Anticancer activities of citrus peel polymethoxyflavones related to angiogenesis and others

Validating the protective role of orange and tangerine peel extracts foramending food safety against microorganisms' contamination using molecular docking

Latest studies indicated that agro-food wastes are considered renewable sources of bioactive compounds. This investigation aimed to utilize natural extracts of citrus peels as antimicrobial and anti-aflatoxigenic agents for food safety. The bioactivity of two citrus peels was assessed by total phenolic, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. Nanoemulsions were manufactured using high-speed homogenization. The mean particle size of the nanoemulsions ranged from 29.41 to 66.41 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.11-0.16. The zeta potential values ranged from -14.27 to -26.74 mV, indicating stability between 81.44% and 99.26%. The orange peel extract showed the highest contents of total phenolic and flavonoids compared to the other extracts and nanoemulsions (39.54 mg GAE/g and 79.54 mg CE/100 g, respectively), which agreed with its potential antioxidant activity performed by DPPH free radical-scavenging and ABTS assays. Chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic, and catechin were the dominant phenolic acids in the extracts and nanoemulsions, while quercitrin, rutin, and hesperidin were the most abundant flavonoids. Limonene was the major volatile component in both oils; however, it was reduced dramatically from 92.52% to 76.62% in orange peel oil and from 91.79 to 79.12% in tangerine peel oil. Consistent with the differences in phenolics, flavonoids, and volatiles between orange and tangerine peel extracts, the antibacterial properties of orange extracts had more potential than tangerine ones. Gram-positive bacteria were more affected by all the examined extracts than Gram-negative ones. The antifungal activity of orange extract and nanoemulsion on seven fungal strains from Aspergillus spp had more potential than tangerine extracts. Additionally, using a simulated media, the orange peel extract and its nanoemulsion had a more anti-aflatoxigenic influence. Molecular docking confirmed the high inhibitory action of flavonoids, especially hesperidin, on the polyketide synthase (-9.3 kcal/mol) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (-10.1 kcal/mol) key enzymes of the aflatoxin biosynthetic mechanism.

The Hexane Extract of Citrus sphaerocarpa Ameliorates Visceral Adiposity by Regulating the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 and AMPK/ACC Signaling Pathways in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Obesity is an emerging global health issue with an increasing risk of disease linked to lifestyle choices. Previously, we reported that the hexane extract of Citrus sphaerocarpa (CSHE) suppressed lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In this study, we conducted in vivo experiments to assess whether CSHE suppressed obesity in zebrafish and mouse models. We administered 10 and 20 μg/mL CSHE to obese zebrafish juveniles. CSHE significantly inhibited visceral fat accumulation compared to untreated obese fish. Moreover, the oral administration (100 μg/g body weight/day) of CSHE to high-fat-diet-induced obese mice significantly reduced their body weight, visceral fat volume, and hepatic lipid accumulation. The expression analyses of key regulatory genes involved in lipid metabolism revealed that CSHE upregulated the mRNA expression of lipolysis-related genes in the mouse liver (Pparα and Acox1) and downregulated lipogenesis-related gene (Fasn) expression in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Fluorescence immunostaining demonstrated the CSHE-mediated enhanced phosphorylation of AKT, AMPK, ACC, and FoxO1, which are crucial factors regulating adipogenesis. CSHE-treated differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes also exhibited an increased phosphorylation of ACC. Therefore, we propose that CSHE suppresses adipogenesis and enhances lipolysis by regulating the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 and AMPK/ACC signaling pathways. These findings suggested that CSHE is a promising novel preventive and therapeutic agent for managing obesity.

Nanoscale Phytosomes as an Emerging Modality for Cancer Therapy

Extracellular vesicle (EV) research has expanded substantially over the years. EVs have been identified in all living organisms and are produced and released as a means of intercellular communication or as a defense mechanism. Recently, nano-scaled vesicles were successfully isolated from edible plant sources. Plant-derived EVs, referred to here as phytosomes, are of a size reported to range between 30 nm and 120 nm in diameter, similar to small mammalian extracellular vesicles, and carry various bioactive molecules such as mRNA, proteins, miRNA and lipids. Due to the availability of many plants, phytosomes can be easily isolated on a large scale. The methods developed for EV isolation from mammalian cells have been successfully applied for isolation and purification of phytosomes. The therapeutic effects of phytosomes on different disease models, such as inflammation and autoimmune disease, have been reported, and a handful of studies have suggested their therapeutic effects on cancer diseases. Overall, the research on phytosomes is still in its infancy and requires more exploration. This review will narrate the anti-cancer activity and characteristics of phytosomes derived from edible plants as well as describe studies which have utilized phytosomes as drug delivery vehicles for cancer with the ultimate objective of significantly reducing the adverse effects associated with conventional therapeutic approaches.

