemination in trans could enhance HIV-1 therapeutic strategies. IMPORTANCE Despite the success of combination antiretroviral therapy, neither a vaccine nor a cure for HIV infection has been developed, demonstrating a need for novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Here, we show that efficiency of MΦ-mediated HIV trans infection of CD4+ T cells is a unique characteristic associated with control of disease progression, and it is impaired in HIV-infected NP. In vitro treatment of MΦ from healthy donors with SIMV lowers their cholesterol content, which results in a strongly reduced trans infection ability, similar to the levels of MΦ from NP. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that MΦ-mediated HIV-1 trans infection plays a role in HIV infection and disease progression and demonstrate that the use of SIMV to decrease this mechanism of virus transfer should be considered for future HIV therapeutic development.
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12
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Ospina Stella A, Turville S. All-Round Manipulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton by HIV. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020063. [PMID: 29401736 PMCID: PMC5850370 DOI: 10.3390/v10020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in terms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, treatment does not represent a cure and remains inaccessible to many people living with HIV. Continued mechanistic research into the viral life cycle and its intersection with many aspects of cellular biology are not only fundamental in the continued fight against HIV, but also provide many key observations of the workings of our immune system. Decades of HIV research have testified to the integral role of the actin cytoskeleton in both establishing and spreading the infection. Here, we review how the virus uses different strategies to manipulate cellular actin networks and increase the efficiency of various stages of its life cycle. While some HIV proteins seem able to bind to actin filaments directly, subversion of the cytoskeleton occurs indirectly by exploiting the power of actin regulatory proteins, which are corrupted at multiple levels. Furthermore, this manipulation is not restricted to a discrete class of proteins, but rather extends throughout all layers of the cytoskeleton. We discuss prominent examples of actin regulators that are exploited, neutralized or hijacked by the virus, and address how their coordinated deregulation can lead to changes in cellular behavior that promote viral spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ospina Stella
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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13
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Khatamzas E, Hipp MM, Gaughan D, Pichulik T, Leslie A, Fernandes RA, Muraro D, Booth S, Zausmer K, Sun MY, Kessler B, Rowland-Jones S, Cerundolo V, Simmons A. Snapin promotes HIV-1 transmission from dendritic cells by dampening TLR8 signaling. EMBO J 2017; 36:2998-3011. [PMID: 28923824 PMCID: PMC5641917 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 traffics through dendritic cells (DCs) en route to establishing a productive infection in T lymphocytes but fails to induce an innate immune response. Within DC endosomes, HIV-1 somehow evades detection by the pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8). Using a phosphoproteomic approach, we identified a robust and diverse signaling cascade triggered by HIV-1 upon entry into human DCs. A secondary siRNA screen of the identified signaling factors revealed several new mediators of HIV-1 trans-infection of CD4+ T cells in DCs, including the dynein motor protein Snapin. Inhibition of Snapin enhanced localization of HIV-1 with TLR8+ early endosomes, triggered a pro-inflammatory response, and inhibited trans-infection of CD4+ T cells. Snapin inhibited TLR8 signaling in the absence of HIV-1 and is a general regulator of endosomal maturation. Thus, we identify a new mechanism of innate immune sensing by TLR8 in DCs, which is exploited by HIV-1 to promote transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khatamzas
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Madeleine Maria Hipp
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Gaughan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Tica Pichulik
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB & HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniele Muraro
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Booth
- Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieran Zausmer
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Mei-Yi Sun
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt Kessler
