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Agarbati A, Canonico L, Ciani M, Morresi C, Damiani E, Bacchetti T, Comitini F. Functional potential of a new plant-based fermented beverage: Benefits through non-conventional probiotic yeasts and antioxidant properties. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 424:110857. [PMID: 39141973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Functional foods represent one of the fastest-growing, newer food category, and plant sources with functional properties are increasingly used as analogues of fermented milk-based derivatives. In this study, blended wort-rooibos beverages fermented with probiotic yeasts are proposed for the first time. Benefits of functional, non-conventional Lachancea thermotolerans (Lt101), Kazachstania unispora (Kum3-B3), Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Mg112), Meyerozyma caribbica (Mc58) and Debaryomyces hansenii (Dh36) yeast strains and the content of bioactive metabolites were evaluated. Viability tests on the probiotic yeasts confirmed previous results obtained in other matrices. The functional footprint of probiotic yeasts Lt101, Mg112 and Dh36 was confirmed by a balanced nutritional profile of the final drinks, also supported by aromatic and sensory analyses. In vitro estimated glycaemic index ranged between 77 % and 87 % without any influence on glycaemic response. Strains Dh36, Mc58, Kum3-B3 and Mg112 showed high antioxidant capacity and high total phenolic content, supporting the health promoting effect of the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Agarbati
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Canonico
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciani
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Camilla Morresi
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Comitini
- Dipartimento Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
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Mkhonto C, Mokgehle SN, Mbeng WO, Ramarumo LJ, Ndlhovu PT. Review of Mimusops zeyheri Sond. (Milkwood): Distribution, Utilisation, Ecology and Population Genetics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2943. [PMID: 39458890 DOI: 10.3390/plants13202943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024]
Abstract
Mimusops zeyheri Sond. (Milkwood) is an indigenous fruit tree species with considerable ecological, cultural, and nutritional significance that remains underexploited. This review synthesizes current knowledge on its distribution, taxonomy, phytochemistry, ethnomedicinal applications, ecological functions, genetic diversity, and biotechnological potential. A systematic literature search, spanning 1949 to April 2024, yielded 87 relevant publications from an initial 155. Mimusops zeyheri plays a crucial role in supporting the cultural traditions and economic activities of Indigenous Southern African Communities. Its distribution encompasses South, East, and Southern Tropical Africa, with substantial populations across South African provinces. Ethnomedicinally, various plant parts treat conditions including wounds, gastrointestinal issues, and diabetes. The leaves (34%) and roots (32%) are used, with infusion (33%) and decoction (31%) as primary preparation methods. Oral administration (70%) is the most common, primarily addressing skin conditions (18%). Despite its nutritional richness, a standardized nutrient profile is lacking. Limited genetic diversity studies underscore the need for further research. This study highlights Mimusops zeyheri's multifaceted importance and research gaps, particularly in other Southern African countries. Future investigations should focus on comprehensive phytochemical analysis, ethnomedicinal validation, ecological conservation, genetic diversity assessment, and biotechnological applications. Multidisciplinary collaborations are recommended to promote sustainable utilization while preserving traditional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christeldah Mkhonto
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Salmina Ngoakoana Mokgehle
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Wilfred Otang Mbeng
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Luambo Jeffrey Ramarumo
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Peter Tshepiso Ndlhovu
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Private Bag X11283, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
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Okafor AL, Azeez TO, Iwuji SC, Chikelu EC, Arukalam FM. Bioactive constituents and acute toxicity of Blighia sapida capsule extracts using wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 337:118790. [PMID: 39260707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Blighia sapida, commonly known as Ackee, is a plant native to West Africa, with great cultural and therapeutic value, particularly in Western Nigeria. Traditionally, Blighia sapida capsule is used in western Nigeria to treat ecthyma in sheep and goats by heating it in hot ash. This process causes the capsule to release a liquid, which is then directly applied to the entire affected area of the skin. However, there is limited information available on its phyto-constituents and medicinal effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This work examined the bioactive constituents, acute toxicity, and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction of phytochemical constituents was carried out with distilled water and ethanol and was concentrated at 40 °C. The phytochemical constituents were determined using a variant 3800/4000 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) machine. Lorke's method was employed to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule. RESULTS The GC-MS analysis revealed 15 bioactive compounds in both extracts, with kaempferol being the most abundant. Notable pharmacologically active compounds included pyrrolidin-2-ylmethanol, rutin, quinoline, apigenin, and naringenin. The study observed distinctive differences in aqueous and ethanolic extracts compound weights and peak areas. Acute toxicity study depicts that the lethal dose of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule is above 5000 mg/kg as no mortality was recorded in the oral administration of 10, 100, 1000, 1600, 2900, and 5000 mg/kg of aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Sub-acute toxicity results indicated no significant adverse effects on kidney and liver function, although some variations in biochemical parameters were observed. Histological analysis showed normal renal and hepatic architecture in treated animals. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Blighia sapida capsule exhibited no acute toxicity and minimal sub-acute toxicity, suggesting they are safe for consumption at the tested doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taofik Oladimeji Azeez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nigeria; ACE-FUELS-FUTO, Nigeria; David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Nigeria.
| | - Samuel Chidi Iwuji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; ACE-FUELS-FUTO, Nigeria.
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Mfotie Njoya E, Tabakam GT, Chukwuma CI, Mashele SS, Makhafola TJ. Phytoconstituents of Androstachys johnsonii Prain Prevent Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Regulate the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:401. [PMID: 38671849 PMCID: PMC11047428 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to a survey, the medicinal use of Androstachys johnsonii Prain is kept secret by traditional healers. Considering that inflammation and oxidative stress are major risk factors for the progression of various chronic diseases and disorders, we resolved to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of A. johnsonii using in vitro and cell-based assays. The antioxidant activity of A. johnsonii hydroethanolic leaf extract (AJHLE) was evaluated using the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Its cytotoxic effect was assessed on RAW 264.7 macrophages using an MTT assay. Then, its anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by measuring the NO production and 15-LOX inhibitory activities. Moreover, its preventive effect on ROS production and its regulatory effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and COX-2 were determined using established methods. AJHLE strongly inhibited radicals such as ABTS•+, DPPH•, and Fe3+-TPTZ with IC50 values of 9.07 µg/mL, 8.53 µg/mL, and 79.09 µg/mL, respectively. Additionally, AJHLE induced a significant (p < 0.05) cytotoxic effect at 100 µg/mL, and when tested at non-cytotoxic concentrations, it inhibited NO and ROS production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, AJHLE showed that its anti-inflammatory action occurs via the inhibition of 15-LOX activity, the downregulation of COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression, and the upregulation of IL-10 expression. Finally, chemical investigation showed that AJHLE contains significant amounts of procyanidin, epicatechin, rutin, and syringic acid which support its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. These findings suggest that A. johnsonii is a potential source of therapeutic agents against oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mfotie Njoya
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa; (G.T.T.); (C.I.C.); (S.S.M.)
| | | | | | | | - Tshepiso J. Makhafola
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, Free State, South Africa; (G.T.T.); (C.I.C.); (S.S.M.)
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Pretorius L, Smith C. Green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) promotes gut health: insight into mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117379. [PMID: 37923252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Paralleling the increasing incidence of gastrointestinal disorders world-wide, therapeutic investigations of nutraceuticals to promote gastrointestinal health are gaining popularity. Although anecdotally well-known for its gut health promoting potential, sparse scientific evidence supports this action of Aspalathus linearis (Burm.f.) R. Dahlgren - or rooibos - at the gastrointestinal epithelial level. AIM OF THE STUDY Traditionally, rooibos is considered to exert antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-nociceptive effects in the gut. However, the direct effect on intestinal epithelium is unknown. Thus, to assess the validity of anecdotal claims, two larval zebrafish models were utilized to evaluate effects of rooibos on intestinal health. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, a larval zebrafish model of gastrointestinal inflammation (2-day TNBS-exposure) was employed. Co-administration of 6α-methylprednisolone served as an internal treatment control. Assessments included live imaging techniques and post-mortem immunofluorescent staining of epithelial tight junction proteins. In addition, whole body H2O2 and prostaglandin E2 assays were performed. Secondly, a gastrointestinal motility assay was performed, with known pro- and anti-kinetic mediators to assess the effect of rooibos to alter functional outcome in vivo. RESULTS Aqueous and ethanol extracts of green rooibos rescued TNBS-induced reductions in neutral red stained length of larval mid-intestines. Subsequent experiments confirmed the rescue capacity of the aqueous green rooibos extract regarding whole body oxidative and inflammatory status. Concerning tight junction proteins, only the aqueous green rooibos extract - and not prednisolone - normalized both zona occludens-1 and occludin expression levels when compared the TNBS group. In terms of gastrointestinal motility, the aqueous green rooibos extract significantly reduced the extent of gut motility dysregulation achieved by kinetic modulators. CONCLUSIONS Data indicates the potential of a 2 mg/ml aqueous extract of green rooibos to improve gastrointestinal integrity and functionality in vivo, suggesting beneficial effects of rooibos may already occur at the level of the gut. This provides some evidence to support indigenous knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesha Pretorius
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7500, South Africa.
| | - Carine Smith
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7500, South Africa.
