1
|
Zafar MN, Pitt WG, Husseini GA. Encapsulation and release of calcein from herceptin-conjugated eLiposomes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27882. [PMID: 38524567 PMCID: PMC10958368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Achieving an optimal therapeutic level is crucial in effectively eradicating cancer cells during treatment. However, conventional chemotherapy-associated systemic administration of anticancer agents leads to many side effects. To achieve the desired control over the target site, active targeting of HER2-positive breast cancer cells can be achieved by conjugating liposomal vesicles with Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) and inducing release of the encapsulated drug using ultrasound. To further enhance the delivery efficiency, nanoemulsion droplets exhibiting responsiveness to low-frequency ultrasound are encapsulated within these lipid vesicles. In this study, we prepared four different liposomal formulations, namely pegylated liposomes, emulsion liposomes (eLiposomes), HER-conjugated liposomes, and HER-conjugated eLiposomes, each loaded with calcein and subjected to a thorough characterization process. Their sizes, phospholipid concentration, and amount of antibody conjugation were compared and analyzed. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm the encapsulation of nanoemulsion droplets within the liposomes. The drug-releasing performance of Herceptin-conjugated eLiposomes was found to surpass that of other liposomal formulations with a notably higher calcein release and established it as a highly effective nanocarrier. The study showcases the efficacy of calcein-loaded and Herceptin-conjugated eLiposomes, which demonstrate rapid and efficient drug release among other liposomal formulations when subjected to ultrasound. This discovery paves the way for a more targeted, efficient, and humane approach to cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mah Noor Zafar
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box. 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - William G. Pitt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Materials Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box. 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang G, Liao C, Hu JR, Hu HM, Lei YM, Harput S, Ye HR. Nanodroplet-Based Super-Resolution Ultrasound Localization Microscopy. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3294-3306. [PMID: 37607403 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy (SR-ULM) has revolutionized ultrasound imaging with its capability to resolve the microvascular structures below the ultrasound diffraction limit. The introduction of this imaging technique enables the visualization, quantification, and characterization of tissue microvasculature. The early implementations of SR-ULM utilize microbubbles (MBs) that require a long image acquisition time due to the requirement of capturing sparsely isolated microbubble signals. The next-generation SR-ULM employs nanodroplets that have the potential to significantly reduce the image acquisition time without sacrificing the resolution. This review discusses various nanodroplet-based ultrasound localization microscopy techniques and their corresponding imaging mechanisms. A summary is given on the preclinical applications of SR-ULM with nanodroplets, and the challenges in the clinical translation of nanodroplet-based SR-ULM are presented while discussing the future perspectives. In conclusion, ultrasound localization microscopy is a promising microvasculature imaging technology that can provide new diagnostic and prognostic information for a wide range of pathologies, such as cancer, heart conditions, and autoimmune diseases, and enable personalized treatment monitoring at a microlevel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, China Resources & Wisco General Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
- Physics for Medicine Paris, Inserm U1273, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Chen Liao
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, China Resources & Wisco General Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, People's Republic of China
- Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Rui Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Man Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Meng Lei
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, China Resources & Wisco General Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, People's Republic of China
| | - Sevan Harput
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, U.K
| | - Hua-Rong Ye
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, China Resources & Wisco General Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430080, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yao L, Luo T, Yang G, Yin J, Li H, Liu Z. An Experimental Study: Treatment of Subcutaneous C6 Glioma in Rats Using Acoustic Droplet Vaporization. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2023; 42:1951-1963. [PMID: 36916667 DOI: 10.1002/jum.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the treatment effects of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) on tumors. METHODS Experiments were conducted on subcutaneous C6 glioma implanted in 37 rats. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups treated by ultrasound (US) + dodecafluoropentane (DDFP), US + microbubble (MB), US, DDFP, or saline, respectively. ADV was performed using DDFP droplets (2-5 μm) triggered by non-focused pulsed ultrasound. Macroscopic and histological changes of the tumor were compared with investigation of the tumor ablation effect of ADV. Tumor temperature was measured before and immediately after treatment to explore temperature changes. Furthermore, another 12 rats with bilateral tumors were divided into two groups. Six animals received ADV treatment on unilateral tumor, while another six received saline injection on unilateral tumor. The tumor blood perfusion, tumor volume and related immune response were measured. RESULTS The tumors treated by ADV were partially damaged without significant temperature rise. For the animals with bilateral tumors, the tumor blood perfusion around the damaged area on the side receiving ADV still existed. Additionally, the bilateral tumors of animals treated with ADV were smaller than those of animals treated with saline, along with stronger immune response and more tumor cell apoptosis in tumors on both sides. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that ADV treatment could damage subcutaneous glioma in rats by mechanical effect and enhance systemic immune response to furtherly inhibit the tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoliang Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiabei Yin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aliabouzar M, Kripfgans OD, Brian Fowlkes J, Fabiilli ML. Bubble nucleation and dynamics in acoustic droplet vaporization: a review of concepts, applications, and new directions. Z Med Phys 2023; 33:387-406. [PMID: 36775778 PMCID: PMC10517405 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of phase-shift droplets has broadened the scope of ultrasound-based biomedical applications. When subjected to sufficient acoustic pressures, the perfluorocarbon phase in phase-shift droplets undergoes a phase-transition to a gaseous state. This phenomenon, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), has been the subject of substantial research over the last two decades with great progress made in design of phase-shift droplets, fundamental physics of bubble nucleation and dynamics, and applications. Here, we review experimental approaches, carried out via high-speed microscopy, as well as theoretical models that have been proposed to study the fundamental physics of ADV including vapor nucleation and ADV-induced bubble dynamics. In addition, we highlight new developments of ADV in tissue regeneration, which is a relatively recently exploited application. We conclude this review with future opportunities of ADV for advanced applications such as in situ microrheology and pressure estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Oliver D Kripfgans
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aliabouzar M, Quesada C, Chan ZQ, Fowlkes JB, Franceschi RT, Putnam AJ, Fabiilli ML. Acoustic droplet vaporization for on-demand modulation of microporosity in smart hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:195-208. [PMID: 37121372 PMCID: PMC10538466 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microporosity in hydrogels is critical for directing tissue formation and function. We have developed a fibrin-based smart hydrogel, termed an acoustically responsive scaffold (ARS), which responds to focused ultrasound in a spatiotemporally controlled, user-defined manner. ARSs are highly flexible platforms due to the inclusion of phase-shift droplets and their tunable response to ultrasound through a mechanism termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). Here, we demonstrated that ADV enabled consistent generation of micropores in ARSs, throughout the entire thickness (∼5.5 mm), utilizing perfluorooctane phase-shift droplets. Size characteristics of the generated micropores were quantified in response to critical parameters including acoustic properties, droplet size, and shear elastic modulus of fibrin using confocal microscopy. The findings showed that the length of the generated micropores correlated directly with excitation frequency, peak rarefactional pressure, pulse duration, droplet size, and indirectly with the shear elastic modulus of the fibrin matrix. The ADV-generated micropores in ARSs were further compared with cavitation-mediated micropores in fibrin gels without droplets. Additionally, the Keller-Miksis equation was used to predict an upper bound for micropore formation in ARSs at varying driving frequencies and droplet sizes. Finally, our in vivo studies showed that host cell migration following ADV-induced micropore formation was frequency-dependent, with up to 2.6 times higher cell migration at lower frequencies. Overall, these findings demonstrate a new potential application of ADV in hydrogels. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Interconnected micropores within a hydrogel can facilitate many cell-mediated processes. Most techniques for generating micropores are typically not biocompatible or do not enable controlled, in situ micropore formation. We used an ultrasound-based technique, termed acoustic droplet vaporization, to generate microporosity in smart hydrogels termed acoustically responsive scaffolds (ARSs). ARSs contain a fibrin matrix doped with a phase-shift droplet. We demonstrate that unique acoustic properties of phase-shift droplets can be tailored to yield spatiotemporally controlled, on-demand micropore formation. Additionally, the size characteristics of the ultrasound-generated micropores can be modulated by tuning ultrasound parameters, droplet properties, and bulk elastic properties of fibrin. Finally, we demonstrate significant, frequency-dependent host cell migration in subcutaneously implanted ARSs in mice following ultrasound-induced micropore formation in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Aliabouzar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Carole Quesada
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ze Qi Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Brian Fowlkes
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Dental School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew J Putnam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mario L Fabiilli
