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Denizci E, Altun G, Kaplan S. Morphological evidence for the potential protective effects of curcumin and Garcinia kola against diabetes in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2024; 1839:149020. [PMID: 38788929 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
This research investigated the effects of sciatic nerve transection and diabetes on the hippocampus, and the protective effects of Garcinia kola and curcumin. Thirty-five adults male Wistar albino rats were divided into five groups: a control group (Cont), a transected group (Sham group), a transected + diabetes mellitus group (DM), a transected + diabetes mellitus + Garcinia kola group (DM + GK), and a transected + DM + curcumin group (DM + Cur), each containing seven animals. The experimental diabetes model was created with the intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of streptozotocin. No procedure was applied to the Cont group, while sciatic nerve transection was performed on the other groups. Garcinia kola was administered to the rats in DM + GK, and curcumin to those in DM + Cur. Cardiac perfusion was performed at the end of the experimental period. Brain tissues were dissected for stereological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations. The volume ratios of hippocampal layers to the entire hippocampus volume were compared between the groups. Anti-S100, anti-caspase 3, and anti-SOX 2 antibodies were used for immunohistochemical analysis. No statistically significant difference was observed in the volume ratios of the four hippocampal layers. However, the volume ratio of the stratum lucidum was higher in the Sham, DM, and DM + Cur groups compared to the Cont group. While curcumin exhibited a protective effect on hippocampal tissue following diabetes induction, Garcinia kola had only a weak protective effect. Increased cell density and nuclear deterioration due to diabetes and nerve transection can be partially ameliorated by treatment with Garcinia kola and curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Denizci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Gamze Altun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Kaplan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun 55139, Turkey; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
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Huang T, Gong XK, Liang Z, Yang R, Wu L, Yang C, Wu M, Wang XC, Shu XJ, Bao J. Exercised-enriched blood plasma rescues hippocampal impairments and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167197. [PMID: 38653353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and moderate exercise holds promise in ameliorating the ongoing neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Here, we investigated whether exercise-enriched blood plasm could yield a beneficial therapeutic effect on AD pathologies and cognitive decline in transgenic AD (P301S) mice. In this investigation, a cohort of 2-month-old C57BL/6 mice were granted continuous access to either a running wheel or a fixed wheel for 6 weeks. After that, their plasmas were extracted and subsequently injected intravenously into 4.5-month-old P301S mice biweekly over a 6-week period. A comprehensive methodology was then employed, integrating behavioral tests, pathology assessments, and biochemical analyses to unveil the potential anti-dementia implications of exercise-enriched blood plasma in P301S mice. Upon systemic administration, the findings revealed a noteworthy attenuation of hippocampus-dependent behavioral impairments in P301S mice. Conversely, blood plasma from sedentary counterparts exhibited no discernible impact. These effects were intricately associated with the mitigation of neuroinflammation, the augmentation of hippocampal adult neurogenesis, and a reduction of synaptic impairments following the administration of exercise-enriched blood plasma. These findings advance the proposition that administering exercise-enriched blood plasma may serve as an effective prophylactic measure against AD, opening avenues for further exploration and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Gong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Liangwei Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Chaoqing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Mengjuan Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education Ministry of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xi-Ji Shu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Jian Bao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China; Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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Rahmi U, Goenawan H, Sylviana N, Setiawan I, Putri ST, Andriyani S, Fitriana LA. Exercise induction at expression immediate early gene (c-Fos, ARC, EGR-1) in the hippocampus: a systematic review. Dement Neuropsychol 2024; 18:e20230015. [PMID: 38628561 PMCID: PMC11019719 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2023-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene exhibits activation markers in the nervous system consisting of ARC, EGR-1, and c-Fos and is related to synaptic plasticity, especially in the hippocampus. Immediate early gene expression is affected by physical exercise, which induces direct ARC, EGR-1, and c-Fos expression. Objective To assess the impact of exercise, we conducted a literature study to determine the expression levels of immediate early genes (ARC, c-Fos, and EGR-1). Methods The databases accessed for online literature included PubMed-Medline, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The original English articles were selected using the following keywords in the title: (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (c-Fos) AND (Hippocampus), (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (ARC) AND (Hippocampus), (Exercise OR physical activity) AND (EGR-1 OR zif268) AND (Hippocampus). Results Physical exercise can affect the expression of EGR-1, c-Fos, and ARC in the hippocampus, an important part of the brain involved in learning and memory. High-intensity physical exercise can increase c-Fos expression, indicating neural activation. Furthermore, the expression of the ARC gene also increases due to physical exercise. ARC is a gene that plays a role in synaptic plasticity and regulation of learning and memory, changes in synaptic structure and increased synaptic connections, while EGR-1 also plays a role in synaptic plasticity, a genetic change that affects learning and memory. Overall, exercise or regular physical exercise can increase the expression of ARC, c-Fos, and EGR-1 in the hippocampus. This reflects the changes in neuroplasticity and synaptic plasticity that occur in response to physical activity. These changes can improve cognitive function, learning, and memory. Conclusion c-Fos, EGR-1, and ARC expression increases in hippocampal neurons after exercise, enhancing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis associated with learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upik Rahmi
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Hanna Goenawan
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nova Sylviana
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Setiawan
- Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Medicine, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Suci Tuty Putri
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Septian Andriyani
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Lisna Anisa Fitriana
- Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Nursing, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Boopathi S, Mendonca E, Gandhi A, Rady A, Darwish NM, Arokiyaraj S, Kumar TTA, Pachaiappan R, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Exploring the Combined Effect of Exercise and Apigenin on Aluminium-Induced Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03913-2. [PMID: 38191695 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Aluminium (AL) is a strong environmental neurotoxin linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Widespread industrial use leads to its presence in water systems, causing bioaccumulation in organisms. This, in turn, results in the bioaccumulation of AL in various organisms. Several studies have highlighted the benefits of enhanced physical activity in combating neurodegenerative diseases. Meanwhile widespread presence of apigenin in aquatic environment has been largely overlooked, in terms of its potential to counter AL-induced neurotoxicity. The combined impact of exercise and apigenin in mitigating the effects of AL-induced neurotoxicity in aquatic animals remains unexplored. Hence, the objective of this study is to determine whether the combined treatment of exercise and apigenin can effectively alleviate the chronic neurotoxicity induced by AL. Zebrafish that were exposed to AL showed behaviours resembling anxiety, increased aggression, unusual swimming pattern, and memory impairment, which are typical features observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like syndrome. Combined treatment of exercise and apigenin protects zebrafish from AL-induced neurotoxicity, which was measured by improvements in memory, reduced anxiety and aggression, and increased levels of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Furthermore, AL exposure is associated with increased expression of genes related to neuroinflammation and AD. However, synergistic effect of exercise and apigenin counteract this effect in AL-treated zebrafish. These findings suggest that AL is involved in neurodegenerative diseases in fish, which could affect the integrity of aquatic ecosystem. Hence, there is a strong correlation between enhanced physical activity, apigenin, and the well-being of the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seenivasan Boopathi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, Chengalpattu District, 603203, India
| | - Edrea Mendonca
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, Chengalpattu District, 603203, India
| | - Akash Gandhi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, Chengalpattu District, 603203, India
| | - Ahmed Rady
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura M Darwish
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science Ain Shams University, Abbasaya, P.O. Box, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | | | - Raman Pachaiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, Chengalpattu District, 603203, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, Chengalpattu District, 603203, India.