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Saki M, De Villiers H, Ntsapi C, Tiloke C. The Hepatoprotective Effects of Moringa oleifera against Antiretroviral-Induced Cytotoxicity in HepG 2 Cells: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3235. [PMID: 37765399 PMCID: PMC10537654 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a lentivirus species that attacks immune cells (CD4+ T cells), causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-positive people manage HIV/AIDS by using antiretroviral therapy (ART). The ART treatment regimen contains two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor/integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Tenofovir, an NRTI approved for managing HIV infection, is associated with hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis, which are linked to mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. Due to side-effects associated with ART, people living with HIV often use medicinal plants or a combination of medicinal plants with ART to promote adherence and diminish the side-effects and cytotoxicity. The Moringa oleifera (MO) tree from the family of Moringaceae is among the medicinal trees studied in managing HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. The MO tree extracts have been reported to have inhibitory activity primarily against HIV due to their bioactive compounds. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the use of the MO tree amongst HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in South Africa and its effect on patient compliance and outcomes. Thus, this review aims to outline the impact of MO aqueous leaf extract on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in human HepG2 liver cells after exposure to antiretrovirals such as tenofovir. The review will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the potential protective effect of MO aqueous leaf extract on tenofovir-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charlette Tiloke
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa; (M.S.); (H.D.V.); (C.N.)
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Bansal S, Sharma MK, Singh S, Joshi P, Pathania P, Malhotra EV, Rajkumar S, Misra P. Histological and molecular insights in to in vitro regeneration pattern of Xanthosoma sagittifolium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5806. [PMID: 37037867 PMCID: PMC10086020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33064-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A study on the effect of various phytohormonal combinations on in vitro propagation of Cocoyam [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott] was conducted to develop an improved and efficient in vitro regeneration protocol for its mass multiplication. Histological analysis to understand the in vitro regeneration pattern and genetic fidelity assessment of regenerated plants were also carried out. Single shoots excised from in vitro established cultures of X. sagittifolium were used as explants. Among the 32 different phytohormonal combinations tested, indirect organogenesis with intervening callus phase was observed on majority of the media combinations. Meristematic clump formation was optimally achieved on all the tested media combinations with maximum 43.54 ± 0.51 shoot primordia on MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA followed by 36.44 ± 0.76 shoot primordia on MS medium having 2.5 mg/L TDZ. Micro-morphological analysis of different morphogenetic structures revealed that the regeneration of cocoyam is well executed via meristematic nodules, shoot primordia formation that may evolve in to proper shoots. Adventitious shoots (> 2 cm) were successfully (100.00 ± 0.00%) rooted on the half-strength MS medium containing IBA (0.05-1.0 mg/L) and IAA (0.05-0.5 mg/L). The number of roots ranged from 0.78 ± 0.31 on the control half-strength MS medium to 13.94 ± 0.46 on half-strength MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/L IBA. Considering somaclonal variations as a potential restriction to in vitro multiplication of plants, genetic stability was assessed using 40 ISSR primers. The PCR amplification profiles obtained from all the tested propagules (calli, meristematic clumps, regenerated plantlets) were similar to the mother plants indicating the homogeneity of the individuals raised through the regeneration protocol reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Bansal
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Shivangi Singh
- Sam Higgimbottom University of Agriculture and Technology, Prayagraj, UP, India
| | - Parampara Joshi
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pooja Pathania
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Era V Malhotra
- Tissue Culture and Cryopreservation Unit, ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - S Rajkumar
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR- National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Pragati Misra
- Sam Higgimbottom University of Agriculture and Technology, Prayagraj, UP, India
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Fajinmi OO, Olarewaju OO, Van Staden J. Propagation of Medicinal Plants for Sustainable Livelihoods, Economic Development, and Biodiversity Conservation in South Africa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1174. [PMID: 36904034 PMCID: PMC10007054 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
South Africa is blessed with vast plant resources and unique vegetation types. Indigenous South African medicinal plants have been well-harnessed to generate income in rural communities. Many of these plants have been processed into natural products to heal a variety of diseases, making them valuable export commodities. South Africa has one of the most effective bio-conservation policies in Africa, which has protected the South African indigenous medicinal vegetation. However, there is a strong link between government policies for biodiversity conservation, the propagation of medicinal plants as a source of livelihood, and the development of propagation techniques by research scientists. Tertiary institutions nationwide have played a crucial role in the development of effective propagation protocols for valuable South African medicinal plants. The government-restricted harvest policies have also helped to nudge natural product companies and medicinal plant marketers to embrace the cultivated plants for their medicinal uses, and thus have helped support the South African economy and biodiversity conservation. Propagation methods used for the cultivation of the relevant medicinal plants vary according to plant family and vegetation type, among others. Plants from the Cape areas, such as the Karoo, are often resuscitated after bushfires, and propagation protocols mimicking these events have been established through seed propagation protocols with controlled temperatures and other conditions, to establish seedlings of such plants. Thus, this review highlights the role of the propagation of highly utilized and traded medicinal plants in the South African traditional medicinal system. Some valuable medicinal plants that sustain livelihoods and are highly sought-after as export raw materials are discussed. The effect of South African bio-conservation registration on the propagation of these plants and the roles of the communities and other stakeholders in the development of propagation protocols for highly utilized and endangered medicinal plants are also covered. The role of various propagation methods on the bioactive compounds' composition of medicinal plants and issues of quality assurance are addressed. The available literature, media online news, newspapers, and other resources, such as published books and manuals, were scrutinized for information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunke O. Fajinmi
- Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Olaoluwa O. Olarewaju
- Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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Tyavambiza C, Meyer M, Wusu AD, Madiehe AM, Meyer S. The Antioxidant and In Vitro Wound Healing Activity of Cotyledon orbiculata Aqueous Extract and the Synthesized Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416094. [PMID: 36555732 PMCID: PMC9781072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using biogenic methods, particularly plants, has led to the discovery of several effective nanoparticles. In many instances, plant-derived silver nanoparticles have been shown to have more activity than the plant extract which was used to synthesize the nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using the medicinal plant, Cotyledon orbiculata. This is a shrub found in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It has a long history of use in traditional medicine in the treatment of wounds and skin infections. The C. orbiculata synthesized silver nanoparticles (Cotyledon-AgNPs) were reported to have good antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities; however, their wound-healing properties have not been determined. This study aimed to determine the wound healing activity of Cotyledon-AgNPs using the scratch assay. Gene expression studies were also done to determine the nanoparticles' mechanism of action. The Cotyledon-AgNPs showed good antioxidant, growth-promoting and cell migration properties. Gene expression studies showed that the C. orbiculata water extract and Cotyledon-AgNPs promoted wound healing by upregulating genes involved in cell proliferation, migration and growth while downregulating pro-inflammatory genes. This confirms, for the first time that a water extract of C. orbiculata and silver nanoparticles synthesized from this extract are good wound-healing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tyavambiza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Adedoja Dorcas Wusu
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Abram Madimabe Madiehe
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7530, South Africa
- Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7530, South Africa
| | - Samantha Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-959-6251
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Docrat TF, Abdul NS, Marnewick JL. The phytotherapeutic potential of commercial South African medicinal plants: current knowledge and future prospects. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
South Africa, a country considered affluent in nature, ranks third in global biodiversity and encompasses approximately 9% of higher plants on planet Earth. Many indigenous plants have been utilised as herbal medicine, proving successful in treating numerous ailments. From the common cold to pandemic maladies such as COVID-19 in the 21st century and the treatment of incurable diseases, South African inhabitants have found great promise in the healing properties of these plants. Phytomedicine is a rapidly evolving topic, with in-depth bioactive composition analysis, identifying therapeutic action mechanisms, and disease prevention. While we are now poised to take advantage of nature’s medicine cabinet with greater scientific vigour, it remains critical that these practises are done with caution. Overharvesting significantly impacts biodiversity and cultivation practices amidst the beautiful nature of these nutraceuticals. This book chapter focuses on the therapeutic potential of commonly used South African medicinal plants, their ethnopharmacological properties, and how we can conserve this treasure cove we call home for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen F. Docrat
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Naeem Sheik Abdul
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Jeanine L. Marnewick
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology , Bellville , South Africa
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Odukoya JO, Odukoya JO, Mmutlane EM, Ndinteh DT. Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases and Their Associated Risk Factors in sub-Saharan Africa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1387. [PMID: 35631812 PMCID: PMC9143319 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of global mortality, including deaths arising from non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Consequently, this study aimed to provide details of medicinal plants (MPs) employed in SSA for the treatment of CVDs and their related risk factors to open new avenues for the discovery of novel drugs. The extensive ethnopharmacological literature survey of these MPs in 41 SSA countries was based on studies from 1982 to 2021. It revealed 1,085 MPs belonging to 218 botanical families, with Fabaceae (9.61%), Asteraceae (6.77%), Apocynaceae (3.93%), Lamiaceae (3.75%), and Rubiaceae (3.66%) being the most represented. Meanwhile, Allium sativum L., Persea americana Mill., Moringa oleifera Lam., Mangifera indica L., and Allium cepa L. are the five most utilised plant species. The preferred plant parts include the leaves (36%), roots (21%), barks (14%), fruits (7%), and seeds (5%), which are mostly prepared by decoction. Benin, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa, and Togo had the highest reported use while most of the investigations were on diabetes and hypertension. Despite the nutraceutical advantages of some of these MPs, their general toxicity potential calls for caution in their human long-term use. Overall, the study established the need for governments of SSA countries to validate the efficacy/safety of these MPs as well as provide affordable, accessible, and improved modern healthcare services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Oluwaseun Odukoya
- Centre for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Department of Chemistry, The Federal University of Technology, Akure PMB 704, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Julianah Olayemi Odukoya
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin PMB 1530, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Edwin Mpho Mmutlane
- Centre for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
| | - Derek Tantoh Ndinteh
- Centre for Natural Products Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, P.O. Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa;
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Characterization and Toxicity of Hypoxoside Capped Silver Nanoparticles. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081037. [PMID: 35448764 PMCID: PMC9033108 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reducing potential of plant extracts in the green synthesis of nanoparticles has been associated with their phytochemicals. Although pharmacologically inactive, a norlignan diglucoside “hypoxoside” (HP) occurs in large quantities in the extract of Hypoxis hemerocallidea (HE). In this work, HP was isolated from HE where both were used in the biosynthesis of the corresponding silver nanoparticles (HP-AgNPs and HE-AgNPs). The AgNPs were fully characterized using various physicochemical techniques and their antimicrobial and anticancer properties were evaluated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed sizes of 24.3 ± 4 nm for the HE-AgNPs and 3.9 ± 1.6 nm for the HP-AgNPs. The HE-AgNPs demonstrated enhanced anti-bactericidal effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1.95 µg/mL, competing well with the standard drug. The cytotoxic activity showed that the HE-AgNPs reduced cell viability with an IC50 of 0.81 and 4.0 µg/mL, respectively, for the U87 and U251 cells, while the HP-AgNPs displayed 0.20 and 0.55 µg/mL for both cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, while the HE-AgNPs were selective to U87 alone, the HP-AgNPs were selective to both glioblastoma cells tested. The study demonstrated the ability of a single phytoconstituent (hypoxoside), not only as the chief bioreductant in the extract, but also as a standalone reducing and capping agent, producing ultra-small, spherical, and monodispersed AgNPs with enhanced biological properties.