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Z, Yang G, He Y, Shi Z, Dong T. Evaporation issues of acoustically levitated fuel droplets. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106480. [PMID: 37393855 PMCID: PMC10331844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fuel droplet evaporation is essential to the generation of flammable mixtures in thermal engines. Generally, liquid fuel is injected directly into the hot, high-pressure atmosphere to form scattered droplets. Many investigations on droplet evaporation have been conducted with techniques involving the influence of boundaries, such as suspended wires. Ultrasonic levitation is a non-contact and non-destructive technology that can avoid the impact of hanging wire on droplet shape and heat transfer. Besides, it can simultaneously levitate multiple droplets and allow them to associate with each other or be used to study droplet instability behaviors. This paper reviews the influences of the acoustic field on levitated droplets, the evaporation characteristics of acoustically levitated droplets, and the prospects and limitations of ultrasonic suspension methods for droplet evaporation, which can serve as references for relevant studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochu Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Guangcan Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Yongqing He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zafar MN, Abuwatfa WH, Husseini GA. Acoustically-Activated Liposomal Nanocarriers to Mitigate the Side Effects of Conventional Chemotherapy with a Focus on Emulsion-Liposomes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:421. [PMID: 36839744 PMCID: PMC9963571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve currently available cancer treatments, nanomaterials are employed as smart drug delivery vehicles that can be engineered to locally target cancer cells and respond to stimuli. Nanocarriers can entrap chemotherapeutic drugs and deliver them to the diseased site, reducing the side effects associated with the systemic administration of conventional anticancer drugs. Upon accumulation in the tumor cells, the nanocarriers need to be potentiated to release their therapeutic cargo. Stimulation can be through endogenous or exogenous modalities, such as temperature, electromagnetic irradiation, ultrasound (US), pH, or enzymes. This review discusses the acoustic stimulation of different sonosensitive liposomal formulations. Emulsion liposomes, or eLiposomes, are liposomes encapsulating phase-changing nanoemulsion droplets, which promote acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) upon sonication. This gives eLiposomes the advantage of delivering the encapsulated drug at low intensities and short exposure times relative to liposomes. Other formulations integrating microbubbles and nanobubbles are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mah Noor Zafar
- Biomedical Engineering Program, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waad H. Abuwatfa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghaleb A. Husseini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ultrastable shelled PFC nanobubbles: A platform for ultrasound-assisted diagnostics, and therapy. NANOMEDICINE: NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 46:102611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Delaney LJ, Isguven S, Eisenbrey JR, Hickok NJ, Forsberg F. Making waves: how ultrasound-targeted drug delivery is changing pharmaceutical approaches. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:3023-3040. [PMID: 35445198 PMCID: PMC8978185 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma01197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Administration of drugs through oral and intravenous routes is a mainstay of modern medicine, but this approach suffers from limitations associated with off-target side effects and narrow therapeutic windows. It is often apparent that a controlled delivery of drugs, either localized to a specific site or during a specific time, can increase efficacy and bypass problems with systemic toxicity and insufficient local availability. To overcome some of these issues, local delivery systems have been devised, but most are still restricted in terms of elution kinetics, duration, and temporal control. Ultrasound-targeted drug delivery offers a powerful approach to increase delivery, therapeutic efficacy, and temporal release of drugs ranging from chemotherapeutics to antibiotics. The use of ultrasound can focus on increasing tissue sensitivity to the drug or actually be a critical component of the drug delivery. The high spatial and temporal resolution of ultrasound enables precise location, targeting, and timing of drug delivery and tissue sensitization. Thus, this noninvasive, non-ionizing, and relatively inexpensive modality makes the implementation of ultrasound-mediated drug delivery a powerful method that can be readily translated into the clinical arena. This review covers key concepts and areas applied in the design of different ultrasound-mediated drug delivery systems across a variety of clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Delaney
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University 132 S. 10th Street, Main 763 Philadelphia PA 19107 USA +1 (215) 955-4870
| | - Selin Isguven
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University 132 S. 10th Street, Main 763 Philadelphia PA 19107 USA +1 (215) 955-4870
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street Philadelphia PA 19107 USA
| | - John R Eisenbrey
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University 132 S. 10th Street, Main 763 Philadelphia PA 19107 USA +1 (215) 955-4870
| | - Noreen J Hickok
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street Philadelphia PA 19107 USA
| | - Flemming Forsberg
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University 132 S. 10th Street, Main 763 Philadelphia PA 19107 USA +1 (215) 955-4870
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghasemi M, Yu ACH, Sivaloganathan S. An enhanced, rational model to study acoustic vaporization dynamics of a bubble encapsulated within a nonlinearly elastic shell. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105948. [PMID: 35151989 PMCID: PMC8841372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is a new approach to generate vapor bubbles that have potentially broad medical applications. ADV-generated bubbles can be used as contrast agents in acoustic imaging, as drug carriers to deliver drugs to particular targets, and also in embolotherapy, thermal therapy, and histotripsy. However, despite much progress, ADV dynamics have still not been well understood and properly modeled. In this paper, we present a theoretical study of ultrasound-induced evaporation of a droplet encapsulated by a shell. The main emphasis of this theoretical study is on a proper description of the supercritical state occurring after bubble collapse. For this purpose, an isentropic equation of state for a van der Waals gas is used to describe the bubble behavior in the supercritical state. Sensitivity of the vaporization process is investigated for different acoustic and geometrical parameters and mechanical properties of the shell. Results show that the value of the minimum pressure required for direct vaporization (without any oscillatory behavior) depends on shell elasticity and initial size of the droplet, especially at high frequencies (greater than 2[MHz]). Moreover, it has been shown that applying an acoustic wave with proper phase such that thermal equilibrium of the bubble temperature with the surrounding liquid is attained, results in direct vaporization at lower acoustic pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghasemi
- Dept. of Applied Mathematics, Univ. Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Alfred C H Yu
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Univ. Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stimuli-sensitive drug delivery systems for site-specific antibiotic release. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1698-1705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
12
|
Holman R, Lorton O, Guillemin PC, Desgranges S, Contino-Pépin C, Salomir R. Perfluorocarbon Emulsion Contrast Agents: A Mini Review. Front Chem 2022; 9:810029. [PMID: 35083198 PMCID: PMC8785234 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.810029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon emulsions offer a variety of applications in medical imaging. The substances can be useful for most radiological imaging modalities; including, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. Recently, the substance has gained much interest for theranostics, with both imaging and therapeutic potential. As MRI sequences improve and more widespread access to 19F-MRI coils become available, perfluorocarbon emulsions have great potential for new commercial imaging agents, due to high fluorine content and previous regulatory approval as antihypoxants and blood substitutes. This mini review aims to discuss the chemistry and physics of these contrast agents, in addition to highlighting some of the past, recent, and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Holman
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Ryan Holman,
| | - Orane Lorton
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pauline C. Guillemin
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rares Salomir
- Image Guided Interventions Laboratory (GR-949), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen J, Nan Z, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhu H, Wu D, Zong Y, Lu M, Ilovitsh T, Wan M, Yan K, Feng Y. Enhanced HIFU Theranostics with Dual-Frequency-Ring Focused Ultrasound and Activatable Perfluoropentane-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111324. [PMID: 34832737 PMCID: PMC8621746 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been widely used in tumor ablation in clinical settings. Meanwhile, there is great potential to increase the therapeutic efficiency of temporary cavitation due to enhanced thermal effects and combined mechanical effects from nonlinear vibration and collapse of the microbubbles. In this study, dual-frequency (1.1 and 5 MHz) HIFU was used to produce acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) microbubbles from activatable perfluoropentane-loaded polymer nanoparticles (PFP@Polymer NPs), which increased the therapeutic outcome of the HIFU and helped realize tumor theranostics with ultrasound contrast imaging. Combined with PFP@Polymer NPs, dual-frequency HIFU changed the shape of the damage lesion and reduced the acoustic intensity threshold of thermal damage significantly, from 216.86 to 62.38 W/cm2. It produced a nearly 20 °C temperature increase in half the irradiation time and exhibited a higher tumor inhibition rate (84.5% ± 3.4%) at a low acoustic intensity (1.1 MHz: 23.77 W/cm2; 5 MHz: 0.35 W/cm2) in vitro than the single-frequency HIFU (60.2% ± 11.9%). Moreover, compared with the traditional PFP@BSA NDs, PFP@Polymer NPs showed higher anti-tumor efficacy (81.13% vs. 69.34%; * p < 0.05) and better contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging ability (gray value of 57.53 vs. 30.67; **** p < 0.0001), probably benefitting from its uniform and stable structure. It showed potential as a highly efficient tumor theranostics approach based on dual-frequency HIFU and activatable PFP@Polymer NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Zhezhu Nan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Yubo Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Hongrui Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Daocheng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Yujin Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Mingzhu Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Tali Ilovitsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Mingxi Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
| | - Kai Yan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yi Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China; (J.C.); (Z.N.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (Y.Z.); (M.L.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.Y.); (Y.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Batchelor DV, Armistead FJ, Ingram N, Peyman SA, Mclaughlan JR, Coletta PL, Evans SD. Nanobubbles for therapeutic delivery: Production, stability and current prospects. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Zeng Z, Liu JB, Peng CZ. Phase-changeable nanoparticle-mediated energy conversion promotes highly efficient high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1369-1378. [PMID: 34238143 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210708085110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review describes how phase-changeable nanoparticles enable highly efficient high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation (HIFU). HIFU is effective in the clinical treatment of solid malignant tumors. However, it has intrinsic disadvantages for treating some deep lesions, such as damage to surrounding normal tissues. When phase-changeable nanoparticles are used in HIFU treatment, they could serve as good synergistic agents because they are transported in the blood and permeated and accumulated effectively in tissues. HIFU's thermal effects can trigger nanoparticles to undergo a special phase transition, thus enhancing HIFU ablation efficiency. Nanoparticles can also carry anticancer agents and release them in the targeted area to achieve chemo-synergistic therapy response. Although the formation of nanoparticles is complicated and HIFU applications are still in an early stage, the potential for their use in synergy with HIFU treatment shows promising results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Zeng