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Marzola P, Melzer T, Pavesi E, Gil-Mohapel J, Brocardo PS. Exploring the Role of Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1610. [PMID: 38137058 PMCID: PMC10741468 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new synapses, alterations in the structure and function of neurons, and the generation of new neurons. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining brain function, including learning and memory, as well as in recovery from brain injury and adaptation to environmental changes. In this review, we explore the vast potential of neuroplasticity in various aspects of brain function across the lifespan and in the context of disease. Changes in the aging brain and the significance of neuroplasticity in maintaining cognitive function later in life will also be reviewed. Finally, we will discuss common mechanisms associated with age-related neurodegenerative processes (including protein aggregation and accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation) and how these processes can be mitigated, at least partially, by non-invasive and non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions aimed at promoting and harnessing neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Marzola
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Thayza Melzer
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Eloisa Pavesi
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patricia S. Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
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Khan Z, Saif A, Chaudhry N, Parveen A. Effect of aerobic exercise training on EEG: event-related potential and neuropsychological functions in depressed elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20220082. [PMID: 37496524 PMCID: PMC10367970 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased depressive severity has been linked to neurocognitive impairment. Aerobic exercise (AE) is an efficient technique for improving cognitive function. However, studies indicating the importance of AE to neurophysiological and neuropsychological functions in the depressed elderly using event-related potentials (ERPs) are scarce. Objectives This study aimed to identify the potential benefits of AE on neurophysiological and neuropsychological functions. Methods A total of 30 depressed older adults (AE group: n=15; control group (CG): n=14) were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The AE group was subjected to an 8-week-period AE program (3 times/week for 30 min per session) at moderate intensity, determined using heart rate maximum (HRmax). The training intensity was set at 50% HRmax and increased by 5% in subsequent weeks. Pre- and post-training measures for neurophysiological function were tested using ERP-P300 (amplitude-μV and latency-ms) and also for neuropsychological functions using the trail making test (TMT), mini mental status examination (MMSE), and everyday cognition questionnaire (ECog). Results In the experimental group, statistically significant improvements were observed when analyzed for all 3 (group-by-time interaction effect, main effect of time, and main effect of group), in both neurophysiological functions (*p<0.001) and neuropsychological functions (*p<0.001), except for ECog scores, where the results were insignificant for the main effect of a group. Correlation analysis demonstrated no association between neurophysiological and neuropsychological functions (*p>0.05). Conclusion Findings showed that 8 weeks of AE training may be a promising approach to improve cognitive functions in depressed older adults. However, considering relatively small number of patients, the question arises for effectiveness in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Khan
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashi Saif
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neera Chaudhry
- Vardhman Mahavir College, Safdarjung Hospital, Department of Neurology, Delhi, India
| | - Adila Parveen
- Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Fan X, Zhao Z, Huang Z, Wu M, Wang D, Xiao J. Mineralocorticoid receptor agonist aldosterone rescues hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation defects and improves postoperative cognitive function in aged mice. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:149-161. [PMID: 35615969 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2022.2082524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hippocampal neurogenesis is closely related to learning and memory, and hippocampal neurogenesis disorders are involved in the development of many neurodegenerative diseases. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a vital role in regulating stress response, neuroendocrine and cognitive functions, and is involved in regulating the integrity and stability of neural networks. However, the potential role of MR in the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect and mechanism of MR activation on postoperative hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function in aged mice. METHODS 18-month-old male Kunming mice were randomly divided into Control group (C group), Surgery group (S group), Surgery+ Aldosterone group (S+Aldo group), Surgery + Wortmannin group (S+Wort group), Surgery + Aldosterone + Wortmannin group (S+Aldo+Wort group). Laparotomy was used to establish an animal model of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. After surgery, mice were intraperitoneally injected with aldosterone (100 ug/kg,150 ug/kg,200 ug/kg) and / or wortmannin (1 mg/kg); One day before the sacrifice, mice were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU (100 mg / kg / time, 3 times in total). Mice were subjected to Morris water maze and field tests at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after surgery. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the number of BrdU +, Nestin +, BrdU/Nestin + positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of mice at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery. Western-blot was used to detect PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway related proteins Akt, p-Akt, GSK-3β, P-GSK-3β expression. RESULTS Stress impairs the performance of aged mice in water maze and open field tests, reduces the number of BrdU/Nestin+ cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, and inhibits the phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β proteins in the hippocampus. Aldosterone treatment promotes P-Akt, P-GSK-3β protein expression and hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation, and improves postoperative cognitive dysfunction. However, wortmannin treatment significantly reversed these effects of aldosterone. CONCLUSIONS The mineralocorticoid receptor agonist aldosterone promotes the proliferation of hippocampal neural stem cells and improves cognitive dysfunction in aged mice after surgery, and the mechanism may be related to activation of PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zixia Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mingyue Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Deming Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Sokouti H, Mohajeri D, Nourazar MA. 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease: Is Reversed via Anti-Oxidative Activities of Curcumin and Aerobic Exercise Therapy. Physiol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Lin CL, Zheng TL, Tsou SH, Chang HM, Tseng LH, Yu CH, Hung CS, Ho YJ. Amitriptyline Improves Cognitive and Neuronal Function in a Rat Model that Mimics Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Behav Brain Res 2022; 435:114035. [PMID: 35926562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, causes motor and cognitive deficits. The main pathophysiologies of DLB are glutamate excitotoxicity and accumulation of Lewy bodies comprising α-synuclein (α-syn) and β-amyloid (Aβ). Amitriptyline (AMI) promotes expression of glutamate transporter-1 and glutamate reuptake. In this study, we measured the effects of AMI on behavioral and neuronal function in a DLB rat model. We used rivastigmine (RIVA) as a positive control. To establish the DLB rat model, male Wistar rats were stereotaxically injected with recombinant adenoassociated viral vector with the SNCA gene (10μg/10μL) and Aβ (5μg/2.5μL) into the left ventricle and prefrontal cortex, respectively. AMI (10mg/kg/day, i.p.), RIVA (2mg/kg/day, i.p.), or saline was injected intraperitoneally after surgery. From the 29th day, behavioral tests were performed to evaluate the motor and cognitive functions of the rats. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess neuronal changes. We measured the α-syn level, number of newborn cells, and neuronal density in the hippocampus and in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. The DLB group exhibited deficit in object recognition. Both the AMI and RIVA treatments reversed these deficits. Histologically, the DLB rats exhibited cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the hippocampal CA1 area. AMI reduced this cell loss, but RIVA did not. In addition, the DLB rats exhibited a lower number of newborn cells and higher α-syn levels in the dentate gyrus (DG). AMI did not affect α-syn accumulation but recovered neurogenesis in the DG of the rats, whereas RIVA reversed the α-syn accumulation but did not affect neurogenesis in the rats. We suggest that AMI may have potential for use in the treatment of DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Lin Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sing-Hua Tsou
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anantomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ho Tseng
- Graduate School of Environmental Management, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Pysiology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Occupational Safety and Health Office, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei 10581, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, ROC.