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Kowalczyk T, Merecz-Sadowska A, Rijo P, Mori M, Hatziantoniou S, Górski K, Szemraj J, Piekarski J, Śliwiński T, Bijak M, Sitarek P. Hidden in Plants-A Review of the Anticancer Potential of the Solanaceae Family in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1455. [PMID: 35326606 PMCID: PMC8946528 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the anticancer agents that are currently in use demonstrate severe side effects and encounter increasing resistance from the target cancer cells. Thus, despite significant advances in cancer therapy in recent decades, there is still a need to discover and develop new, alternative anticancer agents. The plant kingdom contains a range of phytochemicals that play important roles in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. The Solanaceae family is widely used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, due to its bioactive ingredient content. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the antitumour activity of Solanaceae extracts-single isolated compounds and nanoparticles with extracts-and their synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic agents in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models. In addition, the biological properties of many plants of the Solanaceae family have not yet been investigated, which represents a challenge and an opportunity for future anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Computer Science in Economics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Patricia Rijo
- CBIOS—Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal;
- iMed.ULisboa—Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Sophia Hatziantoniou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Karol Górski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Janusz Piekarski
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University in Lodz, Nicolaus Copernicus Multidisciplinary Centre for Oncology and Traumatology, 93-513 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Brendler T, Abdel-Tawab M. Buchu (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata): Rightfully Forgotten or Underutilized? Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:813142. [PMID: 35197854 PMCID: PMC8859318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.813142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, the term buchu refers to the two species in commerce, Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans and Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans (Rutaceae). Its traditional use in urinary tract infections and related ailments made it a popular remedy, specifically in the US, in 19th century, but with the advent of antibiotics it became largely obsolete. Recent focus is on technological use and on the essential oil for use in the perfume and food-flavouring industry. A review of the scarce pharmacological research revealed moderate antimicrobial activity for a leaf extract but not the essential oil of both species in the MIC assay. In the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) assay the essential oil of both species revealed IC50 values of 50.37 ± 1.87 μg/ml and 59.15 ± 7.44 μg/ml, respectively. In another study 98% inhibitory activity was determined for 250 μg/ml of an ethanolic extract of A. betulina on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and a 25% inhibitory activity on COX-2. Analgesic activity of an ethanolic extract of A. betulina was shown in mice. Moderate antioxidant activity was determined for methanol:dichlormethane extracts of A. betulina and A. crenulata and an aqueous extract of A. betulina showed a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of 11.8 µM Trolox. Recent in vitro studies with a commercial aqueous extract of buchu revealed increased uptake of glucose added to 3T3-L1 cell line, significant inhibition of the respiratory burst of neutrophils and monocytes, reduction in the expression of adhesion molecules and inhibition of the release of IL-6 and TNF-α. In diabetic rats the ingestion of aqueous buchu extract completely normalized the glucose level and in rats receiving a high fat diet the consumption of aqueous buchu extract resulted in less weight gain and less intraperitoneal fat gain as well as reduction of elevated blood pressure to normal associated with cardioprotective effects. Limitations in the hitherto conducted research lie in the undisclosed composition of the buchu extracts used and the difficulty in extrapolating data from animal studies to humans. Health claims for buchu products need to be substantiated by randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled studies. Only then can they be promoted for their true therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brendler
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Plantaphile, Collingswood, NJ, United States
- Traditional Medicinals Inc., Rohnert Park, CA, United States
| | - Mona Abdel-Tawab
- Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, Eschborn, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Khumalo GP, Van Wyk BE, Feng Y, Cock IE. A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory pain. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114436. [PMID: 34289396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Inflammation is a serious global concern due to its debilitating symptoms, resulting in considerable suffering and lost productivity. Chronic and auto-immune inflammatory diseases are of particular concern. Several pharmaceutical therapies are already available. However, the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) is accompanied by harmful and toxic side effects. Hence, the search for safer alternative therapeutics with limited side effects is imperative. The use of medicinal plants is common practice amongst the southern African population and may provide targets for drug development. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to review and document the medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of southern African medicinal plants used for inflammation and pain-related ailments. MATERIAL AND METHODS An extensive literature review was undertaken to identify southern African plants used traditionally to treat inflammation. A variety of ethnobotanical books and grey literature, as well as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scopus search engines were used as sources of information. RESULTS This review identified 555 medicinal plants from 118 families which were traditionally used in southern Africa to treat inflammation and pain. Fabaceae was the most prominent family with 63 species, followed by Asteraceae (54 species) and Apocynaceae (33 species). The top category of ailments indicated include non-specific inflammation with 150 species, followed by inflammatory pain (148 species), headache (114 species) and toothache (114 species). CONCLUSION Despite a large number of southern African medicinal plants used to treat inflammation and pain, relatively few have been screened for their anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, biologically active plant extracts have been tested against relatively few inflammatory markers and considerable further work is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugulethu P Khumalo
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Griffith Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Ben Erik Van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yunjiang Feng
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Griffith Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, 46 Don Young Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E Cock
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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van Rayne KK, Adebo OA, Wokadala OC, Ngobese NZ. The potential of Strychnos spp L. Utilization in Food Insecurity Alleviation: A review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2012791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiana K. van Rayne
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi A. Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Obiro C. Wokadala
- Postharvest Technology Programme, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - Nomali Z. Ngobese
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Constraints to Cultivation of Medicinal Plants by Smallholder Farmers in South Africa. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Growing demand for therapeutic products from indigenous medicinal plants has led to increased interest in its cultivation, which presents a viable option for improving smallholder farmers’ livelihoods, as well as sustaining the availability of these resources for future generations. Serious bottlenecks however exist for subsistent farmers in the cultivation of these valuable plants. It was pertinent to probe whether the cultivation of medicinal plants provides feasible solutions to rural poverty, while effectively conserving threatened indigenous biodiversity. The paper employed a comprehensive review of existing literature to explore issues constraining smallholder farmers from involvement in a potentially lucrative plant value chain. Findings indicate challenges such as inadequate domestication of valuable plants species, continued over-harvesting from wild populations, poor knowledge of required agronomic practices, low efficacy perception regarding derivatives from cultivated plants, among others. These constraints occur alongside the conservation-oriented strategy driven by international conservation agencies and wholly adopted by the South African government. Recommendations to improve smallholder involvement in the cultivation of medicinal plants include support to research and extension, targeted inducement to smallholders, contracting and off-take agreements, aimed at promoting an alternative poverty-alleviation-focused economic development strategy. The review adds to the conceptual discourse related to plant diversity, resource conservation, poverty alleviation, and economic development
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Tyavambiza C, Dube P, Goboza M, Meyer S, Madiehe AM, Meyer M. Wound Healing Activities and Potential of Selected African Medicinal Plants and Their Synthesized Biogenic Nanoparticles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122635. [PMID: 34961106 PMCID: PMC8706794 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Africa, medicinal plants have been traditionally used as a source of medicine for centuries. To date, African medicinal plants continue to play a significant role in the treatment of wounds. Chronic wounds are associated with severe healthcare and socio-economic burdens despite the use of conventional therapies. Emergence of novel wound healing strategies using medicinal plants in conjunction with nanotechnology has the potential to develop efficacious wound healing therapeutics with enhanced wound repair mechanisms. This review identified African medicinal plants and biogenic nanoparticles used to promote wound healing through various mechanisms including improved wound contraction and epithelialization as well as antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. To achieve this, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scifinder® and Google Scholar were used to search for medicinal plants used by the African populace that were scientifically evaluated for their wound healing activities in both in vitro and in vivo models from 2004 to 2021. Additionally, data on the wound healing mechanisms of biogenic nanoparticles synthesized using African medicinal plants is included herein. The continued scientific evaluation of wound healing African medicinal plants and the development of novel nanomaterials using these plants is imperative in a bid to alleviate the detrimental effects of chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tyavambiza
- Phytotherapy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (C.T.); (S.M.)