Antioxidants from different citrus peels provide protection against cancer

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Despite significant advancements in the discovery of medications for the treatment of cancer, these drugs are hindered by applicability and efficacy issues and frequently exhibit major side effects that can further impair patients 'quality of life. Therefore, the development of therapeutically sound anti-cancer medicines derived from natural products has gained prominence in the field of functional foods. Some of these compounds have shown efficacy in the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as low toxicity. Additionally, many recent studies have explored the recycling of agro-industrial waste to create bioactive chemicals. Citrus peels are produced in vast quantities in the food processing sector; due to their abundance of flavonoids, they may be inexpensive sources of protection against several cancers. Citrus is a common type of fruit that contains a variety of nutrients. In particular, the antioxidant chemicals found in citrus peel have been identified as potential cancer-fighting agents. Antioxidant substances such as flavonoids prevent the development of cancer by inhibiting the metastatic cascade, decreasing the mobility of cancer cells in the circulatory system, promoting apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis. To explore the most effective uses of citrus peel-derived antioxidants, this review presents background information, an overview of the role of citrus antioxidants in cancer therapy, and a discussion of the key underlying molecular mechanisms.

Bioactive Components and Their Activities from Different Parts of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle for Food Development

Citrus aurantifolia is part of the Rutaceae family and belongs to the genus Citrus. It is widely used in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceuticals because it has a unique flavor and odor. It is nutrient-rich and is beneficial as an antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. Secondary metabolites present in C. aurantifolia are what give rise to biological action. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils are among the secondary metabolites/phytochemicals discovered in C. aurantifolia. Every portion of the plant's C. aurantifolia has a different composition of secondary metabolites. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature affect the oxidative stability of the secondary metabolites from C. aurantifolia. The oxidative stability has been increased by using microencapsulation. The advantages of microencapsulation are control of the release, solubilization, and protection of the bioactive component. Therefore, the chemical makeup and biological functions of the various plant components of C. aurantifolia must be investigated. The aim of this review is to discuss the bioactive components of C. aurantifolia such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, limonoids, and alkaloids obtained from different parts of the plants and their biological activities such as being antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, an insecticide, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, various extraction techniques of the compounds out of different parts of the plant matrix as well as the microencapsulation of the bioactive components in food are also provided.

Polymethoxyflavones from citrus peel: advances in extraction methods, biological properties, and potential applications

Citrus peel, as an effective component of citrus by-products, contains a large number of natural active components, including pectin, vitamins, dietary fiber, essential oil, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and so on. With the development of the circular economy, citrus peel has attracted extensive concern in the food industry. The exploitation of citrus peel would assist in excavating potential properties and alleviating the environmental burden. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) exist almost in citrus peel, which have remarkable biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity. Therefore, PMFs from citrus peel have the potential to develop as dietary supplements in the near future. Collectively, it is essential to take action to optimize the extraction conditions of PMFs and make the most of the extracts. This review mainly compiles several extraction methods and bioactivities of PMFs from citrus peel and introduces different applications including food processing, pharmaceutical industry, and plant rhizosphere to develop better utilization of citrus PMFs.