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for TB & HIV, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford NDMRB, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Display Potential for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection of Mucosal Tissue Superior to That of Nonneutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01762-16. [PMID: 27795431 PMCID: PMC5165208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01762-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Definition of the key parameters mediating effective antibody blocking of HIV-1 acquisition within mucosal tissue may prove critical to effective vaccine development and the prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Although direct antibody-mediated neutralization is highly effective against cell-free virus, antibodies targeting different sites of envelope vulnerability may display differential activity against mucosal infection. Nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) may also impact mucosal transmission events through Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR)-mediated inhibition. In this study, a panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and nnAbs, including those associated with protection in the RV144 vaccine trial, were screened for the ability to block HIV-1 acquisition and replication across a range of cellular and mucosal tissue models. Neutralization potency, as determined by the TZM-bl infection assay, did not fully predict activity in mucosal tissue. CD4-binding site (CD4bs)-specific bnAbs, in particular VRC01, were consistent in blocking HIV-1 infection across all cellular and tissue models. Membrane-proximal external region (MPER) (2F5) and outer domain glycan (2G12) bnAbs were also efficient in preventing infection of mucosal tissues, while the protective efficacy of bnAbs targeting V1-V2 glycans (PG9 and PG16) was more variable. In contrast, nnAbs alone and in combinations, while active in a range of cellular assays, were poorly protective against HIV-1 infection of mucosal tissues. These data suggest that tissue resident effector cell numbers and low FcγR expression may limit the potential of nnAbs to prevent establishment of the initial foci of infection. The solid protection provided by specific bnAbs clearly demonstrates their superior potential over that of nonneutralizing antibodies for preventing HIV-1 infection at the mucosal portals of infection.
IMPORTANCE Key parameters mediating effective antibody blocking of HIV-1 acquisition within mucosal tissue have not been defined. While bnAbs are highly effective against cell-free virus, they are not induced by current vaccine candidates. However, nnAbs, readily induced by vaccines, can trigger antibody-dependent cellular effector functions, through engagement of their Fc-gamma receptors. Fc-mediated antiviral activity has been implicated as a secondary correlate of decreased HIV-1 risk in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial, suggesting that protection might be mediated in the absence of classical neutralization. To aid vaccine design and selection of antibodies for use in passive protection strategies, we assessed a range of bnAbs and nnAbs for their potential to block ex vivo challenge of mucosal tissues. Our data clearly indicate the superior efficacy of neutralizing antibodies in preventing mucosal acquisition of infection. These results underscore the importance of maintaining the central focus of HIV-1 vaccine research on the induction of potently neutralizing antibodies.
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15
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Torres S, Flipse J, Upasani VC, van der Ende-Metselaar H, Urcuqui-Inchima S, Smit JM, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA. Altered immune response of immature dendritic cells following dengue virus infection in the presence of specific antibodies. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1584-1591. [PMID: 27121645 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) replication is known to prevent maturation of infected dendritic cells (DCs) thereby impeding the development of adequate immunity. During secondary DENV infection, dengue-specific antibodies can suppress DENV replication in immature DCs (immDCs), however how dengue-antibody complexes (DENV-IC) influence the phenotype of DCs remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the maturation state and cytokine profile of immDCs exposed to DENV-ICs. Indeed, DENV infection of immDCs in the absence of antibodies was hallmarked by blunted upregulation of CD83, CD86 and the major histocompatibility complex molecule HLA-DR. In contrast, DENV infection in the presence of neutralizing antibodies triggered full DC maturation and induced a balanced inflammatory cytokine response. Moreover, DENV infection under non-neutralizing conditions prompted upregulation of CD83 and CD86 but not HLA-DR, and triggered production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effect of DENV-IC was found to be dependent on the engagement of FcγRIIa. Altogether, our data show that the presence of DENV-IC alters the phenotype and cytokine profile of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torres
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jacky Flipse
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vinit C Upasani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi van der Ende-Metselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvio Urcuqui-Inchima
