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Giannou P, Gakiopoulou H, Stambolliu E, Petras D, Chalkia A, Kapota A, Palamaris K, Hadziyannis E, Thomas K, Alexakou Z, Bora M, Mintzias T, Vassilopoulos D, Patsouris E, Deutsch M. Urine Nephrin and Podocalyxin Reflecting Podocyte Damage and Severity of Kidney Disease in Various Glomerular Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3432. [PMID: 38929959 PMCID: PMC11205118 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13123432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Glomerulopathy is a term used to describe a broad spectrum of renal diseases, characterized by dysfunction of glomerular filtration barrier, especially of podocytes. Several podocyte-associated proteins have been found and proved their usefulness as urine markers of podocyte dysfunction. Two of them are nephrin (NEP) and prodocalyxin (PDC). This study aims to evaluate the association of podocyte damage, as it is demonstrated via the concentrations of urinary proteins, with clinical and histological data from patients with several types of glomerulonephritis. Methods: We measured urine levels of two podocyte-specific markers, NEP and PDC (corrected for urine creatinine levels), in patients with a wide range of glomerulopathies. Serum and urine parameters as well as histological parameters from renal biopsy were recorded. Results: In total, data from 37 patients with glomerulonephritis and 5 healthy controls were analyzed. PDC and NEP concentrations correlated between them and with serum creatinine levels (p = 0.001 and p = 0.013 respectively), and with histological lesions associated with chronicity index of renal cortex, such as severe interstitial fibrosis, severe tubular atrophy and hyalinosis (for PDC/NEP, all p < 0.05). In addition, the PDC and NEP demonstrated statistically significant correlations with interstitial inflammation (p = 0.018/p = 0.028). Regarding electron microscopy evaluation, PDC levels were correlated with distinct characteristics, such as fibrils and global podocyte foot process fusion, whereas the NEP/CR ratio was uniquely significantly associated with podocyte fusion only in non-immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (p = 0.02). Among the other clinical and histological parameters included in our study, a strong correlation between proteinuria >3 g/24 h and diffuse fusion of podocyte foot processes (p = 0.016) was identified. Conclusions: Podocalyxin and nephrin concentrations in urine are markers of podocyte dysfunction, and in our study, they were associated both with serum creatinine and histological chronicity indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Giannou
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Harikleia Gakiopoulou
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (H.G.); (K.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Emelina Stambolliu
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Dimitrios Petras
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Aglaia Chalkia
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Athanasia Kapota
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Kostas Palamaris
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (H.G.); (K.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Emilia Hadziyannis
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Clinical Immunology—Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (E.H.); (D.V.)
| | - Konstantinos Thomas
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece;
| | - Zoe Alexakou
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Margarita Bora
- Nephrology Department, Hippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.S.); (D.P.); (A.C.); (A.K.); (Z.A.); (M.B.)
| | - Theodoros Mintzias
- Athens School of Medicine, Hellenic Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 10445 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Vassilopoulos
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Clinical Immunology—Rheumatology Unit, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (E.H.); (D.V.)
| | - Eustratios Patsouris
- 1st Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (H.G.); (K.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Melanie Deutsch
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Ataga KI, Saraf SL, Derebail VK. The nephropathy of sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:361-377. [PMID: 35190716 PMCID: PMC9832386 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell syndromes, including sickle cell disease (SCD) and sickle cell trait, are associated with multiple kidney abnormalities. Young patients with SCD have elevated effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rates, which decrease to normal ranges in young adulthood and subnormal levels with advancing age. The pathophysiology of SCD-related nephropathy is multifactorial - oxidative stress, hyperfiltration and glomerular hypertension are all contributing factors. Albuminuria, which is an early clinical manifestation of glomerular damage, is common in individuals with SCD. Kidney function declines more rapidly in individuals with SCD than in those with sickle cell trait or in healthy individuals. Multiple genetic modifiers, including APOL1, HMOX1, HBA1 and HBA2 variants are also implicated in the development and progression of SCD-related nephropathy. Chronic kidney disease and rapid decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate are associated with increased mortality in adults with SCD. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors are the standard of care treatment for albuminuria in SCD, despite a lack of controlled studies demonstrating their long-term efficacy. Multiple studies of novel therapeutic agents are ongoing, and patients with SCD and kidney failure should be evaluated for kidney transplantation. Given the high prevalence and severe consequences of kidney disease, additional studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology, natural history and treatment of SCD-related nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth I Ataga
