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Keshtgar Z, Chalabianloo G, Esmaeili N. Probable Neuropsychological and Cognitive Complications Due to Cytokine Storm in Patients With COVID-19. Basic Clin Neurosci 2023; 14:549-564. [PMID: 38628831 PMCID: PMC11016882 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2022.3202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was first identified in China in December 2019 and is rapidly spreading worldwide as a pandemic. Since COVID-19 causes mild to severe acute respiratory syndrome, most studies in this context have focused on pathogenesis primarily in the respiratory system. However, evidence shows that the central nervous system (CNS) may also be affected by COVID-19. Since COVID-19 is spreading, it is necessary to study its possible cognitive effects on COVID-19 patients and their recovery. Methods The articles used in this study were searched by keywords, such as cytokine storm and COVID-19, COVID-19 and executive dysfunction, cognitive disorder, and COVID-19, central nervous system (CNS) and COVID-19, coronavirus, neuroinvasion in Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist. The study evaluates all observational studies published between December 2019 and April 2021 in peer-reviewed journals, including cross-sectional, cohort, case-control studies, case reports, and case series. The search result was 106 articles, of which 73 articles related to COVID-19, the stages of infection by this virus, its effect on the nervous system and neurological symptoms, the cytokine storm caused by this infection, and the possible cognitive consequences caused by this virus in patients, has been reviewed. Other articles were not checked due to their limited relevance to the topic under discussion. Results Studies showed that neurons may be directly affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, various studies indicated that systemic inflammation (so-called "cytokine storm") is also responsible for brain damage induced by infection with SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. In such a way that these patients showed elevated levels of interleukin (IL-), 6, 8, and 10 and of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in their blood. Conclusion Various cognitive defects have been observed following an increased level of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, 8. Therefore, due to the increased level of these pro-inflammatory factors in the brains of these patients, cognitive deficits can be expected, which need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Keshtgar
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Chalabianloo
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Niloofar Esmaeili
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Safiriyu AA, Mulchandani V, Anakkacheri MN, Pal D, Das Sarma J. Proline-Proline Dyad in the Fusion Peptide of the Murine β-Coronavirus Spike Protein's S2 Domain Modulates Its Neuroglial Tropism. Viruses 2023; 15:215. [PMID: 36680255 PMCID: PMC9865228 DOI: 10.3390/v15010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-Coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59)-RSA59 has a patent stretch of fusion peptide (FP) containing two consecutive central prolines (PP) in the S2 domain of the Spike protein. Our previous studies compared the PP-containing fusogenic-demyelinating strain RSA59(PP) to its one proline-deleted mutant strain RSA59(P) and one proline-containing non-fusogenic non-demyelinating parental strain RSMHV2(P) to its one proline inserted mutant strain RSMHV2(PP). These studies highlighted the crucial role of PP in fusogenicity, hepato-neuropathogenesis, and demyelination. Computational studies combined with biophysical data indicate that PP at the center of the FP provides local rigidity while imparting global fluctuation to the Spike protein that enhances the fusogenic properties of RSA59(PP) and RSMHV2(PP). To elaborate on the understanding of the role of PP in the FP of MHV, the differential neuroglial tropism of the PP and P mutant strains was investigated. Comparative studies demonstrated that PP significantly enhances the viral tropism for neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. PP, however, is not essential for viral tropism for either astroglial or oligodendroglial precursors or the infection of meningeal fibroblasts in the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers. PP in the fusion domain is critical for promoting gliopathy, making it a potential region for designing antivirals for neuro-COVID therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abass Alao Safiriyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Vaishali Mulchandani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Mohammed Nahaf Anakkacheri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Debnath Pal
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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3
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Hogberg HT, Lam A, Ohayon E, Shahbaz MA, Clerbaux LA, Bal-Price A, Coecke S, Concha R, De Bernardi F, Edrosa E, Hargreaves AJ, Kanninen KM, Munoz A, Pistollato F, Saravanan S, Garcia-Reyero N, Wittwehr C, Sachana M. The Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework Applied to Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213411. [PMID: 36359807 PMCID: PMC9658029 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to also be neurotropic. However, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 induces neurologic injury, including neurological and/or psychological symptoms, remain unclear. In this review, the available knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying COVID-19 was organized using the AOP framework. Four AOPs leading to neurological adverse outcomes (AO), anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, and seizure, were developed. Biological key events (KEs) identified to induce these AOs included binding to ACE2, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The modularity of AOPs allows the construction of AOP networks to visualize core pathways and recognize neuroinflammation and BBB disruption as shared mechanisms. Furthermore, the impact on the neurological AOPs of COVID-19 by modulating and multiscale factors such as age, psychological stress, nutrition, poverty, and food insecurity was discussed. Organizing the existing knowledge along an AOP framework can represent a valuable tool to understand disease mechanisms and identify data gaps and potentially contribute to treatment, and prevention. This AOP-aligned approach also facilitates synergy between experts from different backgrounds, while the fast-evolving and disruptive nature of COVID-19 emphasizes the need for interdisciplinarity and cross-community research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T. Hogberg
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27518, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Ann Lam
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Elan Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
- Institute for Green & Open Sciences, Toronto, ON M6J 2J4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Rachel Concha
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Francesca De Bernardi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Eizleayne Edrosa
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Alan J. Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amalia Munoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Surat Saravanan
- Centre for Predictive Human Model Systems Atal Incubation Centre-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Clemens Wittwehr
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 75016 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (M.S.)