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jolanda M Smit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Izabela A Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Zaccard CR, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. Linked in: immunologic membrane nanotube networks. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:81-94. [PMID: 26931578 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4vmr0915-395r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane nanotubes, also termed tunneling nanotubes, are F-actin-based structures that can form direct cytoplasmic connections and support rapid communication between distant cells. These nanoscale conduits have been observed in diverse cell types, including immune, neuronal, stromal, cancer, and stem cells. Until recently, little was known about the mechanisms involved in membrane nanotube development in myeloid origin APCs or how membrane nanotube networks support their ability to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. New research has provided insight into the modes of induction and regulation of the immune process of "reticulation" or the development of multicellular membrane nanotube networks in dendritic cells. Preprogramming by acute type 1 inflammatory mediators at their immature stage licenses mature type 1-polarized dendritic cells to reticulate upon subsequent interaction with CD40 ligand-expressing CD4(+) Th cells. Dendritic cell reticulation can support direct antigen transfer for amplification of specific T cell responses and can be positively or negatively regulated by signals from distinct Th cell subsets. Membrane nanotubes not only enhance the ability of immature dendritic cells to sense pathogens and rapidly mobilize nearby antigen-presenting cells in the peripheral tissues but also likely support communication of pathogen-related information from mature migratory dendritic cells to resident dendritic cells in lymph nodes. Therefore, the reticulation process facilitates a coordinated multicellular response for the efficient initiation of cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. Herein, we discuss studies focused on the molecular mechanisms of membrane nanotube formation, structure, and function in the context of immunity and how pathogens, such as HIV-1, may use dendritic cell reticulation to circumvent host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Zaccard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and
| | - C R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and
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17
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Agudelo M, Figueroa G, Yndart A, Casteleiro G, Muñoz K, Samikkannu T, Atluri V, Nair MP. Alcohol and Cannabinoids Differentially Affect HIV Infection and Function of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells (MDDC). Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1452. [PMID: 26733986 PMCID: PMC4686798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, alcohol has been known to induce inflammation while cannabinoids have been shown to have an anti-inflammatory role. For instance cannabinoids have been shown to reduce susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and attenuate HIV replication in macrophages. Recently, we demonstrated that alcohol induces cannabinoid receptors and regulates cytokine production by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC). However, the ability of alcohol and cannabinoids to alter MDDC function during HIV infection has not been clearly elucidated yet. In order to study the potential impact of alcohol and cannabinoids on differentiated MDDC infected with HIV, monocytes were cultured for 7 days with GM-CSF and IL-4, differentiated MDDC were infected with HIV-1Ba-L and treated with EtOH (0.1 and 0.2%), THC (5 and 10 μM), or JWH-015 (5 and 10 μM) for 4–7 days. HIV infection of MDDC was confirmed by p24 and Long Terminal Repeats (LTR) estimation. MDDC endocytosis assay and cytokine array profiles were measured to investigate the effects of HIV and substances of abuse on MDDC function. Our results show the HIV + EtOH treated MDDC had the highest levels of p24 production and expression when compared with the HIV positive controls and the cannabinoid treated cells. Although both cannabinoids, THC and JWH-015 had lower levels of p24 production and expression, the HIV + JWH-015 treated MDDC had the lowest levels of p24 when compared to the HIV + THC treated cells. In addition, MDDC endocytic function and cytokine production were also differentially altered after alcohol and cannabinoid treatments. Our results show a differential effect of alcohol and cannabinoids, which may provide insights into the divergent inflammatory role of alcohol and cannabinoids to modulate MDDC function in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela Agudelo
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gloria Figueroa
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adriana Yndart
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gianna Casteleiro
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Karla Muñoz
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thangavel Samikkannu
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Venkata Atluri
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan P Nair
- Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
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18
