1
|
Tonial Simões C, Kobs Vidal J, da Rosa da Silva C, Alves Sarturi J, Fabris Laber I, Madalosso T, Mallmann CA. A two-year study on the occurrence and concentration of mycotoxins in corn varieties with different endosperm textures. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7199-7206. [PMID: 37347847 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxin monitoring in cereal grains has great importance in the food and feed industries. This study evaluated mycotoxin contamination in corns with different endosperm textures in 2 years of cultivation. Samples of dent, semi-dent, flint and semi-flint corns from field experiments were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Occurrences of fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in 2020 were 45.72% (mean 270 μg kg-1 ) and 35.89% (94.97 μg kg-1 ), respectively, and 68.98% (446 μg kg-1 ) and 45.83% (152 μg kg-1 ) in 2021. Occurrence of aflatoxin B1 was 11.96% (0.16 μg kg-1 ) in 2020 and 11.11% (0.13 μg kg-1 ) in 2021. In 2020, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenona (ZEA) presented occurrences of 1.28% and 1.70%, with means of 4.08 and 2.45 μg kg-1 , respectively. In 2021, results were 8.33% (31.00 μg kg-1 ) for DON and 8.79% (4.38 μg kg-1 ) for ZEA. Citrinin, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X did not occur in 2020 but presented 1.66%, 0.83%, and 2.50% positive rates in 2021, respectively. In 2020, flint corn presented the lowest concentration of FB1 whereas dent corn presented the highest concentration of FB1 and FB2 (P < 0.05). In 2021, dent corn presented the highest means of FB1 , FB2 and diacetoxyscirpenol (P < 0.05). Dent and semi-dent presented the highest concentration of nivalenol (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The endosperm texture influenced mycotoxin contamination in corn grains, especially FB1 and FB2 , which had the highest concentration in dent corn in the 2 years of this study. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tonial Simões
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Janine Alves Sarturi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fabris Laber
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tiago Madalosso
- Centro de Pesquisa Agrícola, Cooperativa Agroindustrial Consolata, Cafelândia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alves-Silva JM, Gonçalves MJ, Silva A, Cavaleiro C, Cruz MT, Salgueiro L. Chemical Profile, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Inflammaging Activities of Santolina rosmarinifolia L. Essential Oil from Portugal. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010179. [PMID: 36671380 PMCID: PMC9854695 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections and the accompanying inflammatory responses are associated with great morbidity and mortality due to the frequent relapses triggered by an increased resistance to antifungal agents. Furthermore, this inflammatory state can be exacerbated during inflammaging and cellular senescence. Essential oils (EO) are receiving increasing interest in the field of drug discovery due to their lipophilic nature and complex composition, making them suitable candidates in the development of new antifungal drugs and modulators of numerous molecular targets. This work chemically characterized the EO from Santolina rosmarinifolia L., collected in Setúbal (Portugal), and assessed its antifungal potential by determining its minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum lethal (MLC) concentration in accordance with the Clinical Laboratory Standard Guidelines (CLSI) guidelines, as well as its effect on several Candida albicans virulence factors. The anti-inflammatory effect was unveiled using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages by assessing several pro-inflammatory mediators. The wound healing and anti-senescence potential of the EO was also disclosed. The EO was mainly characterized by β-pinene (29.6%), borneol (16.9%), myrcene (15.4%) and limonene (5.7%). It showed a strong antifungal effect against yeasts and filamentous fungi (MIC = 0.07-0.29 mg/mL). Furthermore, it inhibited dimorphic transition (MIC/16), decreased biofilm formation with a preeminent effect after 24 h (MIC/2) and disrupted preformed biofilms in C. albicans. Additionally, the EO decreased nitric oxide (NO) release (IC50 = 0.52 mg/mL) and pro-IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, promoted wound healing (91% vs. 81% closed wound) and reduced cellular senescence (53% vs. 73% β-galactosidase-positive cells). Overall, this study highlights the relevant pharmacological properties of S. rosmarinifolia, opening new avenues for its industrial exploitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M. Alves-Silva