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4
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Ihunwo AO, Perego J, Martino G, Vicenzi E, Panina-Bordignon P. Neurogenesis and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826091. [PMID: 35251006 PMCID: PMC8891128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells that reside in the fetal and adult mammalian brain, which can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and supporting cells. Intrinsic and extrinsic cues, from cells in the local niche and from distant sites, stringently orchestrates the self-renewal and differentiation competence of NSCs. Ample evidence supports the important role of NSCs in neuroplasticity, aging, disease, and repair of the nervous system. Indeed, activation of NSCs or their transplantation into injured areas of the central nervous system can lead to regeneration in animal models. Viral invasion of NSCs can negatively affect neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, with consequent cell death, impairment of cell cycle progression, early differentiation, which cause neural progenitors depletion in the cortical layer of the brain. Herein, we will review the current understanding of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of the fetal brain and the NSCs, which are the preferential population targeted by ZIKV. Furthermore, the potential neurotropic properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may cause direct neurological damage, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadi Ogonda Ihunwo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jessica Perego
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Vicenzi
- Viral Pathogenesis and Biosafety Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disesases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Panina-Bordignon
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Panina-Bordignon,
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5
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Almeida GM, Souza JP, Mendes ND, Pontelli MC, Pinheiro NR, Nogueira GO, Cardoso RS, Paiva IM, Ferrari GD, Veras FP, Cunha FQ, Horta-Junior JAC, Alberici LC, Cunha TM, Podolsky-Gondim GG, Neder L, Arruda E, Sebollela A. Neural Infection by Oropouche Virus in Adult Human Brain Slices Induces an Inflammatory and Toxic Response. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:674576. [PMID: 34887719 PMCID: PMC8651276 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.674576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging arbovirus in South and Central Americas with high spreading potential. OROV infection has been associated with neurological complications and OROV genomic RNA has been detected in cerebrospinal fluid from patients, suggesting its neuroinvasive potential. Motivated by these findings, neurotropism and neuropathogenesis of OROV have been investigated in vivo in murine models, which do not fully recapitulate the complexity of the human brain. Here we have used slice cultures from adult human brains to investigate whether OROV is capable of infecting mature human neural cells in a context of preserved neural connections and brain cytoarchitecture. Our results demonstrate that human neural cells can be infected ex vivo by OROV and support the production of infectious viral particles. Moreover, OROV infection led to the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and diminished cell viability 48 h post-infection, indicating that OROV triggers an inflammatory response and tissue damage. Although OROV-positive neurons were observed, microglia were the most abundant central nervous system (CNS) cell type infected by OROV, suggesting that they play an important role in the response to CNS infection by OROV in the adult human brain. Importantly, we found no OROV-infected astrocytes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first direct demonstration of OROV infection in human brain cells. Combined with previous data from murine models and case reports of OROV genome detection in cerebrospinal fluid from patients, our data shed light on OROV neuropathogenesis and help raising awareness about acute and possibly chronic consequences of OROV infection in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia M. Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliano P. Souza
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Niele D. Mendes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marjorie C. Pontelli
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nathalia R. Pinheiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giovanna O. Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Cardoso
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Isadora M. Paiva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D. Ferrari
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio P. Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jose A. C. Horta-Junior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology (Anatomy), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luciane C. Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago M. Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G. Podolsky-Gondim
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Clinics Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciano Neder
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Center for Virus Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sebollela
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Satheesh NJ, Salloum-Asfar S, Abdulla SA. The Potential Role of COVID-19 in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis-A Preliminary Report. Viruses 2021; 13:2091. [PMID: 34696521 PMCID: PMC8540806 DOI: 10.3390/v13102091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that mainly affects the lungs. COVID-19 symptoms include the presence of fevers, dry coughs, fatigue, sore throat, headaches, diarrhea, and a loss of taste or smell. However, it is understood that SARS-CoV-2 is neurotoxic and neuro-invasive and could enter the central nervous system (CNS) via the hematogenous route or via the peripheral nerve route and causes encephalitis, encephalopathy, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the possibility of SARS-CoV-2-mediated Multiple Sclerosis (MS) development in the future, comparable to the surge in Parkinson's disease cases following the Spanish Flu in 1918. Moreover, the SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a cytokine storm. This review highlights the impact of these modulated cytokines on glial cell interactions within the CNS and their role in potentially prompting MS development as a secondary disease by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic and could interfere with various functions of neurons leading to MS development. The influence of neuroinflammation, microglia phagocytotic capabilities, as well as hypoxia-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegeneration, are mechanisms that may ultimately trigger MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salam Salloum-Asfar
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 34110, Qatar;
| | - Sara A. Abdulla
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha 34110, Qatar;
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Francistiová L, Klepe A, Curley G, Gulya K, Dinnyés A, Filkor K. Cellular and Molecular Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Linking Lung Infection to the Brain. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730088. [PMID: 34484241 PMCID: PMC8414801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a new viral disease emerged and quickly spread all around the world. In March 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak was classified as a global pandemic and by June 2021, the number of infected people grew to over 170 million. Along with the patients' mild-to-severe respiratory symptoms, reports on probable central nervous system (CNS) effects appeared shortly, raising concerns about the possible long-term detrimental effects on human cognition. It remains unresolved whether the neurological symptoms are caused directly by the SARS-CoV-2 infiltration in the brain, indirectly by secondary immune effects of a cytokine storm and antibody overproduction, or as a consequence of systemic hypoxia-mediated microglia activation. In severe COVID-19 cases with impaired lung capacity, hypoxia is an anticipated subsidiary event that can cause progressive and irreversible damage to neurons. To resolve this problem, intensive research is currently ongoing, which seeks to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 virus' neuroinvasive potential and the examination of the antibody and autoantibody generation upon infection, as well as the effects of prolonged systemic hypoxia on the CNS. In this review, we summarize the current research on the possible interplay of the SARS-CoV-2 effects on the lung, especially on alveolar macrophages and direct and indirect effects on the brain, with special emphasis on microglia, as a possible culprit of neurological manifestation during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Francistiová
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Adrián Klepe
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged (HCEMM-USZ) StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Géza Curley
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged (HCEMM-USZ) StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Károly Gulya
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged (HCEMM-USZ) StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Kata Filkor
- BioTalentum Ltd, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine - University of Szeged (HCEMM-USZ) StemCell Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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8
