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Abdul-Wahab GA, Alwan AM, Al-Karawi SI. Evaluation of Serum Interleukin-33 Level in Iraqi Patients with and without Periodontal Disease. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2024; 16:201-207. [PMID: 38854628 PMCID: PMC11162615 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s464951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory illness characterized by periodic tissue support deterioration. Interleukin-33 has recently been discovered as a new pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The objective of this case control study is to compare IL-33 levels among periodontitis patients and healthy volunteers using serum samples and investigate the potential association with clinical periodontal parameters. Materials and Methods A total of 100 subjects (50 patients with periodontal disease and 50 healthy individuals) were included in this case control study. Clinical plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were assessed. Serum was extracted from the venous blood that was collected. Serum IL-33 values were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Serum levels of interleukin-33 showed considerably elevated level in the patient's group than in the healthy control group (P<0.01). There was a strong correlation between the blood levels of IL-33 and PLI, GI, and BOP (P≤ 0.05). While PPD and CAL demonstrated a non-significant relationship (P˃0.05). Conclusion The results of this study suggested that IL-33 may be used as a potential indicator of the inflammation associated with periodontitis and might have a role in the development of the disease. Further studies with large sample sizes are needed to improve knowledge about the role of IL-33 in periodontal health and disease. Clinical Significance Owing to the noticeable role that IL-33 plays in the pathogenicity of periodontitis as a local waring clue for the periodontal tissue breakdown, tissue-specific therapeutic strategies may improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasaq Asim Abdul-Wahab
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alyamama Mahmood Alwan
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarah Ihsan Al-Karawi
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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2
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Wang M, Gao M, Yi Z. Biological effects of IL-33/ST2 axis on oral diseases: autoimmune diseases and periodontal diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110524. [PMID: 37393839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 is a relatively new member of the IL-1 cytokine family, which plays a unique role in autoimmune diseases, particularly some oral diseases dominated by immune factors. The IL-33/ST2 axis is the main pathway by which IL-33 signals affect downstream cells to produce an inflammatory response or tissue repair. As a newly discovered pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-33 can participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune oral diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome and Behcet's disease. Moreover, the IL-33/ST2 axis also recruits and activates mast cells in periodontitis, producing inflammatory chemokines and mediating gingival inflammation and alveolar bone destruction. Interestingly, the high expression of IL-33 in the alveolar bone, which exhibits anti-osteoclast effects under appropriate mechanical loading, also confirms its dual role of destruction and repair in an immune-mediated periodontal environment. This study reviewed the biological effects of IL-33 in autoimmune oral diseases, periodontitis and periodontal bone metabolism, and elaborated its potential role and impact as a disease enhancer or a repair factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingcen Gao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Yi
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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3
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SELMAN AE, GÖRGÜLÜ NG, DOĞAN B. Salivary Levels of IL-21 as a Potential Marker of Stage III Grade C Periodontitis. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.989487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Advances in the occurrence and biotherapy of osteoporosis. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:1623-1636. [PMID: 32627832 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a bone metabolic disease, is characterized by degeneration of bone structure and decreased bone mass. It happens in more than 1/3 women and 1/5 men of over than 50 years old, which affects the health and lives of people. The main mechanism of OP is mainly that the dynamic balance between the bone formation and resorption is broken, so that bone resorption is more than bone formation. It is prone to result in bone metabolism disorder. There are many precipitating factor such as elder age, low hormone level, genetic factors and bad hobbies. At the same time, the occurrence of the OP and its complications has different degrees of impact on people's quality of life. Based on the current understanding of the OP, we summarized the etiology, current clinical drugs and potential targeting therapy for OP. Although the research have made many progress in explore what is the novel mechanism and how to improve the effect, there are still many problems in the treatment method that limit its application prospects and need to be solved. In this review, we mainly focus on the mechanism of OP and related research on the targeted treatment of OP. Hopefully, our summary will provide a reference to develop some novel strategies for the target therapy of OP.