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria José Gonçalves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nasaruddin N, Jinap S, Samsudin NIP, Kamarulzaman NH, Sanny M. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed from selected regions of Malaysia by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:777-787. [PMID: 35302923 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2036821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin contamination throughout the supply chain of maize-based poultry feed. Different sampling points throughout the feed supply chain were selected from two companies that manufactured the poultry feed. A total of 51 samples, consisting of grain maize and maize-based poultry feeds, were collected. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine the occurrence of multi-mycotoxin. The results revealed that 100% of samples throughout the maize-based poultry feed supply chain were spoiled with more than one mycotoxin. Fumonisin B1 (8.02-1,220 µg/kg) and fumonisin B2 (11.1-1,109 µg/kg) were the main mycotoxins detected at all sampling points throughout the feed supply chain. Zearalenone (ZEA) (6.63-7.50 µg/kg) was also detected in 11.7% (n = 6) (out of a total of 51) samples. As the supply chain progresses, a reduction in mycotoxin contamination was observed. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), HT-2, and T-2 toxin were not detected. The levels of mycotoxins detected throughout the supply chain were below the international regulatory limits, thus indicating the low risk of exposure to mycotoxins in maize-based poultry feed in Malaysia. Nevertheless, due to the presence of multiple ingredients in most food and feed, efforts to understand and address challenges associated with mycotoxins throughout the entire supply chain need to be more holistic to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norafidah Nasaruddin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nitty Hirawaty Kamarulzaman
- Laboratory of Halal Policy and Management, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Agribusiness and Bioresource Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kortei NK, Annan T, Kyei-Baffour V, Essuman EK, Okyere H, Tettey CO. Exposure and risk characterizations of ochratoxins A and aflatoxins through maize (Zea mays) consumed in different agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23339. [PMID: 34857860 PMCID: PMC8639867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs is a serious food safety concern globally as the prolonged ingestion of these toxins has the tendency to worsen the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aimed at estimating ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin (AF) levels above international (European Food Safety Authority, EFSA) and local (Ghana Standards Authority, GSA) standards as well as the health risks associated with the consumption of maize (n = 180) sampled from six (6) regions representing the agro-ecological zones of Ghana. OTA and AF were measured with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Fluorescence detector. Out of the 180 samples analyzed for total aflatoxins (AFtotal), 131/180 tested positive and 127 (70.50%) exceeded the limits of EFSA and ranged 4.27-441.02 µg/kg. While for GSA, 116 (64.44%) of samples exceeded this limit and ranged between 10.18 and 441.02 µg/kg. For OTA, 103/180 tested positive and 94 (52.22%) of samples between the range 4.00-97.51 µg/kg exceeded the tolerable limit of EFSA, whereas 89 (49.44%) and were in the range of 3.30-97.51 µg/kg exceeded the limits of GSA. Risk assessment values for total aflatoxins (AFtotal) ranged between 50 and 1150 ng/kg bw/day, 0.4-6.67, 0-0.0323 aflatoxins ng/kg bw/day and 1.62-37.15 cases/100,000 person/year for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively. Likewise, ochratoxin (OTA) values were in the ranges of 8.6 × 10-3-450 ng/kg bw/day, 0.05-2059.97, 0-0.0323 ochratoxins ng/kg bw/day and 2.78 × 10-4-14.54 cases/100,000 person/year. Consumption of maize posed adverse health effects in all age categories of the locations studied since the calculated MOE values were less than 10,000.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Theophilus Annan
- Food Microbiology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Edward Ken Essuman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Harry Okyere
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Crops Research Institute, P. O. Box 3785, Fumesua, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Clement Okraku Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frey M, Rosim R, Oliveira C. Mycotoxin Co-Occurrence in Milks and Exposure Estimation: A Pilot Study in São Paulo, Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:507. [PMID: 34437378 PMCID: PMC8402475 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a first evaluation on the co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AF) M1, B1, B2, G1 and G2; fumonisins (F) B1 and B2; deoxynivalenol (DON); de-epoxydeoxinivalenol (DOM-1); ochratoxin A (OTA); zearalenone (ZEN); α-zearalenol (α-ZEL); and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) in 68 samples of fluid milk consumed in Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. The probable daily intake (PDI) was also calculated for each mycotoxin evaluated. Mycotoxins were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Sixty-two (91.2%) samples contained at least one type of mycotoxin. AFM1 was found in 6 samples (8.8%), and none of them presented concentrations above the Brazilian maximum permitted