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Jia Y, Yao Y, Zhuo L, Chen X, Yan C, Ji Y, Tao J, Zhu Y. Aerobic Physical Exercise as a Non-medical Intervention for Brain Dysfunction: State of the Art and Beyond. Front Neurol 2022; 13:862078. [PMID: 35645958 PMCID: PMC9136296 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.862078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disorders, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and chronic pain, are difficult to effectively treat. These major brain disorders have high incidence and mortality rates in the general population, and seriously affect not only the patient's quality of life, but also increases the burden of social medical care. Aerobic physical exercise is considered an effective adjuvant therapy for preventing and treating major brain disorders. Although the underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, systemic processes may be involved. Here, this review aimed to reveal that aerobic physical exercise improved depression and several brain functions, including cognitive functions, and provided chronic pain relief. We concluded that aerobic physical exercise helps to maintain the regulatory mechanisms of brain homeostasis through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and enhanced synaptic plasticity and inhibition of hippocampal atrophy and neuronal apoptosis. In addition, we also discussed the cross-system mechanisms of aerobic exercise in regulating imbalances in brain function, such as the “bone-brain axis.” Furthermore, our findings provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of aerobic physical exercise in the fight against brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Jia
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Zhuo
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuina Yan
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghua Ji
- School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yonghua Ji
| | - Jie Tao
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jie Tao
| | - Yudan Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Central Laboratory, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Yudan Zhu
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El-Domiaty HF, El-Roghy ES, Salem HR. Combination of magnesium supplementation with treadmill exercise improves memory deficit in aged rats by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis and plasticity: a functional and histological study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:296-308. [PMID: 35225658 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the possible ameliorative effects of co-supplementation with Mg2+ and treadmill exercise on memory deficit in aged rats. Fifty male albino rats (10 young and 40 aged rats) were divided into 5 groups (10 rats/group): young, aged sedentary, aged exercised, aged Mg2+-supplemented, and aged exercised and Mg2+-supplemented. Memory was assessed using the Y-maze and novel object recognition tests. Plasma samples were collected for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP). Subsequently, brain malondialdehyde and catalase levels were measured. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampi were performed. Our results showed impaired memory in aged sedentary rats, with significantly elevated plasma CRP and brain malondialdehyde levels and decreased brain catalase. The hippocampus of aged sedentary rats showed cellular degeneration, downregulation of synaptophysin (SYP) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspase-3. Mg2+ supplementation and/or treadmill exercise significantly improved memory tests in aged rats, which could be explained by the upregulation of hippocampal SYP and PCNA expression and downregulation of GFAP and caspase-3 expression with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The combined therapy had a better effect than both treatments alone, confirming the role of Mg2+ supplementation with physical exercise in enhancing age-related memory deficit. Novelty: Magnesium supplementation with treadmill exercise improves memory deficit in aged rats. The possible mechanisms are upregulation of the hippocampal synaptophysin and PCNA, downregulation of GFAP and caspase-3, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Fathy El-Domiaty
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Eman S El-Roghy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Heba Rady Salem
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia Governorate, Egypt
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12
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Ebrahimnejad M, Azizi P, Alipour V, Zarrindast MR, Vaseghi S. Complicated Role of Exercise in Modulating Memory: A Discussion of the Mechanisms Involved. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1477-1490. [PMID: 35195832 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03552-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has shown the beneficial effects of exercise on learning and memory. However, many studies have reported controversial results, indicating that exercise can impair learning and memory. In this article, we aimed to review basic studies reporting inconsistent complicated effects of exercise on memory in rodents. Also, we discussed the mechanisms involved in the effects of exercise on memory processes. In addition, we tried to find scientific answers to justify the inconsistent results. In this article, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (involved in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis), and vascular endothelial growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammatory markers, apoptotic factors, and antioxidant system was discussed in the modulation of exercise effects on memory. The role of intensity and duration of exercise, and type of memory task was also investigated. We also mentioned to the interaction of exercise with the function of neurotransmitter systems, which complicates the prediction of exercise effect via altering the level of BDNF. Eventually, we suggested that changes in the function of neurotransmitter systems following different types of exercise (depending on exercise intensity or age of onset) should be investigated in further studies. It seems that exercise-induced changes in the function of neurotransmitter systems may have a stronger role than age, type of memory task, or exercise intensity in modulating memory. Importantly, high levels of interactions between neurotransmitter systems and BDNF play a critical role in the modulation of exercise effects on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Azizi
- School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahide Alipour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, P.O. Box: 1419815477, Karaj, Iran.
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13
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Zhao Y, Bao J, Liu W, Gong X, Liang Z, Li W, Wu M, Xiao Y, Sun B, Wang X, Wang JZ, Wang J, Shu X. Spatial Training Attenuates Long-Term Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Pathogenic Processes in APP/PS1 Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1453-1466. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-215016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with cognitive impairment as the main clinical manifestation, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. The assembly of amyloid-β (Aβ) as senile plaques is one of the most well-known histopathological alterations in AD. Several studies reported that cognitive training reduced Aβ deposition and delayed memory loss. However, the long-term benefits of spatial training and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Objective: To explore the long-term effects of spatial training on AD-related pathogenic processes in APP/PS1 mice. Methods: We used Morris water maze (MWM), Open Field, Barnes Maze, western blotting, qPCR, and immunofluorescence. Results: One-month MWM training in APP/PS1 mice at 2.5 months of age could attenuate Aβ deposition and decrease the expression of β-secretase (BACE1) and amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) with long-term effects. Simultaneously, regular spatial training increased the expression of synapse-related proteins in the hippocampus. Moreover, MWM training increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis in AD model mice. Nonetheless, cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice at 7 months of age were not attenuated by MWM training at an early stage. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that MWM training alleviates amyloid plaque burden and adult hippocampal neurogenesis deficits with long-term effects in AD model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for General Health, Precision Medicine & Nutrition, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
| | - Jian Bao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokang Gong
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
| | - Wenshuang Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
| | - Mengjuan Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Xiao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- International Joint Research Center for General Health, Precision Medicine & Nutrition, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiji Shu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan China
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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Chavoshinezhad S, Zibaii MI, Seyed Nazari MH, Ronaghi A, Asgari Taei A, Ghorbani A, Pandamooz S, Salehi MS, Valian N, Motamedi F, Haghparast A, Dargahi L. Optogenetic stimulation of entorhinal cortex reveals the implication of insulin signaling in adult rat's hippocampal neurogenesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110344. [PMID: 33964323 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus plays a critical role in learning and memory. Projections originating from entorhinal cortex, known as the perforant pathway, provide the main input to the dentate gyrus and promote neurogenesis. However, neuromodulators and molecular changes mediating neurogenic effects of this pathway are not yet fully understood. Here, by means of an optogenetic approach, we investigated neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of adult rats induced by stimulation of the perforant pathway. The lentiviruses carrying hChR2 (H134R)-mCherry gene under the control of the CaMKII promoter were injected into the medial entorhinal cortex region of adult rats. After 21 days, the entorhinal cortex region was exposed to the blue laser (473 nm) for five consecutive days (30 min/day). The expression of synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis markers in the hippocampus were evaluated using molecular and histological approaches. In parallel, the changes in the gene expression of insulin and its signaling pathway, trophic factors, and components of mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed. Our results showed that optogenetic stimulation of the entorhinal cortex promotes hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity concomitant with the increased levels of insulin mRNA and its signaling markers, neurotrophic factors, and activation of mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings suggest that effects of perforant pathway stimulation on the hippocampus, at least in part, are mediated by insulin increase in the dentate gyrus and subsequently activation of its downstream signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chavoshinezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Abdolaziz Ronaghi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Neda Valian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Motamedi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Possibly by Adjusting the APP Proteolytic Pathway in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179570. [PMID: 34502477 PMCID: PMC8431648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder known to cause cognitive impairment among the elderly worldwide. Although physical exercise-induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) improves cognition, understanding its underlying molecular mechanisms requires further investigation using AD mouse models. In this present work, we subjected amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PS1 mice to a 12-week aerobic treadmill exercise to investigate AHN and its potential mechanisms. We divided 3-month-old littermates wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic male mice into four groups, and the exercise groups performed 12-week treadmill exercise. Next, we evaluated the influence of treadmill exercise on learning and memory capacity, AHN, and APP proteolytic pathway-related factors. As per our results, the treadmill exercise was able to improve the hippocampal microenvironment in APP/PS1 mice probably by regulating various neurotrophic factors and secretases resulting in APP cleavage through a non-amyloidogenic pathway, which seems to further promote new cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis. All of these effects ameliorate learning and memory capacity. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for understanding AHN in an AD mouse model, which is beneficial for preventing and treating AD.
