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Immunomodulatory activity of extracts from five edible basidiomycetes mushrooms in Wistar albino rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12423. [PMID: 35859110 PMCID: PMC9300736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are nutritious foods that are widely cultivated all over the world. They are rich in a range of compounds linked to improving functions of the immune system including carotenoids, alkaloids, lectins, enzymes, folates, fats, organic acids, minerals, polysaccharides, phenolics, proteins, tocopherols, terpenoids, and volatile compounds. In this study we investigated, the immunomodulatory activity in rats of the aqueous extracts of five of the most common edible mushrooms belonging to Family Basidiomycota-white-rot fungi including, Lentinula edodes, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus columbinus, and Pleurotus sajor-caju. Male Wistar albino rats were assigned to thirteen groups and Immunosuppression was induced by oral administration of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg), followed by oral administration of the mushroom extracts at low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses. A positive control group received the immune stimulant Echinacea extract Immulant® at (30 mg/kg), while the negative control group received only saline. From each animal, in each group, blood samples were collected after 15 days for complete blood counts and for measurement of immunologic parameters, including lysozyme activity, nitric oxide (NO) production and serum cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels. Results have shown that white blood cells (WBCs) and lymphocytic counts were significantly boosted by high doses of each of the five mushroom extracts (207-289% increase for WBC and 153-175% for lymphocytes) with a significant increase in lysozyme activity (110-136% increase), NO concentration (159-232% increase) and cytokines as compared to the negative control group. Histopathological examination of the rats' spleen and thymus tissues has shown marked lymphocytic proliferation that was more obvious at the higher doses. In conclusion, our results showed that the five edible mushroom extracts revealed significant immunostimulatory effects preclinically particularly, at the higher doses (400 mg/kg) which can be considered the effective dose.
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Soodpakdee K, Nacha J, Rattanachart N, Owatworakit A, Chamyuang S. Fermentation With Pleurotus Ostreatus Enhances the Prebiotic Properties of Germinated Riceberry Rice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:839145. [PMID: 35495911 PMCID: PMC9039537 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.839145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is the staple food for more than half of the world's population. In recent years, awareness of the health benefits of colored rice varieties and germinated rice has gradually increased. Riceberry rice (R), a black-purple variety, was germinated and subsequently fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus mycelium (M) to improve nutrient quality and prebiotic properties. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and β-glucan contents were measured daily for a total of 4 days. The prebiotic activities of R, germinated Riceberry rice (GR), and germinated Riceberry rice with mycelium (GRM) were evaluated on the probiotic bacteria Pediococcus sp., Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Streptococcus lactis. Results were compared with the M treatment and with the commercial prebiotic agents: inulin and β-glucan. The treatments were also used to evaluate growth of the pathogen Escherichia coli. The GABA content peaked after 3 days of germination. The GR sample fermented with M for 3 days had the optimal concentration of both β-glucan and GABA. Evaluation of the prebiotic properties of rice samples and the commercial standards (inulin and β-glucan) showed that these were enhanced on the GR and GRM treatments. Results also showed the improvement of prebiotic properties on GR as the R sample did not show any prebiotic properties in all probiotic bacteria, whereas the GR sample showed moderate prebiotic activity score of 0.40, 0.88, and 0.56 on Pediococcus sp., L. acidophilus, and S. lactis, respectively. Furthermore, the prebiotic activity of GR was improved when fermented with M. For further applications, the GRM could be used on rice-based products, such as rice flour, rice crackers, or other rice products to enhance nutritional value and improve digestive system health, especially in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jutamat Nacha
- Microbial Products and Innovation Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | - Amorn Owatworakit
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,Microbial Products and Innovation Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Sunita Chamyuang
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,Microbial Products and Innovation Research Group, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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Vetvicka V, Teplyakova TV, Shintyapina AB, Korolenko TA. Effects of Medicinal Fungi-Derived β-Glucan on Tumor Progression. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:250. [PMID: 33806255 PMCID: PMC8065548 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans have been studied in animal species, from earthworms to humans. They form a heterogenous group of glucose polymers found in fungi, plants, bacteria, and seaweed. β-Glucans have slowly emerged as an important target for the recognition of pathogens. In the current review, we highlight the major roles of mushroom-derived β-glucans on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 630117, USA
| | - Tamara V. Teplyakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Alexandra B. Shintyapina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Federal State Budget Scientific Institution, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana A. Korolenko