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (P.D.); (M.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Phumuzile Dube
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (P.D.); (M.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Mediline Goboza
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (P.D.); (M.G.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Samantha Meyer
- Phytotherapy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (C.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Abram Madimabe Madiehe
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (P.D.); (M.G.); (A.M.M.)
- Nanobiotechnology Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (P.D.); (M.G.); (A.M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-21-9592032
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Oboh M, Govender L, Siwela M, Mkhwanazi BN. Anti-Diabetic Potential of Plant-Based Pentacyclic Triterpene Derivatives: Progress Made to Improve Efficacy and Bioavailability. Molecules 2021; 26:7243. [PMID: 34885816 PMCID: PMC8659003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) results from the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin or weakened cellular response to the insulin produced, which leads to hyperglycemia. Current treatments of DM focus on the use of oral hypoglycemic drugs such as acarbose, alpha-glucose inhibitors, sulphonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and biguanides to control blood glucose levels. However, these medications are known to have various side effects in addition to their bioavailability, efficacy, and safety concerns. These drawbacks have increased interest in the anti-diabetic potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds such as oleanolic and maslinic acids. Although their efficacy in ameliorating blood glucose levels has been reported in several studies, their bioavailability and efficacy remain of concern. The current review examines the anti-diabetic effects of oleanolic, maslinic, asiatic, ursolic, and corosolic acids and their derivatives, as well as the progress made thus far to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. The literature for the current review was gathered from leading academic databases-including Google Scholar and PubMed-the key words listed below were used. The literature was searched as widely and comprehensively as possible without a defined range of dates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Blessing Nkazimulo Mkhwanazi
- Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa; (M.O.); (L.G.); (M.S.)
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21
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Aboyewa JA, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer M, Oguntibeju OO. Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Some Selected Medicinal Plants from Southern Africa and Their Biological Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1929. [PMID: 34579460 PMCID: PMC8472917 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The application of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), especially that of silver, gold, cobalt, and zinc as antimicrobial, anticancer, drug delivery, contrast, and bioimaging agents has transformed the field of medicine. Their functions, which are attributed to their physicochemical properties, have gained prominence in various technological fields. Although MNPs can be produced via rigorous physical and chemical techniques, in recent years, a biological approach utilizing natural materials has been developed. With the increasing enthusiasm for safe and efficient nanomaterials, the biological method incorporating microorganisms and plants is preferred over physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis. Of these bio-entities, plants have received great attention owing to their capability to reduce and stabilize MNPs in a single one-pot protocol. South Africa is home to ~10% of the world's plant species, making it a major contributor to the world's ecological scenery. Despite the documented contribution of South African plants, particularly in herbal medicine, very few of these plants have been explored for the synthesis of the noble MNPs. This paper provides a review of some important South African medicinal plants that have been utilized for the synthesis of MNPs. The enhanced biological properties of the biogenic MNPs attest to their relevance in medicine. In this endeavour, more of the African plant biodiversity must be explored for the synthesis of MNPs and be validated for their potential to be translated into future nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumoke A. Aboyewa
- Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Nicole R. S. Sibuyi
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7530, South Africa;
| | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7530, South Africa;
| | - Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju
- Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
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22
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Cock I, Mavuso N, Van Vuuren S. A Review of Plant-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Traditional Southern African Medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:7341124. [PMID: 34367307 PMCID: PMC8346297 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7341124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are amongst the most common bacterial infections globally, with ∼11% of the world's population contracting at least one infection annually. Several South African plants are used in traditional healing systems to treat UTIs, yet the therapeutic potential of these plants against bacteria that cause UTI remains poorly explored. This study documents southern African plant species used traditionally to treat UTIs. An extensive literature review was undertaken to document the southern African plant species that are used in traditional South African medicine to treat UTIs, thereby highlighting gaps in the current research that require further study. One hundred and fifty-three southern African plant species that are used to treat UTIs were identified. Eighty-five southern African plants were identified as having noteworthy inhibitory activity against the major UTI-causing bacteria. Few of those studies screened against all of the bacterial causes of UTIs, and none of those studies examined the mechanism of action of the plant preparations. Furthermore, many of those studies did not test the toxicity of the plant extracts, so an evaluation of the safety for therapeutic usage was lacking. Substantial further research is to determine their potential for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nothando Mavuso
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
| | - Sandy Van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2193, South Africa
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Mkhumbeni N, Pillay M, Mtunzi F, Motaung KSC. Effect of Eucomis autumnalis on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:136-149. [PMID: 34269614 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucomis autumnalis subsp. autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. (EASA) is a commonly used medicinal plant for the treatment of fractures, osteoarthritis, back pain, and wound healing in Southern Africa. In this study, the effects of water and acetone extracts of EASA on the viability, osteogenic differentiation, and mineralization of human adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) were investigated in vitro. The results showed that both water and acetone extracts of EASA increased cell viability at concentrations between 10 to 50 µg/mL on day 7 and 14 of treatment. Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of hADSCs was optimal at 5 μg/mL for the water extract and at 5 to 10 μg/ml for the acetone extract. A 5 µg/ml acetone extract up-regulated the expression of the ALP, Runx2, Col1a1, and osteocalcin genes. In addition, EASA up-regulated β-catenin, cyclin D1 and osteoprotegerin genes. The results suggest that EASA may likely up-regulate the expression of β-catenin, which subsequently up-regulates the osteogenic marker genes through Runx2. On the other hand, EASA also up-regulates cyclin D1 supporting the growth of precursor cells. Additionally, EASA upregulated the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) suggesting that it may inhibit bone resorption. The results of this study support the traditional use of the plant in bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolutho Mkhumbeni
- Tshwane University of Technology Faculty of Science, 275316, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.,Vaal University of Technology Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, 442135, Department of Health Sciences, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Michael Pillay
- Vaal University of Technology Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, 442135, Department of Biotechnology, Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa;
| | - Fanyana Mtunzi
- Vaal University of Technology Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences, 442135, Department of Chemistry , Vanderbijlpark, Gauteng, South Africa;
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Manganyi MC, Bezuidenhout CC, Regnier T, Ateba CN. A Chewable Cure "Kanna": Biological and Pharmaceutical Properties of Sceletium tortuosum. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092557. [PMID: 33924742 PMCID: PMC8124331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N.E.Br. (Mesembryanthemaceae), commonly known as kanna or kougoed, is an effective indigenous medicinal plant in South Africa, specifically to the native San and Khoikhoi tribes. Today, the plant has gained strong global attraction and reputation due to its capabilities to promote a sense of well-being by relieving stress with calming effects. Historically, the plant was used by native San hunter-gatherers and Khoi people to quench their thirst, fight fatigue and for healing, social, and spiritual purposes. Various studies have revealed that extracts of the plant have numerous biological properties and isolated alkaloids of Sceletium tortuosum are currently being used as dietary supplements for medicinal purposes and food. Furthermore, current research has focused on the commercialization of the plant because of its treatment in clinical anxiety and depression, psychological and psychiatric disorders, improving mood, promoting relaxation and happiness. In addition, several studies have focused on the isolation and characterization of various beneficial bioactive compounds including alkaloids from the Sceletium tortuosum plant. Sceletium was reviewed more than a decade ago and new evidence has been published since 2008, substantiating an update on this South African botanical asset. Thus, this review provides an extensive overview of the biological and pharmaceutical properties of Sceletium tortuosum as well as the bioactive compounds with an emphasis on antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and other significant biological effects. There is a need to critically evaluate the bioactivities and responsible bioactive compounds, which might assist in reinforcing and confirming the significant role of kanna in the promotion of healthy well-being in these stressful times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madira Coutlyne Manganyi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Cornelius Carlos Bezuidenhout
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
| | - Thierry Regnier
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Collins Njie Ateba
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa;
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Characterization of an Endemic Plant Origanum grosii from Morocco: Trace Element Concentration and Antihyperglycemic Activities. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8840998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Origanum genus is one of the most widely used herbs in folk medicine for its biological properties. The present investigation aims to characterize, for the first time, endemic Origanum grosii collected from the Taounate region, Morocco. This characterization was realized by determining the concentration of metals in different parts of the plant (flowers, leaves, and stems) by ICP-MS, and the results were studied statistically by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Phytochemical screening with the dosage of polyphenols and flavonoids has been conducted. To know more about this species, antihyperglycemic tests have been performed to highlight the presence or absence of the antidiabetic effect for this plant. An Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) has been performed on normal mice which were divided into two groups of six mice each. Group 1 (control group) was treated with distilled water, and group 2 was treated with an aqueous extract of O. grosii by gavage at 150 mg/kg. Digestive enzyme α-amylase inhibition assay has also been evaluated to study the inhibition effect of the studied extract using acarbose as a control. The results showed that the leaves exhibited a high concentration of trace elements (Ca, Mg, and K) and total absence of heavy metals, which were found in small quantities (Cr, Ni, and B) on the stems, and this makes the plant safe to use. On the other hand, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, and steroids were the major families strongly present in this species. The antidiabetic results showed that O. grosii have significantly reduced postprandial hyperglycemia after glucose loading in normal rats. It showed also that this species has a significant antihyperglycemic activity reflected by the inhibition of α-amylase. The one responsible for this property could be the synergy between the trace elements and the nature of the chemical families of O. grosii species, which can make this plant useful in the management of postprandial hyperglycemia.