level in milk (500 ng/L). Low levels of non-regulated mycotoxins DOM-1, OTA, FB1, FB2, α-ZEL and β-ZEL were found in 6 (8.8%), 17 (25%), 10 (14.7%), 3 (4.4%), 39 (57.4%) and 28 (41.2%) samples of milk, respectively. None of the PDIs calculated for the quantified mycotoxins were above recommended values, indicating low exposure through milk consumption in the area studied. However, 21 samples (30.9%) contained 2-4 types of mycotoxins, which warrants concern about the potential adverse effects of mycotoxin mixtures in milks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga CEP 13635-900, SP, Brazil; (M.F.); (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Urbaniak M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Fusarium Cyclodepsipeptide Mycotoxins: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120765. [PMID: 33287253 PMCID: PMC7761704 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the fungi from the Fusarium genus are pathogenic to cereals, vegetables, and fruits and the products of their secondary metabolism mycotoxins may accumulate in foods and feeds. Non-ribosomal cyclodepsipeptides are one of the main mycotoxin groups and include beauvericins (BEAs), enniatins (ENNs), and beauvenniatins (BEAEs). When ingested, even small amounts of these metabolites significantly affect human and animal health. On the other hand, in view of their antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity, they may be used as components in drug discovery and processing and are considered as suitable candidates for anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to expand the existing knowledge about cyclodepsipeptides and to search for new analogues of these compounds. The present manuscript aimed to highlight the extensive variability of cyclodepsipeptides by describing chemistry, biosynthesis, and occurrence of BEAs, ENNs, and BEAEs in foods and feeds. Moreover, the co-occurrence of Fusarium species was compared to the amounts of toxins in crops, vegetables, and fruits from different regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (Ł.S.); Tel.: +48-616-55-02-34 (M.U.)
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (Ł.S.); Tel.: +48-616-55-02-34 (M.U.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nácher-Mestre J, Beltrán E, Strachan F, Dick JR, Pérez-Sánchez J, Berntssen MHG, Tocher DR. No transfer of the non-regulated mycotoxins, beauvericin and enniatins, from feeds to farmed fish reared on plant-based diets. Food Chem 2020; 323:126773. [PMID: 32330644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Concern about the risk of exposure to emerging plant-derived mycotoxins such as beauvericin and enniatins has been addressed by the European Commission who requested the European Food Safety Authority for a scientific opinion on their risk to human and animal health. The studied mycotoxins were found in feeds with enniatin B and beauvericin at average concentrations of 19.9 μg/kg and 30 μg/kg, respectively. In all cases, concentrations of all the mycotoxins analyzed were below quantification limits (<0.1 μg/kg) in fish samples (n = 82). The present work provides comprehensive and traceable data of emerging mycotoxins in plant-based aquafeeds and fish reared on the feeds, responding to increasing concerns about safety of farmed fish fed on sustainable feeds. On the basis of data reported, there was no transfer of the emerging mycotoxins, beauvericin and enniatins, from feeds to fish and so, no risk for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Fiona Strachan
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - James R Dick
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Marc H G Berntssen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mallmann A, Dilkin P, Vidal J, Meinerz G, Oliveira M, Mallmann C. Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar as variáveis micotoxicológicas e nutricionais de híbridos de milho com diferentes características que influenciam no custo da ração para frangos de corte. Foram avaliados 26 híbridos de milho geneticamente modificados nas safrinhas de 2016 e 2017, com diferentes germoplasmas, textura de endosperma e duração do ciclo. Nos híbridos, foram avaliados grãos avariados, fumonisinas (B1+B2) (FUM), aflatoxinas (B1+B2+G1+G2) (AFLA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoxinivalenol (DON), umidade, proteína bruta (PB), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), aminoácidos digestíveis para aves (lisina, metionina, cistina e treonina) e o respectivo custo da ração inicial para frangos de corte, que foi calculada pelo custo mínimo. A prevalência de FUM, AFLA, ZEA e DON foi de 90, 17, 33 e 0%, com médias de 3067, 1, 38 e 0µg/kg nos dois anos, respectivamente. A média de EMAn e PB foi de 3264kcal/kg e 8,02%, respectivamente, e diferiu (P<0,05) nos dois anos. O custo da ração foi influenciado significativamente (P<0,05) por FUM, PB, EMAn nos dois anos. Híbridos com tecnologia Viptera apresentam menor concentração por FUM e menor custo da ração. Híbridos de ciclo precoce têm menor concentração de FUM, maiores percentuais de PB e de aminoácidos digestíveis e menor custo da ração.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P. Dilkin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - J.K. Vidal