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Neurodegeneration, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, 4 Timakov St., 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Ba DM, Ssentongo P, Beelman RB, Muscat J, Gao X, Richie JP. Higher Mushroom Consumption Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1691-1704. [PMID: 33724299 PMCID: PMC8483951 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are rich in bioactive compounds. The potential health benefits associated with mushroom intake have gained recent research attention. We thus conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between mushroom intake and risk of cancer at any site. We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies on mushroom intake and cancer published from 1 January, 1966, up to 31 October, 2020. Observational studies (n = 17) with RRs, HRs, or ORs and 95% CIs of cancer risk for ≥2 categories of mushroom intake were eligible for the present study. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted. Higher mushroom consumption was associated with lower risk of total cancer (pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.55, 0.78; n = 17). Higher mushroom consumption was also associated with lower risk of breast cancer (pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.81; n = 10) and nonbreast cancer (pooled RR for the highest compared with the lowest consumption groups: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.97; n = 13). When site-specific cancers were examined, a significant association with mushroom consumption was only observed with breast cancer; this could be due to the small number of studies that were conducted with other cancers. There was evidence of a significant nonlinear dose-response association between mushroom consumption and the risk of total cancer (P-nonlinearity = 0.001; n = 7). Limitations included the potential for recall and selection bias in case-control designs, which comprised 11 out of the 17 studies included in this meta-analysis, and the large variation in the adjustment factors used in the final models from each study. The association between higher mushroom consumption and lower risk of cancer, particularly breast cancer, may indicate a potential protective role for mushrooms in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril M Ba
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Paddy Ssentongo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Beelman
- Center for Plant and Mushroom Foods for Health, Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Cho SJ, Lim KT. Mushroom-Derived Bioactive Molecules as Immunotherapeutic Agents: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051359. [PMID: 33806285 PMCID: PMC7961999 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms with enhanced medicinal properties focus on finding such compounds that could modulate the human body's immune systems. Mushrooms have antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties due to the presence of various bioactive components. β-glucans are the major constituent of the mushroom cell wall and play a significant role in their biological activity. This review described the techniques used in the extraction of the active ingredients from the mushroom. We highlighted the structure of the bioactive polysaccharides present in the mushrooms. Therapeutic applications of different mushrooms were also described. It is interesting to note that mushrooms have the potential sources of many bioactive products that can regulate immunity. Thus, the development of functional medicinal food based on the mushroom is vital for human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K. Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
| | - Seong-Jun Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (D.K.P.); (S.D.D.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-033-250-6491
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Chelliah SS, Paul EAL, Kamarudin MNA, Parhar I. Challenges and Perspectives of Standard Therapy and Drug Development in High-Grade Gliomas. Molecules 2021; 26:1169. [PMID: 33671796 PMCID: PMC7927069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their low incidence rate globally, high-grade gliomas (HGG) remain a fatal primary brain tumor. The recommended therapy often is incapable of resecting the tumor entirely and exclusively targeting the tumor leads to tumor recurrence and dismal prognosis. Additionally, many HGG patients are not well suited for standard therapy and instead, subjected to a palliative approach. HGG tumors are highly infiltrative and the complex tumor microenvironment as well as high tumor heterogeneity often poses the main challenges towards the standard treatment. Therefore, a one-fit-approach may not be suitable for HGG management. Thus, a multimodal approach of standard therapy with immunotherapy, nanomedicine, repurposing of older drugs, use of phytochemicals, and precision medicine may be more advantageous than a single treatment model. This multimodal approach considers the environmental and genetic factors which could affect the patient's response to therapy, thus improving their outcome. This review discusses the current views and advances in potential HGG therapeutic approaches and, aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap that will assist in overcoming challenges in HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundramurthi Chelliah
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ervin Ashley Lourdes Paul
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
| | - Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