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Chong ZZ, Souayah N. SARS-CoV-2 Induced Neurological Manifestations Entangles Cytokine Storm That Implicates For Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2051-2074. [PMID: 33970839 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210506161543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can present with neurological symptoms and induce neurological complications. The involvement in both the central and peripheral nervous systems in COVID-19 patients has been associated with direct invasion of the virus and the induction of cytokine storm. This review discussed the pathways for the virus invasion into the nervous system and characterized the SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In addition, the mechanisms underlying the immune responses and cytokine storm induction after SARS-CoV-2 infection were also discussed. Although some neurological symptoms are mild and disappear after recovery from infection, some severe neurological complications contribute to the mortality of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, the insight into the cause of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm in context with neurological complications will formulate the novel management of the disease and further identify new therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Zhong Chong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Nizar Souayah
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street Room Suite 8100, Newark, NJ 07101, United States
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Das Sarma J, Burrows A, Rayman P, Hwang MH, Kundu S, Sharma N, Bergmann C, Sen GC. Ifit2 deficiency restricts microglial activation and leukocyte migration following murine coronavirus (m-CoV) CNS infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009034. [PMID: 33253295 PMCID: PMC7738193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-induced tetratricopeptide repeat protein (Ifit2) protects mice from lethal neurotropic viruses. Neurotropic coronavirus MHV-RSA59 infection of Ifit2-/- mice caused pronounced morbidity and mortality accompanied by rampant virus replication and spread throughout the brain. In spite of the higher virus load, induction of many cytokines and chemokines in the brains of infected Ifit2-/- mice were similar to that in wild-type mice. In contrast, infected Ifit2-/- mice revealed significantly impaired microglial activation as well as reduced recruitment of NK1.1 T cells and CD4 T cells to the brain, possibly contributing to the lack of viral clearance. These two deficiencies were associated with a lower level of microglial expression of CX3CR1, the receptor of the CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) chemokine, which plays a critical role in both microglial activation and leukocyte recruitment. The above results uncovered a new potential role of an interferon-induced protein in immune protection. Interferons (IFNs) are known to protect from virus dissemination and pathogenesis. Several IFN stimulated genes (ISG) regulate neuropathogenesis but the mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects are not clearly understood. IFN induced tetratricopeptide repeats (Ifit) are a class of ISGs. Among the Ifits, Ifit2 is known to play a beneficial role in restricting neurotropic viral replication. To provide better cellular insights into the protective mechanisms of Ifit2 functions, using a neurotropic coronavirus infection in Ifit2 depleted mice we report that in the absence of Ifit2, viral replication is dramatically increased and mice develop severe clinical signs and symptoms of neurological deficit. Despite the enormous viral load, Ifit2 deficient mice are impaired in microglial activation and recruitment of peripheral leukocytes into the CNS. This impaired leuocyte infiltration in Ifit2 deficient mice was also associated with reduced expression of a novel chemokine receptor CX3CR1,which is important for viral induced microglial activation and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy Burrows
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patricia Rayman
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mi-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Soumya Kundu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cornelia Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, United States of America
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10
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Murta V, Villarreal A, Ramos AJ. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Impact on the Central Nervous System: Are Astrocytes and Microglia Main Players or Merely Bystanders? ASN Neuro 2020; 12:1759091420954960. [PMID: 32878468 PMCID: PMC7476346 DOI: 10.1177/1759091420954960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases surpassing the 18 million mark around the globe, there is an imperative need to gain comprehensive understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are associated with respiratory or intestinal symptoms, reports of neurological signs and symptoms are increasing. The etiology of these neurological manifestations remains obscure, and probably involves several direct pathways, not excluding the direct entry of the virus to the central nervous system (CNS) through the olfactory epithelium, circumventricular organs, or disrupted blood–brain barrier. Furthermore, neuroinflammation might occur in response to the strong systemic cytokine storm described for COVID-19, or due to dysregulation of the CNS rennin-angiotensin system. Descriptions of neurological manifestations in patients in the previous coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks have been numerous for the SARS-CoV and lesser for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Strong evidence from patients and experimental models suggests that some human variants of CoV have the ability to reach the CNS and that neurons, astrocytes, and/or microglia can be target cells for CoV. A growing body of evidence shows that astrocytes and microglia have a major role in neuroinflammation, responding to local CNS inflammation and/or to disbalanced peripheral inflammation. This is another potential mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 damage to the CNS. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize the known neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV; explore the potential role for astrocytes and microglia in the infection and neuroinflammation; and compare them with the previously described human and animal CoV that showed neurotropism to propose possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Murta
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis," Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis," Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto J Ramos
- Laboratorio de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis," Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Sarkar L, Putchala RK, Safiriyu AA, Das Sarma J. Azadirachta indica A. Juss Ameliorates Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Induced Neuroinflammatory Demyelination by Modulating Cell-to-Cell Fusion in an Experimental Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:116. [PMID: 32477069 PMCID: PMC7236902 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-induced murine neuroinflammation serves as a model to study acute meningoencephalomyelitis, hepatitis, and chronic neuroinflammatory demyelination; which mimics certain pathologies of the human neurologic disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation occurs due to direct glial cell dystrophy instigated by central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and astrocytes, in contrast to peripheral CD4+T cell-mediated myelin damage prevalent in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. Viral envelope Spike glycoprotein-mediated cell-to-cell fusion is an essential mechanistic step for MHV-induced CNS pathogenicity. Although Azadirachta indica (Neem), a traditional phytomedicine, is known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and spermicidal activities, not much is known about anti-neuroinflammatory properties of its bark (NBE) in MHV-induced acute neuroinflammation and chronic demyelination. Recombinant demyelinating MHV strain (RSA59) was preincubated with NBE to arrest the infection-initiation event, and its effect on viral replication, viral transcription, cytokine expression, and successive pathogenicity were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Virus-free Luciferase assay explained NBE's anti-virus-to-cell fusion activity in vitro. Intracranial inoculation of RSA59 preincubated with NBE into the mouse brain significantly reduces acute hepatitis, meningoencephalomyelitis, and chronic progressive demyelination. Additionally, NBE effectively restricts viral entry, dissemination in CNS, viral replication, viral transcription, and expression of the viral nucleocapsid and inflammatory cytokines. From mechanistic standpoints, RSA59 preincubated with NBE reduced viral entry, viral replication and cell-to-cell fusion, as a mode of viral dissemination. Moreover, intraperitoneal injection with NBE (25 mg/kg B.W.) into mice revealed a significant reduction in viral Nucleocapsid protein expression in vivo. Conclusively, A. indica bark extract may directly bind to the virus-host attachment Spike glycoprotein and suppresses MHV-induced neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis by inhibiting cell-to-cell fusion and viral replication. Further studies will focus on combining bioanalytical assays to isolate potential NBE bioactive compound(s) that contribute towards the anti-viral activity of NBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucky Sarkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Ravi Kiran Putchala
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Abass Alao Safiriyu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, India
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12