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5
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Gupta S, Dogra S, Chahal GS, Prashar S, Singh AP, Gupta M. Psoriasis and Periodontitis: Exploring an association or lack thereof. Indian Dermatol Online J 2021; 12:281-284. [PMID: 33959525 PMCID: PMC8088189 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_445_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Psoriasis is a common, chronic, non-communicable skin disease with no clear etiology or cure. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition which is now known to significantly influence various systemic diseases as an established risk factor. This study aimed at comparatively evaluating the periodontal status of Psoriatic patients vis. a vis. that of age and gender matched systemically healthy volunteers. An attempt was also made to explore a possible association, if any, amongst the two diseases. Materials and Methods: Forty two residents of Chandigarh, suffering from Psoriasis and attending the Psoriasis Clinic of Department of Dermatology & Venereology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh were recruited over a period of 10 months (Case group) and their periodontal status was compared with forty two age and gender matched systemically healthy volunteers (Control group) randomly selected from the Out Patient Department of Periodontics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, India. Their serum IL-33 levels were evaluated and compared in an attempt to identify an underlying common pathological pathway. Results: The periodontal status was comparable in the two groups in terms of the debris index (p = 0.932), calculus index (p = 0.088), plaque index (p = 0.097), and mean clinical attachment loss (p = 0.401). A higher bleeding points index was recorded amongst healthy individuals as compared to the Psoriasis group, the difference being statistically significant (p = 0.001). The mean number of teeth were more in the Psoriasis group as compared to the healthy group (p=0.034). IL 33 levels were also not significantly different (p = 0.491). Conclusion: Contrary to currently available evidence in literature, the study did not find a statistically significant association between Psoriasis and Inflammatory Periodontal Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Gupta
- Unit of Periodontics, Oral Health Sciences Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurparkash Singh Chahal
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Savita Prashar
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Angadveer Pal Singh
- Department of Periodontics, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mili Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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6
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De Martinis M, Ginaldi L, Sirufo MM, Pioggia G, Calapai G, Gangemi S, Mannucci C. Alarmins in Osteoporosis, RAGE, IL-1, and IL-33 Pathways: A Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:medicina56030138. [PMID: 32204562 PMCID: PMC7142770 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alarmins are endogenous mediators released by cells following insults or cell death to alert the host’s innate immune system of a situation of danger or harm. Many of these, such as high-mobility group box-1 and 2 (HMGB1, HMGB2) and S100 (calgranulin proteins), act through RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products), whereas the IL-1 and IL-33 cytokines bind the IL-1 receptors type I and II, and the cellular receptor ST2, respectively. The alarmin family and their signal pathways share many similarities of cellular and tissue localization, functions, and involvement in various physiological processes and inflammatory diseases including osteoporosis. The aim of the review was to evaluate the role of alarmins in osteoporosis. A bibliographic search of the published scientific literature regarding the role of alarmins in osteoporosis was organized independently by two researchers in the following scientific databases: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The keywords used were combined as follows: “alarmins and osteoporosis”, “RAGE and osteoporosis”, “HMGB1 and osteoporosis”, “IL-1 and osteoporosis”, “IL 33 and osteopororsis”, “S100s protein and osteoporosis”. The information was summarized and organized in the present review. We highlight the emerging roles of alarmins in various bone remodeling processes involved in the onset and development of osteoporosis, as well as their potential role as biomarkers of osteoporosis severity and progression. Findings of the research suggest a potential use of alarmins as pharmacological targets in future therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing bone loss and fragility fractures induced by aging and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 6700 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 6700 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 6700 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-22-12-697
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7
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De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1239. [PMID: 32069819 PMCID: PMC7072890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the immunoskeletal interface has led to the discovery of numerous cytokines involved in the regulation of bone remodeling, providing valuable information on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The role of inflammatory cytokines of the Th1 and Th17 profile in osteoporosis is well known. Here we focus on two newly discovered Th2 cytokines, IL-31 and IL-33, whose implications in osteoporosis are recently emerging. Clinical and experimental observations suggest an important role of the IL-33/IL-31 axis in osteoporosis. IL-33 induces IL-31 secretion by Th2 cells and inhibits RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis, thus counteracting bone loss. IL-31 influences Th1/Th17 osteoclastogenetic inflammation and limits Th2 osteoprotective processes, thus favoring osteoporosis. Better knowledge of the role of IL-31 and IL-33 and their receptor complexes in osteoporosis could provide an interesting perspective for the development of new and more effective therapies, possibly with less side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