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Niego AG, Raspé O, Thongklang N, Charoensup R, Lumyong S, Stadler M, Hyde KD. Taxonomy, Diversity and Cultivation of the Oudemansielloid/Xeruloid Taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula with Respect to Their Bioactivities: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:51. [PMID: 33451109 PMCID: PMC7828609 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The oudemansielloid/xeruloid taxa Hymenopellis, Mucidula, Oudemansiella, and Xerula are genera of Basidiomycota that constitute an important resource of bioactive compounds. Numerous studies have shown antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other bioactivities of their extracts. The bioactive principles can be divided into two major groups: (a) hydrophilic polysaccharides with relatively high molecular weights and (b) low molecular medium polar secondary metabolites, such as the antifungal strobilurins. In this review, we summarize the state of the art on biodiversity, cultivation of the fungi and bioactivities of their secondary metabolites and discuss future applications. Although the strobilurins are well-documented, with commercial applications as agrochemical fungicides, there are also other known compounds from this group that have not yet been well-studied. Polysaccharides, dihydro-citrinone phenol A acid, scalusamides, and acetylenic lactones such as xerulin, also have potential applications in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and medicinal market and should be further explored. Further studies are recommended to isolate high quality bioactive compounds and fully understand their modes of action. Given that only few species of oudemansielloid/xeruloid mushrooms have been explored for their production of secondary metabolites, these taxa represent unexplored sources of potentially useful and novel bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Grace Niego
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (O.R.); (N.T.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Iloilo Science and Technology University, La Paz, Iloilo 5000, Philippines
| | - Olivier Raspé
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (O.R.); (N.T.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Naritsada Thongklang
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (O.R.); (N.T.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Charoensup
- School of Integrative Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- Medicinal Plants Innovation Center, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (A.G.N.); (O.R.); (N.T.)
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510408, China
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Zeb M, Lee CH. Medicinal Properties and Bioactive Compounds from Wild Mushrooms Native to North America. Molecules 2021; 26:E251. [PMID: 33419035 PMCID: PMC7825331 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms, the fruiting bodies of fungi, are known for a long time in different cultures around the world to possess medicinal properties and are used to treat various human diseases. Mushrooms that are parts of traditional medicine in Asia had been extensively studied and this has led to identification of their bioactive ingredients. North America, while home to one of the world's largest and diverse ecological systems, has not subjected its natural resources especially its diverse array of mushroom species for bioprospecting purposes: Are mushrooms native to North America a good source for drug discovery? In this review, we compile all the published studies up to September 2020 on the bioprospecting of North American mushrooms. Out of the 79 species that have been investigated for medicinal properties, 48 species (60%) have bioactivities that have not been previously reported. For a mere 16 selected species, 17 new bioactive compounds (10 small molecules, six polysaccharides and one protein) have already been isolated. The results from our literature search suggest that mushrooms native to North America are indeed a good source for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chow H. Lee
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada;
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Lin DQ, Cai XY, Wang CH, Yang B, Liang RS. Optimal concentration of necrostatin-1 for protecting against hippocampal neuronal damage in mice with status epilepticus. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:936-943. [PMID: 31719260 PMCID: PMC6990772 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal neurons undergo various forms of cell death after status epilepticus. Necrostatin-1 specifically inhibits necroptosis mediated by receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and RIP3 receptors. However, there are no reports of necroptosis in mouse models of status epilepticus. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of necrostatin-1 on hippocampal neurons in mice with status epilepticus, and, furthermore, we tested different amounts of the compound to identify the optimal concentration for inhibiting necroptosis and apoptosis. A mouse model of status epilepticus was produced by intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, 12 mg/kg. Different concentrations of necrostatin-1 (10, 20, 40, and 80 μM) were administered into the lateral ventricle 15 minutes before kainic acid injection. Hippocampal damage was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining 24 hours after the model was successfully produced. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining, western blot assay and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the expression of apoptosis-related and necroptosis-related proteins. Necrostatin-1 alleviated damage to hippocampal tissue in the mouse model of epilepsy. The 40 μM concentration of necrostatin-1 significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, necrostatin-1 significantly downregulated necroptosis-related proteins (MLKL, RIP1, and RIP3) and apoptosis-related proteins (cleaved-Caspase-3, Bax), and it upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Taken together, our findings show that necrostatin-1 effectively inhibits necroptosis and apoptosis in mice with status epilepticus, with the 40 μM concentration of the compound having an optimal effect. The experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian Medical University, China (approval No. 2016-032) on November 9, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Qi Lin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xin-Ying Cai
- Clinical Research Center, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
- Correspondence to: Ri-Sheng Liang, .
