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Zhao L, Sui M, Zhang T, Zhang K. The interaction between ginseng and gut microbiota. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1301468. [PMID: 38045813 PMCID: PMC10690783 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1301468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut microbiota to human health is attracting increasing attention. It is also involved in ginseng metabolism, mediating the bioactive metabolites of ginsenosides. In response, ginseng, known as the king of herbs, can regulate intestinal flora, including promoting probiotics and restricting the growth of harmful bacteria. Specifically, the interactions between ginseng or ginsenosides and gastrointestinal microbiota are complex. In this review, we summarized the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on the composition of gut microbiota and discussed the gut microbiota-mediated biotransformation of ginsenosides. In particular, their therapeutic potential and clinical application in related diseases were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Moreira J, Machado M, Dias-Teixeira M, Ferraz R, Delerue-Matos C, Grosso C. The neuroprotective effect of traditional Chinese medicinal plants-A critical review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3208-3237. [PMID: 37655317 PMCID: PMC10465969 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases are increasingly affecting individuals' quality of life, thus increasing their cost to social and health systems. These diseases have overlapping mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission impairment, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Currently, there is no cure for neurodegenerative diseases, and the available therapies have adverse effects and low efficacy. For neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, the current therapies are not adequate to one-third of the patients, the so-called treatment-resistant patients. So, searching for new treatments is fundamental. Medicinal plants appear as a strong alternative and complement towards new treatment protocols, as they have been used for health purposes for thousands of years. Thus, the main goal of this review is to revisit the neuroprotective potential of some of the most predominant medicinal plants (and one fungus) used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), focusing on their proven mechanisms of action and their chemical compositions, to give clues on how they can be useful against neurodegeneration progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Mariana Machado
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
| | - Mónica Dias-Teixeira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
- NICiTeS—Núcleo de Investigação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Escola Superior de Saúde Ribeiro Sanches, Lisboa 1950-396, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas/CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde—Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4200-072, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
| | - Clara Grosso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto 4249-015, Portugal
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Jang WY, Hwang JY, Cho JY. Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng as Key Modulators of NF-κB Signaling Are Powerful Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076119. [PMID: 37047092 PMCID: PMC10093821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways progress inflammation and immune cell differentiation in the host immune response; however, the uncontrollable stimulation of NF-κB signaling is responsible for several inflammatory illnesses regardless of whether the conditions are acute or chronic. Innate immune cells, such as macrophages, microglia, and Kupffer cells, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, via the activation of NF-κB subunits, which may lead to the damage of normal cells, including neurons, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and alveolar cells. This results in the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, cardiac infarction, or liver injury, which may eventually lead to systemic inflammation or cancer. Recently, ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, a historical herbal plant used in East Asia, have been used as possible options for curing inflammatory diseases. All of the ginsenosides tested target different steps of the NF-κB signaling pathway, ameliorating the symptoms of severe illnesses. Moreover, ginsenosides inhibit the NF-κB-mediated activation of cancer metastasis and immune resistance, significantly attenuating the expression of MMPs, Snail, Slug, TWIST1, and PD-L1. This review introduces current studies on the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides in alleviating NF-κB responses and emphasizes the critical role of ginsenosides in severe inflammatory diseases as well as cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Jang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 inhibits cisplatin-induced hearing loss by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and suppressing apoptosis in vitro. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119461. [PMID: 36931607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
As an anticancer drug, cisplatin is widely used, but its clinical application is restricted due to its severe side effects of ototoxicity. Therefore, this study was dedicated to assessing the benefit of ginsenoside extract, 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh1 (Rh1), on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. HEI-OC1 cells and neonatal cochlear explants were cultured. Cleaved caspase-3, TUNEL, and MitoSOX Red were observed in vitro by immunofluorescence staining. CCK8 and LDH cytotoxicity assays were detected to measure cell viability and cytotoxicity. Our results showed that Rh1 significantly increased cell viability, reduced cytotoxicity, and alleviated cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In addition, Rh1 pretreatment decreased the excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Mechanistic studies indicated that Rh1 pretreatment reversed the increase of apoptotic protein expression, accumulation of mitochondrial ROS, and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. These results suggested that Rh1 can act as an antioxidant and anti-apoptotic agent against cisplatin-induced hearing loss by suppressing the excessive accumulation of mitochondrial ROS, activation of MAPK signaling pathway and apoptosis.