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8
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IL-33 Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031130. [PMID: 32046264 PMCID: PMC7038169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 family, which acts as an alarmin. Several studies suggested that IL-33 inhibited osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is considered a direct inducer of osteoclastogenesis. However, there has been no report regarding the effect of IL-33 on TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of IL-33 on TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. In an in vitro analysis of osteoclastogenesis, osteoclast precursors, which were derived from bone marrow cells, were treated with or without IL-33 in the presence of TNF-α. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining solution was used to assess osteoclast formation. In an in vivo analysis of mouse calvariae, TNF-α with or without IL-33 was subcutaneously administrated into the supracalvarial region of mice daily for 5 days. Histological sections were stained for TRAP, and osteoclast numbers were determined. Using micro-CT reconstruction images, the ratio of bone destruction area on the calvariae was evaluated. The number of TRAP-positive cells induced by TNF-α was significantly decreased with IL-33 in vitro and in vivo. Bone resorption was also reduced. IL-33 inhibited IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. These results suggest that IL-33 inhibited TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.
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9
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Pai B S, Pradeep AR. Correlations between Interleukin-33 and -1α Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Plasma in Patients with Chronic or Aggressive Periodontitis and Disease-free Subjects. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2019; 60:279-289. [PMID: 31761881 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a dual-function protein that may play important roles as both a cytokine and intracellular nuclear factor. It may also function similarly to prototypical alarmin IL-1α, as an endogenous danger signal to alert innate immune system cells to tissue damage during trauma or infection, as it can be released in the extracellular space after endothelial cell damage or mechanical injury. The aim of this study was to determine possible correlations between concentrations of IL-33 and IL-1α in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma obtained from healthy patients, those with chronic periodontitis (CP), and those with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) patients. Forty-five patients with an age range of 20-60 years were enrolled and divided into 3 groups: Group H, 30 samples (15 GCF and 15 plasma) from 15 patients with healthy periodontium; Group CP, 30 samples from 15 patients with CP; and Group GAP, 30 samples from 15 patients with GAP. The clinical periodontal parameters investigated in all groups comprised the gingival index score, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level. The GCF and plasma levels of IL-33 and IL-1α were quantitated using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The mean IL-33 concentrations in GCF and plasma were highest in Group GAP, followed by Group CP, with the lowest in Group H; the difference among them was statistically significant (p<0.05). Concentration of IL-1α followed the same trend as that of IL-33 in GCF, but was lower than detection levels in plasma. The GCF and plasma concentrations of IL-33 correlated with IL-1α concentrations in GCF. Concentrations of IL-33 and IL-1α in GCF varied significantly between healthy patients and those with disease, allowing healthy patients to be distinguished from those with GAP or CP. The results of this study suggest that IL-33 offers a potential inflammatory marker of periodontal disease, similar to IL-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A R Pradeep
- Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Research Institute.,Department of Periodontology, The Oxford Dental College
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10
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Galle-Treger L, Hurrell BP, Lewis G, Howard E, Jahani PS, Banie H, Razani B, Soroosh P, Akbari O. Autophagy is critical for group 2 innate lymphoid cell metabolic homeostasis and effector function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:502-517.e5. [PMID: 31738991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and driven by TH2 cytokine production. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) secrete high amounts of TH2 cytokines and contribute to the development of AHR. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway that recycles cytoplasmic content. However, the role of autophagy in ILC2s remains to be fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE We characterized the effects of autophagy deficiency on ILC2 effector functions and metabolic balance. METHODS ILC2s from autophagy-deficient mice were isolated to evaluate proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine secretion, gene expression and cell metabolism. Also, autophagy-deficient ILC2s were adoptively transferred into Rag-/-GC-/- mice, which were then challenged with IL-33 and assessed for AHR and lung inflammation. RESULTS We demonstrate that autophagy is extensively used by activated ILC2s to maintain their homeostasis and effector functions. Deletion of the critical autophagy gene autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) resulted in decreased cytokine secretion and increased apoptosis. Moreover, lack of autophagy among ILC2s impaired their ability to use fatty acid oxidation and strikingly promoted glycolysis, as evidenced by our transcriptomic and metabolite analyses. This shift of fuel dependency led to impaired homeostasis and TH2 cytokine production, thus inhibiting the development of ILC2-mediated AHR. Notably, this metabolic reprogramming was also associated with an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, producing excessive reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION These findings provide new insights into the metabolic profile of ILC2s and suggest that modulation of fuel dependency by autophagy is a potentially new therapeutic approach to target ILC2-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Galle-Treger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Gavin Lewis
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, Calif
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Pedram Shafiei Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Babak Razani
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine and John Cochran VA Medical Center, St Louis, Mo
| | | | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
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11
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Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, Saitta S, Sirufo MM, Mannucci C, Casciaro M, Ciccarelli F, Gangemi S. Interleukin-33 serum levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3786. [PMID: 30846811 PMCID: PMC6405990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. So far IL-33 involvement in osteoporotic patients has not yet been studied. IL-33 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which mediates several immune functions; its involvement in a wide range of diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis, is now emerging. In view of the crucial role of this cytokine in inflammation and bone remodeling, we measured IL-33 levels in the serum of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. In 50 postmenopausal osteoporotic patients and 28 healthy postmenopausal control women, serum IL-33 levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In both patients and controls the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vitamin D, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels, as well as bone turnover markers, such as C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) were also evaluated. In postmenopausal osteoporotic women IL-33 levels were significantly lower compared to healthy controls (3.53 ± 2.45 vs. 13.72 ± 5.39 pg/ml; P = 0.009) and positively correlated respectively with serum PTH (rho = 0.314; P = 0.026) and P1NP (rho = 0.373; P = 0.011) levels, while a statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between serum IL-33 and CTX levels (rho = -0.455; P = 0.002). Our results thus suggest that IL-33 represents an important bone-protecting cytokine which may be of therapeutic benefit in treating bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ginaldi
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Saitta
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fedra Ciccarelli
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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12
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Rodrigues WF, Miguel CB, Mendes NS, Freire Oliveira CJ, Ueira-Vieira C. Association between pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-33 and periodontal disease in the elderly: A retrospective study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2017; 21:4-9. [PMID: 29386793 PMCID: PMC5767989 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_178_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Senescence is a multifactorial process that in humans may be accompanied by inflammation and immune dysfunction in the oral cavity. Notably, periodontal disease, considered one of the most common inflammatory disorders in the oral cavity, has also been linked to the onset of other chronic inflammatory diseases common in the elderly. Thus, investigating immunity and inflammation during senescence may not only illuminate the pathophysiology of periodontal disease, but also identify new therapeutic targets. Materials and Methods: To this end, we retrospectively and systematically reviewed studies of immune molecules associated with periodontal disease. These studies were identified in PubMed from three independent searches based on distinct sets of search terms. Results: The data highlight the need to further investigate inflammatory molecules involved in chronic periodontal disease in the elderly, but strongly suggest that interleukin (IL)-33 is involved. Indeed, various genetic and environmental factors appear to contribute to pathogenesis via IL-33. Conclusion: The IL-33 axis may be promising therapeutic target in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Francisco Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.,Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
| | - Camila Botelho Miguel
- Postgraduate Course in Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.,Morphofunctional Laboratory, University Center of Mineiros - UNIFIMES, Mineiros, GO, Brazil
| | - Niege Silva Mendes