- Center for Sickle Cell Disease, University of Tennessee Health Scienter Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Santosh L Saraf
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vimal K Derebail
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Nainggolan G, Soemarko D, Siregar P, Sutranto AL, Bardosono S, Prijanti AR, Aulia D. Diagnostic role of urine specific gravity to detect kidney impairment on heat-exposed workers in a shoe factory in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047328. [PMID: 34588241 PMCID: PMC8483020 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Globally, there are increasing cases of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin among heat-exposed workers. We aimed to see the kidney damages of indoor heat-exposed workers and whether urine specific gravity can predict any kidney damages. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. SETTING A shoe-making factory in West Java, Indonesia. PARTICIPANTS 119 subjects were included. Minimum total sample size was 62. Subjects were indoor heat-exposed workers who were exposed to occupational wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of 28°C-30°C for 8 hours daily with 1 hour break, 5 days a week. The inclusion criterion was healthy subjects according to the result from annual medical check-up in 2019. The exclusion criteria were subjects who were taking vitamins and/or supplements that might cause disturbance in urine specific gravity and/or hydration status, pregnant and fasting. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of urine specific gravity for the detection of urinary nephrin and urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were analysed. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and quantitative albuminuria were also measured. RESULTS WBGT in the work area of the subject was 28°C-30°C. There were 15 (12.6%) subjects who had eGFR <90 mL/min, but ≥60 mL/min. High serum vasopressin levels were found in 79 subjects with a mean of 6.54 (95% CI 5.94 to 7.14) ng/mL. Most subjects had nephrinuria (87.4%) with preserved renal function (87.4%). Several subjects had elevated urinary KIM-1 (10.9%) and albuminuria (7.6%). AUC of urine specific gravity for increased urinary nephrin was 81.7% (95% CI 68.8% to 94.6%) and statistically significant (p<0.001). Cut-off value of ≥1.018 for urine specific gravity has sensitivity of 71.2% and specificity of 80% for detecting elevation of urinary nephrin levels. CONCLUSION Urine specific gravity with a cut-off value of ≥1.018 could be used to detect nephrinuria among heat-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginova Nainggolan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Soemarko
- Division of Occupational Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Parlindungan Siregar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Aida Lydia Sutranto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Saptawati Bardosono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ani Retno Prijanti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diana Aulia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia-Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Obert LA, Elmore SA, Ennulat D, Frazier KS. A Review of Specific Biomarkers of Chronic Renal Injury and Their Potential Application in Nonclinical Safety Assessment Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:996-1023. [PMID: 33576319 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320985045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A host of novel renal biomarkers have been developed over the past few decades which have enhanced monitoring of renal disease and drug-induced kidney injury in both preclinical studies and in humans. Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) share similar underlying mechanisms and the tubulointerstitial compartment has a functional role in the progression of CKD, urinary biomarkers of AKI may provide predictive information in chronic renal disease. Numerous studies have explored whether the recent AKI biomarkers could improve upon the standard clinical biomarkers, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio, for predicting outcomes in CKD patients. This review is an introduction to alternative assays that can be utilized in chronic (>3 months duration) nonclinical safety studies to provide information on renal dysfunction and to demonstrate specific situations where these assays could be utilized in nonclinical drug development. Novel biomarkers such as symmetrical dimethyl arginine, dickkopf homolog 3, and cystatin C predict chronic renal injury in animals, act as surrogates for GFR, and may predict changes in GFR in patients over time, ultimately providing a bridge from preclinical to clinical renal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Obert
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program (NTP), 6857National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Daniela Ennulat