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16
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Du Preez A, Lefèvre-Arbogast S, Houghton V, de Lucia C, Low DY, Helmer C, Féart C, Delcourt C, Proust-Lima C, Pallàs M, Ruigrok SR, Altendorfer B, González-Domínguez R, Sánchez-Pla A, Urpi-Sardà M, Andres-Lacueva C, Aigner L, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A, Manach C, Samieri C, Thuret S. The serum metabolome mediates the concert of diet, exercise, and neurogenesis, determining the risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:654-675. [PMID: 34402599 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diet and exercise influence the risk of cognitive decline (CD) and dementia through the food metabolome and exercise-triggered endogenous factors, which use the blood as a vehicle to communicate with the brain. These factors might act in concert with hippocampal neurogenesis (HN) to shape CD and dementia. METHODS Using an in vitro neurogenesis assay, we examined the effects of serum samples from a longitudinal cohort (n = 418) on proxy HN readouts and their association with future CD and dementia across a 12-year period. RESULTS Altered apoptosis and reduced hippocampal progenitor cell integrity were associated with exercise and diet and predicted subsequent CD and dementia. The effects of exercise and diet on CD specifically were mediated by apoptosis. DISCUSSION Diet and exercise might influence neurogenesis long before the onset of CD and dementia. Alterations in HN could signify the start of the pathological process and potentially represent biomarkers for CD and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Lefèvre-Arbogast
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vikki Houghton
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara de Lucia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dorrain Y Low
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Féart
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Proust-Lima
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sánchez-Pla
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sardà
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR1019, Human Nutrition Unit, France
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Mahmoud YK, Ali AA, Abdelrazek HMA, Aldayel TS, Abdel-Daim MM, El-Menyawy MAI. Neurotoxic Effect of Fipronil in Male Wistar Rats: Ameliorative Effect of L-Arginine and L-Carnitine. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070682. [PMID: 34356537 PMCID: PMC8301478 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insecticides are widely used in agricultural and household environments. They induce wide range of deleterious effects. Fipronil is one of the most widely used phenylpyrazoles insecticides. The neurotoxic effect of such insecticide was tested in the present study with special emphasis on cognitive deficit as well as testing the possible ameliorative impacts of L-arginine and L-carnitine. The study proposed fipronil-induced cognitive deficit as a reflection to oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, L-arginine and L-carnitine exerted ameliorative influence on fipronil induced oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Therefore, L-arginine and L-carnitine can be considered as prospective candidates for mitigation of pesticide induced neurotoxicity especially in people with high-risk exposure to pesticide. Abstract The ameliorative effect of L-arginine (LA) and L-carnitine (LC) against fipronil (FPN)-induced neurotoxicity was explored. In this case, 36 adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups: group I received distilled water, group II received 500 mg/kg LA, group III received 100 mg/kg LC, group IV received 4.85 mg/kg FPN, group V received 4.85 mg/kg FPN and 500 mg/kg LA and group VI received 4.85 mg/kg FPN and 100 mg/kg LC for 6 weeks. Cognitive performance was assessed using Barnes maze (BM). Serum corticosterone, brain total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) and dopamine were measured. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of ionized calcium-binding adaptor (Iba-1), doublecortin (DCX) and serotonin (S-2A) receptors were performed. Fipronil induced noticeable deterioration in spatial learning and memory performance. In addition, FPN significantly (p < 0.05) diminished brain antioxidant defense system and dopamine coincide with elevated serum corticosterone level. Histopathological examination revealed degenerative and necrotic changes. Furthermore, Iba-1 and DCX were significantly expressed in cortex and hippocampus whereas S-2A receptors were significantly lowered in FPN group. However, administration of LA or LC alleviated FPN-induced deteriorations. In conclusion, LA and LC could be prospective candidates for mitigation of FPN-induced neurotoxicity via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuropotentiating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina K. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Ali
- Hygiene, Zoonosis and Animal Behavior Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Heba M. A. Abdelrazek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-012-23399477; Fax: +2-064-3207052
| | - Tahany Saleh Aldayel
- Nutrition and Food Science, Department of Physical Sport Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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18
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Lambertus M, Øverberg LT, Andersson KA, Hjelden MS, Hadzic A, Haugen ØP, Storm‐Mathisen J, Bergersen LH, Geiseler S, Morland C. L-lactate induces neurogenesis in the mouse ventricular-subventricular zone via the lactate receptor HCA 1. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13587. [PMID: 33244894 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Adult neurogenesis occurs in two major niches in the brain: the subgranular zone of the hippocampal formation and the ventricular-subventricular zone. Neurogenesis in both niches is reduced in ageing and neurological disease involving dementia. Exercise can rescue memory by enhancing hippocampal neurogenesis, but whether exercise affects adult neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone remains unresolved. Previously, we reported that exercise induces angiogenesis through activation of the lactate receptor HCA1. The aim of the present study is to investigate HCA1 -dependent effects on neurogenesis in the two main neurogenic niches. METHODS Wild-type and HCA1 knock-out mice received high intensity interval exercise, subcutaneous injections of L-lactate, or saline injections, five days per week for seven weeks. Well-established markers for proliferating cells (Ki-67) and immature neurons (doublecortin), were used to investigate neurogenesis in the subgranular zone and the ventricular-subventricular zone. RESULTS We demonstrated that neurogenesis in the ventricular-subventricular zone is enhanced by HCA1 activation: Treatment with exercise or lactate resulted in increased neurogenesis in wild-type, but not in HCA1 knock-out mice. In the subgranular zone, neurogenesis was induced by exercise in both genotypes, but unaffected by lactate treatment. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that neurogenesis in the two main neurogenic niches in the brain is regulated differently: Neurogenesis in both niches was induced by exercise, but only in the ventricular-subventricular zone was neurogenesis induced by lactate through HCA1 activation. This opens for a role of HCA1 in the physiological control of neurogenesis, and potentially in counteracting age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Lambertus
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Linda Thøring Øverberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Institute for Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway
| | - Krister A. Andersson
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory Institute of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Division of Anatomy Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Malin S. Hjelden
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Alena Hadzic
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Øyvind P. Haugen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory Institute of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Jon Storm‐Mathisen
- Division of Anatomy Department of Molecular Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Linda Hildegard Bergersen
- The Brain and Muscle Energy Group, Electron Microscopy Laboratory Institute of Oral Biology Faculty of Dentistry University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Center for Healthy Aging Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Samuel Geiseler
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Cecilie Morland
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Institute for Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University Oslo Norway
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19
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Jamwal S, Blackburn JK, Elsworth JD. PPARγ/PGC1α signaling as a potential therapeutic target for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107705. [PMID: 33039420 PMCID: PMC7887032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent some of the most devastating neurological disorders, characterized by progressive loss of the structure and function of neurons. Current therapy for neurodegenerative disorders is limited to symptomatic treatment rather than disease modifying interventions, emphasizing the desperate need for improved approaches. Abundant evidence indicates that impaired mitochondrial function plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and so biochemical factors in mitochondria are considered promising targets for pharmacological-based therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ (PPARγ) are ligand-inducible transcription factors involved in regulating various genes including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 alpha (PGC1α). This review summarizes the evidence supporting the ability of PPARγ-PGC1α to coordinately up-regulate the expression of genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis in neurons and provide directions for future work to explore the potential benefit of targeting mitochondrial biogenesis in neurodegenerative disorders. We have highlighted key roles of NRF2, uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and paraoxonase-2 (PON2) signaling in mediating PGC1α-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, the status of PPARγ modulators being used in clinical trials for Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Huntington's disease (HD) has been compiled. The overall purpose of this review is to update and critique our understanding of the role of PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 in the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis together with suggestions for strategies to target PPARγ-PGC1α-NRF2 signaling in order to combat mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Jamwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer K Blackburn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - John D Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Jurkowski MP, Bettio L, K Woo E, Patten A, Yau SY, Gil-Mohapel J. Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:576444. [PMID: 33132848 PMCID: PMC7550688 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized. However, more recently, new neurons have also been found in other brain regions of the adult mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala. While some studies have suggested that these new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within these brain regions, others have shown the migration of neurons from the SVZ to these regions. Notably, it has been shown that the generation of new neurons in these brain regions is impacted by neurologic processes such as stroke/ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, numerous factors such as neurotrophic support, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, and stem cell therapy can modulate this endogenous process. While the presence and significance of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (and particularly outside of the classical neurogenic regions) is still an area of debate, this intrinsic neurogenic potential and its possible regulation through therapeutic measures present an exciting alternative for the treatment of several neurologic conditions. This review summarizes evidence in support of the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain and discusses the functional significance of these new neurons as well as the factors that regulate their production. Finally, it also discusses the potential clinical applications of promoting neurogenesis outside of the classical neurogenic niches, particularly in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P Jurkowski