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Cheng-Zhong Peng
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Molecular Ultrasound Imaging. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101935. [PMID: 32998422 PMCID: PMC7601169 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, molecular ultrasound imaging has been rapidly progressing. It has proven promising to diagnose angiogenesis, inflammation, and thrombosis, and many intravascular targets, such as VEGFR2, integrins, and selectins, have been successfully visualized in vivo. Furthermore, pre-clinical studies demonstrated that molecular ultrasound increased sensitivity and specificity in disease detection, classification, and therapy response monitoring compared to current clinically applied ultrasound technologies. Several techniques were developed to detect target-bound microbubbles comprising sensitive particle acoustic quantification (SPAQ), destruction-replenishment analysis, and dwelling time assessment. Moreover, some groups tried to assess microbubble binding by a change in their echogenicity after target binding. These techniques can be complemented by radiation force ultrasound improving target binding by pushing microbubbles to vessel walls. Two targeted microbubble formulations are already in clinical trials for tumor detection and liver lesion characterization, and further clinical scale targeted microbubbles are prepared for clinical translation. The recent enormous progress in the field of molecular ultrasound imaging is summarized in this review article by introducing the most relevant detection technologies, concepts for targeted nano- and micro-bubbles, as well as their applications to characterize various diseases. Finally, progress in clinical translation is highlighted, and roadblocks are discussed that currently slow the clinical translation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Chen C, Luo Y, Xiong J, Tang Y, Yang H, Wang L, Jiang F, Gao X, Xu D, Li H, Wang Q, Zou J. Experimental Study of Tumor Therapy Mediated by Multimodal Imaging Based on a Biological Targeting Synergistic Agent. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1871-1888. [PMID: 32256065 PMCID: PMC7085950 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s238398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation of tumors is inseparable from synergistic agents and image monitoring, but the existing synergistic agents have the defects of poor targeting and a single imaging mode, which limits the therapeutic effects of HIFU. The construction of a multifunctional biological targeting synergistic agent with high biosafety, multimodal imaging and targeting therapeutic performance has great significance for combating cancer. Methods Multifunctional biological targeting synergistic agent consisting of Bifidobacterium longum (B. longum), ICG and PFH coloaded cationic lipid nanoparticles (CL-ICG-PFH-NPs) were constructed for targeting multimode imaging, synergistic effects with HIFU and imaging-guided ablation of tumors, which was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results Both in vitro and in vivo systematical studies validated that the biological targeting synergistic agent can simultaneously achieve tumor-biotargeted multimodal imaging, HIFU synergism and multimodal image monitoring in HIFU therapy. Importantly, the electrostatic adsorption method and the targeting of B. longum to tumor tissues allow the CL-ICG-PFH-NPs to be retained in the tumor tissue, achieve the targeting ability of synergistic agent. Multimodal imaging chose the best treatment time according to the distribution of nanoparticles in the body to guide the efficient and effective treatment of HIFU. CL-ICG-PFH-NPs could serve as a phase change agent and form microbubbles that can facilitate HIFU ablation by mechanical effects, acoustic streaming and shear stress. This lays a foundation for the imaging and treatment of tumors. Conclusion In this work, a biological targeting synergistic agent was successfully constructed with good stability and physicochemical properties. This biological targeting synergistic agent can not only provide information for early diagnosis of tumors but also realize multimodal imaging monitoring during HIFU ablation simultaneously with HIFU treatment, which improves the shortcomings of HIFU treatment and has broad application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaotai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Die Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lattwein KR, Shekhar H, Kouijzer JJP, van Wamel WJB, Holland CK, Kooiman K. Sonobactericide: An Emerging Treatment Strategy for Bacterial Infections. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2020; 46:193-215. [PMID: 31699550 PMCID: PMC9278652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound has been developed as both a diagnostic tool and a potent promoter of beneficial bio-effects for the treatment of chronic bacterial infections. Bacterial infections, especially those involving biofilm on implants, indwelling catheters and heart valves, affect millions of people each year, and many deaths occur as a consequence. Exposure of microbubbles or droplets to ultrasound can directly affect bacteria and enhance the efficacy of antibiotics or other therapeutics, which we have termed sonobactericide. This review summarizes investigations that have provided evidence for ultrasound-activated microbubble or droplet treatment of bacteria and biofilm. In particular, we review the types of bacteria and therapeutics used for treatment and the in vitro and pre-clinical experimental setups employed in sonobactericide research. Mechanisms for ultrasound enhancement of sonobactericide, with a special emphasis on acoustic cavitation and radiation force, are reviewed, and the potential for clinical translation is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirby R Lattwein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joop J P Kouijzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J B van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christy K Holland
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Klazina Kooiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhu J, Wang Z, Xu X, Xu M, Yang X, Zhang C, Liu J, Zhang F, Shuai X, Wang W, Cao Z. Polydopamine-Encapsulated Perfluorocarbon for Ultrasound Contrast Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:817-826. [PMID: 31910019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xi Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhong Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Sun Yat-sen University, No.132, East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Y, Chen S, Sun J, Zhu S, Chen C, Xie W, Zheng J, Zhu Y, Xiao L, Hao L, Wang Z, Chang S. Folate-Targeted and Oxygen/Indocyanine Green-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles for Dual-Mode Imaging and Photo-sonodynamic/Photothermal Therapy of Ovarian Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4104-4120. [PMID: 31517495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully fabricated versatile folate-targeted and oxygen/indocyanine green-loaded lipid nanoparticles (FA-OINPs) for dual-mode imaging-guided therapy in ovarian cancer cells and subcutaneous xenograft models. FA-OINPs were demonstrated to have great potential as superb contrast agents to enhance ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging We have successfully fabricated versatile folate-targeted and oxygen/indocyanine green-loaded lipid nanoparticles (FA-OINPs) for dual-mode imaging-guided therapy in ovarian cancer cells and subcutaneous xenograft models. FA-OINPs were demonstrated to have great potential as superb contrast agents to enhance ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging in vitro and in vivo. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis verified that FA-OINPs could specifically target SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells and be endocytosed with a remarkable efficiency. Compared with other therapeutic options, FA-OINPs exhibited an excellent therapeutic outcome after exposure to laser and ultrasound. The MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis confirmed that cytotoxicity effects and apoptosis/necrosis rates were significantly increased. The fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence microplate reader detection validated that the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was dramatically improved. Immunohistochemical analyses of tumor tissues demonstrated the enhanced tumor apoptosis, the decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvascular density (MVD) expression, and the decreased expression of CD68 after treatment. The presented results suggest that photo-sonodynamic/photothermal mediated FA-OINPs could provide a promising strategy for synergistic therapy in ovarian cancer with the guidance of US/PA dual-mode imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Shuning Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Jiangchuan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Shenyin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy , the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400016 , China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Wan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Linlin Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Lan Hao
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| | - Shufang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing 400010 , China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Andersen KK, Healey A, Bush NL, Frijlink ME, Hoff L. A Harmonic Dual-Frequency Transducer for Acoustic Cluster Therapy. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2381-2390. [PMID: 31230911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT) is a two-component formulation of commercially available microbubbles (Sonazoid; GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) and microdroplets (perfluorated oil) currently under development for cancer treatment. The microbubbles and microdroplets have opposite surface charges to form microbubble/microdroplet clusters, which are administered to patients together with a drug. When the clusters and drug reach the target tumour, two ultrasound (US) exposure regimes are used: First, high-frequency (>2.0 MHz) US evaporates the oil and forms ACT bubbles that lodge at the microvascular level. Second, low-frequency (0.5 MHz) US induces stable mechanical oscillations of the ACT bubbles, causing localized micro-streaming, radiation and shear forces that increase the uptake of the drugs to the target tumour. This report describes the design and testing of a dual-frequency transducer and a laboratory setup for pre-clinical in vivo studies of ACT on murine tumour models. The dual-frequency transducer utilizes the 5th harmonic (2.7 MHz) and fundamental (0.5 MHz) of a single piezoceramic disk for the high-frequency and low-frequency regimes, respectively. Two different aperture radii are used to align the high-frequency and low-frequency beam maxima, and the high-frequency -3 dB beam width diameter is 6 mm, corresponding to the largest tumour sizes we expect to treat. The low-frequency -3 dB beam width extends 6 mm. Although unconventional, the 5th harmonic exhibit a 44% efficiency and can therefore be used for transmission of acoustic energy. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo measurements demonstrate that the 5th harmonic can be used to evaporate the microbubble/microdroplet clusters. For the in vivo measurements, we used the kidneys of non-tumour-bearing mice as tumour surrogates. Based on this, the transducer is deemed suited for pre-clinical in vivo studies of ACT and replaces a cumbersome test setup consisting of two transducers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nigel L Bush