- 549350GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Nonclinical Safety, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Kostovska I, Trajkovska KT, Cekovska S, Topuzovska S, Kavrakova JB, Spasovski G, Kostovski O, Labudovic D. Role of urinary podocalyxin in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MEDECINE INTERNE 2020; 58:233-241. [PMID: 32780718 DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction. Podocyte injury has been reported as an early feature of DN therefore, the assessment of podocyte injury can be accomplished by estimation of podocalyxin in urine. This study aimed to estimate the urinary podocalyxin levels and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of this biomarker for early detection of DN.Materials and methods. A total of 90 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were included in this cross-sectional study. Sixty of them were without diagnosed DN, and 30 with diagnosed DN. A control group consisted of 30 healthy subjects. All patients with T2DM were divided into three subgroups according to urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio (UM/CR): normoalbuminuric, microalbuminuric and macroalbuminuric patients. Urine samples, were used for measurement of podocalyxin by ELISA, creatinine and microalbumin. Fasting venous blood samples was collected for biochemical analyses.Results. The levels of urinary podocalyxin (u-PDX) were higher in patients with T2DM compared to control subjects and a statistically significant difference among studied subgroups regarding u-PDX was found (p < 0.05). Levels of u-PDX are increasing gradually with the degree of DN (p < 0.029). u-PDX levels were positively correlated with UM/CR (r = 0.227, p = 0.002). A cut-off level of 43.8 ng/ml u-PDX showed 73.3% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity to detect DN in early stage. A cut-off level of 30 mg/g UM/CR showed 41.5% sensitivity and 90% specificity in predicting DN. u-PDX was elevated in 48,2% of normoalbuminuric patients.Conclusion. Urinary podocalyxin be useful and more sensitive and specific marker in early detection of DN than microalbuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kostovska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Str. 50 Divizija 6, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Svetlana Cekovska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Str. 50 Divizija 6, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Topuzovska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Str. 50 Divizija 6, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Goce Spasovski
- University Clinic of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Str. Mother Teresa 17, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Ognen Kostovski
- University Clinic of Abdominal Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Str. Mother Teresa 17, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Danica Labudovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Str. 50 Divizija 6, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Salazar-Torres FJ, Medina-Perez M, Melo Z, Mendoza-Cerpa C, Echavarria R. Urinary expression of long non-coding RNA TUG1 in non-diabetic patients with glomerulonephritides. Biomed Rep 2020; 14:17. [PMID: 33365127 DOI: 10.3892/br.2020.1393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations serve a significant role in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) is a known regulator of podocyte health and mitochondrial biogenesis. Although TUG1 protects against podocyte loss in models of diabetic nephropathy, it is unknown if urinary TUG1 expression is associated with clinical and histopathological findings in non-diabetic patients diagnosed with glomerulonephritides. In the present study, the expression of TUG1, podocyte-specific markers (nephrin and podocin) and mitochondrial biogenesis-associated mRNAs (transcription factor A mitochondrial, cytochrome C oxidase subunit 5A and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α) were examined in urinary sediment of non-diabetic patients with biopsy-confirmed glomerulonephritides and healthy controls. Urinary expression of TUG1 was significantly lower in patients with glomerulonephritides, particularly those diagnosed with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Furthermore, TUG1 levels were associated with urinary expression of podocyte-specific markers and mRNAs associated with mitochondrial biogenesis. Loss of TUG1 expression in urinary sediment was strongly associated with FSGS, highlighting the potential of this lncRNA and its mitochondrial biogenesis-associated targets as non-invasive biomarkers of assessing podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Javier Salazar-Torres
- Departamento de Nefrología, UMAE-Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México.,Unidad de Medicina Familiar con Unidad Médica de Atención Ambulatoria UMF/UMAA 39, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Matamoros, Tamaulipas 87344, México
| | - Miguel Medina-Perez
- Departamento de Nefrología, UMAE-Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Zesergio Melo
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Claudia Mendoza-Cerpa
- Departamento de Patología, UMAE-Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Raquel Echavarria
- CONACyT-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
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Lu J, Hu ZB, Chen PP, Lu CC, Zhang JX, Li XQ, Yuan BY, Huang SJ, Ma KL. Urinary levels of podocyte-derived microparticles are associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:445. [PMID: 31700881 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.08.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Podocyte-derived microparticles (MPs) could be secreted from activated or apoptotic podocytes. An increased number of podocyte-derived MPs in the urine might reflect podocyte injury in renal diseases. This study aimed to observe the change of urinary podocyte-derived MP levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to further explore its correlation with the progression of CKD. Methods A prospective, longitudinal study was conducted in eighty patients with biopsy-proven CKD. Podocyte-derived MPs (annexin V and podocalyxin positive) were detected by flow cytometry. The number of urinary podocyte-derived MPs was analyzed to evaluate the association with biochemical measurements and pathological glomerulosclerosis assessment. Patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) were followed up after the six-month treatment of prednisone combined with