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McCoy-Simandle K, Hanna SJ, Cox D. Exosomes and nanotubes: Control of immune cell communication. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 71:44-54. [PMID: 26704468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical to coordinate the activity and behavior of a multicellular organism. The cells of the immune system not only must communicate with similar cells, but also with many other cell types in the body. Therefore, the cells of the immune system have evolved multiple ways to communicate. Exosomes and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are two means of communication used by immune cells that contribute to immune functions. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types that can mediate intercellular communication and in the immune system they are proposed to play a role in antigen presentation and modulation of gene expression. TNTs are membranous structures that mediate direct cell-cell contact over several cell diameters in length (and possibly longer) and facilitate the interaction and/or the transfer of signals, material and other cellular organelles between connected cells. Recent studies have revealed additional, but sometimes conflicting, structural and functional features of both exosomes and TNTs. Despite the new and exciting information in exosome and TNT composition, origin and in vitro function, biologically significant functions are still being investigated and determined. In this review, we discuss the current field regarding exosomes and TNTs in immune cells providing evaluation and perspectives of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessler McCoy-Simandle
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Samer J Hanna
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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19
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Dahal S, Chitti SVP, Nair MPN, Saxena SK. Interactive effects of cocaine on HIV infection: implication in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder and neuroAIDS. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:931. [PMID: 26441868 PMCID: PMC4562305 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial epidemiological studies suggest that not only, being one of the reasons for the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but drug abuse also serves its role in determining the disease progression and severity among the HIV infected population. This article focuses on the drug cocaine, and its role in facilitating entry of HIV into the CNS and mechanisms of development of neurologic complications in infected individuals. Cocaine is a powerfully addictive central nervous system stimulating drug, which increases the level of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the brain, by blocking the dopamine transporters (DAT) which is critical for DA homeostasis and neurocognitive function. Tat protein of HIV acts as an allosteric modulator of DAT, where as cocaine acts as reuptake inhibitor. When macrophages in the CNS are exposed to DA, their number increases. These macrophages release inflammatory mediators and neurotoxins, causing chronic neuroinflammation. Cocaine abuse during HIV infection enhances the production of platelet monocyte complexes (PMCs), which may cross transendothelial barrier, and result in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HAND is characterized by neuroinflammation, including astrogliosis, multinucleated giant cells, and neuronal apoptosis that is linked to progressive virus infection and immune deterioration. Cocaine and viral proteins are capable of eliciting signaling transduction pathways in neurons, involving in mitochondrial membrane potential loss, oxidative stress, activation of JNK, p38, and ERK/MAPK pathways, and results in downstream activation of NF-κB that leads to HAND. Tat-induced inflammation provokes permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in the platelet dependent manner, which can potentially be the reason for progression to HAND during HIV infection. A better understanding on the role of cocaine in HIV infection can give a clue in developing novel therapeutic strategies against HIV-1 infection in cocaine using HIV infected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dahal
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad, India
| | - Sai V P Chitti
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad, India
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- College of Medicine, Florida International University , Miami, FL, USA
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20
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Hou W, Fang C, Liu J, Yu H, Qi J, Zhang Z, Yuan R, Xiong D, Gao S, Adam Yuan Y, Li S, Gu Y, Xia N. Molecular insights into the inhibition of HIV-1 infection using a CD4 domain-1-specific monoclonal antibody. Antiviral Res 2015; 122:101-11. [PMID: 26259811 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An HIV-1 infection in a host cell occurs through an ordered process that involves HIV-1 attachment to the host's cellular CD4 receptor, co-receptor binding to CCR5 or CXCR4, and the subsequent fusion with the cellular membrane. The natural viral entry pathway into a host cell provides an opportunity to develop agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. Several engineered monoclonal antibodies specifically targeting CD4 have shown antiviral activities in clinical trials. Here, we report on an anti-CD4 mAb (15A7) that displays a unique binding specificity for domain 1 of CD4, whose epitope partially overlaps with the gp120 binding region. Moreover, 15A7 displays a much stronger binding affinity to CD4(+) cell lines after HIV infection. 15A7 is able to block and neutralize a broad range of primary HIV-1 isolates and T cell-line passage strains. Notably, the bivalent F(ab')2 form of 15A7 is more effective than the Fab form in blocking HIV-1 infection, which is further supported by molecular docking analyses. Together, these results suggest that this novel antibody may exert its antiviral activity by blocking gp120 targeting to the CD4 receptor or competing with gp120 for CD4 receptor binding and might present post-attachment neutralization activity. This antibody could provide a new candidate to efficiently block HIV-1 infection or provide new starting materials for HIV treatment, especially when HIV-1-resistant strains against the current CD4 mAb treatments have already been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hai Yu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jialong Qi