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Ogier M, Andéol G, Sagui E, Dal Bo G. How to detect and track chronic neurologic sequelae of COVID-19? Use of auditory brainstem responses and neuroimaging for long-term patient follow-up. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 5:100081. [PMID: 32427134 PMCID: PMC7227537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review intends to provide an overview of the current knowledge on neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 and their possible etiology, and, based on available data, proposes possible improvements in current medical care procedures. We conducted a thorough review of the scientific literature on neurologic manifestations of COVID-19, the neuroinvasive propensity of known coronaviruses (CoV) and their possible effects on brain structural and functional integrity. It appears that around one third of COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) for respiratory difficulties exhibit neurologic symptoms. This may be due to progressive brain damage and dysfunction triggered by severe hypoxia and hypoxemia, heightened inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 dissemination into brain parenchyma, as suggested by current reports and analyses of previous CoV outbreaks. Viral invasion of the brain may particularly target and alter brainstem and thalamic functions and, consequently, result in sensorimotor dysfunctions and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, data collected from other structurally homologous CoV suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to brain cell degeneration and demyelination similar to multiple sclerosis (MS). Hence, current evidence warrants further evaluation and long-term follow-up of possible neurologic sequelae in COVID-19 patients. It may be particularly relevant to evaluate brainstem integrity in recovered patients, as it is suspected that this cerebral area may particularly be dysfunctional following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Because CoV infection can potentially lead to chronic neuroinflammation and progressive demyelination, neuroimaging features and signs of MS may also be evaluated in the long term in recovered COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ogier
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 1 place Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Guillaume Andéol
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 1 place Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny sur Orge, France
| | - Emmanuel Sagui
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 1 place Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny sur Orge, France
- European Hospital of Marseille, 6 rue Désirée Clary, 13003, Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dal Bo
- French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, 1 place Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny sur Orge, France
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13
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Sanabria-Castro A, Flores-Díaz M, Alape-Girón A. Biological models in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:491-508. [PMID: 31571267 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Considering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune-mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Sanabria-Castro
- Research Unit, San Juan de Dios Hospital CCSS, San José, Costa Rica.,School of Pharmacy, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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14
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Cheng Y, Skinner DD, Lane TE. Innate Immune Responses and Viral-Induced Neurologic Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010003. [PMID: 30577473 PMCID: PMC6352557 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, axonal damage, and demyelination. Cellular components of the adaptive immune response are viewed as important in initiating formation of demyelinating lesions in MS patients. This notion is supported by preclinical animal models, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), as well as approved disease modifying therapies (DMTs) that suppress clinical relapse and are designed to impede infiltration of activated lymphocytes into the CNS. Nonetheless, emerging evidence demonstrates that the innate immune response e.g., neutrophils can amplify white matter damage through a variety of different mechanisms. Indeed, using a model of coronavirus-induced neurologic disease, we have demonstrated that sustained neutrophil infiltration into the CNS of infected animals correlates with increased demyelination. This brief review highlights recent evidence arguing that targeting the innate immune response may offer new therapeutic avenues for treatment of demyelinating disease including MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cheng
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Dominic D Skinner
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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15
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Salomão NG, Rabelo K, Póvoa TF, Alves AMB, da Costa SM, Gonçalves AJS, Amorim JF, Azevedo AS, Nunes PCG, Basílio-de-Oliveira CA, Basílio-de-Oliveira RP, Geraldo LHM, Fonseca CG, Lima FRS, Mohana-Borges R, Silva EM, Dos Santos FB, Oliveira ERA, Paes MV. BALB/c mice infected with DENV-2 strain 66985 by the intravenous route display injury in the central nervous system. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9754. [PMID: 29950590 PMCID: PMC6021404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mild flu-like arboviral illness caused by dengue virus (DENV) that occurs in tropical and subtropical countries. An increasing number of reports have been indicating that dengue is also associated to neurological manifestations, however, little is known regarding the neuropathogenesis of the disease. Here, using BALB/c mice intravenously infected with DENV-2 strain 66985, we demonstrated that the virus is capable of invading and damaging the host’s central nervous system (CNS). Brain and cerebellum of infected animals revealed histological alterations such as the presence of inflammatory infiltrates, thickening of pia matter and disorganization of white matter. Additionally, it was also seen that infection lead to altered morphology of neuroglial cells and apoptotic cell death. Such observations highlighted possible alterations that DENV may promote in the host’s CNS during a natural infection, hence, helping us to better understand the neuropathological component of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália G Salomão
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kíssila Rabelo
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ada M B Alves
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fisiologia de Infecções Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone M da Costa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Fisiologia de Infecções Virais, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antônio J S Gonçalves
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Amorim
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Azevedo
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C G Nunes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Basílio-de-Oliveira
- Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Gaffrée Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Basílio-de-Oliveira
- Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Gaffrée Guinle, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz H M Geraldo
- Laboratório de Biologia das Células Gliais, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Celina G Fonseca
- Laboratório de Biologia das Células Gliais, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia R S Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia das Células Gliais, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emiliana M Silva
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia B Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular, Instituto de Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marciano V Paes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Bose A, Basu R, Maulik M, Das Sarma J. Loss of Cx43-Mediated Functional Gap Junction Communication in Meningeal Fibroblasts Following Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6558-6571. [PMID: 29327203 PMCID: PMC7090783 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection causes meningoencephalitis by disrupting the neuro-glial and glial-pial homeostasis. Recent studies suggest that MHV infection alters gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43)-mediated intercellular communication in brain and primary cultured astrocytes. In addition to astrocytes, meningeal fibroblasts also express high levels of Cx43. Fibroblasts in the meninges together with the basal lamina and the astrocyte endfeet forms the glial limitans superficialis as part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Alteration of glial-pial gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in MHV infection has the potential to affect the integrity of BBB. Till date, it is not known if viral infection can modulate Cx43 expression and function in cells of the brain meninges and thus affect BBB permeability. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of MHV infection on Cx43 localization and function in mouse brain meningeal cells and primary meningeal fibroblasts. Our results show that MHV infection reduces total Cx43 levels and causes its intracellular retention in the perinuclear compartments reducing its surface expression. Reduced trafficking of Cx43 to the cell surface in MHV-infected cells is associated with loss functional GJIC. Together, these data suggest that MHV infection can directly affect expression and cellular distribution of Cx43 resulting in loss of Cx43-mediated GJIC in meningeal fibroblasts, which may be associated with altered BBB function observed in acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Rahul Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Mahua Maulik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India.