- Joint Department of Physics, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Lars Hoff
- University of South-Eastern Norway, Horten, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toumia Y, Cerroni B, Domenici F, Lange H, Bianchi L, Cociorb M, Brasili F, Chiessi E, D'Agostino E, Van Den Abeele K, Heymans SV, D'Hooge J, Paradossi G. Phase Change Ultrasound Contrast Agents with a Photopolymerized Diacetylene Shell. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:10116-10127. [PMID: 31042396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phase change contrast agents for ultrasound (US) imaging consist of nanodroplets (NDs) with a perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquid core stabilized with a lipid or a polymer shell. Liquid ↔ gas transition, occurring in the core, can be triggered by US to produce acoustically active microbubbles (MBs) in a process named acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). MB shells containing polymerized diacetylene moiety were considered as a good trade off between the lipid MBs, showing optimal attenuation, and the polymeric ones, displaying enhanced stability. This work reports on novel perfluoropentane and perfluorobutane NDs stabilized with a monolayer of an amphiphilic fatty acid, i.e. 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA), cured with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The photopolymerization of the diacetylene groups, evidenced by the appearance of a blue color due to the conjugation of ene-yne sequences, exhibits a chromatic transition from the nonfluorescent blue color to a fluorescent red color when the NDs are heated or the pH of the suspension is basic. An estimate of the molecular weights reached by the polymerized PCDA in the shell, poly(PCDA), has been obtained using gel permeation chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The poly(PCDA)/PFC NDs show good biocompatibility with fibroblast cells. ADV efficiency and acoustic properties before and after the transition were tested using a 1 MHz probe, revealing a resonance frequency between 1 and 2 MHz similar to other lipidic MBs. The surface of PCDA shelled NDs can be easily modified without influencing the stability and the acoustic performances of droplets. As a proof of concept we report on the conjugation of cyclic RGD and PEG chains of the particles to support targeting ability toward endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Toumia
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Barbara Cerroni
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Fabio Domenici
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Heiko Lange
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Livia Bianchi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Madalina Cociorb
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Brasili
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Ester Chiessi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| | - Emiliano D'Agostino
- DoseVue NV , Philips Open Manufacturing Campus , Slachthuisstraat 96 , B-2300 Turnhout , Belgium
| | | | - Sophie V Heymans
- Department of Physics , KU Leuven , Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk , Belgium
| | - Jan D'Hooge
- Medical Center , KU Leuven , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Gaio Paradossi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 , 00133 , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Synchronized Optical and Acoustic Droplet Vaporization for Effective Sonoporation. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060279. [PMID: 31197090 PMCID: PMC6631315 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial cavitation-based sonoporation has been utilized to enhance treatment delivery efficacy. In our previous study, we demonstrated that tumor therapeutic efficacy can be enhanced through vaporization-assisted sonoporation with gold nanodroplets (AuNDs). Specifically, the AuNDs were vaporized both acoustically (i.e., acoustic droplet vaporization, ADV) and optically (i.e., optical droplet vaporization, ODV). A continuous wave (CW) laser was used for ODV in combination with an ultrasound pulse for ADV. Although effective for vaporization, the use of a CW laser is not energy efficient and may create unwanted heating and concomitant tissue damage. In this study, we propose the use of a pulsed wave (PW) laser to replace the CW laser. In addition, the PW laser was applied at the rarefaction phase of the ultrasound pulse so that the synergistic effects of ADV and ODV can be expected. Therefore, a significantly lower laser average power can be expected to achieve the vaporization threshold. Compared to the CW laser power at 2 W/cm2 from the previous approach, the PW laser power was reduced to only 0.2404 W/cm2. Furthermore, we also demonstrate in vitro that the sonoporation rate was increased when the PW laser was applied at the rarefaction phase. Specifically, the vaporization signal, the inertial cavitation signal, and the sonoporation rate all displayed a 1-µs period, which corresponded to the period of the 1-MHz acoustic wave used for ADV, as a function of the relative laser delay. The increased sonoporation rate indicates that this technique has the potential to enhance sonoporation-directed drug delivery and tumor therapy with a lower laser power while keeping the cell death rate at the minimum. Photoacoustic imaging can also be performed at the same time since a PW laser is used for the ODV.
Collapse
|
24
|
Blum NT, Yildirim A, Gyorkos C, Shi D, Cai A, Chattaraj R, Goodwin AP. Temperature-Responsive Hydrophobic Silica Nanoparticle Ultrasound Contrast Agents Directed by Phospholipid Phase Behavior. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15233-15240. [PMID: 31012297 PMCID: PMC6702127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report ultrasonically active nanoscale contrast agents that behave as thermometric sensors through phase change in their stabilizing phospholipid monolayer. Phospholipid-stabilized, hydrophobic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (P@hMSNs) are known to interact with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) to promote cavitation at their surfaces, which can be used for both imaging and therapy. We show that the lateral lipid phase behavior of the phosphocholine lipid dictates the acoustic contrast of the P@hMSNs. When the lipids are in the gel phase below their melting temperature, the P@hMSNs generate detectable microbubbles when exposed to HIFU. However, if the lipids exhibit a liquid expanded phase, the P@hMSNs cease to generate bubbles in response to HIFU insonation. We verify that the heating and subsequent transition of lipid coating the hMSN are associated with the loss of acoustic response by doping laurdan dye into the lipid monolayer and imaging lipid phase through red shifts in emission spectra. Similarly, cessation of cavitation was also induced by adding a fluidizing surfactant such as Triton X, which could be reversed upon washing away the excess surfactant. Finally, by controlling for the partial fluidization caused by the adsorption of protein, P@hMSNs may be used as thermometric sensors of the bulk fluid temperature. These findings not only impact the utilization of nanoscale agents as stimulus-responsive ultrasound contrast agents but also have broader implications for how cavitation may be initiated at surfaces coated by a surfactant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Blum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Adem Yildirim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Ciara Gyorkos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Dennis Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Angela Cai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - Rajarshi Chattaraj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Andrew P. Goodwin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
- Corresponding Author
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ho YJ, Wu CC, Hsieh ZH, Fan CH, Yeh CK. Thermal-sensitive acoustic droplets for dual-mode ultrasound imaging and drug delivery. J Control Release 2018; 291:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
26
|
A versatile and robust microfluidic device for capillary-sized simple or multiple emulsions production. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
27
|
Hallam KA, Donnelly EM, Karpiouk AB, Hartman RK, Emelianov SY. Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets: a new tool for blood brain barrier opening. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4527-4538. [PMID: 30615730 PMCID: PMC6157760 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in the monitoring and treatment of neurological diseases is the blood brain barrier (BBB), a semipermeable barrier that prevents the delivery of many therapeutics and imaging contrast agents to the brain. In this work, we explored the possibility of laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) to open the BBB and deliver agents to the brain tissue. Specifically, near infrared (NIR) dye-loaded PFCnDs comprised of a perfluorocarbon (PFC) core with a boiling point above physiological temperature were repeatedly vaporized and recondensed from liquid droplet to gas bubble under pulsed laser excitation. As a result, this pulse-to-pulse repeated behavior enabled the recurring interaction of PFCnDs with the endothelial lining of the BBB, allowing for a BBB opening and extravasation of dye into the brain tissue. The blood brain barrier opening and delivery of agents to tissue was confirmed on the macro and the molecular level by evaluating Evans Blue staining, ultrasound-guided photoacoustic (USPA) imaging, and histological tissue analysis. The demonstrated PFCnD-assisted pulsed laser method for BBB opening, therefore, represents a tool that has the potential to enable non-invasive, cost-effective, and efficient image-guided delivery of contrast and therapeutic agents to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Hallam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eleanor M. Donnelly
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrei B. Karpiouk
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robin K. Hartman
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yoon H, Emelianov SY. Combined Multiwavelength Photoacoustic and Plane-Wave Ultrasound Imaging for Probing Dynamic Phase-Change Contrast Agents. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:595-598. [PMID: 29993455 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2849077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to introduce combined multiwavelength photoacoustic (PA) and plane-wave ultrasound (US) imaging referred to as mwPA/pwUS imaging capable of probing the rapid dynamic behavior of optically activated phase-change contrast agents. METHODS A dedicated mwPA/pwUS imaging sequence was developed based on a programmable US system synchronized with a tunable laser to irradiate tissue with laser pulses at desired optical wavelengths and to acquire post laser pulse PA images followed by ultrafast plane-wave US images. To evaluate the mwPA/pwUS imaging, a capillary filled with optically responsive perfluorohexane nanodroplets (PFHnDs) containing a dye with the peak absorption at 760 nm was imaged with optical wavelengths ranging from 700 to 940 nm. The differences between post-laser ultrafast US images [i.e., differential US (ΔUS)] were taken to visualize the recondensation dynamics of PFHnDs at each wavelength. RESULTS The PA images of PFHnDs showed higher contrast near 760 nm wavelength, corresponding to the peak absorption of the dye encapsulated in the PFHnDs. Moreover, the ΔUS signals immediately after 760-nm pulsed laser irradiation were also high due to the increased US contrast associated with vaporized PFHnDs. CONCLUSION The mwPA/pwUS imaging allowed for the US-based optical spectroscopic characterization of PFHnDs and their dynamics. SIGNIFICANCE The introduced mwPA/pwUS imaging sequence can be used in various clinical applications where both spectroscopic PA imaging of endogenous and/or exogenous chromophores and ultrafast US imaging of phase-change nanodroplets are desired.