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruixue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Dan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuangquan Gao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Y Adam Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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21
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. Dendritic cells as Achilles' heel and Trojan horse during varicella zoster virus infection. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:417. [PMID: 26005438 PMCID: PMC4424880 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV), a human alphaherpesvirus, causes varicella and subsequently establishes latency within sensory nerve ganglia. Later in life VZV can reactivate to cause herpes zoster. A reduced frequency of VZV-specific T cells is strongly associated with herpes zoster illustrating that these immune cells are central to control latency. Dendritic cells (DCs) are required for the generation of VZV-specific T cells. However, DCs can also be infected in vitro and in vivo allowing VZV to evade the antiviral immune response. Thus, DCs represent the immune systems' Achilles heel. Uniquely among the human herpesviruses, VZV infects both DCs and T cells, and exploits both as Trojan horses. During primary infection VZV-infected DCs traffic to the draining lymph nodes and tonsils, where the virus is transferred to T cells. VZV-infected T cells subsequently spread infection throughout the body to give the typical varicella skin rash. The delicate interplay between VZV and DCs and its consequences for viral immune evasion and viral dissemination will be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin, Germany
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22
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Kijewski SDG, Gummuluru S. A mechanistic overview of dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 trans infection: the story so far. Future Virol 2015; 10:257-269. [PMID: 26213560 PMCID: PMC4508676 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy suggests that establishment of long-term cellular reservoirs of virus is a significant barrier to functional cure. There is considerable evidence that dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in systemic virus dissemination. Although productive infection of DCs is inefficient, DCs capture HIV-1 and transfer-captured particles to CD4+ T cells, a mechanism of DC-mediated HIV-1 trans infection. Recent findings suggest that DC-mediated trans infection of HIV-1 is dependent on recognition of GM3, a virus-particle-associated host-derived ligand, by CD169 expressed on DCs. In this review, we describe mechanisms of DC-mediated HIV-1 trans infection and discuss specifically the role of CD169 in establishing infection in CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne DG Kijewski
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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23
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Goldfien GA, Barragan F, Chen J, Takeda M, Irwin JC, Perry J, Greenblatt RM, Smith-McCune KK, Giudice LC. Progestin-Containing Contraceptives Alter Expression of Host Defense-Related Genes of the Endometrium and Cervix. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:814-28. [PMID: 25634912 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114565035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that progestin-containing contraceptives increase susceptibility to HIV, although the underlying mechanisms involving the upper female reproductive tract are undefined. To determine the effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) and the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on gene expression and physiology of human endometrial and cervical transformation zone (TZ), microarray analyses were performed on whole tissue biopsies. In endometrium, activated pathways included leukocyte chemotaxis, attachment, and inflammation in DMPA and LNG-IUS users, and individual genes included pattern recognition receptors, complement components, and other immune mediators. In cervical TZ, progestin treatment altered expression of tissue remodeling and viability but not immune function genes. Together, these results indicate that progestins influence expression of immune-related genes in endometrium relevant to local recruitment of HIV target cells with potential to increase susceptibility and underscore the importance of the upper reproductive tract when assessing the safety of contraceptive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Goldfien