Shetty S, K. R, Vittal Shetty V, Shetty DP, Patil P, Kumari N. S. Phytochemical profiling, total flavonoid, total phenolic content and in-vitro antioxidant evaluation of Citrus maxima extract

Introduction and Aim: Citrus fruits are rich in polyphenolic compounds. The conventional medical system has utilized the fruit’s entire composition including the peel for its diverse biological functions. With this, the study aimed to assess and compare the phytochemical, in-vitro antioxidant analysis as well as polyphenol and flavonoid content of Citrus maxima juice, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of its pulp and peel.   Materials and Methods: Qualitative phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and different in-vitro antioxidant assays like total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay were carried out to evaluate the                in-vitro antioxidant potential in the juice, aqueous and ethanolic extract of pulp and peel of C. maxima. Gas chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis was performed in the peel ethanolic extract to identify the compounds present.   Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of triterpenoids and steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates and vitamin C in all the C. maxima crude extracts. Tannins were present only in pulp of ethanol extract and in both aqueous and ethanol extracts of peel. Resins were present in the juice and ethanol extract of pulp and peel. The total phenol and total flavonoid content was comparatively higher in ethanolic extracts of peel. All the extracts showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity. The reducing potential of the C.maxima extractives increased with the increase in its concentration. GC-MS analysis of ethanolic peel extract identified key constituents with pharmacological effects. The ethanolic peel extract showed good antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity when compared to other extracts.   Conclusion: The results indicated that ethanolic peel extract of Citrus maxima revealed the highest presence of polyphenolic compounds, which are secondary plant metabolites with potential antioxidant activity.

Residue, dissipation, and dietary intake evaluation of fenpyroximate acaricide in/on guava, orange, and eggplant under open field condition

Fenpyroximate is a widely used acaricide applicable in many crops. In this study, the residue behavior of fenpyroximate on eggplant, orange, and guava was investigated. The chronic and acute dietary intake was calculated at several sampling points, and preharvest intervals (PHI) were proposed to ensure compliance with the existing maximum residue levels. A simple extraction protocol combined with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was employed to quantify residue levels. The method was successfully validated according to the European Union (EU) guidelines, and a limit of quantification of 0.01 mg/kg was set. The dissipation patterns in all crops could be described by the first-order kinetics model with half-lives of 1.7, 2.2, and 1.9 days for eggplants, guavas, and oranges, respectively. The dietary risk assessment at the authorized or more critical application patterns was acceptable for the consumers. For oranges and eggplant, a PHI of 3 and 7 days, respectively, can be proposed; however, a proposal was not possible for guava due to the absence of maximum residue limits (MRLs) and quantitative residue findings at all sampling points tested. The current work not only contributes to the practical application of fenpyroximate related to residue management in dryland areas, such as Egypt, but can also be used to estimate the appropriate PHIs and support the authorization of plant protection products as supplementary information.

Characterization and Antidermatophyte Activity of Henna Extracts: A Promising Therapy for Humans and Animals Dermatophytoses

Dermatophytoses representing a major global health problem and dermatophyte species with reduced susceptibility to antifungals are increasingly reported. Therefore, we investigated for the first time the antidermatophyte activity and phytochemical properties of the sequential extracts of the Egyptian privet Henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), and antioxidant activity of chloroform, diethyl ether, acetone, ethanol 80%, and aqueous extracts were evaluated. The antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts (HLE) toward 30 clinical dermatophytes isolates, including Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, and T. rubrum, was determined. Morphological changes in hyphae were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Following the polarity of ethanol and acetone, they exhibited distinct efficiency for the solubility and extraction of polyphenolic polar antioxidants from henna leaves. Fraxetin, lawsone, and luteolin-3-O-glucoside were the major phenolic compounds of henna leaves, as assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. A high and significant positive correlation was found between TPC, TF, the antioxidants, and the antidermatophyte activities of HLE. Acetone and ethanol extracts exhibited the highest antifungal activity toward the tested dermatophyte species with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges 12.5-37.5 and 25-62.5 µg/mL, respectively. Structural changes including collapsing, distortion, inflating, crushing of hyphae with corrugation of walls, and depressions on hyphal surfaces were observed in SEM analysis for dermatophyte species treated with MICs of griseofulvin, acetone, and ethanol extracts. In conclusion, acetone and ethanolic extracts of henna leaves with their major constituent fraxetin exhibited effective antifungal activity toward dermatophyte species and may be developed as an alternative for dermatophytosis treatment. These findings impart a useful insight into the development of an effective and safe antifungal agent for the treatment of superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.