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17
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Vilalta A, Brown GC. Neurophagy, the phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses by glia, contributes to brain development and disease. FEBS J 2017; 285:3566-3575. [PMID: 29125686 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It was previously thought that neurons were phagocytosed only when dead or dying. However, it is increasingly clear that viable synapses, dendrites, axons and whole neurons can be phagocytosed alive (defined here as neurophagy), and this may contribute to a wide range of developmental, physiological and pathological processes. Phagocytosis of live synapses, dendrites and axons by glia contributes to experience-dependent sculpting of neuronal networks during development, but excessive phagocytosis of synapses may contribute to pathology in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and ageing. Neurons can expose phosphatidylserine or calreticulin, which act as 'eat me' signals provoking phagocytosis via microglial receptors, whereas sialylation of neuronal surfaces acts as a 'don't eat me' signal that inhibits phagocytosis and desialylation can provoke phagocytosis. Opsonins, such as complement components and apolipoproteins, are released during inflammation and enhance engulfment. Phagocytosis of neurons is seen in multiple human diseases, but it is as yet unclear whether inhibition of phagocytosis will be beneficial in treating neurological diseases. Here we review the signals regulating glial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses, and the involvement of this phagocytosis in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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18
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Deng S, Liu H, Qiu K, You H, Lei Q, Lu W. Role of the Golgi Apparatus in the Blood-Brain Barrier: Golgi Protection May Be a Targeted Therapy for Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4788-4801. [PMID: 28730529 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from toxic material in the blood, provides nutrients for brain tissues, and screens harmful substances from the brain. The specific brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs), tight junction between endothelial cells, and astrocytes ensure proper function of the central nervous system (CNS). Pathological factors disrupt the integrity of the BBB by destroying the normal function of endothelial cells and decreasing the production of tight junction proteins or the expression of proteins specifically localized on astrocytes. Interestingly, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus is observed in neurological diseases and is involved in the destruction of the BBB function. The Golgi acts as a processing center in which proteins are transported after being processed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Besides reprocessing, classifying, and packaging proteins, the Golgi apparatus (GA) also acts as a signaling platform and calcium pool. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the potential relationship between the Golgi and endothelial cells, tight junction, and astrocytes. The normal function of the BBB is maintained as long as the normal function and morphology of the GA are not disturbed. Furthermore, we speculate that protecting the Golgi may be a novel therapeutic approach to protect the BBB and treat neurological diseases due to BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong You
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Schampel A, Volovitch O, Koeniger T, Scholz CJ, Jörg S, Linker RA, Wischmeyer E, Wunsch M, Hell JW, Ergün S, Kuerten S. Nimodipine fosters remyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and induces microglia-specific apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3295-E3304. [PMID: 28381594 PMCID: PMC5402421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620052114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous interest in multiple sclerosis (MS) research, there is still a lack of neuroprotective strategies, because the main focus has remained on modulating the immune response. Here we performed in-depth analysis of neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and in in vitro studies regarding the effect of the well-established L-type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine. Nimodipine treatment attenuated clinical EAE and spinal cord degeneration and promoted remyelination. Surprisingly, we observed calcium channel-independent effects on microglia, resulting in apoptosis. These effects were cell-type specific and irrespective of microglia polarization. Apoptosis was accompanied by decreased levels of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in cell culture as well as decreased iNOS and reactive oxygen species levels in EAE. In addition, increased numbers of Olig2+APC+ oligodendrocytes were detected. Overall, nimodipine application seems to generate a favorable environment for regenerative processes and therefore could be a treatment option for MS, because it combines features of immunomodulation with beneficial effects on neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schampel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Volovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Koeniger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claus-Jürgen Scholz
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
- The Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefanie Jörg
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erhard Wischmeyer
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Electrophysiology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Marie Wunsch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany;
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20
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Biswas K, Chatterjee D, Addya S, Khan RS, Kenyon LC, Choe A, Cohrs RJ, Shindler KS, Das Sarma J. Demyelinating strain of mouse hepatitis virus infection bridging innate and adaptive immune response in the induction of demyelination. Clin Immunol 2016; 170:9-19. [PMID: 27394164 PMCID: PMC7106046 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of immunoglobulin oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients supports the hypothesis of an infectious etiology, although the antigenic targets remain elusive. Neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection in mice provides a useful tool for studying mechanisms of demyelination in a virus-induced experimental model of MS. This study uses Affymetrix microarray analysis to compare differential spinal cord mRNA levels between mice infected with demyelinating and non-demyelinating strains of MHV to identify host immune genes expressed in this demyelinating disease model. The study reveals that during the acute stage of infection, both strains induce inflammatory innate immune response genes, whereas upregulation of several immunoglobulin genes during chronic stage infection is unique to infection with the demyelinating strain. Results suggest that the demyelinating strain induced an innate-immune response during acute infection that may promote switching of Ig isotype genes during chronic infection, potentially playing a role in antibody-mediated progressive demyelination even after viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushiki Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchKolkata (IISER-K), India
| | - Dhriti Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchKolkata (IISER-K), India
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reas S Khan
- Scheie Eye Institute and FM Kirby Centre for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence C Kenyon
- Departments of Anatomy, Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Choe
- Department of Neurology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- Department of Neurology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Scheie Eye Institute and FM Kirby Centre for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchKolkata (IISER-K), India.