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Influence of Maitake ( Grifola frondosa) Particle Sizes on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and In Vivo Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8193971. [PMID: 32258147 PMCID: PMC7091544 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8193971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maitake (Grifola frondosa) mushroom has received an enormous amount of attention as a dietary supplement due to its high nutritional values. The particle sizes of G. frondosa mushrooms were monitored by a classifying mill. β-Glucans are the bioactive component of the mushroom, and it was revealed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C-NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry. The biocompatibility of G. frondosa particles, as well as induced osteogenesis of hMSCs, was evaluated through WST-1 assay and alizarin staining (ARS) technique, respectively. Notably, enhanced cell viability was noted in the presence of G. frondosa. Significantly improved calcium deposition has observed from hMSCs with G. frondosa, suggesting to their mineralization potential. The expression of osteogenic related gene markers was examined in the presence of G. frondosa through real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. The upregulation of osteogenic gene markers in the presence of G. frondosa particles was indicating their superior osteogenic potential. Besides, G. frondosa also activated the secretion of various kinds of proteins from the hMSCs indicating their potential for tissue engineering applications. Enhanced secretion of different immunoglobulins was observed in rat serum in the presence of G. frondosa, further demonstrating their therapeutic nature. Therefore, G. frondosa is effective for enhanced osteogenesis and can be utilized as a natural, edible, and osteogenic agent.
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Zhong L, Yan P, Lam WC, Yao L, Bian Z. Coriolus Versicolor and Ganoderma Lucidum Related Natural Products as an Adjunct Therapy for Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 31333449 PMCID: PMC6616310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer incidence and mortality rates keep rising globally. Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum related natural products are commonly applied as a complementary therapeutic option for different stages and types of cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the products for cancer therapy. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified by systematic search over seven databases from inceptions to May 10, 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the study quality. Meta-analyses were performed to pool hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% CI using random-effects models. The sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was detected by Funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test. Results: Twenty-three trials involving 4,246 cancer patients were included in this work. C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products were significantly associated with lower risks of mortality (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.94) and higher total efficacy (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.55), but not associated with control rate (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.14) compared with control treatment. There was no significant difference between C. versicolor related natural products and control treatment in the effect on relapse-free survival (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.55). Compared with control treatment, C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products had a favorable effect on elevated levels of CD3 (MD: 9.03%; 95% CI: 2.10, 16.50) and CD4 (MD: 9.2%; 95% CI: 1.01, 17.39), but had no effect on the levels of CD8 (MD: -5.52%; 95% CI: -23.17, 12.13), CD4/CD8 (MD: 0.73; 95% CI:-0.45, 1.91), or NK(MD: 5.87%; 95% CI: -1.06, 12.8). Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, we found that C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products might have potential benefits on the overall survival and quality of life in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zhong
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Peijing Yan
- Institution of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wai Ching Lam
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Yao
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