An Overview of Bioactive Flavonoids from Citrus Fruits

Citrus species are one of the world’s popular fruit crops, cultivated all over the world for their economic and nutritional values. Citrus, like other fruits and vegetables, are an important source of several antioxidant molecules (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) that can inhibit the harmful effects of free radicals on the human body; due to their functional values and health-promoting properties, Citrus species are considered valuable fruits not only in agri-food industry, but also in pharmaceutical industry. Flavonoids are among the major constituents of polyphenols found in different parts of Citrus fruits (skin, peels, seed, pulp membrane, and juice). Flavonoids have different biological properties (antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial activities). Several studies have also shown the health-related properties of Citrus flavonoids, especially antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, and cardiovascular protection activities. In the present review, attempts are made to discuss the current trends of research on flavonoids in different Citrus species.

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Pretreatment on Extraction Efficiency of Essential Oil and Bioactive Compounds from Citrus Waste By-Products

Waste or by-product use is in focus for reducing the environmental threat and acquiring wealth out of waste. The current study aim was to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the extraction of bioactive compounds and composition of essential oils extracted from citrus waste. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize higher yield extraction parameters. Pretreatment of ultrasound-assisted extraction recovered 33% enhanced yield with reduced time and was economical as compared to conventional hydro-distilled process. The functional quality of essential oil was determined using FTIR and GC-MS. Antioxidants from citrus peel and pulp/pomace were extracted and analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. The quantification of bioactive compounds from citrus waste was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass transfer rate of antioxidants from peel and pomace were 30% increased as a result of ultrasound-assisted treatment. The significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher TPC (735.54 mg/100 g) and antioxidant activity (44.26%) was recorded in Citrus sinensis Pulp and peel respectively. The bioactive compounds such as hesperidin (31.52 mg/100 g) was significantly higher in (p ≤ 0.05) in Citrus sinensis pulnd extract. Vanillin was found 1.21 mg/100 g in peel extract of citrus fruit, moreover vanillin was not detected in pulp extract. Myrecitin was not detected in both the samples. The bioactive natural compounds extracted from citrus peel can be used in food and pharma sector as natural anti-oxidantcompounds.

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolites of 12 Bioactive Polymethoxyflavones in Rat Plasma

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) are a subgroup of flavonoids possessing various health benefits. 3,5,7,4'-Tetramethoxyflavone (1), 5,6,7,4'-tetramethylflavone (2), 3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (3), 5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (4), 5-hydroxy-3,7,2',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (5), 3,5,7,2',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (6), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (7), 3-hydroxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethylflavone (8), 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (9), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (10), 3-hydroxy-5,7,3',4',5'-pentamethoxyflavone (11), and 3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxylflavone (12) were 12 bioactive and available PMFs. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic, metabolite, and antitumor activities as well as the structure-pharmacokinetic-antitumor activity relationships of these 12 PMFs to facilitate further studies of their medicinal potentials. The cytotoxicity of PMFs with a hydroxy group toward HeLa, A549, HepG2, and HCT116 cancer cell lines was generally significantly more potent than that of PMFs without a hydroxy group. Compounds 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11 were all undetectable in rat plasma, while compounds 1-4, 6, 9, and 12 were detectable. Both the number and position of hydroxy and methoxy groups played an important role in modulating PMF pharmacokinetics and metabolites.

Garlic (Allium sativum)-derived SEVs inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce caspase mediated apoptosis

As a key component of the cell-to-cell communication, small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) released from various sources are known to be affecting the physiological conditions of the target cells. Although it has been suggested that edible plant-derived nanoparticles contributes to the cross kingdom communication with the mammalian cells, the effect of these particles on cancer cell progression still needs a further exploration. Here, we isolated and then characterized garlic derived SEVs by nanoparticle tracking analysis, electron microscopy and SEV surface antibodies. In order to investigate anti-cancer property of garlic SEVs A498 human kidney carcinoma, A549 human lung carcinoma were used as cell models along with the normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines. Annexin V/pI staining and analysis of apoptotic mRNA and protein expression levels suggested that garlic SEVs induced apoptosis through activation of intrinsic pathway. Furthermore, angiogenic VEGF protein expression levels significantly decreased in response to SEVs treatment in cancer cells. Our results support that garlic derived SEVs could cause apoptotic cell death among cancer cells while normal cells remain unaffected with the treatment. This study revealed for the first time that plant SEVs possess anti-cancer affects by inducing caspase mediated apoptosis and provided a new alternative for cancer treatment.