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Mehrbod P, Hudy D, Shyntum D, Markowski J, Łos MJ, Ghavami S. Quercetin as a Natural Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Influenza Virus. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E10. [PMID: 33374214 PMCID: PMC7824064 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical burden caused by respiratory manifestations of influenza virus (IV) outbreak as an infectious respiratory disease is so great that governments in both developed and developing countries have allocated significant national budget toward the development of strategies for prevention, control, and treatment of this infection, which is seemingly common and treatable, but can be deadly. Frequent mutations in its genome structure often result in resistance to standard medications. Thus, new generations of treatments are critical to combat this ever-evolving infection. Plant materials and active compounds have been tested for many years, including, more recently, active compounds like flavonoids. Quercetin is a compound belonging to the flavonols class and has shown therapeutic effects against influenza virus. The focus of this review includes viral pathogenesis as well as the application of quercetin and its derivatives as a complementary therapy in controlling influenza and its related symptoms based on the targets. We also touch on the potential of this class of compounds for treatment of SARS-COV-2, the cause of new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Divine Shyntum
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Markowski
- Department of Laryngology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-027 Katowice, Poland; (D.H.); (J.M.)
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-344 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
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Raimi IO, Kopaopa BG, Mugivhisa LL, Lewu FB, Amoo SO, Olowoyo JO. An appraisal of documented medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer in Africa over a twenty-year period (1998–2018). J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) and its fractions. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1138-1144. [PMID: 32983901 PMCID: PMC7493130 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral toxicity effect of crude methanolic extract (CMX) of Diospyros mespiliformis hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) was studied. Crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis has an LD50 higher than 5 g/kg post oral treatment in rats, thus relatively safe. The leaf and bark ethyl acetate fractions of D. mespiliformis were relatively safe post 28-days repeated treatment in rats.
Diospyros mespiliformis, commonly called Jackal berry or African ebony, belongs to the plant family, Ebenaceae. The roots, barks and leaves have been used traditionally to treat wide varieties of conditions, however, there is limited information and literature reports concerning the toxicity and safety of this plant. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis and its fraction in Wistar rats. Diospyros mespiliformis was extracted by methanol 96 %. The crude methanolic extract was then fractionated into low, average and high polar compounds using hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol respectively. For the acute toxicity study, the revised limit Dose Test of “Up and Down” procedure according to the OECD guideline was used to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the crude methanolic leaf and bark extracts using a single fixed dose (5 g/kg) of the extracts administered by oral-gavage sequentially to 5 female Wistar rats. The rats were observed for instant death and toxicity signs for 24 h and then daily for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the bark and leaf ethyl acetate fractions (extract) was administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw /day respectively for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. At the end of the experimental period, body weight, certain haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results showed that acute oral administration of crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis (5 g/kg bw) produced neither mortality nor visible changes in behavior or any other physiological activities and indicated that the LD50 of crude methanolic leaf and bark extract was greater than 5 g/kg bw in Wistar Rats. In the 28-days repeated dose oral toxicity study, no significant toxic effects was detected in any of the parameters evaluated. In conclusion, the crude methanolic extract was found safe in the acute toxicity study and the ethyl acetate fraction of Diospyros mespiliformis in the sub chronic study in rats could be safe for therapeutic purposes over a period not exceeding 28 days.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- DW, Distilled water
- Diospyros mespiliformis
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Ethyl acetate
- HEL, H and E haematoxylin and eosin
- K+, potassium
- LD50, median lethal dose
- MCH, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- MCHC, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
- MCV, Mean corpuscular volume
- Median lethal dose
- NC, normal control
- Na+, sodium
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PCV, Packed cell volume
- RBC, Red blood cells
- Repeated dose toxicity
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TB, Total bilirubin
- TC, Total cholesterol
- UDP, Up and Down” Procedure
- UDU, Usmanu Danfodiyo University
- WBC, White blood cells
- WHO, world health organization
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Mofokeng MM, Prinsloo G, Araya HT, du Plooy CP, Sathekge NR, Amoo SO, Steyn JM. Yield and Metabolite Production of Pelargonium sidoides DC. in Response to Irrigation and Nitrogen Management. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060219. [PMID: 32471248 PMCID: PMC7345895 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition for water between agricultural and non-agricultural economic sectors hampers agricultural production, especially in water-scarce regions. Understanding crop responses in terms of yield and quality to irrigation is an important factor in designing appropriate irrigation management for optimal crop production and quality. Pelargonium sidoides DC., often harvested from the wild, is in high demand in the informal market and for commercial formulations. Agricultural production of high-quality materials through cultivation can help reduce pressure on its wild populations. This study aimed at determining the effects of water and nitrogen on P. sidoides yield and metabolite production. The irrigation treatments applied were 30%, 50%, and 70% of an allowable depletion level (ADL), while the nitrogen (N) levels were 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1. The 30% ADL resulted in a significantly higher biomass and root yield. Nitrogen at 50 and 100 kg ha−1 resulted in a significantly higher biomass yield, compared to the N control. An increase in sugars and citrate cycle components was observed for the well-watered 30% ADL treatment, whereas water-stressed (50% and 70% ADL) treatments increased alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, increasing levels of asparagine, 4-aminobutyrate, and arginine. The treatments had no significant effect on the root content of esculin, scopoletin, and umckalin. Water stress induced metabolite synthesis to mitigate the stress condition, whereas under no water stress primary metabolites were synthesized. Moreover, cultivation of P. sidoides as a conservation strategy can increase yield without affecting its bioactivity, while providing sustenance for the rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motiki M. Mofokeng
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant (ARC-VOP), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.T.A.); (C.P.d.P.); (S.O.A.)
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-12-808-8000
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa;
| | - Hintsa T. Araya
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant (ARC-VOP), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.T.A.); (C.P.d.P.); (S.O.A.)
| | - Christian P. du Plooy
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant (ARC-VOP), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.T.A.); (C.P.d.P.); (S.O.A.)
| | - Ntshakga R. Sathekge
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant (ARC-VOP), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.T.A.); (C.P.d.P.); (S.O.A.)
| | - Stephen O. Amoo
- Agricultural Research Council, Roodeplaat-Vegetable and Ornamental Plant (ARC-VOP), Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (H.T.A.); (C.P.d.P.); (S.O.A.)
| | - J. Martin Steyn
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
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Diversity and Conservation through Cultivation of Hypoxis in Africa—A Case Study of Hypoxis hemerocallidea. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Africa has the largest diversity of the genus Hypoxis, accounting for 61% of the current globally accepted taxa within the genus, including some endemic species. Using Hypoxis hemerocallidea as a case study, this review addresses the conservation concerns arising from the unsustainable, wild harvesting of a number of Hypoxis species. Hypoxis hemerocallidea is one of the wild-harvested, economically important, indigenous medicinal plants of southern Africa, with potential in natural product and drug development. There are several products made from the species, including capsules, tinctures, tonics and creams that are available in the market. The use of H. hemerocallidea as a “cure-all” medicine puts an important harvesting pressure on the species. Unsustainable harvesting causes a continuing decline of its populations and it is therefore of high priority for conservation, including a strong case to cultivate the species. Reviewing the current knowledge and gaps on cultivation of H. hemerocallidea, we suggest the creation of a platform for linking all the stakeholders in the industry.