tacrolimus to evaluate the association of urinary podocyte-derived MP levels and the remission of IMN. Results The CKD patients had higher urinary podocyte-derived MP levels compared with healthy controls (HCs). Baseline urinary levels of podocyte-derived MPs were positively correlated with 24-hour proteinuria, while were inversely correlated with the percentage of global glomerulosclerosis. The urinary podocyte-derived MPs levels had good discrimination for glomerulosclerosis [area under curve (AUC), 0.66]. The urinary podocyte-derived MPs levels in IMN patients were significantly decreased accompanied with the recovery of abnormal clinical parameters after six-month treatment. Conclusions The urinary levels of podocyte-derived MPs were closely associated with podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis, which could be useful for monitoring disease activity in CKD patients. Urinary podocyte-derived MPs might be a non-invasive biomarker for the evaluation of early CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ze-Bo Hu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pei-Pei Chen
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chen-Chen Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia-Xiu Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue-Qi Li
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ben-Yin Yuan
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Si-Jia Huang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Kun-Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Yuvashree M, Gokulakannan R, Ganesh RN, Viswanathan P. Enhanced Therapeutic Potency of Nanoemulsified Garlic Oil Blend Towards Renal Abnormalities in Pre-diabetic Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:338-356. [PMID: 30450513 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potency of ultrasonic nanoemulsified garlic oil blend using a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80) was assessed on pre-diabetic Wistar rats with microalbuminuria. The pre-diabetic condition was induced in male albino Wistar rats by supplementing high-fat diet. The prolonged period of the pre-diabetic state caused renal dysfunctioning, which was indicated by microalbuminuria. Treatment of pre-diabetic rats with nanoemulsified garlic oil blend significantly ameliorated the lipid profile (p < 0.001), urinary albumin (p < 0.01), microprotein (p < 0.001), urinary triglycerides (p < 0.01), serum triglycerides (p < 0.01), serum albumin (p < 0.05), and protein levels (p < 0.01) in comparison to treatment of pre-diabetic rats with garlic oil blend or atorvastatin. Similarly, histopathological investigations indicated a remarkable attenuation in the mesangial expansion and proliferation, glomerular and tubular basement membrane thickening, and the tubular lipid deposits on administering nanoemulsified garlic oil blend than garlic oil blend or atorvastatin. Moreover, nanoemulsified garlic oil blend significantly promoted renal podocin gene expression by 3.98-fold (p < 0.001) and attenuated increased urinary podocin level by 2.92-fold (p < 0.01). Thus, our study affirms that the efficacy of garlic oil blend was augmented upon nanoemulsification, which substantially ameliorated the renal abnormalities observed in the pre-diabetic condition than garlic oil blend or atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidaran Yuvashree
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Ragavan Gokulakannan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - Rajesh Nachiappa Ganesh
- Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantrinagar, Puducherry, India
| | - Pragasam Viswanathan
- Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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Chang CJ, Wang PC, Huang TC, Taniguchi A. Change in Renal Glomerular Collagens and Glomerular Filtration Barrier-Related Proteins in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1458. [PMID: 30909435 PMCID: PMC6471354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal disease is not rare among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is gaining interest as a target of research. However, related changes in glomerular structural have rarely been investigated. This study was aimed at clarifying the changes in collagens and glomerular filtration barrier (GFB)-related proteins of glomeruli in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Acute colitis was induced by administering 3.5% DSS in Slc:ICR strain mice for eight days. Histological changes to glomeruli were examined by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Masson's trichrome staining. Expressions of glomerular collagens and GFB-related proteins were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining and Western blot analysis. DSS-colitis mice showed an elevated disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, massive cellular infiltration and colon damage, confirming that DSS-colitis mice can be used as an IBD animal model. DSS-colitis mice showed increased glycoprotein and collagen deposition in glomeruli. Interestingly, we observed significant changes in glomerular collagens, including a decrease in type IV collagen, and an increment in type I and type V collagens. Moreover, declined GFB-related proteins expressions were detected, including synaptopodin, podocalyxin, nephrin and VE-cadherin. These results suggest that renal disease in DSS-colitis mice might be associated with changes in glomerular collagens and GFB-related proteins. These findings are important for further elucidation of the clinical pathological mechanisms underlying IBD-associated renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Chang
- Cellular Functional Nanobiomaterials Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Pi-Chao Wang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Tzou-Chi Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 912-01, Taiwan.