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emma K Woo
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Patten
- Centre for Interprofessional Clinical Simulation Learning (CICSL), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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21
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Batouli SAH, Saba V. Larger Volume and Different Activation of the Brain in Response to Threat in Military Officers. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:669-685. [PMID: 33643560 PMCID: PMC7878053 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.9.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Military missions involve stressful and life-threatening situations; however, soldiers should have a healthy cognition on the battlefield despite their high-stress levels. This is an ability that should be gained during prior military training. Successful and influential training is suggested to be associated with structural and functional improvements of the brain. Methods: This study investigated the pattern of brain activation while observing videos relevant to life-threatening situations, in addition to brain structure. Accordingly, the obtained data were compared between 20 military members and 26 healthy controls. The study participants were all male, aged between 19 to 24 years, right-handed, studying BSc, and from the same socioeconomic status. Results: The obtained data presented a larger volume in a total number of 1103 voxels of the brain (in 5 brain areas) in the military group. Furthermore, the military group suggested higher brain activation in the visual processing areas of the brain when observing real combat videos; however, this increment was mostly in the areas associated with motor processing and executive functions in the controls. Conclusion: This study indicated that military training is associated with positive structural changes in the brain. Besides, it provided a different brain activation in response to stressful situations. These findings highlighted the importance of qualified military training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valiallah Saba
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fabri M, Fortuna S. Maria Montessori and Neuroscience: The Trailblazing Insights of an Exceptional Mind. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:394-401. [PMID: 32111132 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420902677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This comment presents Maria Montessori (1870-1952) and highlights that her child-centered method of education is based on brilliant intuitions, which were confirmed by neuroscience research many decades later, such as the distinction of three critical periods in children's psychobiological development; the importance of the environment in supporting cerebral development and in promoting learning, as well as of affective stimulation in psychological growth and maturation; the specific neural structure of humans that specifically enables the acquisition of a language; the vital role of fine object manipulation in neuropsychological development, and of the physical exercise in brain and nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Fabri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Fortuna
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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23
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Rezaee Z, Marandi SM, Alaei H, Esfarjani F. The effect of preventive exercise on the neuroprotection in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat brain. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1267-1275. [PMID: 31691583 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by neurodegeneration and learning deficiency. Physical exercise can alleviate these symptoms by increasing the expression of some effective and relevant factors. The preventive effect of 16-week treadmill running in a rat model of Parkinson's disease, before 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induction, was assessed. Experimental groups consisted of sedentary (SED), SED+6-OHDA, exercised (EX), and EX+6-OHDA rats. Forty-eight hours after the last session of exercise, 6-OHDA was injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). One week after the injection, behavioral tests, including spatial learning and memory, were assessed through Morris water maze (MWM) and apomorphine-induced rotation. Three weeks after the injection, mRNA expression and protein levels of the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured in the striatum and the hippocampus of rats by applying real-time PCR and Western blotting. The findings indicate that exposure to 6-OHDA leads to impairments in behavioral and molecular functions. Exercise training prevents and reduces the symptoms caused by dopamine toxins. The results suggest that treadmill running can exert neuroprotective and have preventive effects to reduce Parkinson's disease symptoms. Novelty Parkinson's disease impairs spatial learning and memory. Parkinson's disease reduced levels of PGC-1α, FNDC5, and BDNF and increased neurodegeneration in the striatum and the hippocampus. Treadmill running before disease attenuated 6-OHDA-induced memory deficit and elevated neuroprotection. Exercise has multiple effects on memory and biochemical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Rezaee
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Marandi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Esfarjani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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24
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Rico-Barrio I, Peñasco S, Puente N, Ramos A, Fontaine CJ, Reguero L, Giordano ME, Buceta I, Terradillos I, Lekunberri L, Mendizabal-Zubiaga J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Gerrikagoitia I, Elezgarai I, Grandes P. Cognitive and neurobehavioral benefits of an enriched environment on young adult mice after chronic ethanol consumption during adolescence. Addict Biol 2019; 24:969-980. [PMID: 30106197 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking (BD) is a common pattern of ethanol (EtOH) consumption by adolescents. The brain effects of the acute EtOH exposure are well-studied; however, the long-lasting cognitive and neurobehavioral consequences of BD during adolescence are only beginning to be elucidated. Environmental enrichment (EE) has long been known for its benefits on the brain and may serve as a potential supportive therapy following EtOH exposure. In this study, we hypothesized that EE may have potential benefits on the cognitive deficits associated with BD EtOH consumption. Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to EtOH following an intermittent 4-day drinking-in-the-dark procedure for 4 weeks. Then they were exposed to EE during EtOH withdrawal for 2 weeks followed by a behavioral battery of tests including novel object recognition, novel location, object-in-place, rotarod, beam walking balance, tail suspension, light-dark box and open field that were run during early adulthood. Young adult mice exposed to EE significantly recovered recognition, spatial and associative memory as well as motor coordination skills and balance that were significantly impaired after adolescent EtOH drinking with respect to controls. No significant permanent anxiety or depressive-like behaviors were observed. Taken together, an EE exerts positive effects on the long-term negative cognitive deficits as a result of EtOH consumption during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irantzu Rico-Barrio
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Sara Peñasco
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Almudena Ramos
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | | | - Leire Reguero
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Maria Elvira Giordano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Division “L. Donatelli”; The Second University of Naples; Italy
| | - Ianire Buceta
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Itziar Terradillos
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Leire Lekunberri
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Juan Mendizabal-Zubiaga
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | | | - Inmaculada Gerrikagoitia
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU; Spain
- Division of Medical Sciences; University of Victoria; Canada
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25
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Leal-Galicia P, Romo-Parra H, Rodríguez-Serrano LM, Buenrostro-Jáuregui M. Regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis exerted by sexual, cognitive and physical activity: An update. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 101:101667. [PMID: 31421204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In 1962, Joseph Altman described that the brain generates neurons after the postnatal period, and this continues throughout your life (Altman, 1962). This was a breakthrough in the neuroscience field because before this the accepted paradigm was that the brain only generated neurons during the embryonal development. This discovery has been controversial ever since, especially since one of the areas of the brain with neurogenic properties is the hippocampus, which is the area involved in memory storage and neurodegenerative processes. The adult hippocampal neurogenesis modulates in response to different environmental factors. In this article, we review how exercise and cognitive and sexual activity can regulate the generation of new neurons in the hippocampal in an adult brain and the impact of these new neurons in the brain circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leal-Galicia
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México.
| | - H Romo-Parra
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Anáhuac, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L M Rodríguez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Buenrostro-Jáuregui
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, México.