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Nguyen PTT, Song H, Kim B, Kim YY, Kim C, Lee JH, Suh JG. Age-related hearing loss was accelerated by apoptosis of spiral ganglion and stria vascularis cells in ApoE KO mice with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1016654. [PMID: 36408520 PMCID: PMC9669308 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1016654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is associated with diabetes and/or dyslipidemia in humans. However, the detailed mechanism for the development of ARHL by diabetes and/or dyslipidemia has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the etiology of ARHL in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice with diabetes and dyslipidemia. The atherosclerotic CD-STZ (mice fed with a control diet and received an STZ injection), WD-con (mice fed with a western diet), and WD-STZ (mice fed with a western diet and received an STZ injection) mice showed a 2.4-, 4.9-, and 6.8-fold larger area, respectively, occupied by lesions throughout the aorta compared with the CD-con mice. A significantly larger area under the curve (AUC) was observed in the STZ-treated groups than in the non-treated groups based on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). At 20 weeks of age, HbA1c levels were significantly higher in the CD-STZ and WD-STZ mice than in the CD-con and WD-con mice. In all the groups, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds of the 16-week-old mice were significantly higher compared with those of the 8-week-old mice. In particular, in the WD-STZ mice, the ABR thresholds of the left and right ears reached the maximum decibel peak equivalent sound pressure levels (130 dBpeSPL), which is a sign of deafness. The apoptotic spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) of the WD-STZ mice were significantly increased compared with those of the other three groups, indicating that SGN apoptosis resulted in hearing loss in STZ-induced diabetic ApoE KO mice fed with a WD. A significant loss of the stria vascularis cells was observed in the WD-STZ group compared with the CD-con mice. In the organ of Corti, few apoptotic hair cells were found in all the groups; however, no significant difference was observed. Therefore, we consider that the reduced hearing ability in the STZ-treated and WD-fed groups was attributed to the damage to the SGN and stria vascularis in the cochlea. Thus, our results indicated that ototoxicity by diabetes and/or dyslipidemia accelerated ARHL in ApoE KO mice, thereby suggesting the importance of appropriate treatment of patients with diabetes and/or dyslipidemia to prevent ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hayoung Song
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Boyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yoo Yeon Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chulho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jun Ho Lee
| | - Jun Gyo Suh
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
- Jun Gyo Suh
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The Molecular Mechanisms of Panax ginseng in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Docking Validation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3082109. [PMID: 36159557 PMCID: PMC9507733 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3082109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high global incidence. Panax ginseng has been used to treat T2DM in traditional medicine, with previous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial studies demonstrating its efficacy. This study aimed to determine the mechanism of P. ginseng in treating T2DM by network pharmacology. Methods The bioactive compounds of P. ginseng and corresponding targets of P. ginseng-T2DM were retrieved across multiple databases. The protein-protein interaction network was established using the STRING database and topological analysis helped identify the core target. Using the DAVID tool, we performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Finally, we checked the binding of core targets and bioactive compounds using molecular docking. Results The P. ginseng-T2DM networks mainly contained 22 bioactive compounds and 314 overlapping targets. The five most significant core targets were SRC, STAT3, MAPK1, AKT1, and PIK3R1. There were 244 GO terms and 95 KEGG pathways (adjusted p < 0.01) that were strongly correlated with diabetes-related signaling pathways, such as insulin resistance, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the prolactin signaling pathway, the Rap1 signaling pathway, the Ras signaling pathway, the calcium signaling pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway. Molecular docking results revealed that the top five core targets had a high binding affinity with the bioactive compounds of P. ginseng. Conclusion The bioactive compounds and targets in P. ginseng ameliorate T2DM by regulating insulin resistance and multiple signaling pathways.
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The Efficacy of Ginseng (Panax) on Human Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122401. [PMID: 35745129 PMCID: PMC9227417 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from different clinical trials on the effects of ginseng on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are still inconsistent. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the overall effects of ginseng supplementation on improving cardiometabolic biomarkers among these patients. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane library. A random-effect model was applied to estimate the weighted mean difference and 95% CI for each outcome. Overall, 20 eligible RCTs were included. Meta-analyses revealed that ginseng supplementation significantly reduced serum concentration of FPG, TC, IL-6, and HOMA-IR values. It also increased HR and TNF-α levels. Ginseng supplementation changed HOMA-IR and HDL-C significantly based on dose and changed HOMA-IR and LDL-C significantly based on study duration in a non-linear fashion. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses indicated a linear relationship between ginseng dose and absolute changes in HDL-C. Moreover, subgroup analyses showed that ginseng supplementation changed TC and LDL-C when the supplementation dose was ≥2 g/day. Our findings suggest that ginseng supplementation may be an effective strategy for improving cardiometabolic profiles in individuals with prediabetes and T2DM.
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Kang J, Zhou Y, Zhu C, Ren T, Zhang Y, Xiao L, Fang B. Ginsenoside Rg1 Mitigates Porcine Intestinal Tight Junction Disruptions Induced by LPS through the p38 MAPK/NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060285. [PMID: 35736894 PMCID: PMC9228030 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation leads to porcine tight junction disruption of small intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in intestinal dysfunction. Herein, we established lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced in-vivo and in-vitro inflammatory models. The results revealed that LPS induced tight junction disruption in IPEC-J2 cells by downregulating tight-junction-related protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), occludin and claudin-1 expression, while ginsenoside Rg1 rescued such inhibition and abrogated the upregulated expression of phosphorylation p38 MAPK. The p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) showed a similar effect with Rg1 and attenuated the LPS-induced inhibition of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 expression, which is consistent with the reduced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β. Furthermore, the specific inhibitors of NLRP3 and IL-1β result in increased expression of tight-junction-related protein, demonstrating that p38 MAPK signaling was associated with Rg1 suppression of tight junction disruption. Besides, LPS treatment decreased the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 through p38 MAPK signaling, and caused abnormal morphological changes in murine ileum. Meanwhile, Rg1 attenuated the decreased expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1 and partially alleviated LPS-induced morphological changes in murine ileum. In summary, these findings characterized a novel mechanism by which Rg1 alleviates LPS-induced intestinal tight junction disruption by inhibiting the p38 MAPK-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Chunyang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Tian Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (B.F.)
| | - Binghu Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China; (J.K.); (Y.Z.); (C.Z.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (B.F.)