| | - Akiyoshi Taniguchi
- Cellular Functional Nanobiomaterials Group, Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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Voinova M, Repin N, Sokol E, Tkachuk B, Gorelik L. Physical Processes in Polymeric Filters Used for Dialysis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E389. [PMID: 30960373 PMCID: PMC6473866 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The key physical processes in polymeric filters used for the blood purification include transport across the capillary wall and the interaction of blood cells with the polymer membrane surface. Theoretical modeling of membrane transport is an important tool which provides researchers with a quantification of the complex phenomena involved in dialysis. In the paper, we present a dense review of the most successful theoretical approaches to the description of transport across the polymeric membrane wall as well as the cell⁻polymer surface interaction, and refer to the corresponding experimental methods while studying these phenomena in dialyzing filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Voinova
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Industrial and Biomedical Electronics, Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Nikolay Repin
- Department of Cryomorphology, Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine, 61015 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Evgen Sokol
- Department of Industrial and Biomedical Electronics, Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute, National Technical University, 61002 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Bogdan Tkachuk
- Department of Hemodialysis, Municipal Noncommercial Enterprise of Kharkiv Regional Council "Regional Medical Clinical Center of Urology and Nephrology n.a. V.I. Shapoval", 61037 Kharkov, Ukraine.
| | - Leonid Gorelik
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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11
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Nazari Soltan Ahmad S, Rashtchizadeh N, Argani H, Roshangar L, Ghorbani Haghjo A, Sanajou D, Panah F, Ashrafi Jigheh Z, Dastmalchi S, Mesgari-Abbasi M. Dunnione protects against experimental cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating NQO1 and NAD + levels. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:808-817. [PMID: 29865885 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1475732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an efficacious anticancer agent, the clinical utility of cisplatin is hindered by its cardinal side effects. This investigation aimed to appraise potential protective impact of dunnione, a natural naphthoquinone pigment with established NQO1 stimulatory effects, on cisplatin nephrotoxicity of rats. Dunnione was administered orally at 10 and 20 mg/kg doses for 4 d and a single injection of cisplatin was delivered at the second day. Renal histopathology, inflammatory/oxidative stress/apoptotic markers, kidney function, and urinary markers of renal injury were assessed. Dunnione repressed cisplatin-induced inflammation in the kidneys as indicated by decreased TNF-α/IL-1β levels, and reduced nuclear phosphorylated NF-κB p65. This agent also obviated cisplatin-invoked oxidative stress as elucidated by decreased MDA/GSH levels and increased SOD/CAT activities. Dunnione, furthermore, improved renal histological deteriorations as well as caspase-3 activities and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) positive cells, the indicators of apoptosis. Moreover, it up-regulated nuclear Nrf2 and cytosolic haeme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NQO1 levels; meanwhile, promoted NAD+/NADH ratios followed by enhancing the activities of Sirt1 and PARP1; and further attenuated nuclear acetylated NF-κB p65. Dunnione additionally declined cisplatin-evoked retrogression in renal function and upraise in urinary markers of glomerular and tubular injury as demonstrated by decreased serum urea and creatinine with simultaneous reductions in urinary excretions of collagen type IV, podocin, cystatin C, and retinol-binding protein (RBP). Altogether, these findings offer dunnione as a potential protective agent against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Nazari Soltan Ahmad
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Nadereh Rashtchizadeh
- b Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Hassan Argani
- c Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- d Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbani Haghjo
- b Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Davoud Sanajou
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Panah
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Zahra Ashrafi Jigheh
- a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- b Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mehran Mesgari-Abbasi
- e Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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12
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Halade GV, Kain V, Serhan CN. Immune responsive resolvin D1 programs myocardial infarction-induced cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure. FASEB J 2018; 32:3717-3729. [PMID: 29455574 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701173rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resolvins are innate, immune responsive, bioactive mediators generated after myocardial infarction (MI) to resolve inflammation. The MI-induced bidirectional interaction between progressive left ventricle (LV) remodeling and kidney dysfunction is known to advance cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Whether resolvins limit MI-induced cardiorenal inflammation is unclear. Thus, to define the role of exogenous resolvin D (RvD)-1 in post-MI CRS, we subjected 8- to 12-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice to coronary artery ligation. RvD1 was injected 3 h after MI. MI mice with no treatment served as MI controls (d 1 and 5). Mice with no surgery served as naive controls. In the injected mice, RvD1 promoted neutrophil (CD11b+/Ly6G+) egress from the infarcted LV, compared with the MI control group at d 5, indicative of neutrophil clearance and thereby resolved inflammation. Further, RvD1-injected mice showed higher reparative macrophages (F4/80+/Ly6Clow/CD206+) in the infarcted LV than did MI control mice at d 5 after MI. RvD1 suppressed the miRNA storm at d 1 and limited the MI-induced edematous milieu in a remote area of the LV compared with the MI control at d 5 after MI. Also, RvD1 preserved the nephrin expression that was diffuse in the glomerular membrane at d 5 and 28 in MI controls, indicating renal injury. RvD1 attenuated MI-induced renal inflammation, decreasing neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the kidney compared with the MI control. In summary, RvD1 clears MI-induced inflammation by increasing resolving leukocytes and facilitates renoprotective mechanisms to limit CRS in acute and chronic heart failure.-Halade, G. V., Kain, V., Serhan, C. N. Immune responsive resolvin D1 programs myocardial infarction-induced cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vasundhara Kain
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Zhao Y, Li G, Wang Y, Liu Z. Alteration of Connexin43 expression in a rat model of obesity-related glomerulopathy. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 104:12-18. [PMID: 29246788 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is accepted that alteration of connexin43 (Cx43) expression in glomeruli is a common pathological response in several forms of kidney diseases. To date, however the change of the Cx43 expression in obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) has not been reported. In this study, the alteration of Cx43 expression in the glomeruli of rat with ORG was defined. Five-week-old rats were fed with high-fat diet for 18weeks to establish the ORG model, then the histological change of glomeruli, the foot process effacement of podocyte, the markers for podocyte injury (nephrin,podocin and WT1) and Cx43 expression in glomeruli were examined respectively. The results demonstrated metabolic disorder, hyperinsulinemia, systemic inflammation and microalbuminuria in ORG rats. There was significant hypertrophy, glomerular expansion and inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney of ORG rats compared to the control group. Significant foot process effacement of the podocyte in the glomeruli, nephrin loss and density reduction were shown in the ORG rats, and Cx43 expression was significant upregulated in glomeruli of ORG rats compared to the control group. The results indicate the correlation of overexpressed Cx43 with the obesity related renal inflammation and suggest that Cx43 might be a potential target in the development of obesity related glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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14
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Halade GV, Kain V, Ingle KA. Heart functional and structural compendium of cardiosplenic and cardiorenal networks in acute and chronic heart failure pathology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 314:H255-H267. [PMID: 29101178 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00528.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) secondary to myocardial infarction (MI) is linked to kidney complications that comprise cellular, structural, functional, and survival indicators. However, HF research is focused on left ventricular (LV) pathology. Here, we determined comprehensive functional analysis of the LV using echocardiography in transition from acute heart failure (AHF) to progressive chronic heart failure (CHF) pathology and developed a histological compendium of the cardiosplenic and cardiorenal networks in pathological remodeling. In surgically induced MI using permanent coronary ligation, the LV dysfunction is pronounced, with myocardium necrosis, wall thinning, and 20-30% LV rupture events that indicated AHF and CHF pathological remodeling in C57BL/6 male mice (2-4 mo old, n = 50). Temporal LV function analysis indicated that fractional shortening and strain are reduced from day 1 to day 5 in AHF and sustained to advance to CHF from day 28 to day 56 compared with naïve control mice ( n = 6). During the transition of AHF ( day 1 to day 5) to advanced CHF ( day 28 to day 56), histological and cellular changes in the spleen were definite, with bimodal inflammatory responses in kidney inflammatory biomarkers. Likewise, there was a unidirectional, progressive, and irreversible deposition of compact collagen in the LV along with dynamic changes in the cardiosplenic and cardiorenal networks post-MI. The renal histology and injury markers suggested that cardiac injury triggers irreversible dysregulation that actively alters the cardiosplenic and cardiorenal networks. In summary, the novel strategies or pathways that modulate comprehensive cardiosplenic and cardiorenal networks in AHF and CHF would be effective approaches to study either cardiac repair or cardiac pathology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present compendium shows irreversible ventricular dysfunction as assessed by temporal echocardiography while histological and structural measurements of the spleen and kidney added a novel direction to study cardiosplenic and cardiorenal networks in heart failure pathology. Therefore, the consideration of systems biology and integrative approach is essential to develop novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Vasundhara Kain
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kevin A Ingle
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
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15