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Amjad I, Toor H, Niazi IK, Afzal H, Jochumsen M, Shafique M, Allen K, Haavik H, Ahmed T. Therapeutic effects of aerobic exercise on EEG parameters and higher cognitive functions in mild cognitive impairment patients. Int J Neurosci 2019; 129:551-562. [PMID: 30929591 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1551894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is becoming an emerging problem for developing countries where there is an increase in expected age. There is no specific curative therapeutic treatment available for these patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate short and long-term changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters and cognition of MCI patients with aerobic exercises. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 40 patients which were randomly divided into two groups, 'aerobic exercise treatment group (n = 21)' and 'no-aerobic control group (n = 19)'. Short-term effects of exercise were measured after single session of exercise and long-term effects were measured after an 18 sessions (6 weeks) treatment. The outcomes which were measured were, electroenphelogram paramaters (slowness and complexity of the EEG) and cognitive functions (using mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), and trail making test (TMT) A and B). RESULTS After one session of aerobic exercise there were significant improvements in slowness (delta waves; 0.678 ± 0.035 vs 0.791 ± 0.033; p = .015) and complexity (0.601 ± 0.051 vs 0.470 ± 0.042; p = .027) of the EEG in aerobic exercise treated group as compared to no-aerobic exercise group. After six weeks there were significant improvements in slowness (delta waves; 0.581 ± 0.036 vs 0.815 ± 0.025; p = .005) and complexity (0.751 ± 0.045 vs 0.533 ± 0.046; p = .001) of the EEG in the aerobic group as compared to no-aerobic group. Moreover, significant improvements were observed in the MMSE (p = .032), MoCA (p = .036), TMT-A (p = .005), and TMT-B (p = .007) in aerobic exercise group as compared to no-aerobic group. CONCLUSION Aerobic exercise showed improvement in cognition after short and long-term treatment in MCI subjects and can be used as potential therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Amjad
- a Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences , National University of Sciences and Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan.,b Department of Physical Therapy, Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences , Riphah International University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Hamza Toor
- c Biomedical Engineering Department , Riphah International University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Imran Khan Niazi
- d Center for Chiropractic Research , New Zealand College of Chiropractic , Auckland , New Zealand.,e SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark.,f Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute , Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Hina Afzal
- b Department of Physical Therapy, Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences , Riphah International University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Mads Jochumsen
- e SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology , Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Muhammad Shafique
- c Biomedical Engineering Department , Riphah International University , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Kathryn Allen
- d Center for Chiropractic Research , New Zealand College of Chiropractic , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Heidi Haavik
- d Center for Chiropractic Research , New Zealand College of Chiropractic , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- a Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences , National University of Sciences and Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
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27
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Galts CP, Bettio LE, Jewett DC, Yang CC, Brocardo PS, Rodrigues ALS, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. Depression in neurodegenerative diseases: Common mechanisms and current treatment options. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:56-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Maternal physical activity-induced adaptive transcriptional response in brain and placenta of mothers and rat offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2019; 11:108-117. [PMID: 31203831 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal physical activity induces brain functional changes and neuroplasticity, leading to an improvement of cognitive functions, such as learning and memory in the offspring. This study investigated the effects of voluntary maternal physical activity on the gene expression of the neurotrophic factors (NTFs): BDNF, NTF4, NTRK2, IGF-1 and IGF-1r in the different areas of mother's brain, placenta and foetus brain of rats. Female Wistar rats (n = 15) were individually housed in voluntary physical activity cages, containing a running wheel, for 4 weeks (period of adaptation) before gestation. Rats were classified as inactive (I, n = 6); active (A, n = 4) and very active (VA, n = 5) according to daily distance spontaneously travelled. During gestation, the dams continued to have access to the running wheel. At the 20th day of gestation, gene expression of NTFs was analysed in different areas of mother's brain (cerebellum, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex), placenta and the offspring's brain. NTFs gene expression was evaluated using quantitative PCR. Very active mothers showed upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA in the cerebellum (36.8%) and NTF4 mRNA expression in the placenta (24.3%). In the cortex, there was a tendency of up-regulation of NTRK2 mRNA (p = 0.06) in the A and VA groups when compared to I group. There were no noticeable changes in the gene expression of NTFs in the offspring's brain. Our findings suggest the existence of a developmental plasticity induced by maternal physical activity in specific areas of the brain and placenta representing the first investment for offspring during development.
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29
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Iuliano E, di Cagno A, Cristofano A, Angiolillo A, D'Aversa R, Ciccotelli S, Corbi G, Fiorilli G, Calcagno G, Di Costanzo A. Physical exercise for prevention of dementia (EPD) study: background, design and methods. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:659. [PMID: 31142290 PMCID: PMC6542067 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several observational studies have shown that exercise reduces the risk of cognitive decline; however, evidences from long-term, well-conducted, randomized controlled trials are scanty. The principal aim of this study is to verify whether a long-term program of multimodal supervised exercise improves the cognitive function and/or reduces the rate of cognitive decline in older adults at different degrees of risk for dementia. Methods/design EPD is a parallel group, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Community-dwelling volunteers aged 50 years or more are being recruited from different community centers and screened for eligibility. Enrolled subjects are being divided in 3 groups: a) without subjective or objective cognitive impairment, b) with subjective memory complaints, and c) with mild cognitive impairments. Participants in each group (at least 180) are being randomly assigned (1:1) to an experimental group, performing a supervised training including aerobic and resistance exercises of moderate/high intensity, or to a control group. Primary outcome will be 48-months changes in Mini Mental State Examinations. Secondary outcomes will be changes in several cognitive tests including a composite cognitive score. Time points will be at baseline, and at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. Statistical analysis will be done as intention to treat, complete case and mixed model analysis. Discussion EPD is the first trial to examine the effects of a long exercise program (48 months) on cognitive performances. If successful, this trial may provide evidence for using long-term and multimodal exercise interventions for dementia prevention programs in the aging population. Trial registration The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the code NCT02236416.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Iuliano
- Faculty of Psychology, eCampus university, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060, Novedrate, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alessandra di Cagno
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Cristofano
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Rita D'Aversa
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Santina Ciccotelli
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Graziamaria Corbi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fiorilli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Center for Research and Training in Medicine of Aging, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Via F. De Sanctis 1, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
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30
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Santinelli FB, van Emmerik RE, Silva FA, Imaizumi LFI, Penedo T, Canzonieri AM, Rodrigues ST, Zago PFP, Barbieri FA. Saccadic eye movements are able to reduce body sway in mildly-affected people with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 30:63-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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31
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Corrochano S, Blanco G, Williams D, Wettstein J, Simon M, Kumar S, Moir L, Agnew T, Stewart M, Landman A, Kotiadis VN, Duchen MR, Wackerhage H, Rubinsztein DC, Brown SDM, Acevedo-Arozena A. A genetic modifier suggests that endurance exercise exacerbates Huntington's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:1723-1731. [PMID: 29509900 PMCID: PMC5932560 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansions in the huntingtin gene cause Huntington's disease (HD). Huntingtin is ubiquitously expressed, leading to pathological alterations also in peripheral organs. Variations in the length of the polyglutamine tract explain up to 70% of the age-at-onset variance, with the rest of the variance attributed to genetic and environmental modifiers. To identify novel disease modifiers, we performed an unbiased mutagenesis screen on an HD mouse model, identifying a mutation in the skeletal muscle voltage-gated sodium channel (Scn4a, termed 'draggen' mutation) as a novel disease enhancer. Double mutant mice (HD; Scn4aDgn/+) had decreased survival, weight loss and muscle atrophy. Expression patterns show that the main tissue affected is skeletal muscle. Intriguingly, muscles from HD; Scn4aDgn/+ mice showed adaptive changes similar to those found in endurance exercise, including AMPK activation, fibre type switching and upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of endurance training on HD mice. Crucially, this training regime also led to detrimental effects on HD mice. Overall, these results reveal a novel role for skeletal muscle in modulating systemic HD pathogenesis, suggesting that some forms of physical exercise could be deleterious in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corrochano
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Debbie Williams
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Michelle Simon
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Saumya Kumar
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lee Moir
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas Agnew
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Michelle Stewart
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Allison Landman
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Vassilios N Kotiadis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Henning Wackerhage
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.,Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Exercise Biology, Munich, Germany
| | - David C Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Institute, Medical Research Council, Oxfordshire, UK.,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Fundación Canaria de Investigación Sanitaria e Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna, Spain
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Stem Cell Transplantation and Physical Exercise in Parkinson's Disease, a Literature Review of Human and Animal Studies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:166-176. [PMID: 29270820 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The absence of effective and satisfactory treatments that contribute to repairing the dopaminergic damage caused by Parkinson's Disease (PD) and the limited recovery capacity of the nervous system are troubling issues and the focus of many research and clinical domains. Recent advances in the treatment of PD through stem cell (SC) therapy have recognized their promising restorative and neuroprotective effects that are implicated in the potentiation of endogenous mechanisms of repair and contribute to functional locomotor improvement. Physical exercise (PE) has been considered an adjuvant intervention that by itself induces beneficial effects in patients and animal models with Parkinsonism. In this sense, the combination of both therapies could provide synergic or superior effects for motor recovery, in contrast with their individual use. This review aims to provide an update on recent progress and the potential effectiveness of SC transplantation and PE for the treatment of locomotor deficits in PD. It has reviewed the neuropathological pathways involved in the classical motor symptoms of this condition and the mechanisms of action described in experimental studies that are associated with locomotor enhancement through exercise, cellular transplantation, and their union in some neurodegenerative conditions.