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Novak B, Rainer V, Sulyok M, Haltrich D, Schatzmayr G, Mayer E. Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E537. [PMID: 31540008 PMCID: PMC6784148 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC50 values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC50 = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eskola M, Kos G, Elliott CT, Hajšlová J, Mayar S, Krska R. Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited ‘FAO estimate’ of 25%. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2773-2789. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1658570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Eskola
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Gregor Kos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sultan Mayar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Coloma Z, Oliveira M, Dilkin P, Mallmann A, Almeida C, Mallmann C. Mycotoxin occurrence in Peruvian purple maize. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins in 82 samples of Peruvian purple maize was determined by LC-MS/MS methods. Samples were collected from local commercial establishments in Peru from December 2015 to March 2016, and from March 2017 to April 2017. Aflatoxins (AF) (64.6%) and fumonisins (FB) (63.4%) were the most common mycotoxins, with average values of 2.1 (1-17) and 2,586 (125-27,490) μg/kg, respectively. Zearalenone (ZEA) was identified in a single sample at 24.4 μg/kg. Co-occurrence of AF and FB was confirmed in 45.1% of the samples (n=37), which presented significant (P<0.05) Spearman correlation (ρ=0.59) between these mycotoxins. Co-occurrence of AF, FB and ZEA was found in one sample and ZEA was found in one sample. Ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3-acetyldeoxinivalenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin were not detected. Water activity (Aw) of these samples exceeded 0.73; there was no correlation between Aw and the levels of mycotoxins. This is the first study to evaluate the occurrence of mycotoxins in Peruvian purple maize, and it ascertained that this variety may pose a risk to public health. Therefore, there is a need to control this grain supply chain in order to determine the factors involved in the presence of these toxins, and to establish regulatory limits or guidelines for maximum tolerated levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z.N. Coloma
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - P. Dilkin
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.O. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A.A. Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C.A. Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), P.O. Box 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pante GC, Silva MV, Romoli JCZ, Rocha GHO, Bando E, Nerilo SB, Mossini SAG, Machinski M. Occurrence of zearalenone in corn meal commercialized in south region of Brazil and daily intake estimates in the Brazilian population. J Food Saf 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giseli C. Pante
- Department of Health Basic SciencesState University of Maringa (UEM), Laboratory of Toxicology Maringa Brazil
| | - Milena V. Silva
- Department of Health Basic SciencesState University of Maringa (UEM), Laboratory of Toxicology Maringa Brazil
| | - Jéssica C. Z. Romoli
- Department of Health Basic SciencesState University of Maringa (UEM), Laboratory of Toxicology Maringa Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. O. Rocha
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological AnalysesUniversity of Sao Paulo (USP), Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Erika Bando
- Department of Health Basic SciencesState University of Maringa (UEM), Laboratory of Toxicology Maringa Brazil
| | | | - Simone A. G. Mossini
- Department of Health Basic SciencesState University of Maringa (UEM), Laboratory of Toxicology Maringa Brazil
| | - Miguel Machinski
- Department of Health Basic SciencesState University of Maringa (UEM), Laboratory of Toxicology Maringa Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fusarium mycotoxins and in vitro species-specific approach with porcine intestinal and brain in vitro barriers: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:666-675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
14
|