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Kostovska I, Trajkovska KT, Cekovska S, Spasovski G, Labudovic D. Nephrin and Podocalyxin - New Podocyte Proteins for Early Detection of Secondary Nephropathies. BANTAO JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/bj-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In the last two decades a great progress was observed in understanding of podocytes, their specific structure and function identifying many specific podocyte proteins, such as nephrin and podocalyxin. Podocytes form the final barrier to plasma proteins leakage. Nephrin as a main component of the filtration diaphragm forms a physical barrier while podocalyxin as sialoglycoprotein forms an electrostatic barrier. Podocyte damage, i.e. podocytopathies and their loss through urine-podocyturia, are crucial in pathogenesis and progression of nephropathies with proteinuria as main clinical manifestation. In podocytopathies, nephrin and podocalyxin appear in the urine before proteinuria and microalbuminuria which were previously considered as earliest markers of nephropathies. Nephrinuria and podocalyxuria indicate damage of the podocytes on glomerular level and/or presence of apoptotic and necrotic podocytes in urine. These urinary markers are also important in early diagnosis of secondary nephropathies such as diabetic, lupus and hypertensive nephropathy as the most common causes of end-stage renal failure (ESRF). These markers are also important in the prediction of preeclampsia, which is the most common complication in pregnancy. In this review we elaborate in dept the main structural and functional features of podocytes and their specific proteins, nephrin and podocalyxin, summarizing the recent literature data on their importance in the early diagnosis of the most common secondary nephropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kostovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Skopje , Republic of Macedonia
| | | | - Svetlana Cekovska
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Skopje , Republic of Macedonia
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Skopje, University "Ss Cyril and Methodius", Skopje , Republic of Macedonia
| | - Danica Labudovic
- Department of Medical and Experimental Biochemistry, Skopje , Republic of Macedonia
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16
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Cytoplasmic Localization of WT1 and Decrease of miRNA-16-1 in Nephrotic Syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9531074. [PMID: 28299339 PMCID: PMC5337320 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9531074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disease that is defined by the leakage of protein into the urine and is associated with hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. Steroid-resistant NS (SRNS) patients do not respond to treatment with corticosteroids and show decreased Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression in podocytes. Downregulation of WT1 has been shown to be affected by certain microRNAs (miRNAs). Twenty-one patients with idiopathic NS (68.75% were SSNS and 31.25% SRNS) and 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Podocyte number and WT1 location were determined by immunofluorescence, and the serum levels of miR-15a, miR-16-1, and miR-193a were quantified by RT-qPCR. Low expression and delocalization of WT1 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm were found in kidney biopsies of patients with SRNS and both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization were found in steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) patients. In sera from NS patients, low expression levels of miR-15a and miR-16-1 were found compared with healthy controls, but only the miR-16-1 expression levels showed statistically significant decrease (p = 0.019). The miR-193a expression levels only slightly increased in NS patients. We concluded that low expression and delocalization from the WT1 protein in NS patients contribute to loss of podocytes while modulation from WT1 protein is not associated with the miRNAs analyzed in sera from the patients.
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Zilberstein G, Maor U, Baskin E, D'Amato A, Righetti PG. Unearthing Bulgakov's trace proteome from the Master i Margarita manuscript. J Proteomics 2017; 152:102-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Abou Ghanima AT, Almaghraby MF, Elsaadany HM, Hosny MA, Kumar RK. Urinary podocalyxin and nephrin levels as biomarkers in lupus nephritis patients: Relation to renal involvement and disease activity. THE EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Zilberstein G, Maor U, Baskin E, Righetti PG. Maestro, Marguerite, morphine: The last years in the life of Mikhail Bulgakov. J Proteomics 2016; 131:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The podocyte is a highly differentiated cell located in the outer space of the glomerular basement membrane that deals with many different functions. This phylogenetically preserved cell that is responsible for the virtually absence of proteins in the urine lacks of the capacity to divide under normal conditions. When podocytes receive molecular insults, which normally occur during stress conditions as glomerulonephritis, hyperfiltration or metabolic disturbances, they adapt to the new situation by contracting their actin fibers. This adaptive behavior puts at risk the quality of the plasmatic filtration due to the denudation of the glomerular basement membrane, the potential mesangial inflammation and the appearance of proteinuria; podocytes run the risk of detachment from the basement membrane due to a decrease in the adherence to the surrounding matrix after contraction, a process called foot processes effacement. Podocytes change their shape and under constant mechanical stress they finally detach, rendering the glomerular basement membrane unprotected unless other contiguous podocytes are capable of covering the surface. However, these still anchored podocytes are generally also under the same stress situation and follow the same pathway. Podocyturia refers to the presence of these differentiated cells in the urinary sediment. Noteworthy, the podocytes that are encountered in the urine are viable despite the glomerular hostile environment and the urinary acidity. Podocyturia can precede proteinuria and can aggravate it. Therefore, in diseases that can threaten the glomerular normal environment, the presence and the quantification of urinary podocytes can be of remarkable relevance, as it can herald or accompany the appearance of proteinuria, and could offer another view to the interpretation and clinical approach and outcome of proteinuria. However, its identification needs a wide-spread training among biochemists and technicians, as well as commercially available kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Trimarchi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, Hospital Británico de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Marić S, Snoj A, Sekulić N, Krpo-Ćetković J, Šanda R, Jojić V. Genetic and morphological variability of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri (Teleostei, Umbridae) in Serbia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a basis for future conservation activities. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1534-1548. [PMID: 25801689 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
As a basis for future conservation activities, the genetic and external body morphology variability of the European mudminnow Umbra krameri, a highly endangered fish species in Serbia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, was determined for existing populations with the use of molecular markers (mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA) and geometric morphometric methods. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene analysis revealed two previously undescribed haplotypes: Da1 (the Lugomir population from the Danube River basin) and Sa1 (the Bakreni Batar and the Gromiželj populations from the Sava River system), with a corresponding genetic distance of 0·7%. Paired values of FST and DAS distances for microsatellite marker data show that the difference between the Danube and the Sava populations is seven to nine times higher than the difference between the populations within the Sava River system. Geometric morphometric analyses also support a clear separation of the Lugomir population from the Bakreni Batar and the Gromiželj populations. The analysis of the body shape variation, however, indicates a significant difference between the two genetically indistinguishable Sava populations. The observed genetic and phenetic relationships of the analysed mudminnow populations most probably represent a consequence of historical, geographical and ecological factors. These results will offer guidelines for future protection, conservation and sustainable management of this species in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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Singh L, Singh G, Dinda AK. Understanding podocytopathy and its relevance to clinical nephrology. Indian J Nephrol 2015; 25:1-7. [PMID: 25684864 PMCID: PMC4323905 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.134531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytopathies are the most common group of glomerular disorder leading to proteinuria. On the basis of pathophysiology, light microscopic and ultrastructural evaluation, the podocytopathies include minimal change disease, diffuse mesangial sclerosis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and collapsing glomerulopathy. The present review summarizes the basic etiopathogenesis of podocytopthies, highlights the common genetic and acquired factors in its causation, puts forth various diagnostic modalities and discusses the role of emerging agents or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - G Singh
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - A K Dinda
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Cheng YC, Chang JM, Chen CA, Chen HC. Autophagy modulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death in podocytes: a protective role. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:467-76. [PMID: 25322957 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214553772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs in a variety of patho-physiological mechanisms and there has been great interest in managing this pathway for the treatment of clinical diseases. Autophagy is closely interconnected with endoplasmic reticulum stress to counteract the possible injurious effects related with the impairment of protein folding. Studies have shown that glomerular podocytes exhibit high rate of autophagy to maintain as terminally differentiated cells. In this study, podocytes were exposed to tunicamycin and thapsigargin to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thapsigargin/tunicamycin treatment induced a significant increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress and of cell death, represented by higher GADD153 and GRP78 expression and propidium iodide flow cytometry, respectively. However, thapsigargin/tunicamycin stimulation also enhanced autophagy development, demonstrated by monodansylcadaverine assay and LC3 conversion. To evaluate the regulatory effects of autophagy on endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death, rapamycin (Rap) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was added to enhance or inhibit autophagosome formation. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death was decreased at 6 h, but was not reduced at 24 h after Rap+TG or Rap+TM treatment. In contrast, endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death increased at 6 and 24 h after 3-MA+TG or 3-MA+TM treatment. Our study demonstrated that thapsigargin/tunicamycin treatment induced endoplasmic reticulum stress which resulted in podocytes death. Autophagy, which counteracted the induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, was simultaneously enhanced. The salvational role of autophagy was supported by adding Rap/3-MA to mechanistically regulate the expression of autophagy and autophagosome formation. In summary, autophagy helps the podocytes from cell death and may contribute to sustain the longevity as a highly differentiated cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chien-An Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Tainan Sinlau Hospital, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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