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fatima Barragan
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Takeda
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Juan C Irwin
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean Perry
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruth M Greenblatt
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy, Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen K Smith-McCune
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Department of OB/GYN & Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Guerra-Pérez N, Frank I, Veglia F, Aravantinou M, Goode D, Blanchard JL, Gettie A, Robbiani M, Martinelli E. Retinoic acid imprints a mucosal-like phenotype on dendritic cells with an increased ability to fuel HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2415-23. [PMID: 25624458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment shapes the characteristics and functions of dendritic cells (DCs), which are important players in HIV infection and dissemination. Notably, DCs in the gut have the daunting task of orchestrating the balance between immune response and tolerance. They produce retinoic acid (RA), which imprints a gut-homing phenotype and influences surrounding DCs. To investigate how the gut microenvironment impacts the ability of DCs to drive HIV infection, we conditioned human immature monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with RA (RA-DCs), before pulsing them with HIV and mixing them with autologous T cells. RA-DCs showed a semimature, mucosal-like phenotype and released higher amounts of TGF-β1 and CCL2. Using flow cytometry, Western blot, and microscopy, we determined that moDCs express the cell adhesion molecule mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) and that RA increases its expression. MAdCAM-1 was also detected on a small population of DCs in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulata) mesenteric lymph node. RA-DCs formed more DC-T cell conjugates and promoted significantly higher HIV replication in DC-T cell mixtures compared with moDCs. This correlated with the increase in MAdCAM-1 expression. Blocking MAdCAM-1 partially inhibited the enhanced HIV replication. In summary, RA influences DC phenotype, increasing their ability to exacerbate HIV infection. We describe a previously unknown mechanism that may contribute to rapid HIV spread in the gut, a major site of HIV replication after mucosal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - Filippo Veglia
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | | | - Diana Goode
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065;
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25
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Mehraj V, Jenabian MA, Vyboh K, Routy JP. Immune Suppression by Myeloid Cells in HIV Infection: New Targets for Immunotherapy. Open AIDS J 2014; 8:66-78. [PMID: 25624956 PMCID: PMC4302459 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601408010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over thirty years of extensive research has not yet solved the complexity of HIV pathogenesis leading to a continued need for a successful cure. Recent immunotherapy-based approaches are aimed at controlling the infection by reverting immune dysfunction. Comparatively less appreciated than the role of T cells in the context of HIV infection, the myeloid cells including macrophages monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils contribute significantly to immune dysfunction. Host restriction factors are cellular proteins expressed in these cells which are circumvented by HIV. Guided by the recent literature, the role of myeloid cells in HIV infection will be discussed highlighting potential targets for immunotherapy. HIV infection, which is mainly characterized by CD4 T cell dysfunction, also manifests in a vicious cycle of events comprising of inflammation and immune activation. Targeting the interaction of programmed death-1 (PD-1), an important regulator of T cell function; with PD-L1 expressed mainly on myeloid cells could bring promising results. Macrophage functional polarization from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 and vice versa has significant implications in viral pathogenesis. Neutrophils, recently discovered low density granular cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and yolk sac macrophages provide new avenues of research on HIV pathogenesis and persistence. Recent evidence has also shown significant implications of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), antimicrobial peptides and opsonizing antibodies. Further studies aimed to understand and modify myeloid cell restriction mechanisms have the potential to contribute in the future development of more effective anti-HIV interventions that may pave the way to viral eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Mehraj
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques et Centre de recherche BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kishanda Vyboh