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Mgwatyu Y, Stander AA, Ferreira S, Williams W, Hesse U. Rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) Genome Size Estimation Using Flow Cytometry and K-Mer Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E270. [PMID: 32085566 PMCID: PMC7076435 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes provide information on biosynthetic pathways involved in the production of industrially relevant compounds. Genome size estimates are essential for the initiation of genome projects. The genome size of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis species complex) was estimated using DAPI flow cytometry and k-mer analyses. For flow cytometry, a suitable nuclei isolation buffer, plant tissue and a transport medium for rooibos ecotype samples collected from distant locations were identified. When using radicles from commercial rooibos seedlings, Woody Plant Buffer and Vicia faba as an internal standard, the flow cytometry-estimated genome size of rooibos was 1.24 ± 0.01 Gbp. The estimates for eight wild rooibos growth types did not deviate significantly from this value. K-mer analysis was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing data from one commercial rooibos genotype. For biocomputational estimation of the genome size, four k-mer analysis methods were investigated: A standard formula and three popular programs (BBNorm, GenomeScope, and FindGSE). GenomeScope estimates were strongly affected by parameter settings, specifically CovMax. When using the complete k-mer frequency histogram (up to 9 × 105), the programs did not deviate significantly, estimating an average rooibos genome size of 1.03 ± 0.04 Gbp. Differences between the flow cytometry and biocomputational estimates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamkela Mgwatyu
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute (SANBI), University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa;
| | - Allison Anne Stander
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Stephan Ferreira
- WestCape Biotech, Portion 26 of Farm 27, R304, Koelenhof, Stellenbosh 7605, South Africa;
| | - Wesley Williams
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Uljana Hesse
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa; (A.A.S.); (W.W.)
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Mothibe ME, Kahler-Venter CP, Osuch E. Evaluation of the in vitro effects of commercial herbal preparations significant in African traditional medicine on platelets. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:224. [PMID: 31438931 PMCID: PMC6704509 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercial herbal medicines (CHMs) marketed as immune boosters are gaining wide popularity in South Africa, in the absence of control and regulatory guidelines. These commercially packaged and labelled herbal preparations, acquired in various retail outlets, are used without consulting either a conventional health provider or a traditional health practitioner. Although they are indicated for immune-boosting purposes, they might exert many other beneficial and unwanted effects on physiological systems. Platelets are crucial in haemostasis and important for the immunological system. The aim was to investigate the effect of the CHMs used to strengthen the immune system on the activity of human platelets. METHODS Six CHMs commonly used as African traditional medicines in Pretoria, South Africa, were tested for their effects on healthy, isolated human platelets, using a bioluminescence method. The tested herbal medicines were Intlamba Zifo™, Maphilisa™ Herbal medicine, Matla™ African medicine for all diseases, Ngoma™ Herbal Tonic Immune Booster, Stametta™ Body Healing Liquid, and Vuka Uphile™ Immune Booster and serial-diluted standards of each from 10 to 10,000 times. The luminol-enhanced luminescence activity of the platelets was measured after incubation with the herbal medicines and activation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). RESULTS Five herbal medicines, namely Intlamba Zifo™, Maphilisa™ Herbal medicine, Matla™ African medicine for all diseases, Stametta™ Body Healing Liquid, and Vuka Uphile™ Immune Booster exerted comparable weak inhibitory effects on both PMA and fMLP-induced platelets, which were concentration dependent at high doses, and inversely related to concentration at low doses. Intlamba Zifo™, Matla™ African medicine for all diseases, Stametta™ Body Healing Liquid, and Vuka Uphile™ exhibited weak, but non-systematic stimulatory effects at low doses, which were not statistically significant. Ngoma™ Herbal Tonic Immune Booster had weak, inhibitory effects at high doses and weak stimulatory effects that were inversely related to concentration at low doses. CONCLUSION The findings suggest a potential beneficial role of the CHMs in the suppression of platelets' reactivity and in enhancing the immune system. Caution, however, should be exercised as platelet inhibition and stimulation predispose to the risk of bleeding and thrombosis, respectively.
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Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of Tamarindus indica Linn. (Fabaceae): a narrative review. Integr Med Res 2019; 8:181-186. [PMID: 31453087 PMCID: PMC6704379 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the causes of a number of non-infectious diseases in the world. Over the years, Tamarindus indica has played fundamental roles in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. It is a commercialized biocompatible medicinal plant species with a wide range of therapeutic window and with suggested LD50 greater than 5000 mg kg−1 body weight when administered to the Wistar rats. This review examined the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential and mechanism of various extracts from T. indica pulp, leaves, seeds, stem bark, and roots. The preclinical studies provided strong pharmacological evidence for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the different parts of T. indica and this may be attributed to the various bioactive compounds in it including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and steroids. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the extracts from the different parts of T. indica may be due to its ability to inhibit a number of biological processes including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), 5-lipoxygenase biosynthesis, and tumor necrosis factor-α. The analgesic activity of T. indica may also be through the activation of the opioidergic mechanism at both the peripheral and central levels. Although further pre-clinical studies still need to be conducted, these results demonstrated that T. indica has potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and hence provides justification for its use in traditional medicine to treat body pain and other inflammatory related diseases including arthritis and offers a basis for future clinical studies and possible drug development.
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Mudumbi JBN, Daso AP, Okonkwo OJ, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha TE, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF, Adetunji AT, Sibali LL. Propensity of Tagetes erecta L., a Medicinal Plant Commonly Used in Diabetes Management, to Accumulate Perfluoroalkyl Substances. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7010018. [PMID: 30934572 PMCID: PMC6468628 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been extensively demonstrated that plants accumulate organic substances emanating from various sources, including soil and water. This fact suggests the potentiality of contamination of certain vital bioresources, such as medicinal plants, by persistent contaminants, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). Hence, in this study, the propensity of Tagetes erecta L. (a commonly used medicinal plant) to accumulate PFOA, PFOS, and PFBS was determined using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC⁻MS/MS-8030). From the results, PFOA, PFOS, and PFBS were detected in all the plant samples and concentration levels were found to be 94.83 ng/g, 5.03 ng/g, and 1.44 ng/g, respectively, with bioconcentration factor (BCF) ranges of 1.30 to 2.57, 13.67 to 72.33, and 0.16 to 0.31, respectively. Little evidence exists on the bioaccumulative susceptibility of medicinal plants to these persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These results suggest that these medicinal plants (in particular, Tagetes erecta L., used for the management of diabetes) are also potential conduits of PFOA, PFOS, and PFBS into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town 8000, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Adegbenro Peter Daso
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0083, South Africa.
| | - Okechukwu Jonathan Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0083, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town 8000, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Tandi E Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town 8000, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Adewole T Adetunji
- Department of Agriculture, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington Campus, Wellington 7655, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Linda L Sibali
- Research Management Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town 8000, Western Cape, South Africa.