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Liu H, Xu E, Liu J, Xiong H. Oligodendrocyte Injury and Pathogenesis of HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6030023. [PMID: 27455335 PMCID: PMC5039452 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes wrap neuronal axons to form myelin, an insulating sheath which is essential for nervous impulse conduction along axons. Axonal myelination is highly regulated by neuronal and astrocytic signals and the maintenance of myelin sheaths is a very complex process. Oligodendrocyte damage can cause axonal demyelination and neuronal injury, leading to neurological disorders. Demyelination in the cerebrum may produce cognitive impairment in a variety of neurological disorders, including human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although the combined antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of HIV-1-associated dementia, a severe form of HAND, milder forms of HAND remain prevalent even when the peripheral viral load is well controlled. HAND manifests as a subcortical dementia with damage in the brain white matter (e.g., corpus callosum), which consists of myelinated axonal fibers. How HIV-1 brain infection causes myelin injury and resultant white matter damage is an interesting area of current HIV research. In this review, we tentatively address recent progress on oligodendrocyte dysregulation and HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Enquan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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Reiss CS. Virus-Induced Demyelination: The Case for Virus(es) in Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7122906 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of man with over 400,000 cases in the United States and over 2.5 million cases worldwide. There are over 64,000 citations in Pubmed dating back as far as 1887. Much has been learned over the past 129 years with a recent burst in therapeutic options (mostly anti-inflammatory) with newer medications in development that are neuroprotective and/or neuroreparative. However, with all these advancements the cause of MS remains elusive. There is a clear interplay of genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors that influences both the development and progression of this disorder. This chapter will give a brief overview of the history and pathogenesis of MS with attention to how host immune responses in genetically susceptible individuals contribute to the MS disease process. In addition, we will explore the role of infectious agents in MS as potential “triggers” of disease. Models of virus-induced demyelination will be discussed, with an emphasis on the recent interest in human herpesviruses and the role they may play in MS disease pathogenesis. Although we remain circumspect as to the role of any microbial pathogen in MS, we suggest that only through well-controlled serological, cellular immune, molecular, and animal studies we will be able to identify candidate agents. Ultimately, clinical interventional trials that either target a specific pathogen or class of pathogens will be required to make definitive links between the suspected agent and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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23
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Kenyon LC, Biswas K, Shindler KS, Nabar M, Stout M, Hingley ST, Grinspan JB, Das Sarma J. Gliopathy of Demyelinating and Non-Demyelinating Strains of Mouse Hepatitis Virus. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:488. [PMID: 26733813 PMCID: PMC4686739 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination in the central nervous system induced by neurovirulent strains of Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) is mediated by the viral spike glycoprotein, but it is not clear whether the mechanism of this disease pathology involves direct viral infection of oligodendrocytes. Detailed studies of glial cell tropism of MHV are presented, demonstrating that direct MHV infection of oligodendrocytes differs between demyelinating (RSA59) and non-demyelinating (RSMHV2) viral strains both in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that direct injury of mature oligodendrocytes is an important mechanism of virus-induced demyelination. In vivo, RSA59 infection was identified in spinal cord gray and white matter, but infected oligodendrocytes were restricted to white matter. In contrast, RSMHV2 infection was restricted to gray matter neurons and was not localized to oligodendrocytes. In vitro, RSA59 can infect both oligodendrocyte precursors and differentiated oligodendrocytes, whereas RSMHV2 can infect oligodendrocyte precursors but not differentiated oligodendrocytes. Viral spreading through axonal means to white matter and release of the demyelinating strain MHV at the nerve end is critical for oligodendrocytes infection and subsequent demyelination. Understanding the mechanisms by which known viruses effect demyelination in this animal model has important therapeutic implications in the treatment of human demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Kenyon
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kaushiki Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, India
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Scheie Eye Institute and FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manasi Nabar
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marjorie Stout
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan T Hingley
- Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Judith B Grinspan
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and ResearchKolkata, India; Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
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Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Remodels Connexin43-Mediated Gap Junction Intercellular Communication In Vitro and In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 90:2586-99. [PMID: 26676788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02420-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Gap junctions (GJs) form intercellular channels which directly connect the cytoplasm between neighboring cells to facilitate the transfer of ions and small molecules. GJs play a major role in the pathogenesis of infection-associated inflammation. Mutations of gap junction proteins, connexins (Cxs), cause dysmyelination and leukoencephalopathy. In multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), Cx43 was shown to be modulated in the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanism behind Cx43 alteration and its role in MS remains unexplored. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection-induced demyelination is one of the best-studied experimental animal models for MS. Our studies demonstrated that MHV infection downregulated Cx43 expression at protein and mRNA levels in vitro in primary astrocytes obtained from neonatal mouse brains. After infection, a significant amount of Cx43 was retained in endoplasmic reticulum/endoplasmic reticulum Golgi intermediate complex (ER/ERGIC) and GJ plaque formation was impaired at the cell surface, as evidenced by a reduction of the Triton X-100 insoluble fraction of Cx43. Altered trafficking and impairment of GJ plaque formation may cause the loss of functional channel formation in MHV-infected primary astrocytes, as demonstrated by a reduced number of dye-coupled cells after a scrape-loading Lucifer yellow dye transfer assay. Upon MHV infection, a significant downregulation of Cx43 was observed in the virus-infected mouse brain. This study demonstrates that astrocytic Cx43 expression and function can be modulated due to virus stress and can be an appropriate model to understand the basis of cellular mechanisms involved in the alteration of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in CNS neuroinflammation. IMPORTANCE We found that MHV infection leads to the downregulation of Cx43 in vivo in the CNS. In addition, results show that MHV infection impairs Cx43 expression in addition to gap junction communication in primary astrocytes. After infection, Cx43 did not traffic normally to the membrane to form gap junction plaques, and that could be the basis of reduced functional gap junction coupling between astrocytes. This is an important first step toward understanding how viruses affect Cx43 expression and trafficking at the cellular level. This may provide a basis for understanding how structural alterations of astrocytic gap junctions can disrupt gap junction communication between other CNS cells in altered CNS environments due to infection and inflammation. More specifically, alteration of Cx43 may be the basis of the destabilization of Cx47 in oligodendrocytes seen in and around inflammatory demyelinating plaques in MS patients.