Franco LT, Petta T, Rottinghaus GE, Bordin K, Gomes GA, Oliveira CAF. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in maize food and maize-based feed from small-scale farms in Brazil: a pilot study. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:65-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Park J, Kim DH, Moon JY, An JA, Kim YW, Chung SH, Lee C. Distribution Analysis of Twelve Mycotoxins in Corn and Corn-Derived Products by LC-MS/MS to Evaluate the Carry-Over Ratio during Wet-Milling. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080319. [PMID: 30082663 PMCID: PMC6115783 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of twelve mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2; ochratoxin A; fumonisins B1 and B2; deoxynivalenol; nivalenol; zearalenone; T-2 toxin; and HT-2 toxin) in corn and corn by-products (corn bran, cornstarch, corn gluten, corn gluten feed, corn germ, light steep water, and corn steep liquor) produced by wet-milling in Korea. Fifty-two samples were collected from three factories producing cornstarch and other corn by-products. The samples were pretreated on an immunoaffinity column (IAC), and then the levels of the 12 mycotoxins were analyzed simultaneously by liquid chromatography-coupled triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fusarium mycotoxins were mainly found in raw corn and corn gluten feed samples. Other mycotoxins—such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and HT-2 toxin—were detected in tiny amounts below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in cornstarch, corn germ, and corn bran. Ochratoxin A and nivalenol were mainly carried over into cornstarch. Aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and the fumonisins were concentrated in corn gluten feed. Zearalenone was evenly distributed in all corn by-products except cornstarch during the milling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Park
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong-si 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.
| | - Jin-Ah An
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong-si 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong-si 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Chan Lee
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726, Seodong-daero, Anseong-si 17546, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Dänicke S, Eriksen GS, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04851. [PMID: 32625539 PMCID: PMC7009830 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurs predominantly in cereal grains. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to ZEN and its modified forms in feed. Modified forms of ZEN occurring in feed include phase I metabolites α‐zearalenol (α‐ZEL), β‐zearalenol (β‐ZEL), α‐zearalanol (α‐ZAL), β‐zearalanol (β‐ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN) and phase II conjugates. ZEN has oestrogenic activity and the oestrogenic activity of the modified forms of ZEN differs considerably. For ZEN, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for pig (piglets and gilts), poultry (chicken and fattening turkeys), sheep and fish (extrapolated from carp) and lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) for dogs. No reference points could be established for cattle, ducks, goats, horses, rabbits, mink and cats. For modified forms, no reference points could be established for any animal species and relative potency factors previously established from rodents by the CONTAM Panel in 2016 were used. The dietary exposure was estimated on 17,706 analytical results with high proportions of left‐censored data (ZEN about 60%, ZAN about 70%, others close to 100%). Samples for ZEN were collected between 2001 and 2015 in 25 different European countries, whereas samples for the modified forms were collected mostly between 2013 and 2015 from three Member States. Based on exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feed containing ZEN was considered extremely low for poultry and low for sheep, dog, pig and fish. The same conclusions also apply to the sum of ZEN and its modified forms.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fraeyman S, Croubels S, Devreese M, Antonissen G. Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria Mycotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicity and Toxicokinetics. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070228. [PMID: 28718805 PMCID: PMC5535175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins gain more and more interest due to their frequent contamination of food and feed, although in vivo toxicity and toxicokinetic data are limited. Whereas the Fusarium mycotoxins beauvericin, moniliformin and enniatins particularly contaminate grain and grain-based products, Alternaria mycotoxins are also detected in fruits, vegetables and wines. Although contamination levels are usually low (µg/kg range), higher contamination levels of enniatins and tenuazonic acid may occasionally occur. In vitro studies suggest genotoxic effects of enniatins A, A1 and B1, beauvericin, moniliformin, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altertoxins and stemphyltoxin-III. Furthermore, in vitro studies suggest immunomodulating effects of most emerging toxins and a reproductive health hazard of alternariol, beauvericin and enniatin B. More in vivo toxicity data on the individual and combined effects of these contaminants on reproductive and immune system in both humans and animals is needed to update the risk evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority. Taking into account new occurrence data for tenuazonic acid, the complete oral bioavailability, the low total body clearance in pigs and broiler chickens and the limited toxicity data, a health risk cannot be completely excluded. Besides, some less known Alternaria toxins, especially the genotoxic altertoxins and stemphyltoxin III, should be incorporated in risk evaluation as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fraeyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gunther Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Occurrence of Zearalenone in South Korean Feedstuffs between 2009 and 2016. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070223. [PMID: 28714869 PMCID: PMC5535170 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium plant pathogen species have harmful effects on humans and livestock by natural contamination in food and feed. Zearalenone, one of the well-known Fusarium mycotoxins, causes hyperestrogenism and toxicosis resulting in reproductive dysfunction in animals. This study investigated the occurrence of zearalenone in feedstuffs (compound feeds, feed ingredients) between 2009 and 2016 in South Korea to obtain information on zearalenone contamination in feeds for management. A total of 653 animal feed samples (494 compound feeds, 159 feed ingredients) produced domestically were sampled five times from 2009 to 2016 (2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016) from feed factories in South Korea. The levels of zearalenone were analyzed every year by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after pretreatment with an immunoaffinity column showing limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.1–3 μg/kg and 0.3–8 μg/kg, respectively. Four feed samples out of 494 compound feeds exceeded the EU and South Korea commission regulations over the eight-year test period, and no feed ingredients exceeded the guidelines.
Collapse
|
19
|
Luz C, Saladino F, Luciano FB, Mañes J, Meca G. Occurrence, toxicity, bioaccessibility and mitigation strategies of beauvericin, a minor Fusarium mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:430-439. [PMID: 28720287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins include the toxic secondary metabolites fusaproliferin, enniatins, beauvericin (BEA), and moniliform. BEA is produced by some entomo- and phytopathogenic Fusarium species and occurs naturally on corn and corn-based foods and feeds infected by Fusarium spp. BEA has shown various biological activities (antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal) and possesses toxic activity, including the induction of apoptosis, increase cytoplasmic calcium concentration and lead to DNA fragmentation in mammalian cell lines. Cereals food processing has an important effect on mycotoxin stability, leading to less-contaminated food compared to the raw materials. Different industrial processes have shown to be effective practices to reduce BEA contents due to thermal food processing applied, such as cooking, boiling, baking, frying, roasting and pasteurization. Some studies demonstrated the capacity of lactic acid bacteria to reduce the presence of the BEA in model solution and in food chain through fermentation processes, modifying this mycotoxin in a less toxic derivate. Prebiotic and probiotic ingredient can modulate the bioaccessibility of BEA reducing the risk of intake of this minor Fusarium mycotoxin. This review summarizes the existing data on occurrence, toxicity and especially on BEA reduction strategies in food and feed such as chemical reduction, biocontrol and food processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Luz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F Saladino
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - F B Luciano
- School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain
| | - G Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 4610, Burjassot, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ketney O, Santini A, Oancea S. Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otto Ketney
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection; ‘Lucian Blaga’ University of Sibiu; Bulevardul Victoriei 10 Sibiu 550024 Romania
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Napoli Federico II; Via D. Montesano 49 - 80131 Napoli Italy
| | - Simona Oancea
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Food Industry and Environmental Protection; ‘Lucian Blaga’ University of Sibiu; Bulevardul Victoriei 10 Sibiu 550024 Romania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Fraeyman S, Devreese M, Antonissen G, De Baere S, Rychlik M, Croubels S. Comparative Oral Bioavailability, Toxicokinetics, and Biotransformation of Enniatin B1 and Enniatin B in Broiler Chickens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7259-7264. [PMID: 27632250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A toxicokinetic study of the Fusarium mycotoxins enniatin B1 (ENN B1) and enniatin B (ENN B) was performed in broiler chickens. Each animal received ENN B1 or B orally via an intracrop bolus and intravenously at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. Both enniatins were poorly absorbed after oral administration, with absolute oral bioavailabilities of 0.05 and 0.11 for ENNs B1 and B, respectively. Both enniatins were readily distributed to the tissues, with mean volumes of distribution of 25.09 and 33.91 L/kg for ENNs B1 and B, respectively. The mean total body clearance was rather high, namely, 6.63 and 7.10 L/h/kg for ENNs B1 and B, respectively. Finally, an UHPLC-HRMS targeted approach was used to investigate the phase I and II biotransformations of both mycotoxins. Oxygenation was the major phase I biotransformation pathway for both ENNs B1 and B. Neither glucuronide nor sulfate phase II metabolites were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ishikawa AT, Takabayashi-Yamashita CR, Ono EYS, Bagatin AK, Rigobello FF, Kawamura O, Hirooka EY, Itano EN. Exposure Assessment of Infants to Aflatoxin M₁ through Consumption of Breast Milk and Infant Powdered Milk in Brazil. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E246. [PMID: 27589799 PMCID: PMC5037473 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) is an important biomarker that can be used to evaluate aflatoxin exposure in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure degree of infants to AFM₁ through consumption of breast milk and infant powdered milk in Brazil. For this purpose, the estimated daily intake (EDI) for infants was calculated based on the AFM₁ levels analyzed in 94 breast milk (BM) samples collected in Southern Brazil, and 16 infant powdered milk (IPM) samples commonly commercialized in Brazil. AFM₁ was detected in 5.3% (n = 5) and 43.8% (n = 7) of BM and IPM samples, with mean levels of 0.003 ng/g and 0.011 ng/g, respectively. All the IPM samples showed AFM₁ levels lower than those established by the Brazilian guidelines (5 ng/g), and in most of the samples (81.25%) levels were below the maximum limit tolerated by the European Commission (0.025 ng/g). The EDI of AFM₁ for infants aged zero to 12 months old showed values from 0.018 to 0.069 ng/kg body weight/day for BM, and 0.078 to 0.306 ng/kg body weight/day for IPM. Hazard index (HI) values for BM and IPM were less than one, except for IPM intended for infants up to one month. In conclusion, the exposure of infants to AFM₁ was low, but continuous monitoring of mycotoxin levels is essential to minimize infant health risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica T Ishikawa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Cássia R Takabayashi-Yamashita
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Elisabete Y S Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Artur K Bagatin
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Fabiana F Rigobello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Osamu Kawamura
- Food Hygiene Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 761-0795 Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan.
| | - Elisa Y Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eiko N Itano
- Department of Pathological Sciences, State University of Londrina, P.O. Box 10.011, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Escrivá L, Font G, Berrada H, Manyes L. Mycotoxin contamination in laboratory rat feeds and their implications in animal research. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:529-537. [PMID: 27401777 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1206163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Compound feed is particularly vulnerable to multi-mycotoxin contamination. A method for the determination of 12 mycotoxins; enniatins A, A1, B, B1; aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2; OTA; ZEA; T-2 and HT-2 by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and applied for the analysis of laboratory rat commercial feeds. The method trueness was checked by recovery assays at three different spiked levels (n = 9). Recoveries ranged from 73% to 112%, and the intra-day and inter-day precision were lower than 9% and 13%, respectively. Limits of quantitation were lower than 15 μg/kg. Twenty-seven laboratory rats feed samples showed multi-contamination by at least three up to six different mycotoxins. ENNs B and B1, followed by ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins. T-2, HT-2, and OTA were not detected. ZEA showed the highest concentration levels reaching 492 μg/kg. The results underline the importance of implementing mycotoxin regular surveillance programs for laboratory animal feeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escrivá
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| | - Guillermina Font
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| | - Houda Berrada
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| | - Lara Manyes
- a Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Valencia , Burjassot , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hove M, Van Poucke C, Njumbe-Ediage E, Nyanga L, De Saeger S. Review on the natural co-occurrence of AFB1 and FB1 in maize and the combined toxicity of AFB1 and FB1. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
26
|
Yibadatihan S, Jinap S, Mahyudin NA. Simultaneous determination of multi-mycotoxins in palm kernel cake (PKC) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:2071-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.978396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
27
|
Scientific Opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of beauvericin and enniatins in food and feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|