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo - USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil
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13
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Lapérine O, Cloitre A, Caillon J, Huck O, Bugueno IM, Pilet P, Sourice S, Le Tilly E, Palmer G, Davideau JL, Geoffroy V, Guicheux J, Beck-Cormier S, Lesclous P. Interleukin-33 and RANK-L Interplay in the Alveolar Bone Loss Associated to Periodontitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168080. [PMID: 27992569 PMCID: PMC5167367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic Periodontitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin that results in alveolar bone destruction. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), one of the main periopathogens, initiates an inflammatory cascade by host immune cells thereby increasing recruitment and activity of osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells, through enhanced production of the crucial osteoclastogenic factor, RANK-L. Antibodies directed against some cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) failed to exhibit convincing therapeutic effect in CP. It has been suggested that IL-33, could be of interest in CP. Objective the present study aims to analyze whether and how IL-33 and RANK-L and/or their interplay are involved in the bone destruction associated to CP. Material and Methods mRNAs and protein expressions of IL-33 and RANK-L were analyzed in healthy and CP human gingival samples by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-qPCR. Murine experimental periodontitis (EP) was induced using Pg infected ligature and Pg free ligature around the first maxillary molar. Alveolar bone loss was recorded by μCT. Mouse gingival explants were stimulated for 24 hours with IL-33 and RANK-L mRNA expression investigated by RT-qPCR. Human oral epithelial cells were infected by Pg for 6, 12; 24 hours and IL-33 and RANK-L mRNA expressions were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Results IL-33 is overexpressed in gingival epithelial cells in human affected by CP as in the murine EP. In human as in murine gingival cells, RANK-L was independently induced by Pg and IL-33. We also showed that the Pg-dependent RANK-L expression in gingival epithelial cells occured earlier than that of IL-33. Conclusion Our results evidence that IL-33 overexpression in gingival epithelial cells is associated with CP and may trigger RANK-L expression in addition to a direct effect of Pg. Finally, IL-33 may act as an extracellular alarmin (danger signal) showing proinflammatory properties in CP perpetuating bone resorption induced by Pg infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lapérine
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Cloitre
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
| | - Jocelyne Caillon
- EA 3826 Thérapeutiques cliniques et expérimentales des infections, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM, U1109 Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Département de Parodontologie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Isaac Maximiliano Bugueno
- INSERM, U1109 Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Paul Pilet
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Sourice
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Le Tilly
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Gaby Palmer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Davideau
- INSERM, U1109 Osteoarticular & Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
- Département de Parodontologie, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Geoffroy
- INSERM U1132 BIOSCAR, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (PL)
| | - Sarah Beck-Cormier
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Lesclous
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
- ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (JG); (PL)
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Carotid plaque and bone density and microarchitecture in psoriatic arthritis: the correlation with soluble ST2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32116. [PMID: 27554830 PMCID: PMC4995470 DOI: 10.1038/srep32116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients have increased risk of both atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Previous studies revealed that IL-33/ST2 axis may be related to both conditions; however, these associations were never evaluated in a single patients’ group. Here we explored the association among plasma levels of IL-33 and its decoy receptor soluble ST2 (sST2), carotid plaque determined by ultrasound, and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD)/microstructure of distal radius measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) in 80 PsA patients (55% male; 53.0 ± 10.1 years). Plasma sST2 levels were significantly higher in 33 (41%) patients with carotid plaques (11.2 ± 4.5 vs 7.7 ± 3.7 ng/ml, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, sST2 was an independent explanatory variable associated with carotid plaques (OR = 1.296, 95% CI: [1.091,1.540]; P = 0.003). After adjustment for the osteoporotic risk factors, sST2 was significantly associated with higher cortical porosity (β = 0.184, [0.042,0.325]; P = 0.012) and cortical pore volume (2.247, [0.434,4.060]; P = 0.016); and had a trend to be associated with lower cortical vBMD (−2.918, [−6.111,0.275]; P = 0.073). IL-33 was not associated with carotid plaque or vBMD/microstructure. In conclusion, plasma sST2 levels were independently correlated with both carotid plaque and compromised cortical vBMD/microstructure in PsA patients. IL-33/ST2 axis may be a link between accelerated atherosclerosis and osteoporosis in PsA.