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Han B, Lu Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Li L, Wang T. Electroacupuncture modulated the inflammatory reaction in MCAO rats via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:11199-11205. [PMID: 26617842 PMCID: PMC4637657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia. Male Wistar rat of SPF grade (weighing 200 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into (i): sham control group, which was subjected to sham operation (ii) vehicle group, which underwent the occlusion of middle cerebral artery; (iii-v): acupuncture groups, which were subjected to the occlusion of middle cerebral artery and treated with acupuncture on the Neiguan acupoint (P6), Quchi acupoint (LI11), and Diji acupoint (SP8), respectively. HE staining was performed to detect the necrotic rate of neurons. Mediators of inflammation were measured using ELISA. Immunofluorescence was performed to measure the expression of TLR4, HMGB1, TRAF6, IKKβ and NF-κB p65 in microglia. Severe decrease was noticed in the neurological score, necrotic rates of neuron, expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4, HMGB1, TRAF6, IKKβ and NF-κB p65 in microglia. Compared with the vehicle group, significant decrease was revealed in the neurological score, necrotic rate, IL-1β, TLR4, TRAF6, IKKβ and NF-κB p65 in Neiguan group and Quchi group, respectively. In addition, remarkable decrease was observed in the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in Quchi group. Compared with the Diji group, the necrotic rate of neurons in hippocampus region was significantly decreased in the Quchi group (P < 0.05). In Neiguan group, the expression of TLR4 and IKKβ was significantly attenuated (P < 0.05). The expression of TRAF6 was remarkably decreased in the Neiguan group and Quchi group, respectively. Electroacupuncture on Neiguan and Quchi could improve the neurological injury, attenuate the inflammation, and inhibit the activity of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Han
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Departments of Acupuncture and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
| | - Haijun Zhao
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Foreign Language, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
| | - Tong Wang
- College of Nursing Care, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese MedicineJinan 250355, China
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26
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Xiao Y, Jin J, Zou Q, Hu H, Cheng X, Sun SC. Peli1 negatively regulates type I interferon induction and antiviral immunity in the CNS. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:34. [PMID: 26131354 PMCID: PMC4486122 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type I interferons (IFN-Is) serve as mediators of antiviral innate immunity and also regulate adaptive immune responses. The molecular mechanism that regulates virus-induced IFN-I production, particularly in tissue-resident immune cells, is incompletely understood. Results Here we identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Peli1 as a negative regulator of IFN-I induction in microglia, innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Peli1 deficiency profoundly promoted IFN-β expression in microglia in response to in vitro stimulation by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands or a CNS-tropic virus, the vascular stomatitis virus (VSV). Upon intranasal infection with VSV, the Peli1-deficient mice displayed heightened in vivo IFN-I responses in the CNS, coupled with reduced brain viral titer and increased survival rate. Conclusions These results establish Peli1 as an innate immune regulator in the CNS that modulates the threshold of IFN-I responses against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Hongbo Hu
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030 USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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27
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MiR-200c regulates ROS-induced apoptosis in murine BV-2 cells by targeting FAP-1. Spinal Cord 2014; 53:182-189. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chatterjee D, Addya S, Khan RS, Kenyon LC, Choe A, Cohrs RJ, Shindler KS, Sarma JD. Mouse hepatitis virus infection upregulates genes involved in innate immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111351. [PMID: 25360880 PMCID: PMC4216085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic recombinant strain of Mouse Hepatitis Virus, RSA59, induces meningo-encephalitis, myelitis and demyelination following intracranial inoculation. RSA59 induced neuropathology is partially caused by activation of CNS resident microglia, as demonstrated by changes in cellular morphology and increased expression of a microglia/macrophage specific calcium ion binding factor, Iba1. Affymetrix Microarray analysis for mRNA expression data reveals expression of inflammatory mediators that are known to be released by activated microglia. Microglia-specific cell surface molecules, including CD11b, CD74, CD52 and CD68, are significantly upregulated in contrast to CD4, CD8 and CD19. Protein analysis of spinal cord extracts taken from mice 6 days post-inoculation, the time of peak inflammation, reveals robust expression of IFN-γ, IL-12 and mKC. Data suggest that activated microglia and inflammatory mediators contribute to a local CNS microenvironment that regulates viral replication and IFN-γ production during the acute phase of infection, which in turn can cause phagolysosome maturation and phagocytosis of the myelin sheath, leading to demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhriti Chatterjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reas S. Khan
- Scheie Eye Institute and FM Kirby Centre for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lawrence C. Kenyon
- Departments of Anatomy, Pathology and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alexander Choe
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Randall J. Cohrs
- Departments of Neurology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- Scheie Eye Institute and FM Kirby Centre for Molecular Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KS); (JDS)
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail: (KS); (JDS)