Anti-estrogenic and anti-aromatase activities of citrus peels major compounds in breast cancer

Estrogen signaling is crucial for breast cancer initiation and progression. Endocrine-based therapies comprising estrogen receptor (ER) modulators and aromatase inhibitors remain the mainstay of treatment. This study aimed at investigating the antitumor potential of the most potent compounds in citrus peels on breast cancer by exploring their anti-estrogenic and anti-aromatase activities. The ethanolic extract of different varieties of citrus peels along with eight isolated flavonoids were screened against estrogen-dependent breast cancer cell lines besides normal cells for evaluating their safety profile. Naringenin, naringin and quercetin demonstrated the lowest IC_50s and were therefore selected for further assays. In silico molecular modeling against ER and aromatase was performed for the three compounds. In vivo estrogenic and anti-estrogenic assays confirmed an anti-estrogenic activity for the isolates. Moreover, naringenin, naringin and quercetin demonstrated in vitro inhibitory potential against aromatase enzyme along with anticancer potential in vivo, as evidenced by decreased tumor volumes. Reduction in aromatase levels in solid tumors was also observed in treated groups. Overall, this study suggests an antitumor potential for naringenin, naringin and quercetin isolated from citrus peels in breast cancer via possible modulation of estrogen signaling and aromatase inhibition suggesting their use in pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer patients, respectively.

Traditional Processing, Physicochemical Property, Phytochemical Content, and Microbiological and Sensory Quality of the Yellow “Téa Lémi” Wine Made in the Far-North of Cameroon

“Téa Lémi” is a traditional wine made from pummelos by the Kapsiki in the Far-North of Cameroon. Despite its importance as a source of income for the country people, the know-how supporting production of this beverage and its quality attributes still remain unknown. Hence, this study was aimed at describing the processing and quality of “Téa Lémi” produced and marketed in northern Cameroon. The field investigation and the ethnographical technique were used to describe the production process. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and microbiological properties of the beverage were examined using referenced techniques. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used for describing the sensory profile of the wine. Surveys showed that processing of the grapefruit wine is typically artisanal. This can be seen by the uncontrolled addition of some ingredients such as sugar, extract of banana, and honey and a significant fermentation step started by wild, unselected yeasts. The physicochemical analyses revealed that the wine had an acid pH of around 3.84, with a total acidity between 7.72 g/L and 8.79 g/L. The alcohol and soluble solids contents were 14% (v/v) and 12 °Brix, respectively. Total sugar and conductivity values ranged from 57.8 to 96.8 g/L and 573 to 686 μS/cm. Mean contents of polyphenols and flavonoids of 616.4 mg PE/L and 322.5 mg QE/L and an antioxidant capacity of 261.03 mg TE/L have been revealed in the indigenous wine, respectively. The assessment of hygienic quality showed alarming sign of microbiological contamination revealed by total aerobic bacteria and spore-forming bacteria counts beyond the critical level. The good sensory quality (13 out of 20) of the grapefruit wine seemed to be linked to the sweetness (r = 0.999; $p<0.001$ ) and odor/flavor (r = 0.997; $p<0.001$ ). The beverage has been described by the panel as pale yellow colored, slightly tart, and bitter accompanied by some fruity esters and sweet notes of citrus and caramelized sugar.

Evaluating Phenyl Propanoids Isolated from Citrus medica as Potential Inhibitors for Mitotic kinesin Eg5

Background:

Human mitotic kinesins play an essential role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the spindle separation phase of mitosis has gained much attention in cancer chemotherapy. Spindle segregation is carried out mainly by the kinesin, Eg5. Many Eg5 inhibitors are in different phases of clinical trials as cancer drugs. This enzyme has two allosteric binding sites to which the inhibitors can bind. The first site is formed by loop L5, helix α2 and helix α3 and all the current drug candidates bind un-competitively to this site with ATP/ADP. The second site, formed by helix α4 and helix α6, which has gained attention recently, has not been explored well. Some inhibitors that bind to this site are competitive, while others are uncompetitive to ATP/ADP. Phenylpropanoids are pharmacologically active secondary metabolites.