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen Q, Yu J, Kim K. Review: optically-triggered phase-transition droplets for photoacoustic imaging. Biomed Eng Lett 2018; 8:223-229. [PMID: 30603205 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-018-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically-triggered phase-transition droplets have been introduced as a promising contrast agent for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging that not only provide significantly enhanced contrast but also have potential as photoacoustic theranostic molecular probes incorporated with targeting molecules and therapeutics. For further understanding the dynamics of optical droplet vaporization process, an innovative, methodical analysis by concurrent acoustical and ultrafast optical recordings, comparing with a theoretical model has been employed. In addition, the repeatability of the droplet vaporization-recondensation process, which enables continuous photoacoustic imaging has been studied through the same approach. Further understanding the underlying physics of the optical droplet vaporization and associated dynamics may guide the optimal design of the droplets. Some innovative approaches in preclinical studies have been recently demonstrated, including sono-photoacoustic imaging, dual-modality of photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging, and super-resolution photoacoustic imaging. In this review, current development of optically triggered phase-transition droplets and understanding on the vaporization dynamics, their applications are introduced and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Chen
- 1Department of Medicine and Heart and Vascular Institute, Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.,2Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Jaesok Yu
- 1Department of Medicine and Heart and Vascular Institute, Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.,2Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Kang Kim
- 1Department of Medicine and Heart and Vascular Institute, Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.,2Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA.,4Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
PEGylated PLGA-based phase shift nanodroplets combined with focused ultrasound for blood brain barrier opening in rats. Oncotarget 2018; 8:38927-38936. [PMID: 28473660 PMCID: PMC5503583 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with systematic administration of microbubbles (MBs) can open the blood brain barrier (BBB) locally, transiently and reversibly. However, because of the micro size diameters, MBs are restricted in the intravascular space and cannot extravasate into diseased sites through the opened BBB. In this study, we fabricated one kind of nanoscale droplets which consisted of encapsulated liquid perfluoropentane cores and poly (ethyleneglycol) - poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) shells. The nanodroplets had the capacity to realize liquid to gas phase shift under FUS. Significant extravasation of Evan's blue appeared when acoustic pressure reached 1.0 MPa. Intracerebral hemorrhages and erythrocyte extravasations were observed when the pressure was increased to 1.5 MPa. Prolonged sonication duration could enhance the level of BBB opening and broaden the time window simultaneously. Furthermore, compared with MBs, the distribution of EB extravasation was firmly confined within narrow region in the center of focal zone, suggesting the site of FUS induced BBB opening could be controlled with high precision by this procedure. Our results show the feasibility of serving PEGylated PLGA-based phase shift nanodroplet as an effective alternative mediating agent for FUS induced BBB opening.
Collapse
|
31
|
Wu M, Xiong H, Zou H, Li M, Li P, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Jian J, Liu F, Zhao H, Wang Z, Zhou X. A laser-activated multifunctional targeted nanoagent for imaging and gene therapy in a mouse xenograft model with retinoblastoma Y79 cells. Acta Biomater 2018; 70:211-226. [PMID: 29452275 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood that urgently needs early detection and effective therapy methods. The use of nanosized gene delivery systems is appealing because of their highly adjustable structure to carry both therapeutic and imaging agents. Herein, we report a folic acid (FA)-modified phase-changeable cationic nanoparticle encapsulating liquid perfluoropentane (PFP) and indocyanine green (ICG) (FA-CN-PFP-ICG, FCNPI) with good plasmid DNA (pDNA) carrying capacity, favorable biocompatibility, excellent photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) contrast, enhanced gene transfection efficiency and therapeutic effect. The liquid-gas phase transition of the FCNPI upon laser irradiation has provided splendid contrasts for US/PA dual-modality imaging in vitro as well as in vivo. More importantly, laser-mediated gene transfection with targeted cationic FCNPI nanoparticles demonstrated the best therapeutic effect compared with untargeted cationic nanoparticle (CN-PFP-ICG, CNPI) and neutral nanoparticle (NN-PFP-ICG, NNPI), both in vitro and in vivo. Such a multifunctional nanoagent is expected to combine dual-mode guided imaging with fewer side effects and proper therapeutic efficacy. These results establish an experimental foundation for the clinical detection of and therapy for RB. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We successfully constructed a multifunctional targeted cationic nanoparticle (FCNPI) and meticulously compared the variations in the plasmid loading capacity and binding to Y79 cells with NNPI, CNPI, and FCNPI. FCNPI exhibited favorable plasmid loading capability, splendid ability for targeting and only it could provide optimal US and PA contrast to background during a considerable long time. The FCNPI/pDNA + Laser system also exhibited the best therapeutic effect in vivo; this finding proposes a potential strategy for the evaluation of an efficient gene delivery nanocarrier for gene targeting therapy of RB tumor. Our study showed that there are great advantages of targeting FCNPI to provide PA/US imaging and to enlighten laser-mediated gene transfection. FCNPI is a very helpful multifunctional agent with potential.