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Chen F, Li C, Cao H, Zhang H, Lu C, Li R, Zhu Z, Chen L, Zhao Y. Identification of Adenylate Kinase 5 as a Protein Target of Ginsenosides in Brain Tissues Using Mass Spectrometry-Based Drug Affinity Responsive Target Stability (DARTS) and Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) Techniques. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2741-2751. [PMID: 35184563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a very famous Chinese herbal medicine with various pharmacological effects. Ginsenosides, the main effective compounds of ginseng, show favorable biological activities in the central nervous system (CNS), but the protein targets of ginsenosides in brain tissues have not been clarified clearly. First, we screened proteins that interact with ginsenosides by mass spectrometry-based drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Then, we identified and confirmed adenylate kinase 5 (AK5) as a target protein of ginsenosides by biolayer interferometry (BLI), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking. Finally, an enzyme activity kit was used to determine the effect of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), a ginseng saponin metabolite, on AK5 activities in vivo and in vitro. We screened out seven overlapping target proteins by proteomics of DARTS and CETSA. The BLI direct action assays showed that the direct interaction of PPD with AK5 was higher compared to the parental ginsenosides. Subsequently, BLI kinetic analysis and ITC assay showed that PPD specifically bound to AK5. Furthermore, key amino acid mutations predicted by molecular docking decreased the affinity between PPD and AK5. Enzyme activity assays showed that PPD increased AK5 activities in vivo and in vitro. The above-mentioned findings indicated that AK5 is a protein target of ginsenoside in the brain and PPD is considered to be a small-molecular activator of AK5, which can improve comprehension of the molecular mechanisms of ginseng pharmacological effects in the CNS and further develop AK5 activators based on the dammarane-type triterpenoid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Chen
- Research and Innovation Center, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chu Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiying Cao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cai Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Ugwu PI, Ben-Azu B, Ugwu SU, Uruaka CI, Nworgu CC, Okorie PO, Okafor KO, Anachuna KK, Elendu MU, Ugwu AO, Anyaehie UB, Nwankwo AA, Osim EE. Putative mechanisms involved in the psychopathologies of mice passively coping with psychosocial defeat stress by quercetin. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:127-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Qu B, Cao T, Wang M, Wang S, Li W, Li H. Ginsenosides Rd monomer inhibits proinflammatory cytokines production and alleviates DSS-colitis by NF-κB and P38MAPK pathways in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2021; 44:110-118. [PMID: 34898349 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2021.2012482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is dramatically increasing worldwide, cannot be thoroughly cured, and reduces patients' quality of life. Excessive activation of macrophages and over-production of cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. Therefore, for its treatment, inhibiting macrophages' hyperactivation would be effective to develop new treatment approaches. Ginsenosides, extracted from ginseng, show an anti-inflammatory effect on the immunologic process. Our study used ginsenosides Rd monomer (GRd) to intervene in DSS-induced colitis mouse models and tested the immunological effect of macrophages. METHOD We observed body weights, weights of colons, colonic lengths, and inflammatory scores, as well as histological changes of DSS/DSS-GRd mice. We also isolated intestinal and peritoneal macrophages, performed qRT-PCR and ELISA to detect cytokines production by macrophages, and screened possible involved pathways by Western blotting. RESULTS Administering 20 mg/Kg GRd to DSS mice for 7-14 days reduced colonic inflammation. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro, levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12/23p40, and IL-17A were all inhibited by GRd at 14 days in intestinal macrophages, and 20 μmol/L GRd at 12 h in peritoneal macrophages, respectively, but longer time made no more benefit. Western blotting showed GRd could decrease expression of pJNK, p-p38, pIκBα, and P65 in nuclear. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that GRd could down-regulate cytokines production in macrophages and alleviate DSS-colitis in mice, which may be related to NF-κB and P38MAPK pathways. These results suggest that GRd has an anti-inflammatory effect on experimental colitis and may have potential efficacy in the treatment of UC alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Digestive Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Digestive Department, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Digestive Department, Yiwu Central Hospital, Yiwu, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Digestive Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Digestive Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Digestive Department, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Hajiabolhassan F, Tavanai E. Diabetes-induced auditory complications: are they preventable? a comprehensive review of interventions. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278:3653-3665. [PMID: 33555440 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-021-06630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which, over time, lead to major chronic complications in various organs of the body. A growing body of research suggests that diabetes could also result in degenerative changes in the auditory system. To date, several attempts have been made to prevent and reduce diabetes-induced auditory complications. Such attempts have generally focused on disease modifying as well as other pharmacological treatments involving several herbal and non-herbal agents such as vitamins C and E, rutin, resveratrol, coffee, trigonelline, Dioscorea nipponica, red ginseng, Pterostilbene Bofutsushosan, Daisaikoto, tolrestat, ACE inhibitors (enalapril), Ca antagonists (nimodipine), Lipo-prostaglandin E1, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and chlorogenic acid and also other strategies like acupuncture. However, there is no consensus about which are the most effective strategies for preventing and reducing auditory complications in diabetic patients with few side effects and maximum efficacy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of interventions for preventing and treating diabetes-induced auditory complications to help therapists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Hajiabolhassan
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pich-e-Shemiran, Enghelab Avenue, 0098, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Audiology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Tavanai
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pich-e-Shemiran, Enghelab Avenue, 0098, Tehran, Iran.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 prevent and treat inflammatory diseases: A review. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 87:106805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Kwon M, Jeon JH, Choi MK, Song IS. The Development and Validation of a Novel "Dual Cocktail" Probe for Cytochrome P450s and Transporter Functions to Evaluate Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug and Herb-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E938. [PMID: 33007943 PMCID: PMC7600799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to develop and validate a 10 probe drug cocktail named "Dual Cocktail", composed of caffeine (Cyp1a2 in rat and CYP1A2 in human, 1 mg/kg), diclofenac (Cyp2c11 in rat and CYP2C9 in human, 2 mg/kg), omeprazole (Cyp2c11 in rat and CYP2C19 in human, 2 mg/kg), dextromethorphan (Cyp2d2 in rat and CYP2D6 in human, 10 mg/kg), nifedipine (Cyp3a1 in rat and CYP3A4 in human, 0.5 mg/kg), metformin (Oct1/2 in rat and OCT1/2 in human, 0.5 mg/kg), furosemide (Oat1/3 in rat and OAT1/3 in human, 0.1 mg/kg), valsartan (Oatp2 in rat and OATP1B1/1B3 in human, 0.2 mg/kg), digoxin (P-gp in rat and human, 2 mg/kg), and methotrexate (Mrp2 in rat and MRP2 in human, 0.5 mg/kg), for the evaluation of pharmacokinetic drug-drug and herb-drug interactions through the modulation of a representative panel of CYP enzymes or transporters in rats. To ensure no interaction among the ten probe substrates, we developed a 2-step evaluation protocol. In the first step, the pharmacokinetic properties of five individual CYP probe substrates and five individual transporter substrates were compared with the pharmacokinetics of five CYP cocktail or five transporters cocktails in two groups of randomly assigned rats. Next, a pharmacokinetic comparison was conducted between the CYP or transporter cocktail group and the dual cocktail group, respectively. None of the ten comparison groups was found to be statistically significant, indicating the CYP and transporter substrate sets or dual cocktail set could be concomitantly administered in rats. The "Dual Cocktail" was further validated by assessing the metabolism of nifedipine and omeprazole, which was significantly reduced by a single oral dose of ketoconazole (10 mg/kg); however, no changes were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of other probe substrates. Additionally, multiple oral doses of rifampin (20 mg/kg) reduced the plasma concentrations of nifedipine and digoxin, although not any of the other substrates. In conclusion, the dual cocktail can be used to characterize potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions by simultaneously monitoring the activity of multiple CYP isoforms and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.K.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.K.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea;
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (M.K.); (J.-H.J.)