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Buwa-Komoren L, Mayekiso B, Mhinana Z, Adeniran A. An ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal survey of traditionally used medicinal plants in Seymour, South Africa: An attempt toward digitization and preservation of ethnic knowledge. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_259_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Dukhi N, Taylor M. A Focus on Four Popular “Functional Foods” as Part of a Strategy to Combat Metabolic Disease Through the Increased Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCE JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.12944/crnfsj.6.2.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fruit and vegetable consumption is on the rise as an increasing number of people recognize their health promoting effects, which are mediated through phytochemicals with disease combatting properties. The aim of this paper is to identify the potential benefits of fruits and vegetables in chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension. An electronic search of databases such as Pubmed Central, Science Direct and Web of Science from the last 5 years was conducted. Four commonly consumed edible fruit and vegetables, namely, Hypoxis hemmerocallidea (African potato), Moringa oleifera (Moringa), Persea americana (Avocado) and Psidium guajava (Guava) and their potential role in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome and other disorders, are presented. In this narrative review plant uses extend beyond traditional medicine and include usage in food preparation, beverages, as part of fragrances, culinary flavouring, as well as cosmetic use, but more importantly have potential in contributing to the amelioration of the deleterious effects of diseases/health conditions. In addressing disease states, including metabolic syndrome and other disorders, the interest in medicinal plants continues to grow with the possibility of novel compounds and/or new drug discovery. Alternative and affordable methods of large scale harvesting of medicinal plants, as well as identification and specificity of bioactive compounds as future therapeutics are essential for sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natisha Dukhi
- Department of Population Health, Health Systems and Innovation, Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa, 8001
| | - Myra Taylor
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa, 4000
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Mehrbod P, Abdalla MA, Fotouhi F, Heidarzadeh M, Aro AO, Eloff JN, McGaw LJ, Fasina FO. Immunomodulatory properties of quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside from Rapanea melanophloeos against influenza a virus. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:184. [PMID: 29903008 PMCID: PMC6003079 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza infection is a major public health threat. The role of influenza A virus-induced inflammatory response in severe cases of this disease is widely recognized. Drug resistance and side effects of chemical treatments have been observed, resulting in increased interest in alternative use of herbal medications for prophylaxis against this infection. The South African medicinal plant, Rapanea melanophloeos (RM) (L.) Mez of the family Myrsinaceae was selected owing to its traditional use for the treatment of several diseases such as respiratory ailments and also previous preliminary studies of anti-influenza activity of its methanolic extract. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of a glycoside flavone isolated from RM against influenza A virus. METHODS The non-cytotoxic concentration of the quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Q3R) was determined by MTT assay and tested for activity against influenza A virus (IAV) in simultaneous, pre-penetration and post-penetration combination treatments over 1 h incubation on MDCK cells. The virus titer and viral load targeting NP and M2 viral genes were determined using HA and qPCR, respectively. TNF-α and IL-27 as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured at RNA and protein levels by qPCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside at 150 μg/ml decreased the viral titer by 6 logs (p < 0.01) in the simultaneous procedure. The NP and M2 genes copy numbers as viral target genes, calculated based on the Ct values and standard formula, significantly decreased in simultaneous treatment (p < 0.01). The expression of cytokines was also considerably affected by the compound treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside from RM and its immunomodulatory properties against influenza A virus. Further research will focus on detecting the specific mechanism of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muna Ali Abdalla
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Heidarzadeh
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abimbola O. Aro
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), House H Sida, Ada Estate, P.O.Box 2, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Mekuto L, Matsha T, Itoba-Tombo EF. The role of pollutants in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their prospective impact on phytomedicinal treatment strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:262. [PMID: 29610974 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes and it is characterized by high blood sugar and abnormal sera lipid levels. Although the specific reasons for the development of these abnormalities are still not well understood, traditionally, genetic and lifestyle behavior have been reported as the leading causes of this disease. In the last three decades, the number of diabetic patients has drastically increased worldwide, with current statistics suggesting the number is to double in the next two decades. To combat this incurable ailment, orthodox medicines, to which economically disadvantaged patients have minimal access to, have been used. Thus, a considerable amalgamation of medicinal plants has recently been proven to possess therapeutic capabilities to manage T2DM, and this has prompted studies primarily focusing on the healing aspect of these plants, and ultimately, their commercialization. Hence, this review aims to highlight the potential threat of pollutants, i.e., polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and heavy metals, to medicinal plants, and their prospective impact on the phytomedicinal therapy strategies for T2DM. It is further suggested that auxiliary research be undertaken to better comprehend the factors that influence the uptake of these compounds by these plants. This should include a comprehensive risk assessment of phytomedicinal products destined for the treatment of T2DM. Regulations that control the use of PFC-precursors in certain developing countries are also long overdue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Mehrbod P, Abdalla MA, Njoya EM, Ahmed AS, Fotouhi F, Farahmand B, Gado DA, Tabatabaian M, Fasanmi OG, Eloff JN, McGaw LJ, Fasina FO. South African medicinal plant extracts active against influenza A virus. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:112. [PMID: 29587734 PMCID: PMC5872571 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza infection remains a major health threat for animals and humans which crucially requires effective antiviral remedies. The usage of herbal medications as readily available alternatives for their compatibility with the body and fewer side effects compared to synthetic chemical treatments has become popular globally. The aim of this study was to investigate and screen in vitro anti-influenza activity of extracts of five South African medicinal plants, namely Tabernaemontana ventricosa, Cussonia spicata, Rapanea melanophloeos, Pittosporum viridiflorum and Clerodendrum glabrum, species which are used traditionally for the treatment of several diseases such as inflammatory and respiratory diseases. METHODS Methanol, ethanol (100% and 30%), acetone, hot and cold water extracts of the powdered plants leaves were obtained by standard methods. The cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT colorimetric assay on MDCK cells. The concentrations below CC50 values were tested for antiviral activity against influenza A virus (IAV) in different combination treatments. The effect of extracts on viral surface glycoproteins and viral titer were tested by HI and HA virological assays, respectively. RESULTS Based on the applied methods, the most effective results against IAV were obtained from Rapanea melanophloeos methanol leaf extract (EC50 = 113.3 μg/ml) and Pittosporum viridiflorum methanol, 100% and 30% ethanol and acetone leaf extracts (EC50 values = 3.6, 3.4, 19.2, 82.3 μg/ml, respectively) in all types of combined treatments especially in pre- and post-penetration combined treatments with highly significant effects against viral titer (P ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSION The outcomes offer for the first time a scientific basis for the use of extracts of Rapanea melanophloeos and Pittosporum viridiflorum against IAV. It is worth focusing on the isolation and identification of effective active compounds and elucidating the mechanism of action from these species. However, Tabernaemontana ventricosa, Cussonia spicata and Clerodendrum glabrum leaf extracts were ineffective in vitro in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- 0000 0000 9562 2611grid.420169.8Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muna A. Abdalla
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel M. Njoya
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Aroke S. Ahmed
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- grid.463291.bFederal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- 0000 0000 9562 2611grid.420169.8Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- 0000 0000 9562 2611grid.420169.8Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorcas A. Gado
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mansoureh Tabatabaian
- 0000 0000 9562 2611grid.420169.8Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olubunmi G. Fasanmi
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jacobus N. Eloff
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Folorunso O. Fasina
- 0000 0001 2107 2298grid.49697.35Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- ECTAD, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Block P, Level 3, United Nations Complex, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, Kenya
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van Rooyen RM(D, Pretorius B, Tembani NM, ten Ham-Baloyi W. Evidence-based recommendations to facilitate professional collaboration between allopathic and traditional health practitioners. Health SA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hsag.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Makade CS, Shenoi PR, Morey E, Paralikar AV. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and efficacy of herbal oils and extracts in disinfection of gutta percha cones before obturation. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 42:264-272. [PMID: 29142874 PMCID: PMC5682142 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2017.42.4.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Literature has shown that micro-organisms contaminate gutta percha (GP) during storage and manipulation. Till date herbal extracts are not explored as an alternative medicament for pre-operative chairside disinfection of GP cones. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and efficacy of lemon grass oil (LG), basil oil (BO), and obicure tea extract (OT) in disinfecting GP cones before obturation. Materials and Methods Agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of LG, BO, OT, and sodium hypochlorite (control) against common contaminants, namely, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. One hundred and twenty GP cones were contaminated and cut into 2. First half was placed in the broth and incubated; whereas the second was treated with herbal extracts for 1 minute and then incubated for 24 hours in the broth. Any inhibition in bacterial growth was noted with presence/absence of turbidity. Two-way analysis of variance and χ2 test were used to assess the effectiveness of herbal extracts to decontaminate GP. Results LG showed the highest inhibition zones (29.9 ± 6.9 mm) for all tested organisms, followed by OT extract (16.3 ± 1.8 mm), sodium hypochlorite (16.0 ± 1.6 mm), and BO (14.5 ± 5.3 mm). Statistically significant difference was observed between LG and other herbal extracts (p < 0.05). Conclusions All extracts proved to be potential rapid chairside disinfectants of GP cones with LG showing the highest antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetana S Makade
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
| | - Pratima R Shenoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
| | - Elakshi Morey
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
| | - Ameya V Paralikar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, VSPM Dental College & Research Centre, Nagpur, MH, India
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Lukhele ST, Motadi LR. Cannabidiol rather than Cannabis sativa extracts inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:335. [PMID: 27586579 PMCID: PMC5009497 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1280-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer remains a global health related issue among females of Sub-Saharan Africa, with over half a million new cases reported each year. Different therapeutic regimens have been suggested in various regions of Africa, however, over a quarter of a million women die of cervical cancer, annually. This makes it the most lethal cancer amongst black women and calls for urgent therapeutic strategies. In this study we compare the anti-proliferative effects of crude extract of Cannabis sativa and its main compound cannabidiol on different cervical cancer cell lines. METHODS To achieve our aim, phytochemical screening, MTT assay, cell growth analysis, flow cytometry, morphology analysis, Western blot, caspase 3/7 assay, and ATP measurement assay were conducted. RESULTS Results obtained indicate that both cannabidiol and Cannabis sativa extracts were able to halt cell proliferation in all cell lines at varying concentrations. They further revealed that apoptosis was induced by cannabidiol as shown by increased subG0/G1 and apoptosis through annexin V. Apoptosis was confirmed by overexpression of p53, caspase 3 and bax. Apoptosis induction was further confirmed by morphological changes, an increase in Caspase 3/7 and a decrease in the ATP levels. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these data suggest that cannabidiol rather than Cannabis sativa crude extracts prevent cell growth and induce cell death in cervical cancer cell lines.