Methods:

In this study, we have evaluated fourteen phenyl propanoids extracted from Citrus medica for inhibitory activity against human mitotic kinesin Eg5 in vitro steady-state ATPase assay. Ther interactions and stability using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.

Results and Discussions:

Of the fourteen compounds tested, naringin and quercetin showed good activity with IC50 values in the micromolar range. Molecular docking studies of these complexes showed that both the molecules interact with the key residues of the active site predominantly thorough hydrophobic & aromatic π–π interactions consistent with the known inhibitors. Besides, these molecules also form hydrogen bonding interactions stabilizing the complexes. Molecular dynamics simulations of these complexes confirm the stability of these interactions.

Conclusion:

These results can be used as a strong basis for further modification of these compounds to design new inhibitors with higher potency using structure-based drug design.

Influence of drying techniques on bioactive properties, phenolic compounds and fatty acid compositions of dried lemon and orange peel powders

Lemon peel powder (LPP) obtained after drying (microwave, infrared, and oven) showed the lowest (58.72%) DPPH-radical scavenging activity in oven-dried and the highest (67.84%) in infrared-dried LPP while that of fresh lemon peel remained 63.22%. Orange peel powder (OPP) showed the lowest DSA (61.65) after microwave and the lowest (63.54%) after infrared-drying while that of fresh orange peel was 63.48%. Total phenolics were between 114.58 (fresh) and 179.69 mgGAE/100 g (oven) in LPP and between 158.54 (fresh) and 177.92 mgGAE/100 g (infrared) in OPP. The total flavonoid contents were 380.44 (fresh)-1043.04 mg/100 g (oven) in case of LPP and 296.38 (fresh)-850.54 mg/100 g (oven) in case of OPP. The gallic acid contents were 2.39 (fresh)-14.02 mg/100 g (oven) in LPP. The (+)-catechin contents were 1.10 (fresh)-49.57 mg/100 g (oven) for LPP and 0.82 (fresh)-7.63 mg/100 g (infrared) in case of OPP. The oleic acid content was 22.99 (infrared)-58.85% (fresh) in LPP-oil and 28.59 (microwave)-61.65% (fresh) in OPP-oil. The linoleic acid contents were 13.76 (fresh)-36.90% (oven) in LPP-oil and 14.14 (fresh)-37.08% (infrared) in case of OPP-oil. The drying techniques showed profound but variable effects on radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, flavonoid, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and fatty acid composition of both LPP and OPP and oven-drying (60 °C) was the most effective in improving these bioactive constituents.

Organic Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems and Their Potential Role in the Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that occurs more prominently in the older population, with a peak incidence at ages 45 to 85 years and a median age at diagnosis of 65 years. This disease comprises roughly 15% of all leukemias in adults. It is a clonal stem cell disorder of myeloid cells characterized by the presence of t(9;22) chromosomal translocation, also known as the Philadelphia chromosome, or its byproducts BCR-ABL fusion protein/messenger RNA, leading to the expression of a protein with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. This fusion protein has become the main therapeutic target in chronic myeloid leukemia therapy, with imatinib displaying superior antileukemic effects, placing it at the forefront of current treatment protocols and displaying great efficacy. Alternatively, nanomedicine and employing nanoparticles as drug delivery systems may represent new approaches in future anticancer therapy. This review focuses primarily on the use of organic nanoparticles aimed at chronic myeloid leukemia therapy in both in vitro and in vivo settings, by going through a thorough survey of published literature. After a brief introduction on the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia, a description of conventional, first- and second-line, treatment modalities of chronic myeloid leukemia is presented. Finally, some of the general applications of nanostrategies in medicine are presented, with a detailed focus on organic nanocarriers and their constituents used in chronic myeloid leukemia treatment from the literature.