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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The Effect of a 2-Week Red Ginseng Supplementation on Food Efficiency and Energy Metabolism in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061726. [PMID: 32526977 PMCID: PMC7352690 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) ingestion reportedly affects body weight, food intake, and fat accumulation reduction. It also induces changes in energy metabolism regulation and glycemic control. Previously, 2-week RG ingestion with endurance training was found to enhance fat oxidation during exercise. However, such effects on energy metabolism and the expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in resting mice (untrained mice) are still unclear. Here, we determined the effect of RG on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in untrained male mice. Twenty-four mice were separated into an RG group that received a daily dosage of 1 g/kg RG for 2 weeks, and a control (CON). Energy expenditure, blood and tissue glycogen levels, and expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in muscles were measured before and 2 weeks after treatment. Total food intake was significantly lower in the RG than in the CON group (p < 0.05), but final body weights did not differ. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation over 24 h did not change in either group. There were no significant differences in gastrocnemius GLUT4, MCT1, MCT4, FAT/CD36, and CPT1b mRNA levels between groups. Thus, the effects of RG ingested during rest differ from the effects of RG ingestion in combination with endurance exercise; administering RG to untrained mice for 2 weeks did not change body weight and energy metabolism. Therefore, future studies should consider examining the RG ingestion period and dosage for body weight control and improving energy metabolism.
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Jeon JH, Lee S, Lee W, Jin S, Kwon M, Shin CH, Choi MK, Song IS. Herb-Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:E622. [PMID: 32023909 PMCID: PMC7037682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the herb-drug interactions involving red ginseng extract (RGE) or ginsenoside Rc with valsartan, a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) transporters. In HEK293 cells overexpressing drug transporters, the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides- Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, compound K, and Rh2-inhibited human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters (IC50 values of 7.99-68.2 µM for OATP1B1; 1.36-30.8 µM for OATP1B3), suggesting the herb-drug interaction of PPD-type ginsenosides involving OATPs. Protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides-Re, Rg1, and Rh1-did not inhibit OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and all ginsenosides tested didn't inhibit OCT and OAT transporters. However, in rats, neither RGE nor Rc, a potent OATP inhibitor among PPD-type ginsenoside, changed in vivo pharmacokinetics of valsartan following repeated oral administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day for 7 days) or repeated intravenous injection of Rc (3 mg/kg for 5 days). The lack of in vivo herb-drug interaction between orally administered RGE and valsartan could be attributed to the low plasma concentration of PPD-type ginsenosides (5.3-48.4 nM). Even high plasma concentration of Rc did not effectively alter the pharmacokinetics of valsartan because of high protein binding and the limited liver distribution of Rc. The results, in conclusion, would provide useful information for herb-drug interaction between RGE or PPD-type ginsenosides and Oatp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Sowon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Wonpyo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Mihwa Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Chul Hwi Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
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A Critical Regulation of Th17 Cell Responses and Autoimmune Neuro-Inflammation by Ginsenoside Rg3. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010122. [PMID: 31936879 PMCID: PMC7023269 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among diverse helper T-cell subsets, Th17 cells appear to be pathogenic in diverse autoimmune diseases, and thus, targeting Th17 cells could be beneficial for the treatment of the diseases in humans. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the most potent components in Korean Red Ginseng (KRG; Panax ginseng Meyer) in ameliorating inflammatory responses. However, the role of Rg3 in Th17 cells and Th17-mediated autoimmunity is unclear. We found that Rg3 significantly inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve precursors in a dendritic cell (DC)–T co-culture system. While Rg3 minimally affected the secretion of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-12p40 from DCs, it significantly hampered the expression of IL-17A and RORγt in T cells in a T-cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, Rg3 alleviated the onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by transferring myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-reactive T cells. Our findings demonstrate that Rg3 inhibited Th17 differentiation and Th17-mediated neuro-inflammation, suggesting Rg3 as a potential candidate for resolving Th17-related autoimmune diseases.