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Activation of intrinsic immune responses and microglial phagocytosis in an ex vivo spinal cord slice culture model of West Nile virus infection. J Virol 2014; 88:13005-14. [PMID: 25165111 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01994-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED West Nile virus (WNV) is a neurotropic flavivirus that causes significant neuroinvasive disease involving the brain and/or spinal cord. Experimental mouse models of WNV infection have established the importance of innate and adaptive immune responses in controlling the extent and severity of central nervous system (CNS) disease. However, differentiating between immune responses that are intrinsic to the CNS and those that are dependent on infiltrating inflammatory cells has proven difficult. We used a murine ex vivo spinal cord slice culture (SCSC) model to determine the innate immune processes specific to the CNS during WNV infections. By 7 days after ex vivo infection of SCSCs, the majority of neurons and a substantial percentage of astrocytes were infected with WNV, resulting in apoptotic cell death and astrogliosis. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, were activated by WNV infection, as exemplified by their amoeboid morphology, the development of filopodia and lamellipodia, and phagocytosis of WNV-infected cells and debris. Microglial cell activation was concomitant with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including CXCL10, CXCL1, CCL5, CCL3, CCL2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The application of minocycline, an inhibitor of neuroinflammation, altered the WNV-induced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression profile, with inhibited production of CCL5, CCL2, and IL-6. Our findings establish that CNS-resident cells have the capacity to initiate a robust innate immune response against WNV infection in the absence of infiltrating inflammatory cells and systemic immune responses. IMPORTANCE There are no specific treatments of proven efficacy available for WNV neuroinvasive disease. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of WNV CNS infection is crucial for the rational development of novel therapies. Development of a spinal cord slice culture (SCSC) model facilitates the study of WNV pathogenesis and allows investigation of the intrinsic immune responses of the CNS. Our studies demonstrate that robust CNS innate immune responses, including microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, develop independently of contributions from the peripheral immune system and CNS-infiltrating inflammatory cells.
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30
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Gérardin P, Sampériz S, Ramful D, Boumahni B, Bintner M, Alessandri JL, Carbonnier M, Tiran-Rajaoefera I, Beullier G, Boya I, Noormahomed T, Okoï J, Rollot O, Cotte L, Jaffar-Bandjee MC, Michault A, Favier F, Kaminski M, Fourmaintraux A, Fritel X. Neurocognitive outcome of children exposed to perinatal mother-to-child Chikungunya virus infection: the CHIMERE cohort study on Reunion Island. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2996. [PMID: 25033077 PMCID: PMC4102444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the neurocognitive outcome in children exposed to perinatal mother-to-child Chikungunya virus (p-CHIKV) infection. METHODS The CHIMERE ambispective cohort study compared the neurocognitive function of 33 p-CHIKV-infected children (all but one enrolled retrospectively) at around two years of age with 135 uninfected peers (all enrolled prospectively). Psychomotor development was assessed using the revised Brunet-Lezine scale, examiners blinded to infectious status. Development quotients (DQ) with subscores covering movement/posture, coordination, language, sociability skills were calculated. Predictors of global neurodevelopmental delay (GND, DQ ≤ 85), were investigated using multivariate Poisson regression modeling. Neuroradiologic follow-up using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans was proposed for most of the children with severe forms. RESULTS The mean DQ score was 86.3 (95%CI: 81.0-91.5) in infected children compared to 100.2 (95%CI: 98.0-102.5) in uninfected peers (P<0.001). Fifty-one percent (n = 17) of infected children had a GND compared to 15% (n = 21) of uninfected children (P<0.001). Specific neurocognitive delays in p-CHIKV-infected children were as follows: coordination and language (57%), sociability (36%), movement/posture (27%). After adjustment for maternal social situation, small for gestational age, and head circumference, p-CHIKV infection was found associated with GND (incidence rate ratio: 2.79, 95%CI: 1.45-5.34). Further adjustments on gestational age or breastfeeding did not change the independent effect of CHIKV infection on neurocognitive outcome. The mean DQ of p-CHIKV-infected children was lower in severe encephalopathic children than in non-severe children (77.6 versus 91.2, P<0.001). Of the 12 cases of CHIKV neonatal encephalopathy, five developed a microcephaly (head circumference <-2 standard deviations) and four matched the definition of cerebral palsy. MRI scans showed severe restrictions of white matter areas, predominant in the frontal lobes in these children. CONCLUSIONS The neurocognitive outcome of children exposed to perinatal mother-to-child CHIKV infection is poor. Severe CHIKV neonatal encephalopathy is associated with an even poorer outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gérardin
- CHU de La Réunion Saint-Denis/Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- INSERM CIC-EC (CIE2), Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- INSERM UMRS 953, “Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women and Children Health”, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Duksha Ramful
- CHU de La Réunion Saint-Denis/Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- INSERM CIC-EC (CIE2), Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
- GRI, Research Group on Immunopathology and Infection, EA4517, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMRS 945 “Immunity and Infection” Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Brahim Boumahni
- CHU de La Réunion Saint-Denis/Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Marc Bintner
- CHU de La Réunion Saint-Denis/Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Beullier
- Centre Hospitalier Gabriel Martin, Saint-Paul, La Réunion, France
| | - Irénée Boya
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Est Réunion, Saint-Benoît, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Jocelyn Okoï
- Clinique Durieux, Le Tampon, La Réunion, France
- Centre d'Action Médico-Sociale Précoce (CAMSP), Saint-Louis, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Liliane Cotte
- CHU de La Réunion Saint-Denis/Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Alain Michault
- CHU de La Réunion Saint-Denis/Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Monique Kaminski
- INSERM UMRS 953, “Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women and Children Health”, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Fritel
- INSERM UMRS 953, “Epidemiological Research Unit on Perinatal Health and Women and Children Health”, UPMC Université Paris 6, Paris, France
- Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France
- INSERM CIC-P 0802, Poitiers, France
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