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15
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Increased levels of interleukin-33 in gingival crevicular fluids of patients with chronic periodontitis. Odontology 2016; 105:184-190. [PMID: 27363844 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-016-0259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this clinical study is to comparatively investigate the interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), saliva and plasma of patients with periodontal disease as well as periodontally healthy subjects and the association between these levels and clinical parameters. GCF, saliva and plasma samples were collected from systemically healthy, non-smoker chronic periodontitis patients (CP group, n = 20), gingivitis patients (G group, n = 20) and periodontally healthy control groups (H group, n = 20). Full-mouth clinical periodontal parameters were also recorded. IL-33 levels were determined by ELISA. The total amount of GCF IL-33 was greater in the G and CP groups compared to the H group (p < 0.05). The GCF IL-33 concentration was significantly lower in the CP group than in the H and G groups (p < 0.001). Salivary or plasma IL-33 levels were similar in the study groups. The total amount of GCF IL-33 was positively correlated with the GI, PI and BOP (%) (p < 0.05). Considering the present findings, the increase in total amounts of GCF IL-33 may have a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
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16
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Athari SK, Poirier E, Biton J, Semerano L, Hervé R, Raffaillac A, Lemeiter D, Herbelin A, Girard JP, Caux F, Boissier MC, Bessis N. Collagen-induced arthritis and imiquimod-induced psoriasis develop independently of interleukin-33. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:143. [PMID: 27317338 PMCID: PMC4912820 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-33 is a dual cytokine with both an alarmin role and a T helper 2 cell (Th2)-like inducing effect. It is involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its models; we recently demonstrated that exogenous IL-33 could inhibit collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in C57BL/6 mice. However, its pathophysiological role in RA is unclear. Indeed, mice deficient in the IL-33 receptor ST2 show reduced susceptibility to arthritis, and the disease is not modified in IL-33-deficient mice. We examined the immune response in wild-type (WT) and IL-33-deficient mice with CIA. To further understand the role of endogenous IL-33 in inflammatory diseases, we studied its role in a skin psoriasis model. Mice on a C57BL/6 background were deficient in IL-33 but expressed lacZ under the IL-33 promoter. Therefore, IL-33 promotor activity could be analyzed by lacZ detection and IL-33 gene expression was analyzed by X-Gal staining in various mice compartments. Frequencies of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th1 and Th17 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry in WT and IL-33-/- mice. Bone resorption was studied by evaluating osteoclast activity on a synthetic mineral matrix. Psoriasis-like dermatitis was induced by application of imiquimod to the skin of mice. Results Severity of CIA was similar in IL-33-/- and WT littermates. Joints of IL-33-/- mice with CIA showed IL-33 promotor activity. In mice with CIA, frequencies of Tregs, Th1 and Th17 in the spleen or lymph nodes did not differ between the genotypes; osteoclast activity was higher but not significantly in IL-33-/- than WT mice. Psoriasis development did not differ between the genotypes. Conclusions Despite its expression in the synovium of arthritic mice and normal keratinocytes, IL-33 is not required for CIA development in arthritis or psoriasis. Its absence does not induce a T cell shift toward Th1, Th17 or Treg subpopulations. Altogether, these data and our previous ones, showing that exogenous IL-33 can almost completely inhibit CIA development, suggest that this cytokine is not crucial for development of chronic inflammation. Studies of RA patients are needed to determine whether treatment targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis would be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khaleghparast Athari
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Elodie Poirier
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Jérôme Biton
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.,Present address: INSERM UMRS 1138 Equipe 13, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Luca Semerano
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne Hospital, Rheumatology Department, 93009, Bobigny, France
| | - Roxane Hervé
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Aurélie Raffaillac
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Delphine Lemeiter
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France
| | - André Herbelin
- INSERM U1082, Pôle Biologie Santé, CHU Poitiers, BP 633, Poitiers, 86022, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Girard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) CNRS-Université de Toulouse III, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Caux
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne Hospital, Dermatology Department, 93009, Bobigny, France
| | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Avicenne Hospital, Rheumatology Department, 93009, Bobigny, France
| | - Natacha Bessis
- INSERM, UMR 1125, 93017, Bobigny, France. .,Sorbonne Paris Cité Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93000, Bobigny, France.