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Mondal AC, Fatima M. Direct and indirect evidences of BDNF and NGF as key modulators in depression: role of antidepressants treatment. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:283-296. [PMID: 30235967 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1527328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Depression is one of the most prevalent, recurrent and life-threatening mental illnesses. However, the precise mechanism underlying the disorder is not yet clearly understood. It is therefore, essential to identify the novel biomarkers which may help in the development of effective treatment. METHODS In this milieu, the profile of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were considered as biomarkers in the light of pathophysiology of depression and its treatment. RESULTS Previously, we have reported that BDNF level in the postmortem brain of suicide victims was significantly lower than those of normal controls. We also found decreased BDNF levels in the specific brain regions of the learned helplessness model of depression in rat, and was found to increase normal level following chronic fluoxetine hydrochloride treatment. NGF is another important member of neurotrophin, which is dysregulated in the pathophysiology of depression in some models of peripheral nerve damage and stress. The results shown evidences of the effect of antidepressants on modulating depression via the NGF in preclinical and clinical models of depression, but conflicted, therefore make it currently difficult to affirm the therapeutic role of antidepressants. CONCLUSIONS Here, we review some of the preclinical and clinical studies aimed at disclosing the role of BDNF and NGF mediated pathophysiological mechanisms of depression and the new therapeutic approaches targeting those key molecules. In addition, an important link between BDNF, NGF and depression has been discussed in the light of current existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Chandra Mondal
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology , School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Mahino Fatima
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology , School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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Dard RF, Dahan L, Rampon C. Targeting hippocampal adult neurogenesis using transcription factors to reduce Alzheimer's disease-associated memory impairments. Hippocampus 2018; 29:579-586. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Dard
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI); Université de Toulouse, UPS; CNRS; Toulouse France
- Master BioSciences; ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon; France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI); Université de Toulouse, UPS; CNRS; Toulouse France
| | - Claire Rampon
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI); Université de Toulouse, UPS; CNRS; Toulouse France
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Physical exercise reserved amyloid-beta induced brain dysfunctions by regulating hippocampal neurogenesis and inflammatory response via MAPK signaling. Brain Res 2018; 1697:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Schättin A, Gennaro F, Egloff M, Vogt S, de Bruin ED. Physical Activity, Nutrition, Cognition, Neurophysiology, and Short-Time Synaptic Plasticity in Healthy Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:242. [PMID: 30214406 PMCID: PMC6125692 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes remodeling processes because of biological and environmental factors. To counteract brain aging, neuronal plasticity should be preserved. The aim of this study was to test if the capacity of generating short-time synaptic plasticity in older adults may be related to either physical activity, nutritional status, cognition, or neurophysiological activity. Thirty-six participants (mean age 73.3 ± 5.9 years) received transcranial magnetic stimulation in combination with peripheral nerve stimulation to experimentally induce short-time synaptic plasticity by paired associative stimulation (PAS). Adaptations in neuronal excitability were assessed by motor-evoked potential (MEP) in the right m. tibialis anterior before and after PAS. The Physical Activity Questionnaire 50+ and the StepWatchTM captured physical activity levels. Nutritional status was assessed by the Mini Nutritional Assessment. Cognition was assessed by reaction time for a divided attention test and with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Neurophysiological activity was assessed by electroencephalography during the divided attention test. MEPs of the highest stimulation intensity resulted significantly different comparing before, 5 min, or 30 min after PAS (p < 0.05). Data-driven automatic hierarchical classification of the individual recruitment curve slopes over the three-time points indicated four different response types, however, response groups did not significantly differ based on physical activity, nutritional status, cognition, or neurophysiological activity. In a second-level analysis, participants having an increased slope showed a significant higher energy expenditure (z = -2.165, p = 0.030, r = 0.36) and revealed a significant higher power activity in the alpha frequency band (z = -2.008, p = 0.046, r = 0.37) at the prefrontal-located EEG electrodes, compared to the participants having a decreased slope. This study hints toward older adults differing in their neuronal excitability which is strongly associated to their short-time synaptic plasticity levels. Furthermore, a physically active lifestyle and higher EEG power in the alpha frequency band seem to be connected to the capacity of generating long-term potentiation-like synaptic plasticity in older adults. Future studies should consider more sensitive assessments and bigger sample sizes to get a broad scope of the older adults' population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schättin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Federico Gennaro
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Egloff
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Vogt
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eling D. de Bruin
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Stein AM, Silva TMV, Coelho FGDM, Arantes FJ, Costa JLR, Teodoro E, Santos-Galduróz RF. Physical exercise, IGF-1 and cognition A systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly. Dement Neuropsychol 2018; 12:114-122. [PMID: 29988330 PMCID: PMC6022990 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
One of hypothetical mechanisms related to cognition is exercise-induced IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Miki Stein
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Thays Martins Vital Silva
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Morrinhos, Morrinhos, GO, Brazil
| | - Flávia Gomes de Melo Coelho
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Franciel José Arantes
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Riani Costa
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) Physical Activity and Aging Lab (LAFE), Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Teodoro
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, UFABC, University Federal of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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Zhao RR, O'Sullivan AJ, Fiatarone Singh MA. Exercise or physical activity and cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2018; 15:1. [PMID: 29387262 PMCID: PMC5776769 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-018-0190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes is an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. Although some studies suggest that physical exercise can minimize age-related cognitive declines or improve brain morphology or function, benefits in diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance are unclear. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of exercise or physical activity on cognition in adults with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance. Methods An electronic search for studies published from the earliest record until February 2017 was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Any experimental or observational study designs were included, as long as they were conducted in individuals of any age with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance, and they directly examined exercise/physical activity effects on cognitive outcomes or the relationship between changes in cognition and changes in either insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale; data on participant and intervention characteristics and outcomes were extracted. Results Six studies enrolling 2289 participants met the eligibility criteria. Quality was modest and effect sizes variable and mostly small or negligible. Overall, four of the six studies (67%) reported significant benefits of greater exercise/physical activity participation for some aspects of cognition, but only 26% of cognitive outcomes were significant across all trials. Clinical improvements in insulin resistance/glucose homeostasis were related to improvements in cognitive function in three studies. Overall results were inconsistent, with benefits varying across exercise types and cognitive domains. Conclusions Literature does not provide evidence that physical activity or exercise interventions contribute to a better cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Large-scale, long-term, robust randomized controlled trials are required to determine if exercise improves cognition in this high-risk cohort, and to investigate putative mechanistic links between cognition, body composition, metabolism, and inflammation in diabetes and related metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Ru Zhao
- 1Exercise, Health, and Performance Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141 Australia.,4Clinical Rehabilitation Centre, University of Longyan, Longyan, Fujian Province 364012 China
| | | | - Maria A Fiatarone Singh
- 1Exercise, Health, and Performance Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141 Australia.,2Hebrew SeniorLife and Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA USA
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Rogers J, Renoir T, Hannan AJ. Gene-environment interactions informing therapeutic approaches to cognitive and affective disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 145:37-48. [PMID: 29277490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions drive experience-dependent changes in the brain that alter cognition, emotion and behaviour. Positive engagement with the environment, through novel experience and physical activity, can improve brain function, although the mechanisms mediating such experience-dependent plasticity remain to be fully elucidated. In this article, we discuss the therapeutic value of environmental stimuli, exercise and environmental enrichment (EE), for cognitive and affective disorders, with implications for the understanding and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. We demonstrate that environmental manipulations are potential therapeutic strategies for improving outcomes in these psychiatric disorders, including beneficial impacts on cognition. We discuss how EE and exercise are therapeutic environmental interventions impacting both affective and cognitive function. Serotonergic (5-HTergic) signaling is strongly implicated in the manifestation of psychiatric disorders and regulates cognitive and emotional processing that can underpin them. Thus, we focus on evidence implicating the serotonergic system in mediating gene-environment interactions to EE and exercise. Finally, we discuss robust gene-environment interactions associated with EE and exercise interventions, and their impacts on specific brain areas, particularly the hippocampus. We focus on potential mediators of this experience-dependent plasticity, including adult neurogenesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Furthermore, we explore molecular and cellular mechanisms of experience-dependent plasticity that potentially underlie the restoration of affective and cognitive phenotypes, thus identifying novel therapeutic targets. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Rogers
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Thibault Renoir
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Vitor-de-Lima SM, Medeiros LDB, Benevides RDDL, Dos Santos CN, Lima da Silva NO, Guedes RCA. Monosodium glutamate and treadmill exercise: Anxiety-like behavior and spreading depression features in young adult rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:435-443. [PMID: 29125056 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1398301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The route of administration is an important factor in determining the action of some drugs. We previously demonstrated that subcutaneous monosodium glutamate (MSG) accelerated cortical spreading depression (CSD) in the rat and that treadmill exercise attenuated this effect. This study evaluated whether other routes of administration exert the same action by testing orogastric (gavage) and topical cortical MSG administration in treadmill-exercised and sedentary rats. Additionally, in the orogastric treatment we tested anxiety-like behavior. METHODS Exercised and sedentary rats received per gavage water or MSG (1 or 2 g/kg) daily from postnatal (P) day 7 to 27. Behavioral tests (open field and elevated plus-maze) occurred at P53 ± 3. At P56 ± 3, we analyzed CSD parameters (velocity, amplitude, and duration of the negative potential change). Other three groups of rats received an MSG solution (25, 50 or 75 mg/ml) topically to the intact dura mater during CSD recording. RESULTS MSG-gavage increased anxiety-like behavior and the CSD velocities compared with water-treated controls (P < 0.05). Exercise decelerated CSD. In contrast to gavage, which accelerated CSD, topical MSG dose-dependently and reversibly impaired CSD propagation, reduced CSD amplitude and increased CSD duration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The exercise-dependent attenuation of the effects of MSG confirms our previous results in rats treated subcutaneously with MSG. CSD results suggest two distinct mechanisms for gavage and topical MSG administration. Additionally, data suggest that exercise can help protect the developing and adult brain against the deleterious actions of MSG.