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Ayeka PA. Potential of Mushroom Compounds as Immunomodulators in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:7271509. [PMID: 29849725 PMCID: PMC5937616 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7271509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since time immemorial, plants and their compounds have been used in the treatment and management of various ailments. Currently, most of conventional drugs used for treatment of diseases are either directly or indirectly obtained from plant sources. The fungal group of plants is of significance, which not only provides food directly to man but also has been source of important drugs. For instance, commonly used antibiotics are derived from fungi. Fungi have also been utilized in the food industry, baking, and alcohol production. Apart from the economic importance of the microfungi, macrofungi have been utilized directly as food, which is usually got from their fruiting bodies, commonly known as mushrooms. Due to their richness in proteins, minerals, and other nutrients, mushrooms have also been associated with boosting the immune system. This makes mushrooms an important food source, especially for vegetarians and immunosuppressed individuals including the HIV/AIDS persons. In complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs), mushrooms are increasingly being accepted for treatment of various diseases. Mushrooms have been shown to have the ability to stimulate the immune system, modulate humoral and cellular immunity, and potentiate antimutagenic and antitumorigenic activity, as well as rejuvenating the immune system weakened by radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer treatment. This potential of mushrooms, therefore, qualifies them as candidates for immunomodulation and immunotherapy in cancer and other diseases' treatment. However, a critical review on mushroom's immune modulating potential in cancer has not been sufficiently addressed. This review puts forward insights into the immune activities of mushroom associated with anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Amwoga Ayeka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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Ma Y, He H, Wu J, Wang C, Chao K, Huang Q. Assessment of Polysaccharides from Mycelia of genus Ganoderma by Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29311571 PMCID: PMC5758644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lingzhi (G. lingzhi), G. sinense, G. applanatum, etc. belongs to the Ganoderma genus of polypore mushrooms which contain rich polysaccharides valuable for nutrition and positive medicinal effects. In order to evaluate polysaccharide content in Ganoderma mycelia obtained in the fermentation process quickly and accurately, in this work we employed infrared spectroscopy to examine different Ganoderma stains of samples from diversified sources. Through mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy, we could identify the most relevant spectral bands required for polysaccharide evaluation, and through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, we could establish the quantification model for making satisfactory prediction of polysaccharide ingredient content. As such, we have achieved an effective and convenient approach to quantitative assessment of the total polysaccharides in Ganoderma mycelia but also demonstrated that infrared spectroscopy can be a powerful tool for quality control of Ganoderma polysaccharides obtained from industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Ma
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China.,College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Huaqi He
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China.,College of Life Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Jingzhu Wu
- School of Computer and Information Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kuanglin Chao
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Qing Huang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China. .,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China.
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Lentinan from shiitake selectively attenuates AIM2 and non-canonical inflammasome activation while inducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1314. [PMID: 28465544 PMCID: PMC5431005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentinan extracted from shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is a β-glucan that has been reported as an intravenous anti-tumor polysaccharide via enhancement of the host immune system. In this study, we determined the effect of lentinan on inflammasome activation, a multi-protein platform, in myeloid cells. Mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages were treated with lentinan with/without inflammasome triggers, and maturation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, or caspase-1 was measured as a readout of inflammasome activation. As a result, lentinan selectively inhibited absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation. In addition, lentinan up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced expression of inflammasome-related genes through toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of lentinan on mice treated with Listeria monocytogenes or lipopolysaccharide as an AIM2 or non-canonical inflammasome-mediated model. Lentinan attenuated IL-1β secretion resulting from Listeria-mediated AIM2 inflammasome activation and reduced endotoxin lethality via inhibition of non-canonical inflammasome activation. Thus, lentinan is suggested as an anti-AIM2 and anti-non-canonical inflammasome candidate despite its up-regulation of cytokine expression.
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