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Yun M, Yi YS. Regulatory roles of ginseng on inflammatory caspases, executioners of inflammasome activation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:373-385. [PMID: 32372859 PMCID: PMC7195600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response that protects against pathogens and cellular stress. The hallmark of inflammatory responses is inflammasome activation in response to various stimuli. This subsequently activates downstream effectors, that is, inflammatory caspases such as caspase-1, 4, 5, 11, and 12. Extensive efforts have been made on developing effective and safe anti-inflammatory therapeutics, and ginseng has long been traditionally used as efficacious and safe herbal medicine in treating various inflammatory and inflammation-mediated diseases. Many studies have successfully shown that ginseng plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting inflammasomes and inflammasome-activated inflammatory caspases. This review discusses the regulatory roles of ginseng on inflammatory caspases in inflammatory responses and also suggests new research areas on the anti-inflammatory function of ginseng, which provides a novel insight into the development of ginseng as an effective and safe anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
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Key Words
- AIM2, Absent in melanoma 2
- ASC, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD
- CARD, C-terminal caspase recruit domain
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2
- Caspase, Cysteine aspartate–specific protease
- DAMP, Danger-associated molecular pattern
- FIIND, Functional-to-find domain
- GSDMD, Gasdermin D
- Ginseng
- Ginsenoside
- HIN, Hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear protein
- IL, Interleukin
- Inflammasome
- Inflammation
- Inflammatory caspase
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, Leucine-rich repeat
- NACHT, Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NLR, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PGE2, Prostaglandin E2
- PRR, Pattern-recognition receptor
- PYD, N-terminal pyrin domain
- RGE, Korean Red Ginseng
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyong Yun
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Review of Ginseng Anti-Diabetic Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244501. [PMID: 31835292 PMCID: PMC6943541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is one of the most valuable and commonly used Chinese medicines not only in ancient China but also worldwide. Ginsenosides, also known as saponins or triterpenoids, are thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects of ginseng. In this review, we summarize recent publications on anti-diabetic studies of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides in cells, animals, and humans. It seems that the anti-diabetic effect of ginseng is positive for type 2 diabetic patients but has no significant impact on prediabetes or healthy adults. Regulation of insulin secretion, glucose uptake, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory pathways may be the mechanisms involved with ginseng's anti-diabetic effects. Taken together, this summary provides evidence for the anti-diabetes effects of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides as well as the underlying mechanisms of their impact on diabetes.
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Huang X, Li N, Pu Y, Zhang T, Wang B. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginseng Phytochemicals: Recent Perspectives. Molecules 2019; 24:E2939. [PMID: 31416121 PMCID: PMC6720911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of biologically active chemicals from plants and herbs to gain new inspiration and develop new therapeutic drugs. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) is a famous Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological activities. It has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Extensive research over the years has shown that ginseng has potential as a neuroprotective drug, and its neuroprotective effects can be used to treat and prevent neurological damage or pathologically related diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression symptoms, and strokes). Moreover, evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of ginsenoside, its main active ingredient, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, and current clinical results have not reported any serious adverse reactions to ginseng. Therefore, we briefly review the recent research and development on the beneficial effects and mechanisms of ginseng and its main active ingredient, ginsenoside, in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to provide some ideas for the discovery and identification of ginseng neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Research Institute of KPC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Experiment Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Tang TH, Hwang JH, Yang TH, Hsu CJ, Wu CC, Liu TC. Can Nutritional Intervention for Obesity and Comorbidities Slow Down Age-Related Hearing Impairment? Nutrients 2019; 11:E1668. [PMID: 31330876 PMCID: PMC6682960 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI), the most common sensory deficit in the elderly, is associated with enormous social and public health burdens. Emerging evidence has suggested that obesity and comorbidities might increase the risk of ARHI. However, no reviews have been published that address the role of nutritional interventions for obesity and comorbidities in the prevention of ARHI. METHODS A PubMed database search was conducted to identify the relationship between obesity and ARHI. "Obesity", "metabolic syndrome", "adipose-derived hormone", "fatty acid", and "age-related hearing impairment" were included as keywords. RESULTS A total of 89 articles was analyzed with 39 articles of relevance to ARHI. A high-fat diet may induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis in the inner ear. Statins have been shown to delay the progression of ARHI by improving the lipid profile, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting endothelial inflammation. Aldosterone could exert protective effects against ARHI by upregulating the Na-K-2Cl co-transporter 1 in the cochlea. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids could preserve the cochlear microcirculation by reducing dyslipidemia and inhibiting inflammation. Alpha-lipoic acid and lecithin might delay the progression of ARHI by protecting cochlear mitochondrial DNA from damage due to oxidative stress. Tea and ginseng might protect against ARHI through their anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. CONCLUSIONS Nutritional interventions for obesity and comorbidities, including a low-fat diet, supplementation with statins, aldosterone, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-lipoic acids, lecithin, tea, and ginseng, may protect against the development of ARHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Juen-Haur Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 622, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hua Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Jen Hsu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taichung Tzu-Chi Hospital, Taichung 427, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Chen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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Ju C, Jeon SM, Jun HS, Moon CK. Diol-ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng delay the development of type 1 diabetes in diabetes-prone biobreeding rats. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:619-626. [PMID: 32617042 PMCID: PMC7322746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of diol-ginsenoside fraction (Diol-GF) and triol-ginsenoside fraction (Triol-GF) from Korean Red Ginseng on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) were examined in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats that spontaneously develop T1D through an autoimmune process. Methods DP-BB female rats were treated with Diol-GF or Triol-GF daily from the age of 3-4 weeks up to 11-12 weeks (1 mg/g body weight). Results Diol-GF delayed the onset, and reduced the incidence, of T1D. Islets of Diol-GF-treated DP-BB rats showed significantly lower insulitis and preserved higher plasma and pancreatic insulin levels. Diol-GF failed to change the proportion of lymphocyte subsets such as T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages in the spleen and blood. Diol-GF had no effect on the ability of DP-BB rat splenocytes to induce diabetes in recipients. Diol-GF and diol-ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor α production, whereas diol-ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd decreased interleukin 1β production in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, mixed cytokine- and chemical-induced β-cell cytotoxicity was greatly inhibited by Diol-GF and diol-ginsenosides Rc and Rd in RIN5mF cells. However, nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was unaffected by diol-ginsenosides. Conclusion Diol-GF, but not Triol-GF, significantly delayed the development of insulitis and T1D in DP-BB rats. The antidiabetogenic action of Diol-GF may result from the decrease in cytokine production and increase in β-cell resistance to cytokine/free radical-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kiu Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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Mohammadi H, Hadi A, Kord-Varkaneh H, Arab A, Afshari M, Ferguson AJR, Ghaedi E. Effects of ginseng supplementation on selected markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1991-2001. [PMID: 31161680 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of ginseng administration on serum level of inflammatory biomarkers. We performed a systematic search of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted up to June 2018 in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. RCTs that investigated the effect ginseng supplementation on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were included for final analysis. A total of seven RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicated significant reduction in IL-6 (mean difference [MD]: -0.265 pg/ml, 95% CI [-0.396, -0.135], p < .001) and TNF-α (MD: -2.471 pg/ml, 95% CI [-2.904, -2.039], p < .001) and no significant change in hs-CRP (MD: -0.125 mg/L, 95% CI [-0.597, 0.347], p = .604). Although there was publication bias across studies, trim and fill analysis showed that results from unpublished studies could not change the results for CRP. However, removing one study in sensitivity analysis did reveal a significant reduction in CRP. We conclude that ginseng supplementation significantly lowered IL-6 and TNF-α but did not significantly lower CRP. However, these findings were not robust, because they showed sensitivity for CRP and IL-6, and future long-term well-designed dose-escalating trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Hadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Arab
- Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masood Afshari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Enhanced Intestinal Permeability and Plasma Concentration of Metformin in Rats by the Repeated Administration of Red Ginseng Extract. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040189. [PMID: 31003498 PMCID: PMC6523382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the potential herb-drug interactions between Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) and metformin in rats in terms of the modulation of metformin transporters, such as organic cation transporter (Oct), multiple toxin and extrusion protein (Mate), and plasma membrane monoamine transporter (Pmat). Single treatment of RGE did not inhibit the in vitro transport activity of OCT1/2 up to 500 µg/mL and inhibited MATE1/2-K with high IC50 value (more than 147.8 µg/mL), suggesting that concomitant used of RGE did not directly inhibit OCT- and MATE-mediated metformin uptake. However, 1-week repeated administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day) (1WRA) to rats showed different alterations in mRNA levels of Oct1 depending on the tissue type. RGE increased intestinal Oct1 but decreased hepatic Oct1. However, neither renal Oct1/Oct2 nor Mate1/Pmat expression in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, liver, and kidney were changed in 1WRA rats. RGE repeated dose also increased the intestinal permeability of metformin; however, the permeability of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose and Lucifer yellow was not changed in 1WRA rats, suggesting that the increased permeability of metformin by multiple doses of RGE is substrate-specific. On pharmacokinetic analysis, plasma metformin concentrations following intravenous injection were not changed in 1WRA, consistent with no significant change in renal Oct1, Oct2, and mate1. Repeated doses of RGE for 1 week significantly increased the plasma concentration of metformin, with increased half-life and urinary excretion of metformin following oral administration of metformin (50 mg/kg), which could be attributed to the increased absorption of metformin. In conclusion, repeated administration of RGE showed in vivo pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction with metformin, with regard to its plasma exposure and increased absorption in rats. These results were consistent with increased intestinal Oct1 and its functional consequence, therefore, the combined therapeutic efficacy needs further evaluation before the combination and repeated administration of RGE and metformin, an Oct1 substrate drug.
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Nam YH, Moon HW, Lee YR, Kim EY, Rodriguez I, Jeong SY, Castañeda R, Park JH, Choung SY, Hong BN, Kang TH. Panax ginseng (Korea Red Ginseng) repairs diabetic sensorineural damage through promotion of the nerve growth factor pathway in diabetic zebrafish. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:272-281. [PMID: 30976165 PMCID: PMC6437664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic sensorineural damage is a complication of the sensory neural system, resulting from long-term hyperglycemia. Red ginseng (RG) has shown efficacy for treatment of various diseases, including diabetes mellitus; however, there is little research about its benefit for treating sensorineural damage. Therefore, we aim to evaluate RG efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic neuromast (AIDN) zebrafish. Methods In this study, we developed and validated an AIDN zebrafish model. To assess RG effectiveness, we observed morphological changes in live neuromast zebrafish. Also, zebrafish has been observed to have an ultrastructure of hair-cell cilia under scanning electron microscopy. Thus, we recorded these physiological traits to assess hair cell function. Finally, we confirmed that RG promoted neuromast recovery via nerve growth factor signaling pathway markers. Results First, we established an AIDN zebrafish model. Using this model, we showed via live neuromast imaging that RG fostered recovery of sensorineural damage. Damaged hair cell cilia were recovered in AIDN zebrafish. Furthermore, RG rescued damaged hair cell function through cell membrane ion balance. Conclusion Our data suggest that RG potentially facilitates recovery in AIDN zebrafish, and its mechanism seems to be promotion of the nerve growth factor pathway through increased expression of topomyosin receptor kinase A, transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily type 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Nam
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Moon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ro Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodrigo Castañeda