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17
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Carvalho-Filho PC, Gomes-Filho IS, Meyer R, Olczak T, Xavier MT, Trindade SC. Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY in Immunopathogenesis of Chronic Periodontitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7465852. [PMID: 27403039 PMCID: PMC4925967 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7465852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease, with participation of bacterial, environmental, and host factors. It results from synergistic and dysbiotic multispecies microorganisms, critical "keystone pathogens," affecting the whole bacterial community. The purpose of this study was to review the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the immunopathogenesis of chronic periodontitis, with special attention paid to HmuY. The host response during periodontitis involves the innate and adaptive immune system, leading to chronic inflammation and progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. In this proinflammatory process, the ability of P. gingivalis to evade the host immune response and access nutrients in the microenvironment is directly related to its survival, proliferation, and infection. Furthermore, heme is an essential nutrient for development of these bacteria, and HmuY is responsible for its capture from host heme-binding proteins. The inflammatory potential of P. gingivalis HmuY has been shown, including induction of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and CCL2, decreased levels of IL-8, and increased levels of anti-HmuY IgG and IgG1 antibodies in individuals with chronic periodontitis. Therefore, the HmuY protein might be a promising target for therapeutic strategies and for development of diagnostic methods in chronic periodontitis, especially in the case of patients with chronic periodontitis not responding to treatment, monitoring, and maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. C. Carvalho-Filho
- Odontology Course, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, 41150-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - I. S. Gomes-Filho
- Department of Periodontics, Feira de Santana State University, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - R. Meyer
- Department of Biointeraction, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - T. Olczak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M. T. Xavier
- Odontology Course, Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, 41150-100 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - S. C. Trindade
- Department of Periodontics, Feira de Santana State University, 44036-900 Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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18
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Tong X, Lu F. IL-33/ST2 involves the immunopathology of ocular toxoplasmosis in murine model. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1897-905. [PMID: 25693767 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is the major cause of infective uveitis. Since the eye is a special organ protected by immune privilege, its immune response is different from general organs with Toxoplasma gondii infection. Here, we used Kunming outbred mice to establish OT by intravitreal injection of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites, IL-33 expression in the eyes was localized by immunostaining, the levels of interleukin (IL)-33 and ST2 (IL-33 receptor) and T-helper (Th)1 and Th2-associated cytokines in the eye and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) of infected mice were measured, and their correlations were analyzed. Our results showed that the pathologies of the eye and CLN tissues and the IL-33 positive cells in the eye tissues of ocular T. gondii-infected mice were all increased at days 2, 6, and 9 postinfection (p.i.), accompanied with significantly increased transcript levels of IL-33, ST2, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-10, and IL-13 in both the eyes and CLNs, and increased IL-4 expressions in the eyes of T. gondii-infected mice. There were significant correlations between the levels of IFN-γ and ST2, IL-4 and ST2, and IL-13 and ST2 in the eye tissues (P < 0.001), significant correlations between the levels of IFN-γ and ST2 (P < 0.001) as well as between IL-13 and ST2 (P < 0.05) in the CLNs, and significant correlations between the levels of IL-1β and IL-33 in the eyes (P < 0.05) and between IL-1β and IL-33/ST2 in the CLNs (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Our data indicated that IL-33/ST2 may involve the regulation of ocular immunopathology induced by T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tong
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University; Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
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