Citrus Peel Flavonoids as Potential Cancer Prevention Agents

Citrus fruit and in particular flavonoid compounds from citrus peel have been identified as agents with utility in the treatment of cancer. This review provides a background and overview regarding the compounds found within citrus peel with putative anticancer potential as well as the associated in vitro and in vivo studies. Historical studies have identified a number of cellular processes that can be modulated by citrus peel flavonoids including cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, metastasis, and angiogenesis. More recently, molecular studies have started to elucidate the underlying cell signaling pathways that are responsible for the flavonoids' mechanism of action. These growing data support further research into the chemopreventative potential of citrus peel extracts, and purified flavonoids in particular. This critical review highlights new research in the field and synthesizes the pathways modulated by flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds into a generalized schema.

Nobiletin Attenuates DSS-Induced Intestinal Barrier Damage through the HNF4α-Claudin-7 Signaling Pathway

The intestinal epithelium barrier functions to protect human bodies from damages such as harmful microorganisms, antigens, and toxins. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect and molecular mechanism of a dominant polymethoxyflavone nobiletin (NOB) from tangerine peels on intestinal epithelial integrity. The results from transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) suggested that NOB pretreatment counteracts epithelial injury induced by inflammatory cytokines (TEER value in 48 h: vehicle, 135.6 ± 3.9 Ω/cm²; TNF-α + IL-1β, 90.7 ± 0.5 Ω/cm²; 10 μM NOB + TNF-α + IL-1β, 126.1 ± 0.8 Ω/cm²; 100 μM NOB + TNF-α + IL-1β, 125.3 ± 0.5 Ω/cm². P < 0.001). Clinical and pathological test results suggested that administration of NOB effectively alleviates intestinal barrier injury induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as evidenced by the length of colon villi on day 7 (control, 253.7 ± 4.8 μm, DSS 131.6 ± 4.6 μm, NOB + DSS, 234.5 ± 5.1 μm. P < 0.001). Interestingly, when screening tight junction molecules for intestinal barrier integrity, we observed that independent treatment with NOB sharply increased claudin-7 levels (ratio of claudin-7 over GAPDH: control, 1.0 ± 0.06; DSS, 0.02 ± 0.001; NOB + DSS, 0.3 ± 0.07. P < 0.001), which was previously suppressed upon DSS stimulation. Furthermore, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF-4α) transcriptional regulation of claudin-7 contributed to intestinal barrier homeostasis. Therefore, our study suggests potential intestinal protective strategies based on polymethoxyflavones of aged tangerine peels.

Phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of citrus peel

Citrus peel (CP) forms around 40-50% of the total fruit mass but is generally thought to be a waste. However, it is a substantial source of naturally occurring health enhancing compounds, particularly phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Phenolic compounds in CP mainly comprise phenolic acids (primarily caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic acid), flavanones (generally naringin and hesperidin) and polymethoxylated flavones (notably nobiletin and tangeretin). It has also been noted that CP's contain more amounts of these compounds than corresponding edible parts of the fruits. Phenolic compounds present in CP act as antioxidants (by either donation of protons or electrons) and protect cells against free radical damage as well as help in reducing the risk of many chronic diseases. Owing to the more abundance of polyphenols in CP's, their antioxidant activity is also higher than other edible fruit parts. Therefore, peels from citrus fruits can be used as sources of functional compounds and preservatives for the development of newer food products, that are not only safe but also have health-promoting activities. The present review provides in-depth knowledge about the phenolic composition, antioxidant potential and health benefits of CP.

Improved bioaccessibility of polymethoxyflavones loaded into high internal phase emulsions stabilized by biopolymeric complexes: A dynamic digestion study via TNO's gastrointestinal model

In this work, the bioaccessibility of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) loaded in high internal phase emulsions (HIPE, ϕ_oil = 0.82) stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI)-low methoxy pectin (LMP) complexes was evaluated using in vitro lipolysis and dynamic in vitro intestinal digestion studies. PMFs loaded HIPE was prepared by using aqueous dispersion of pre-formed biopolymeric complexes (WPI-LMP, 2:1 ratio) as the external phase and medium chain triglycerides oil (containing PMFs extracted from citrus peel) as the dispersed phase. The in vitro lipolysis study revealed that PMFs in HIPE became bioaccessible much higher than PMFs in medium chain triacylglycerols oil (MCT oil). In addition, by simulating the entire human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the GI model TIM-1 demonstrated a 5- and 2-fold increase in the total bioaccessibility for two major PMFs encapsulated in HIPE, i.e. tangeretin (TAN) and nobiletin (NOB), respectively, as opposed to PMFs in MCT oil. Together these results from the digestion study showed that the incorporation of a high amount of PMFs into the viscoelastic matrix of HIPE could represent an innovative and effective way to design an oral delivery system. Such a system could be used to control and to improve the delivery of lipophilic bioactive compounds within the different compartments of the digestive tract, especially the human upper GI tract.