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang Z, Taylor M, Collins C, Haworth S, Shi Z, Yuan Z, He X, Cao Z, Park YC. Light-Activatable Theranostic Agents for Image-Monitored Controlled Drug Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:1534-1543. [PMID: 29276883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel drug delivery vehicle using nanodroplets activated by light irradiation for drug release in a controlled manner has been developed. The drug encapsulated in the nanodroplets was released upon phase transition from a liquid droplet to microbubbles (vaporization) by plasmonic photothermal heat from gold nanorods adsorbed on the surface of the nanodroplets. The nanodroplets were stable against aggregation and dissolution at 4 °C over 3 months to date. The phase transition was quantitatively analyzed by ultrasound imaging to examine the amount of drug release noninvasively. In vitro studies showed that cell death occurred only when light irradiation was performed on the drug-encapsulated nanodroplets. Ex vivo studies demonstrated a potential application of the nanodroplets for treating posterior eye diseases. Thus, it has been demonstrated that our gold-nanorod-coated light-activatable nanodroplets can be a candidate for a controlled release and a dosage-monitored drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Madison Taylor
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Courtney Collins
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Sara Haworth
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - ZhanQuan Shi
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Zheng Yuan
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Xingyu He
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Zishu Cao
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| | - Yoonjee C Park
- Department of Biomedical, Chemical & Environmental Engineering and ‡College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lacour T, Guédra M, Valier-Brasier T, Coulouvrat F. A model for acoustic vaporization dynamics of a bubble/droplet system encapsulated within a hyperelastic shell. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 143:23. [PMID: 29390781 DOI: 10.1121/1.5019467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanodroplets have great, promising medical applications such as contrast imaging, embolotherapy, or targeted drug delivery. Their functions can be mechanically activated by means of focused ultrasound inducing a phase change of the inner liquid known as the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) process. In this context, a four-phases (vapor + liquid + shell + surrounding environment) model of ADV is proposed. Attention is especially devoted to the mechanical properties of the encapsulating shell, incorporating the well-known strain-softening behavior of Mooney-Rivlin material adapted to very large deformations of soft, nearly incompressible materials. Various responses to ultrasound excitation are illustrated, depending on linear and nonlinear mechanical shell properties and acoustical excitation parameters. Different classes of ADV outcomes are exhibited, and a relevant threshold ensuring complete vaporization of the inner liquid layer is defined. The dependence of this threshold with acoustical, geometrical, and mechanical parameters is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lacour
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Guédra
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tony Valier-Brasier
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - François Coulouvrat
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond ∂'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zullino S, Argenziano M, Stura I, Guiot C, Cavalli R. From Micro- to Nano-Multifunctional Theranostic Platform: Effective Ultrasound Imaging Is Not Just a Matter of Scale. Mol Imaging 2018; 17:1536012118778216. [PMID: 30213222 PMCID: PMC6144578 DOI: 10.1177/1536012118778216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound Contrast Agents (UCAs) consisting of gas-filled-coated Microbubbles (MBs) with diameters between 1 and 10 µm have been used for a number of decades in diagnostic imaging. In recent years, submicron contrast agents have proven to be a viable alternative to MBs for ultrasound (US)-based applications for their capability to extravasate and accumulate in the tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. After a short overview of the more recent approaches to ultrasound-mediated imaging and therapeutics at the nanoscale, phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs), which can be phase-transitioned into highly echogenic MBs by means of US, are here presented. The phenomenon of acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) to produce bubbles is widely investigated for both imaging and therapeutic applications to develop promising theranostic platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zullino
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Monica Argenziano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilaria Stura
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
de Gracia Lux C, Vezeridis AM, Lux J, Armstrong AM, Sirsi SR, Hoyt K, Mattrey RF. Novel method for the formation of monodisperse superheated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets as activatable ultrasound contrast agents. RSC Adv 2017; 7:48561-48568. [PMID: 29430294 PMCID: PMC5801773 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08971f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubble (MB) contrast agents have positively impacted the clinical ultrasound (US) community worldwide. Their use in molecular US imaging applications has been hindered by their limited distribution to the vascular space. Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of nanoscale superheated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) demonstrates potential as an extravascular contrast agent that could facilitate US-based molecular theranostic applications. However these agents are metastable and difficult to manufacture with high yields. Here, we report a new formulation technique that yields reliable, narrowly dispersed sub-300 nm decafluorobutane (DFB) or octafluoropropane (OFP)-filled phospholipid-coated NDs that are stable at body temperature, using small volume microfluidization. Final droplet concentration was high for DFB and lower for OFP (>1012vs. >1010 NDs per mL). Superheated ND stability was quantified using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). DFB NDs were stable for at least 2 hours at body temperature (37 °C) without spontaneous vaporization. These NDs are activatable in vitro when exposed to diagnostic US pressures delivered by a clinical system to become visible microbubbles. The DFB NDs were suficiently stable to allow their processing into functionalized NDs with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibodies to target EpCAM positive cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C de Gracia Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - A M Vezeridis
- Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Lux
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - A M Armstrong
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - S R Sirsi
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - K Hoyt
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - R F Mattrey
- Department of Radiology, Translational Research in Ultrasound Theranostics (TRUST) Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Blum NT, Yildirim A, Chattaraj R, Goodwin AP. Nanoparticles Formed by Acoustic Destruction of Microbubbles and Their Utilization for Imaging and Effects on Therapy by High Intensity Focused Ultrasound. Theranostics 2017; 7:694-702. [PMID: 28255360 PMCID: PMC5327643 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports that when PEG-lipid-shelled microbubbles with fluorocarbon interior (C4F10, C5F12, or C6F14) are subjected to ultrasound pulses, they produce metastable, fluid-filled nanoparticles that can be re-imaged upon administration of HIFU. The nanoparticles produced by destruction of the microbubbles (MBNPs) are of 150 nm average diameter and can be re-imaged for up to an hour after creation for C 4F10, and for at least one day for C5F12. The active species were found to be fluid (gas or liquid) filled nanoparticles rather than lipid debris. The acoustic droplet vaporization threshold of the nanoparticles was found to vary with the vapor pressure of the encapsulated fluorocarbon, and integrated image brightness was found to increase dramatically when the temperature was raised above the normal boiling point of the fluorocarbon. Finally, the vaporization threshold decreases in serum as compared to buffer, and administration of HIFU to the nanoparticles caused breast cancer cells to completely detach from their culture substrate. This work demonstrates a new functionality of microbubbles that could serve as a platform technology for ultrasound-based theranostics.
Collapse
|
37
|
Sheeran PS, Matsuura N, Borden MA, Williams R, Matsunaga TO, Burns PN, Dayton PA. Methods of Generating Submicrometer Phase-Shift Perfluorocarbon Droplets for Applications in Medical Ultrasonography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2017; 64:252-263. [PMID: 27775902 PMCID: PMC5706463 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2619685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Continued advances in the field of ultrasound and ultrasound contrast agents have created new approaches to imaging and medical intervention. Phase-shift perfluorocarbon droplets, which can be vaporized by ultrasound energy to transition from the liquid to the vapor state, are one of the most highly researched alternatives to clinical ultrasound contrast agents (i.e., microbubbles). In this paper, part of a special issue on methods in biomedical ultrasonics, we survey current techniques to prepare ultrasound-activated nanoscale phase-shift perfluorocarbon droplets, including sonication, extrusion, homogenization, microfluidics, and microbubble condensation. We provide example protocols and discuss advantages and limitations of each approach. Finally, we discuss best practice in characterization of this class of contrast agents with respect to size distribution and ultrasound activation.
Collapse
|
38
|
VanOsdol J, Ektate K, Ramasamy S, Maples D, Collins W, Malayer J, Ranjan A. Sequential HIFU heating and nanobubble encapsulation provide efficient drug penetration from stealth and temperature sensitive liposomes in colon cancer. J Control Release 2016; 247:55-63. [PMID: 28042085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mild hyperthermia generated using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and microbubbles (MBs) can improve tumor drug delivery from non-thermosensitive liposomes (NTSLs) and low temperature sensitive liposomes (LTSLs). However, MB and HIFU are limited by the half-life of the contrast agent and challenges in accurate control of large volume tumor hyperthermia for longer duration (>30min.). The objectives of this study were to: 1) synthesize and characterized long-circulating echogenic nanobubble encapsulated LTSLs (ELTSLs) and NTSLs (ENTSLs), 2) evaluate in vivo drug release following short duration (~20min each) HIFU treatments administered sequentially over an hour in a large volume of mouse xenograft colon tumor, and 3) determine the impact of the HIFU/nanobubble combination on intratumoral drug distribution. LTSLs and NTSLs containing doxorubicin (Dox) were co-loaded with a nanobubble contrast agent (perfluoropentane, PFP) using a one-step sonoporation method to create ELTSLs and ENTSLs, which then were characterized for size, release in a physiological buffer, and ability to encapsulate PFP. For the HIFU group, mild hyperthermia (40-42°C) was completed within 90min after liposome infusion administered sequentially in three regions of the tumor. Fluorescence microscopy and high performance liquid chromatography analysis were performed to determine the spatial distribution and concentration of Dox in the treated regions. PFP encapsulation within ELTSLs and ENTSLs did not impact size or caused premature drug release in physiological buffer. As time progressed, the delivery of Dox decreased in HIFU-treated tumors with ELTSLs, but this phenomenon was absent in the LTSL, NTSL, and ENTSL groups. Most importantly, PFP encapsulation improved Dox penetration in the tumor periphery and core and did not impact the distribution of Dox in non-tumor organs/tissues. Data from this study suggest that short duration and sequential HIFU treatment could have significant benefits and that its action can be potentiated by nanobubble agents to result in improved drug penetration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua VanOsdol
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Kalyani Ektate
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Selvarani Ramasamy
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Danny Maples
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Willie Collins
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jerry Malayer
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mountford PA, Borden MA. On the thermodynamics and kinetics of superheated fluorocarbon phase-change agents. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 237:15-27. [PMID: 27574721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Superheated nanodrops are a new class of submicron-diameter liquid emulsion particles comprising perfluoropropane (C3F8), perfluorobutane (C4F10) and perfluoropentane (C5F12) that are being developed for ultrasound imaging and therapy. They can be formed by condensation of precursor lipid-coated, gas-filled microbubbles. Application of ultrasound or laser energy triggers the phase transformation back to a vapor bubble, and this process can be exploited for certain biomedical applications. The nanodrops are remarkably metastable in the liquid state under physiological conditions, even though they are highly superheated. In prior work, it was suggested that a high Laplace pressure in the lipid-coated nanodrop is responsible for its stability in the superheated state. Recent work by our group, however, points to the energy barrier for homogeneous nucleation as a more likely explanation. The purpose of this article is to review and discuss this mechanism in greater detail. We start with a brief description of basic fluorocarbon intermolecular forces. We then use the van der Waals equation of state to construct equilibrium phase diagrams and saturation curves. The effect of droplet Laplace pressure is superimposed onto these curves and compared to experimental data, where a poor correlation is observed. It is also shown that nanodrops with Laplace pressure are unstable to dissolution. The mechanism of homogeneous nucleation is then offered as an alternative explanation for the metastability of superheated nanodrops, with calculations that show good agreement with experimental data.