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Komane B, Vermaak I, Summers B, Viljoen A. Safety and efficacy of Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst (Marula) oil: A clinical perspective. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:327-335. [PMID: 26528587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst (Marula) nut oil is a popular ingredient in cosmetics such as skin lotions, lipsticks and foundations. The demand for this African oil increased tremendously such that in 2008 almost US$ 20 million was spent on Marula oil for cosmetic product manufacturing. The ethnobotanical literature states that the Zulu people in South Africa amongst others applied the oil to maintain a healthy skin. Scientific studies to support the traditional use as well as the inclusion of Marula oil in cosmetic products is lacking. This study evaluated the irritancy potential (safety), the moisturising and hydrating effects as well occlusivity properties (efficacy) of Marula oil after topical application. In addition, the Marula oil used in this study was comprehensively characterised using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. METHODS AND MATERIALS Quantification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was done using a LECO Pegasus 4D GC × GC-MS. To determine the safety and efficacy of Marula oil healthy caucasian adult female volunteers (n = 20) who complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the irritancy patch, moisture efficacy, hydrating and occlusivity tests were recruited for each study. A 2 × magnifying lamp (visual observation), Chromameter®, Aquaflux® and Corneometer® instruments were used to evaluate and monitor the irritancy level, skin barrier function, transepidermal water loss, hydrating and occlusive effects of topically applied Marula oil. RESULTS The GC × GC-MS analysis identified several saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid constituting 69.0% of the oil followed by palmitic acid (15.3%), linoleic acid (9.2%), palmitoleic acid (4.1%) and stearic acid (1.5%). The clinical study revealed that Marula oil is non-irritant (p < 0.001), with moisturising and hydrating properties (p < 0.001) when applied to a lipid-dry (xerosis) skin. Additionally the oil exhibited occlusive effects (p < 0.001) when applied to normal skin. These findings may be linked to the absorption of the oil into the skin due to the high percentage of oleic acid and the presence of palmitic acid which are known to disturb the stratum corneum intercellular lipids. These fatty acids present in Marula oil are very similar to those present in the epidermis, and can be considered biomimetic. CONCLUSIONS Marula oil rich in fatty acids exhibits moisturising, hydrating and occlusive properties. As the oil is non-irritating and provides a moisturising effect with moderate prevention of transepidermal water loss, average moisture retention properties and noteworthy occlusive effects, its inclusion in cosmetic products based on its traditional use may be justified depending on the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baatile Komane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Ilze Vermaak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Beverley Summers
- Department of Pharmacy, Photobiology Laboratory, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, P.O. Box 218, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Schulze AE, De Beer D, Mazibuko SE, Muller CJF, Roux C, Willenburg EL, Nyunaï N, Louw J, Manley M, Joubert E. Assessing similarity analysis of chromatographic fingerprints of Cyclopia subternata extracts as potential screening tool for in vitro glucose utilisation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:639-49. [PMID: 26542834 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Similarity analysis of the phenolic fingerprints of a large number of aqueous extracts of Cyclopia subternata, obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), was evaluated as a potential tool to screen extracts for relative bioactivity. The assessment was based on the (dis)similarity of their fingerprints to that of a reference active extract of C. subternata, proven to enhance glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo. In vitro testing of extracts, selected as being most similar (n = 5; r ≥ 0.962) and most dissimilar (n = 5; r ≤ 0.688) to the reference active extract, showed that no clear pattern in terms of relative glucose uptake efficacy in C2C12 myocytes emerged, irrespective of the dose. Some of the most dissimilar extracts had higher glucose-lowering activity than the reference active extract. Principal component analysis revealed the major compounds responsible for the most variation within the chromatographic fingerprints, as mangiferin, isomangiferin, iriflophenone-3-C-β-D-glucoside-4-O-β-D-glucoside, iriflophenone-3-C-β-D-glucoside, scolymoside, and phloretin-3',5'-di-C-β-D-glucoside. Quantitative analysis of the selected extracts showed that the most dissimilar extracts contained the highest mangiferin and isomangiferin levels, whilst the most similar extracts had the highest scolymoside content. These compounds demonstrated similar glucose uptake efficacy in C2C12 myocytes. It can be concluded that (dis)similarity of chromatographic fingerprints of extracts of unknown activity to that of a proven bioactive extract does not necessarily translate to lower or higher bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Schulze
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.,Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Dalene De Beer
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Sithandiwe E Mazibuko
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Candice Roux
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Elize L Willenburg
- Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - Nyemb Nyunaï
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa.,Medical Research Center, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, P.O. Box 3805, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Johan Louw
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Marena Manley
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa. .,Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa.
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Bvenura C, Afolayan AJ. The role of wild vegetables in household food security in South Africa: A review. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gail H, Tarryn B, Oluwaseyi A, Denver D, Oluchi M, Charlotte VK, Joop DJ, Diana G. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners to manage HIV and its related opportunistic infections in Mpoza, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 171:109-15. [PMID: 26023032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The aim of the study was to identify and document plants traditionally used to manage HIV and treat its opportunistic infections (OIs) in Mpoza, a rural village located in the Mount Frere Alfred Nzo District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 18 traditional health practitioners from January 2012 to August 2012 to obtain information about medicinal plants used in the management of HIV and treatment of OIs. RESULTS Seventeen plant species belonging to 12 families were identified for the management of HIV and treatment of OIs in Mpoza. The identified plant species belonged mostly to the families Asparagaceae (12%), Araliaceae (12%), Apiaceae (12%), Xanthorrhoeaceae (12%) and Lamiaceae (12%). The remaining 40% of identified plant species was evenly split over seven families - Urticaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Leguminosae, Verbenaceae, Rosaceae, Compositae and Rutaceae. The most frequently used medicinal plants were Hypoxis hemerocallidea (85%), Asparagus densiflorus (68%) and Lessertia frutescens (68%). The leaves (43.5%) and roots (21.7%) were the most frequently used plant parts, usually prepared as infusions and decoctions for oral administration. CONCLUSION This study provides documentation of medicinal plants used in the management of HIV and treatment of commonly associated OIs, which might provide a potential lead that will significantly contribute in reducing the burden of HIV infections in South Africa. We envisage that this paper will provide some background for further studies in developing new, effective, safe and affordable plant-derived medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hughes Gail
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa.
| | - Blouws Tarryn
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Aboyade Oluwaseyi
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Davids Denver
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Mbamalu Oluchi
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Van't Klooster Charlotte
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam (UvA), P.O. Box 15718, 1001 NE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - De Jong Joop
- Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), University of Amsterdam (UvA), P.O. Box 15718, 1001 NE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gibson Diana
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Schulze-Kaysers N, Feuereisen MM, Schieber A. Phenolic compounds in edible species of the Anacardiaceae family – a review. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Anacardiaceae (cashew family) are of economic importance and contain a diverse range of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Schulze-Kaysers
- University of Bonn
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences – Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology
- D-53117 Bonn
- Germany
| | - M. M. Feuereisen
- University of Bonn
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences – Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology
- D-53117 Bonn
- Germany
| | - A. Schieber
- University of Bonn
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences – Chair of Food Technology and Food Biotechnology
- D-53117 Bonn
- Germany
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Rokaya MB, Uprety Y, Poudel RC, Timsina B, Münzbergová Z, Asselin H, Tiwari A, Shrestha SS, Sigdel SR. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in gastrointestinal disorders in Nepal. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:221-9. [PMID: 25456430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrointestinal disorders cause morbidity and can lead to mortality, especially in the developing world where sanitation is deficient. A large part of the human population relies on medicinal plants for treating various diseases, including gastrointestinal disorders. The present review summarizes the traditional uses of medicinal plants of Nepal used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, and evaluates their bio-efficacy based on a review of the available phytochemical and pharmacological literature. MATERIAL AND METHODS We searched different electronic databases and libraries for the literature on medicinal plants used in Nepal to treat gastrointestinal disorders. For each species, we also searched the literature for information on conservation status, as well as for phytochemical and pharmacological studies in support of the ethnobotanical information. We used principal component analysis to explore the relation among disorders and plant families, plant life forms, plant parts and preparation modes. We also performed permutation tests to determine if botanical families were used more often than expected considering their availability in the Nepali flora. RESULTS We documented a total of 947 species belonging to 158 families and 586 genera used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in Nepal. Diarrhea was the disorder treated by the highest number of species (348), followed by stomachache (340) and dysentery (307). Among the reported species, five were endemic to Nepal, whereas 16 orchid species were protected under CITES Appendices II and III. The randomization test showed that species belonging to 14 families were used less often than expected, whereas plants belonging to 25 families were used more often than expected. The PCA scatter plot showed distinct groups of gastrointestinal disorders treated with similar plant life forms, plant parts, and/or preparation modes. We found 763 phytochemical studies on 324 species and 654 pharmacological studies on 269 species. CONCLUSION We showed the diversity and importance of medicinal plants used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in the traditional health care system of Nepal. As such disorders are still causing several deaths each year, it is of the utmost importance to conduct phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the most promising species. It is also crucial to increase access to traditional medicine, especially in rural areas. Threatened species need special attention for traditional herbal medicine to be exploited sustainably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan B Rokaya
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Centre (ASČR), Na sádkách 7, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Yadav Uprety
- Himalayan Research and Development Centre - Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Canada Research Chair in Aboriginal Forestry, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada J9X 5E4
| | - Ram C Poudel
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Molecular Biotechnolgy Unit, GPO. No. 3323, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Binu Timsina
- Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Centre (ASČR), Na sádkách 7, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies/Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies/Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska2, 128 01 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hugo Asselin
- Canada Research Chair in Aboriginal Forestry, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boulevard de l'Université, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada J9X 5E4
| | - Achyut Tiwari
- Himalayan Research and Development Centre - Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal; Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun Mengla Yunnan 666603, China; Department of Botany, Tri-Chandra College, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
| | - Shyam S Shrestha
- Himalayan Research and Development Centre - Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shalik R Sigdel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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