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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Castañeda R, Natarajan S, Jeong SY, Hong BN, Kang TH. Traditional oriental medicine for sensorineural hearing loss: Can ethnopharmacology contribute to potential drug discovery? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:409-428. [PMID: 30439402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM), the development of hearing pathologies is related to an inadequate nourishment of the ears by the kidney and other organs involved in regulation of bodily fluids and nutrients. Several herbal species have historically been prescribed for promoting the production of bodily fluids or as antiaging agents to treat deficiencies in hearing. AIM OF REVIEW The prevalence of hearing loss has been increasing in the last decade and is projected to grow considerably in the coming years. Recently, several herbal-derived products prescribed in TOM have demonstrated a therapeutic potential for acquired sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Therefore, the aims of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the current known efficacy of the herbs used in TOM for preventing different forms of acquired sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, and associate the traditional principle with the demonstrated pharmacological mechanisms to establish a solid foundation for directing future research. METHODS The present review collected the literature related to herbs used in TOM or related compounds on hearing from Chinese, Korean, and Japanese herbal classics; library catalogs; and scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar; and Science Direct). RESULTS This review shows that approximately 25 herbal species and 40 active compounds prescribed in TOM for hearing loss and tinnitus have shown in vitro or in vivo beneficial effects for acquired sensorineural hearing loss produced by noise, aging, ototoxic drugs or diabetes. The inner ear is highly vulnerable to ischemia and oxidative damage, where several TOM agents have revealed a direct effect on the auditory system by normalizing the blood supply to the cochlea and increasing the antioxidant defense in sensory hair cells. These strategies have shown a positive impact on maintaining the inner ear potential, sustaining the production of endolymph, reducing the accumulation of toxic and inflammatory substances, preventing sensory cell death and preserving sensory transmission. There are still several herbal species with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy whose mechanisms have not been deeply studied and others that have been traditionally used in hearing loss but have not been tested experimentally. In clinical studies, Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Astragalus propinquus have demonstrated to improve hearing thresholds in patients with sensorineural hearing loss and alleviated the symptoms of tinnitus. However, some of these clinical studies have been limited by small sample sizes, lack of an adequate control group or contradictory results. CONCLUSIONS Current therapeutic strategies have proven that the goal of the traditional oriental medicine principle of increasing bodily fluids is a relevant approach for reducing the development of hearing loss by improving microcirculation in the blood-labyrinth barrier and increasing cochlear blood flow. The potential benefits of TOM agents expand to a multi-target approach on different auditory structures of the inner ear related to increased cochlear blood flow, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities. However, more research is required, given the evidence is very limited in terms of the mechanism of action at the preclinical in vivo level and the scarce number of clinical studies published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Castañeda
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Park HS, Cho JH, Kim KW, Chung WS, Song MY. Effects of Panax ginseng on Obesity in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:2719794. [PMID: 29861768 PMCID: PMC5976977 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2719794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antiobesity effects of Panax ginseng in animals. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for all controlled trials (up to March 2017) that assessed the antiobesity effects of P. ginseng in animal obesity models in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The primary outcome was final body weight measured at the longest follow-up time after administration of the intervention. The secondary outcome was the lipid profile. We assessed methodological quality using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, and RevMan 5.3 was used to perform a meta-analysis. Finally, a subgroup analysis of parameters including intervention duration, animal models, and type of ginseng was performed. RESULT We identified 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data from the meta-analysis indicated that the intervention group had a significantly lower body weight than the control group (SMD: -1.50, 95% CI: -1.90 to -1.11, χ2: 78.14, P < 0.0001, I2 = 58%). Final body weight was lower in an animal obesity model induced by high-fat diet than in genetic models. Also the intervention group had a significantly higher serum HDL level and lower serum LDL, TG, and TC level than the control group. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis indicated that oral administration of P. ginseng significantly inhibits weight gain and improves serum lipid profiles in animal obesity models. However, causes of obesity and type of ginseng may affect treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sung Park
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Cho
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Koh-Woon Kim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Chung
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Song
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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Yi YS. Roles of ginsenosides in inflammasome activation. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:172-178. [PMID: 30962733 PMCID: PMC6437422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an innate immune response that protects the body from pathogens, toxins, and other dangers and is initiated by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns or danger-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors expressing on or in immune cells. Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs), absent in melanoma 2, and cysteine aspartate–specific protease (caspase)-4/5/11 recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns and assemble protein complexes called “inflammasomes.” These complexes induce inflammatory responses by activating a downstream effector, caspase-1, leading to gasdermin D –mediated pyroptosis and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Ginsenosides are natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively in the plant genus Panax. Various ginsenosides have been identified, and their abilities to regulate inflammatory responses have been evaluated. These studies have suggested a link between ginsenosides and inflammasome activation in inflammatory responses. Some types of ginsenosides, including Rh1, Rg3, Rb1, compound K, chikusetsu saponin IVa, Rg5, and Rg1, have been clearly demonstrated to inhibit inflammatory responses by suppressing the activation of various inflammasomes, including the NLRP3, NLRP1, and absent in melanoma 2 inflammasomes. Ginsenosides have also been shown to inhibit caspase-1 and to decrease the expression of IL-1β and IL-18. Given this body of evidence, the functional relationship between ginsenosides and inflammasome activation provides new insight into the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside-mediated antiinflammatory actions. This relationship also has applications regarding the development of antiinflammatory remedies by ginsenoside-mediated targeting of inflammasomes, which could be used to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Lee MR, Ma JY, Sung CK. Chronic dietary ginseng extract administration ameliorates antioxidant and cholinergic systems in the brains of aged mice. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:615-619. [PMID: 29021712 PMCID: PMC5628339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Black ginseng has a more potent biological activity than non-steamed ginseng. We investigated the effects of long-term intake of dietary black ginseng extract (BG) on antioxidant activity in aged mice. We also compared the effects of BG on cognitive deficits with those of white ginseng extract (WG) and red ginseng extract (RG). Methods Ten-month-old mice were fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing 10 g/kg (low dose, L) or 30 g/kg (high dose, H) WG powder, RG powder, or BG powder for 24 wk. We measured serum lipids, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde levels. Additionally, the protein expression levels of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter, which are presynaptic cholinergic markers in the cortex and hippocampus of the brain, were measured by western blotting. Results Triglyceride levels were reduced in all the extract-treated mice, except those in the LBG group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the HBG group were higher than those in the control group. Total cholesterol levels were reduced in the LBG group. Additionally, glucose levels in the HBG group were significantly reduced by 41.2%. There were lower levels of malondialdehyde in the LBG group than in the control group. Furthermore, glutathione reductase activity increased in the HWG group and the HRG group. The protein expression levels of choline acetyltransferase and vesicular acetylcholine transporter significantly increased in all the ginseng-treated groups. Conclusion The results suggest that supplementation with the tested ginseng extracts may suppress the cognitive decline associated with aging, via regulation of the cholinergic and antioxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Keun Sung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Lee S, Rhee DK. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:589-594. [PMID: 29021708 PMCID: PMC5628357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng effectively regulates the immune response and the hormonal changes due to stress, thus maintaining homeostasis. In addition to suppressing the occurrence of psychological diseases such as anxiety and depression, ginseng also prevents stress-associated physiological diseases. Recent findings have revealed that ginseng is involved in adjusting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and controlling hormones, thus producing beneficial effects on the heart and brain, and in cases of bone diseases, as well as alleviating erectile dysfunction. Recent studies have highlighted the potential use of ginseng in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic asthma. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of ginseng on these stress-related diseases has not been completely established. In this review, we focus on the disease pathways caused by stress in order to determine how ginseng acts to improve health. Central to our discussion is how this effective and stable therapeutic agent alleviates the anxiety and depression caused by stress and ameliorates inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeop Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Su-Won 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Su-Won 16419, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Yi YS, Kim MY, Cho JY. Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:435-443. [PMID: 29021688 PMCID: PMC5628327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most universally used herbal medicines in Asian and Western countries. Most of the biological activities of ginseng are derived from its main constituents, ginsenosides. Interestingly, a number of studies have reported that ginsenosides and their metabolites/derivatives—including ginsenoside (G)-Rb1, compound K, G-Rb2, G-Rd, G-Re, G-Rg1, G-Rg3, G-Rg5, G-Rh1, G-Rh2, and G-Rp1—exert anti-inflammatory activities in inflammatory responses by suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and regulating the activities of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1. This review discusses recent studies regarding molecular mechanisms by which ginsenosides play critical roles in inflammatory responses and diseases, and provides evidence showing their potential to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Kim JH, Pan JH, Cho HT, Kim YJ. Black Ginseng Extract Counteracts Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146843. [PMID: 26751692 PMCID: PMC4709037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Black ginseng, a new type of processed ginseng that has a unique ginsenoside profile, has been shown to display potent pharmacological activities in in vitro and in vivo models. Although red ginseng is considered beneficial for the prevention of diabetes, the relationship between black ginseng and diabetes is unknown. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of black ginseng extract (BGE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice, in comparison with red ginseng extract (RGE). HPLC analyses showed that BGE has a different ginsenoside composition to RGE; BGE contains Rg5 and compound k as the major ginsenosides. BGE at 200 mg/kg reduced hyperglycemia, increased the insulin/glucose ratio and improved islet architecture and β-cell function in STZ-treated mice. The inhibition of β-cell apoptosis by BGE was associated with suppression of the cytokine-induced nuclear factor-κB-mediated signaling pathway in the pancreas. Moreover, these anti-diabetic effects of BGE were more potent than those of RGE. Collectively, our data indicate that BGE, in part by suppressing cytokine-induced apoptotic signaling, protects β-cells from oxidative injury and counteracts diabetes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Pan
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Taek Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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Lee MS, Kim CT, Kim IH, Kim Y. Effects of Korean Red Ginseng extract on hepatic lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:816-9. [PMID: 25774635 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.997186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of Korean red ginseng water extract (KRGE) on hepatic lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. KRGE decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Further, KRGE suppressed expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. These results suggest that KRGE may reduce hepatic lipid accumulation by inhibition of FAS and HMG-CoA reductase expression in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mak-Soon Lee
- a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea
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Yang H, Son GW, Park HR, Lee SE, Park YS. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng treatment on the gene expression profile of diabetic rat retina. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:1-8. [PMID: 26843816 PMCID: PMC4703770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a herbal medicine used in Asian countries and is very popular for its beneficial biological properties. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications are rapidly becoming a global public health concern. The literature on transcriptional changes induced by KRG in rat models of diabetic retinopathy is limited. Considering these facts, we designed this study to determine whether retinopathy-associated genes are altered in retinas of rats with DM and whether the induced changes are reversed by KRG. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were intravenously injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight) to induce DM, following which, KRG powder (200 mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to the KRG-treated DM rat group for 10 wks. The rats were then sacrificed, and their retinas were harvested for total RNA extraction. Microarray gene expression profiling was performed on the extracted RNA samples. Results From among > 31,000 genes investigated, the expression of 268 genes was observed to be upregulated and that of 58 genes was downregulated, with twofold altered expression levels in the DM group compared with those in the control group. Moreover, 39 genes were upregulated more than twofold and 84 genes were downregulated in the KRG-treated group compared to the DM group. The expression of the genes was significantly reversed by KRG treatment; some of these genes were analyzed further to verify the results of the microarray experiments. Conclusion Taken together, our data suggest that reversed changes in the gene expression may mediate alleviating activities of KRG in rats with diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gun Woo Son
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Seek Park
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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