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada ; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zaccard CR, Watkins SC, Kalinski P, Fecek RJ, Yates AL, Salter RD, Ayyavoo V, Rinaldo CR, Mailliard RB. CD40L induces functional tunneling nanotube networks exclusively in dendritic cells programmed by mediators of type 1 immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1047-56. [PMID: 25548234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DC) to mediate CD4(+) T cell help for cellular immunity is guided by instructive signals received during DC maturation, as well as the resulting pattern of DC responsiveness to the Th signal, CD40L. Furthermore, the professional transfer of antigenic information from migratory DC to lymph node-residing DC is critical for the effective induction of cellular immune responses. In this study we report that, in addition to their enhanced IL-12p70 producing capacity, human DC matured in the presence of inflammatory mediators of type 1 immunity are uniquely programmed to form networks of tunneling nanotube-like structures in response to CD40L-expressing Th cells or rCD40L. This immunologic process of DC reticulation facilitates intercellular trafficking of endosome-associated vesicles and Ag, but also pathogens such HIV-1, and is regulated by the opposing roles of IFN-γ and IL-4. The initiation of DC reticulation represents a novel helper function of CD40L and a superior mechanism of intercellular communication possessed by type 1 polarized DC, as well as a target for exploitation by pathogens to enhance direct cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Zaccard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; and
| | - Ronald J Fecek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Aarika L Yates
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Russell D Salter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Charles R Rinaldo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261;
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Goode D, Truong R, Villegas G, Calenda G, Guerra-Perez N, Piatak M, Lifson JD, Blanchard J, Gettie A, Robbiani M, Martinelli E. HSV-2-driven increase in the expression of α4β7 correlates with increased susceptibility to vaginal SHIV(SF162P3) infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004567. [PMID: 25521298 PMCID: PMC4270786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of highly susceptible HIV target cells that can rapidly reach the mucosal lymphoid tissues may increase the chances of an otherwise rare transmission event to occur. Expression of α4β7 is required for trafficking of immune cells to gut inductive sites where HIV can expand and it is expressed at high level on cells particularly susceptible to HIV infection. We hypothesized that HSV-2 modulates the expression of α4β7 and other homing receptors in the vaginal tissue and that this correlates with the increased risk of HIV acquisition in HSV-2 positive individuals. To test this hypothesis we used an in vivo rhesus macaque (RM) model of HSV-2 vaginal infection and a new ex vivo model of macaque vaginal explants. In vivo we found that HSV-2 latently infected RMs appeared to be more susceptible to vaginal SHIVSF162P3 infection, had higher frequency of α4β7high CD4+ T cells in the vaginal tissue and higher expression of α4β7 and CD11c on vaginal DCs. Similarly, ex vivo HSV-2 infection increased the susceptibility of the vaginal tissue to SHIVSF162P3. HSV-2 infection increased the frequencies of α4β7high CD4+ T cells and this directly correlated with HSV-2 replication. A higher amount of inflammatory cytokines in vaginal fluids of the HSV-2 infected animals was similar to those found in the supernatants of the infected explants. Remarkably, the HSV-2-driven increase in the frequency of α4β7high CD4+ T cells directly correlated with SHIV replication in the HSV-2 infected tissues. Our results suggest that the HSV-2-driven increase in availability of CD4+ T cells and DCs that express high levels of α4β7 is associated with the increase in susceptibility to SHIV due to HSV-2. This may persists in absence of HSV-2 shedding. Hence, higher availability of α4β7 positive HIV target cells in the vaginal tissue may constitute a risk factor for HIV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Goode
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosaline Truong
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guillermo Villegas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalia Guerra-Perez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Sciences Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa Robbiani
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
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Abstract
A small percentage of HIV-infected subjects (2 to 15%) are able to control disease progression for many years without antiretroviral therapy. Years of intense studies of virologic and immunologic mechanisms of disease control in such individuals yielded a number of possible host genes that could be responsible for the preservation of immune functions, from immune surveillance genes, chemokines, or their receptors to anti-HIV restriction factors. A recent mBio paper by Rappocciolo et al. (G. Rappocciolo, M. Jais, P. Piazza, T. A. Reinhart, S. J. Berendam, L. Garcia-Exposito, P. Gupta, and C. R. Rinaldo, mBio 5:e01031-13, 2014) describes another potential factor controlling disease progression: cholesterol levels in antigen-presenting cells. In this commentary, we provide a brief background of the role of cholesterol in HIV infection, discuss the results of the study by Rappocciolo et al., and present the implications of their findings.