Collapse
|
40
|
Marshalek JP, Sheeran PS, Ingram P, Dayton PA, Witte RS, Matsunaga TO. Intracellular delivery and ultrasonic activation of folate receptor-targeted phase-change contrast agents in breast cancer cells in vitro. J Control Release 2016; 243:69-77. [PMID: 27686582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a diverse and complex disease that remains one of the leading causes of death among women. Novel, outside-of-the-box imaging and treatment methods are needed to supplement currently available technologies. In this study, we present evidence for the intracellular delivery and ultrasound-stimulated activation of folate receptor (FR)-targeted phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. PCCAs are lipid-coated, perfluorocarbon-filled particles formulated as nanoscale liquid droplets capable of vaporization into gaseous microbubbles for imaging or therapy. Cells were incubated with 1:1 decafluorobutane (DFB)/octafluoropropane (OFP) PCCAs for 1h, imaged via confocal microscopy, exposed to ultrasound (9MHz, MI=1.0 or 1.5), and imaged again after insonation. FR-targeted PCCAs were observed intracellularly in both cell lines, but uptake was significantly greater (p<0.001) in MDA-MB-231 cells (93.0% internalization at MI=1.0, 79.5% at MI=1.5) than MCF-7 cells (42.4% internalization at MI=1.0, 35.7% at MI=1.5). Folate incorporation increased the frequency of intracellular PCCA detection 45-fold for MDA-MB-231 cells and 7-fold for MCF-7 cells, relative to untargeted PCCAs. Intracellularly activated PCCAs ranged from 500nm to 6μm (IQR=800nm-1.5μm) with a mean diameter of 1.15±0.59 (SD) microns. The work presented herein demonstrates the feasibility of PCCA intracellular delivery and activation using breast cancer cells, illuminating a new platform toward intracellular imaging or therapeutic delivery with ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Sheeran
- Physical Sciences Department, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pier Ingram
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Russell S Witte
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Terry O Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Acoustic Cavitation Enhances Focused Ultrasound Ablation with Phase-Shift Inorganic Perfluorohexane Nanoemulsions: An In Vitro Study Using a Clinical Device. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7936902. [PMID: 27419138 PMCID: PMC4935909 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7936902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate whether acoustic cavitation could increase the evaporation of a phase-shift inorganic perfluorohexane (PFH) nanoemulsion and enhance high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation. Materials and Methods. PFH was encapsulated by mesoporous silica nanocapsule (MSNC) to form a nanometer-sized droplet (MSNC-PFH). It was added to a tissue-mimicking phantom, whereas phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was added as a control (PBS-control). HIFU (P ac = 150 W, t = 5/10 s) exposures were performed in both phantoms with various duty cycles (DC). US images, temperature, and cavitation emissions were recorded during HIFU exposure. HIFU-induced lesions were measured and calculated. Results. Compared to PBS-control, MSNC-PFH nanoemulsion could significantly increase the volume of HIFU-induced lesion (P < 0.01). Peak temperatures were 78.16 ± 5.64°C at a DC of 100%, 70.17 ± 6.43°C at 10%, 53.17 ± 4.54°C at 5%, and 42.00 ± 5.55°C at 2%, respectively. Inertial cavitation was much stronger in the pulsed-HIFU than that in the continuous-wave HIFU exposure. Compared to 100%-DC exposure, the mean volume of lesion induced by 5 s exposure at 10%-DC was significantly larger, but smaller at 2%-DC. Conclusions. MSNC-PFH nanoemulsion can significantly enhance HIFU ablation. Appropriate pulsed-HIFU exposure could significantly increase the volume of lesion and reduce total US energy required for HIFU ablation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Healey AJ, Sontum PC, Kvåle S, Eriksen M, Bendiksen R, Tornes A, Østensen J. Acoustic Cluster Therapy: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Measurement of Activated Bubble Size Distribution and Temporal Dynamics. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 42:1145-1166. [PMID: 26831341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic cluster technology (ACT) is a two-component, microparticle formulation platform being developed for ultrasound-mediated drug delivery. Sonazoid microbubbles, which have a negative surface charge, are mixed with micron-sized perfluoromethylcyclopentane droplets stabilized with a positively charged surface membrane to form microbubble/microdroplet clusters. On exposure to ultrasound, the oil undergoes a phase change to the gaseous state, generating 20- to 40-μm ACT bubbles. An acoustic transmission technique is used to measure absorption and velocity dispersion of the ACT bubbles. An inversion technique computes bubble size population with temporal resolution of seconds. Bubble populations are measured both in vitro and in vivo after activation within the cardiac chambers of a dog model, with catheter-based flow through an extracorporeal measurement flow chamber. Volume-weighted mean diameter in arterial blood after activation in the left ventricle was 22 μm, with no bubbles >44 μm in diameter. After intravenous administration, 24.4% of the oil is activated in the cardiac chambers.
Collapse
|
43
|
Guédra M, Coulouvrat F. A model for acoustic vaporization of encapsulated droplets. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:3656-3667. [PMID: 26723321 DOI: 10.1121/1.4937747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of encapsulated liquid nanoparticles is currently largely investigated for medical applications, mainly because their reduced size allows them to enter targeted areas which cannot be reached by large microbubbles (contrast agents). Low-boiling point perfluorocarbon droplets can be vaporized on-site under the action of the ultrasonic field, in order to turn them into echogeneous-eventually cavitating-microbubbles. This paper presents a theoretical model describing this phenomenon, paying particular attention to the finite size of the droplet and its encapsulation by a thin viscoelastic layer. Numerical simulations are done for droplets of radii 1 and 10 μm and for frequencies of 1-5 MHz. Results reveal that droplet surface tension and shell rigidity are responsible for an increase of the acoustic droplet vaporization threshold. Furthermore, this threshold does not vary monotonically with frequency, and an optimal frequency can be found to minimize it. Finally, the role of some physical properties on the dynamics of the particle is analyzed, such as the contrast of inner and outer liquids densities and the mechanical properties of the shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Guédra
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - François Coulouvrat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7190, Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, F-75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhou Y. Application of acoustic droplet vaporization in ultrasound therapy. J Ther Ultrasound 2015; 3:20. [PMID: 26566442 PMCID: PMC4642755 DOI: 10.1186/s40349-015-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbubbles have been used widely both in the ultrasonic diagnosis to enhance the contrast of vasculature and in ultrasound therapy to increase the bioeffects induced by bubble cavitation. However, due to their large size, the lifetime of microbubbles in the circulation system is on the order of minutes, and they cannot penetrate through the endothelial gap to enter the tumor. In an acoustic field, liquefied gas nanoparticles may be able to change the state and become the gas form in a few cycles of exposure without significant heating effects. Such a phenomenon is called as acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV). This review is intended to introduce the emerging application of ADV. The physics and the theoretical model behind it are introduced for further understanding of the mechanisms. Current manufacturing approaches are provided, and their differences are compared. Based on the characteristic of phase shift, a variety of therapeutic applications have been carried out both in vitro and in vivo. The latest progress and interesting results of vessel occlusion, thermal ablation using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), localized drug delivery to the tumor and cerebral tissue through the blood-brain barrier, localized tissue erosion by histotripsy are summarized. ADV may be able to overcome some limitations of microbubble-mediated ultrasound therapy and provide a novel drug and molecular targeting carrier. More investigation will help progress this technology forward for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT)--A novel concept for ultrasound mediated, targeted drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:1019-27. [PMID: 26408933 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for ultrasound (US) mediated drug delivery - Acoustic Cluster Therapy (ACT) - is proposed, and basic characteristics of the ACT formulation are elucidated. The concept comprises administration of free flowing clusters of negatively charged microbubbles and positively charged microdroplets. The clusters are activated within the target pathology by diagnostic US, undergo an ensuing liquid-to-gas phase shift and transiently deposit 20-30 μm large bubbles in the microvasculature, occluding blood flow for ∼5-10 min. Further application of US will induce biomechanical effects that increases the vascular permeability, leading to a locally enhanced extravasation of components from the vascular compartment (e.g. released or co-administered drugs). Methodologies are detailed for determination of vital in-vitro characteristics of the ACT compound; cluster concentration and size distribution. It is shown how these attributes can be engineered through various formulation parameters, and their significance as predictors of biological behaviour, such as deposit characteristics, is demonstrated by US imaging in a dog model. Furthermore, in-vivo properties of the activated ACT bubbles are studied by intravital microscopy in a rat model, confirming the postulated behaviour of the concept.