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Nasello M, Schirò G, Crapanzano F, Balistreri CR. Stem Cells and Other Emerging Agents as Innovative "Drugs" in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Benefits and Limitations. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 21:123-140. [PMID: 28728479 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a limited process of repair/regeneration linked to the restricted and localized activity of neuronal stem cells. Consequently, it shows a reduced capacity to counteract the age-related loss of neural and glial cells and to repair the consequent injuries/lesions of nervous system. This progressively determines nervous dysfunction and onset/progression of neurodegenerative diseases, which represent a serious social (and economic) problem of our populations. Thus, the research of efficient treatments is encouraged. Stem cell therapy might represent a solution. Today, it, indeed, represents the object of intensive research with the hope of using it, in a near future, as effective therapy for these diseases and preventive treatment in susceptible individuals. Here, we report and discuss the data of the recent studies on this field, underling the obstacles and benefits. We also illustrate alternative measures of intervention, which represent another parallel aim for the care of neurodegenerative pathology-affected individuals. Thus, the road for delaying or retarding these diseases appears hard and long, but the advances might be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Nasello
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Floriana Crapanzano
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
| | - Carmela Rita Balistreri
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Palermo , Palermo, Italy
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Home sweet home: the neural stem cell niche throughout development and after injury. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:125-141. [PMID: 28776186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells and their progeny reside in two distinct neurogenic niches within the mammalian brain: the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus. The interplay between the neural stem cells and the niche in which they reside can have significant effects on cell kinetics and neurogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the changes to the niche that occur through postnatal development and aging, as well as following injury, is relevant for developing therapeutics and interventions to promote neural repair. We discuss changes that occur within the neural stem and progenitor cell populations, the vasculature, extracellular matrix, microglia, and secreted proteins through aging which impact cell behavior within the neurogenic niches. We examine neural precursor cell and niche responses to injury in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia, juvenile cranial irradiation, and adult stroke. This review examines the interplay between the niche and stem cell behavior through aging and following injury as a means to understand intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate neurogenesis in vivo.
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High dose tetrabromobisphenol A impairs hippocampal neurogenesis and memory retention. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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At least eighty percent of brain grey matter is modifiable by physical activity: A review study. Behav Brain Res 2017; 332:204-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim JJ, Song EJ, Jeon Y, Kim E, Lee KB, Kwak JH, Moon M. Platycodon grandiflorus Root Extract Improves Learning and Memory by Enhancing Synaptogenesis in Mice Hippocampus. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070794. [PMID: 28737698 PMCID: PMC5537907 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. (PG) has long been used as an ingredient of foods and is known to have beneficial effects on cognitive functions as well. The present study examined the effect of each PG extract (PGE) from root, aerial part, and seeds on cognitive functions in mice. Changes in spatial learning and memory using a Y-maze test, and markers of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis were examined. Moreover, changes in neuritogenesis and activation of the ERK1/2 pathway were investigated. Results indicated that mice administered PGE (root) showed increased spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. In addition, PGE (root) and platycodin D, the major bioactive compound from the PG root, significantly stimulated neuritic outgrowth by phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in vitro. These results indicate that the PGE (root), containing platycodin D, enhances cognitive function through synaptogenesis via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Korea.
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jwa-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Jungwon University, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk 28024, Korea.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
- LES Corporation Inc., 4 Munhwawon-ro 46beon-gil Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34167, Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Yukyoung Jeon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Eunbin Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Kyung Bok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.
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Abstract
Millions of individuals suffer from age-related cognitive decline, defined by impaired memory precision. Increased understanding of hippocampal circuit mechanisms underlying memory formation suggests a role for computational processes such as pattern separation and pattern completion in memory precision. We describe evidence implicating the dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit in pattern separation and completion, and examine alterations in dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit structure and function with aging. We discuss the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in memory precision in adulthood and aging, as well as the circuit mechanisms underlying the integration and encoding functions of adult-born dentate granule cells. We posit that understanding these circuit mechanisms will permit generation of circuit-based endophenotypes that will edify new therapeutic strategies to optimize hippocampal encoding during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAvoy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amar Sahay
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- BROAD Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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The Treadmill Exercise Protects against Dopaminergic Neuron Loss and Brain Oxidative Stress in Parkinsonian Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2138169. [PMID: 28713483 PMCID: PMC5497606 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2138169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for p < 0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.
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Phillips C. Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: How Physical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet Promote Cognitive Health during Aging. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:3589271. [PMID: 28695017 PMCID: PMC5485368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3589271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of the elderly across the globe will approximate 2.1 billion by 2050. Juxtaposed against this burgeoning segment of the population is evidence that nonpathological aging is associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline in a variety of domains, changes that can cause mild disability even before the onset of dementia. Given that pharmacological treatments that mitigate dementia are still outstanding, alternative therapeutic options are being investigated increasingly. The results from translational studies have shown that modifiable lifestyle factors-including physical activity, cognitive engagement, and diet-are a key strategy for maintaining brain health during aging. Indeed, a multiplicity of studies has demonstrated relationships between lifestyle factors, brain structure and function, and cognitive function in aging adults. For example, physical activity and diet modulate common neuroplasticity substrates (neurotrophic signaling, neurogenesis, inflammation, stress response, and antioxidant defense) in the brain whereas cognitive engagement enhances brain and cognitive reserve. The aims of this review are to evaluate the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors, neuroplasticity, and optimal brain health during aging; to identify putative mechanisms that contribute positive brain aging; and to highlight future directions for scientists and clinicians. Undoubtedly, the translation of cutting-edge knowledge derived from the field of cognitive neuroscience will advance our understanding and enhance clinical treatment interventions as we endeavor to promote brain health during aging.
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