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Jin W, Li C, Du T, Hu K, Huang X, Hu Q. DC-SIGN plays a stronger role than DCIR in mediating HIV-1 capture and transfer. Virology 2014; 458-459:83-92. [PMID: 24928041 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), in particular DC-SIGN and DCIR, likely play an important role in HIV-1 early infection. Here, we systematically compared the capture and transfer capability of DC-SIGN and DCIR using a wide range of HIV-1 isolates. Our results indicated that DC-SIGN plays a stronger role than DCIR in DC-mediated HIV-1 capture and transfer. This was further strengthened by the data from transient and stable transfectants, showing that DC-SIGN had better capability, compared with DCIR in HIV-1 capture and transfer. Following constructing and analyzing a series of soluble DC-SIGN and DCIR truncates and chimeras, we demonstrated that the neck domain, but not the CRD, renders DC-SIGN higher binding affinity to gp120 likely via the formation of tetramerization. Our findings provide insights into CLR-mediated HIV-1 capture and transfer, highlighting potential targets for intervention strategies against gp120-CLR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan Zhongqu, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan Zhongqu, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan Zhongqu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Kai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan Zhongqu, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan Zhongqu, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinxue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 44 Xiaohongshan Zhongqu, Wuhan 430071, China; Center for Infection and Immunity, St George׳s University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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30
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Abstract
HIV-1-infected nonprogressors (NP) inhibit disease progression for years without antiretroviral therapy. Defining the mechanisms for this resistance to disease progression could be important in determining strategies for controlling HIV-1 infection. Here we show that two types of professional antigen-presenting cells (APC), i.e., dendritic cells (DC) and B lymphocytes, from NP lacked the ability to mediate HIV-1 trans infection of CD4+ T cells. In contrast, APC from HIV-1-infected progressors (PR) and HIV-1-seronegative donors (SN) were highly effective in mediating HIV-1 trans infection. Direct cis infection of T cells with HIV-1 was comparably efficient among NP, PR, and SN. Lack of HIV-1 trans infection in NP was linked to lower cholesterol levels and an increase in the levels of the reverse cholesterol transporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) in APC but not in T cells. Moreover, trans infection mediated by APC from NP could be restored by reconstitution of cholesterol and by inhibiting ABCA1 by mRNA interference. Importantly, this appears to be an inherited trait, as it was evident in APC obtained from NP prior to their primary HIV-1 infection. The present study demonstrates a new mechanism wherein enhanced lipid metabolism in APC results in remarkable control of HIV-1 trans infection that directly relates to lack of HIV-1 disease progression. HIV-1 can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells and transferred to CD4 helper T cells, which results in greatly enhanced viral replication by a mechanism termed trans infection. A small percentage of HIV-1-infected persons are able to control disease progression for many years without antiretroviral therapy. In our study, we linked this lack of disease progression to a profound inability of APC from these individuals to trans infect T cells. This effect was due to altered lipid metabolism in their APC, which appears to be an inherited trait. These results provide a basis for therapeutic interventions to control of HIV-1 infection through modulation of cholesterol metabolism.
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31
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Mailliard RB, Smith KN, Fecek RJ, Rappocciolo G, Nascimento EJM, Marques ET, Watkins SC, Mullins JI, Rinaldo CR. Selective induction of CTL helper rather than killer activity by natural epitope variants promotes dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 dissemination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2570-80. [PMID: 23913962 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of HIV-1 to rapidly accumulate mutations provides the virus with an effective means of escaping CD8(+) CTL responses. In this study, we describe how subtle alterations in CTL epitopes expressed by naturally occurring HIV-1 variants can result in an incomplete escape from CTL recognition, providing the virus with a selective advantage. Rather than paralyzing the CTL response, these epitope modifications selectively induce the CTL to produce proinflammatory cytokines in the absence of target killing. Importantly, instead of dampening the immune response through CTL elimination of variant Ag-expressing immature dendritic cells (DC), a positive CTL-to-DC immune feedback loop dominates whereby the immature DC differentiate into mature proinflammatory DC. Moreover, these CTL-programmed DC exhibit a superior capacity to mediate HIV-1 trans-infection of T cells. This discordant induction of CTL helper activity in the absence of killing most likely contributes to the chronic immune activation associated with HIV-1 infection, and can be used by HIV-1 to promote viral dissemination and persistence. Our findings highlight the need to address the detrimental potential of eliciting dysfunctional cross-reactive memory CTL responses when designing and implementing anti-HIV-1 immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie B Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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