Collapse
|
46
|
Li S, Lin S, Cheng Y, Matsunaga TO, Eckersley RJ, Tang MX. Quantifying activation of perfluorocarbon-based phase-change contrast agents using simultaneous acoustic and optical observation. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:1422-31. [PMID: 25656747 PMCID: PMC5706456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phase-change contrast agents in the form of nanoscale droplets can be activated into microbubbles by ultrasound, extending the contrast beyond the vasculature. This article describes simultaneous optical and acoustical measurements for quantifying the ultrasound activation of phase-change contrast agents over a range of concentrations. In experiments, decafluorobutane-based nanodroplets of different dilutions were sonicated with a high-pressure activation pulse and two low-pressure interrogation pulses immediately before and after the activation pulse. The differences between the pre- and post-interrogation signals were calculated to quantify the acoustic power scattered by the microbubbles activated over a range of droplet concentrations. Optical observation occurred simultaneously with the acoustic measurement, and the pre- and post-microscopy images were processed to generate an independent quantitative indicator of the activated microbubble concentration. Both optical and acoustic measurements revealed linear relationships to the droplet concentration at a low concentration range <10(8)/mL when measured at body temperature. Further increases in droplet concentration resulted in saturation of the acoustic interrogation signal. Compared with body temperature, room temperature was found to produce much fewer and larger bubbles after ultrasound droplet activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shengtao Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terry O Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Meng-Xing Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sheeran PS, Rojas JD, Puett C, Hjelmquist J, Arena CB, Dayton PA. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and in vivo circulatory kinetics with low-boiling-point nanoscale phase-change perfluorocarbon agents. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:814-31. [PMID: 25619781 PMCID: PMC5599113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have explored phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) that can be vaporized by an ultrasonic pulse to form microbubbles for ultrasound imaging and therapy. However, few investigations have been published on the utility and characteristics of PCCAs as contrast agents in vivo. In this study, we examine the properties of low-boiling-point nanoscale PCCAs evaluated in vivo and compare data with those for conventional microbubbles with respect to contrast generation and circulation properties. To do this, we develop a custom pulse sequence to vaporize and image PCCAs using the Verasonics research platform and a clinical array transducer. Results indicate that droplets can produce contrast enhancement similar to that of microbubbles (7.29 to 18.24 dB over baseline, depending on formulation) and can be designed to circulate for as much as 3.3 times longer than microbubbles. This study also reports for the first time the ability to capture contrast washout kinetics of the target organ as a measure of vascular perfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Sheeran
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan D Rojas
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Connor Puett
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan Hjelmquist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B Arena
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Husseini GA, Pitt WG, Martins AM. Ultrasonically triggered drug delivery: breaking the barrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:364-86. [PMID: 25454759 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adverse side-effects of chemotherapy can be minimized by delivering the therapeutics in time and space to only the desired target site. Ultrasound offers one fairly non-invasive method of accomplishing such precise delivery because its energy can disrupt nanosized containers that are designed to sequester the drug until the ultrasonic event. Such containers include micelles, liposomes and solid nanoparticles. Conventional micelles and liposomes are less acoustically sensitive to ultrasound because the strongest forces associated with ultrasound are generated by gas-liquid interfaces, which both of these conventional constructs lack. Acoustically activated carriers often incorporate a gas phase, either actively as preformed bubbles, or passively such as taking advantage of dissolved gasses that form bubbles upon insonation. Newer concepts include using liquids that form gas when insonated. This review focuses on the ultrasonically activated delivery of therapeutics from micelles, liposomes and solid particles. In vitro and in vivo results are summarized and discussed. Novel structural concepts from micelles and liposomes are presented. Mechanisms of ultrasonically activated release are discussed. The future of ultrasound in drug delivery is envisioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana M Martins
- American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Doinikov AA, Sheeran PS, Bouakaz A, Dayton PA. Vaporization dynamics of volatile perfluorocarbon droplets: a theoretical model and in vitro validation. Med Phys 2014; 41:102901. [PMID: 25281982 PMCID: PMC4290562 DOI: 10.1118/1.4894804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Perfluorocarbon (PFC) microdroplets, called phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs), are a promising tool in ultrasound imaging and therapy. Interest in PCCAs is motivated by the fact that they can be triggered to transition from the liquid state to the gas state by an externally applied acoustic pulse. This property opens up new approaches to applications in ultrasound medicine. Insight into the physics of vaporization of PFC droplets is vital for effective use of PCCAs and for anticipating bioeffects. PCCAs composed of volatile PFCs (with low boiling point) exhibit complex dynamic behavior: after vaporization by a short acoustic pulse, a PFC droplet turns into a vapor bubble which undergoes overexpansion and damped radial oscillation until settling to a final diameter. This behavior has not been well described theoretically so far. The purpose of our study is to develop an improved theoretical model that describes the vaporization dynamics of volatile PFC droplets and to validate this model by comparison with in vitro experimental data. METHODS The derivation of the model is based on applying the mathematical methods of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to the process of the acoustic vaporization of PFC droplets. The used approach corrects shortcomings of the existing models. The validation of the model is carried out by comparing simulated results with in vitro experimental data acquired by ultrahigh speed video microscopy for octafluoropropane (OFP) and decafluorobutane (DFB) microdroplets of different sizes. RESULTS The developed theory allows one to simulate the growth of a vapor bubble inside a PFC droplet until the liquid PFC is completely converted into vapor, and the subsequent overexpansion and damped oscillations of the vapor bubble, including the influence of an externally applied acoustic pulse. To evaluate quantitatively the difference between simulated and experimental results, the L2-norm errors were calculated for all cases where the simulated and experimental results are compared. These errors were found to be in the ranges of 0.043-0.067 and 0.037-0.088 for OFP and DFB droplets, respectively. These values allow one to consider agreement between the simulated and experimental results as good. This agreement is attained by varying only 2 of 16 model parameters which describe the material properties of gaseous and liquid PFCs and the liquid surrounding the PFC droplet. The fitting parameters are the viscosity and the surface tension of the surrounding liquid. All other model parameters are kept invariable. CONCLUSIONS The good agreement between the theoretical and experimental results suggests that the developed model is able to correctly describe the key physical processes underlying the vaporization dynamics of volatile PFC droplets. The necessity of varying the parameters of the surrounding liquid for fitting the experimental curves can be explained by the fact that the parts of the initial phospholipid shell of PFC droplets remain on the surface of vapor bubbles at the oscillatory stage and their presence affects the bubble dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul S Sheeran
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Ayache Bouakaz
- Inserm U930, Université François Rabelais, Tours 37044, France
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pitt WG, Singh RN, Perez KX, Husseini GA, Jack DR. Phase transitions of perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion induced with ultrasound: a mathematical model. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:879-891. [PMID: 24035720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
While ultrasound has been used in many medical and industrial applications, only recently has research been done on phase transformations induced by ultrasound. This paper presents a numerical model and the predicted results of the phase transformation of a spherical nanosized droplet of perfluorocarbon in water. Such a model has applications in acoustic droplet vaporization, the generation of gas bubbles for medical imaging, therapeutic delivery and other biomedical applications. The formation of a gas phase and the subsequent bubble dynamics were studied as a function of acoustic parameters, such as frequency and amplitude, and of the physical aspects of the perfluorocarbon nanodroplets, such as chemical species, temperature, droplet size and interfacial energy. The model involves simultaneous applications of mass, energy and momentum balances to describe bubble formation and collapse, and was developed and solved numerically. It was found that, all other parameters being constant, the maximum bubble size and collapse velocity increases with increasing ultrasound amplitude, droplet size, vapor pressure and temperature. The bubble size and collapse velocity decreased with increasing surface tension and frequency. These results correlate with experimental observations of acoustic droplet vaporization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William G Pitt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|