Sinensetin regulates age-related sarcopenia in cultured primary thigh and calf muscle cells

Background

Sarcopenia, the decline of skeletal muscle tissue attributed to primary aging is a major concern in older adults. Flavonoids might have potential benefits by modulating the regulation of satellite cells, thus preventing muscle loss. Sinensetin (SIN), a citrus methylated flavone with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity, can enhance lipolysis. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether SIN might have sarcopenia-suppressing effect on satellite cells from thigh and calf muscle tissues of young and old rats.

Methods

Primary muscle cells were obtained from thigh and calf tissues of young and old group rats by dissection. Obtained satellite cells were incubated with indicated concentrations of SIN (50 and 100 μM) treated and untreated condition in differentiation medium. Morphological changes of cells were examined using a phase-contrast microscope. Protein expression levels of myoD and myogenin were analyzed by Western blot. Cells treated with or without SIN under differentiation condition were also immunocytochemically stained for myogenin and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).

Results

Morphologically, the differentiation extracted satellite cells was found to be more evident in SIN treated group of aged rat′s cells than that in SIN untreated group. Expression levels of myoD and myogenin proteins involved in myogenesis were increased upon treatment with SIN.

Conclusions

Collectively, our results indicate that SIN can alleviate age-related sarcopenia by increasing differentiation rate and protein levels of myoD and myogenin.

Bioactive compounds from date fruit and seed as potential nutraceutical and functional food ingredients

Date palm is an important fruit bearing tree grown widely in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The date fruit and its by-products, such as seeds, have both nutritional and medicinal value. However, date fruit and seeds have not been fully considered as potential functional food ingredients to develop foods with promising health benefits. Based on the available information in the literature, fruit and seed of date palm are rich in phytochemicals, such as phenolics, anthocyanin, carotenoids, tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols and dietary fiber. In addition, they were reported to possess several beneficial health properties explored under in-vitro and in-vivo conditions. Further research in this area would provide valuable information for the potential utilization of date fruit and seed as functional food ingredients. This review presents a comprehensive information about the bioactive compounds and nutraceutical properties of different varieties of date fruit and seed, as well as the potential for using them as functional food ingredients.

The Mediterranean Diet as source of bioactive compounds with multi-targeting anti-cancer profile

Many bioactive agents have been extracted from plants or belong to functional foods and have been considered in the treatment of serious and multifactorial diseases, such as cancer. In particular, this review is focused on the anti-cancer properties owned by several natural products typically from the Mediterranean area. In some regions of the South of Italy, a lower cancer incidence has been observed. There is increasing evidence that adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern correlates with reduced risk of several cancer types. This could be mainly attributed to the typical lifestyle aspects of the Mediterranean diet, such as high consumption of fruit and vegetables. In this review, the main natural products of the Mediterranean area are discussed, with particular attention on their anti-cancer properties endowed with multi-target profiles.

Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Dietary Flavonoid Hyperoside Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as a Model

Oxidative stress leads to various diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. The dietary flavonol glycoside, hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside), exerts health benefits by preventing oxidative damage. To further understand its antioxidative defence mechanisms, we systemically investigated the regulation of hyperoside on oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, carbon tetrachloride, and cadmium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hyperoside significantly increased cell viability, decreased lipid peroxidation, and lowered intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the wild-type strain (WT) and mutants gtt1∆ and gtt2∆. However, the strain with ctt1∆ showed variable cell viability and intracellular ROS-scavenging ability in response to the hyperoside treatment upon the stimulation of H₂O₂ and CCl₄. In addition, hyperoside did not confer viability tolerance or intercellular ROS in CdSO₄-induced stress to strains of sod1∆ and gsh1∆. The results suggest that the antioxidative reactions of hyperoside in S. cerevisiae depend on the intercellular ROS detoxification system.

Polymethoxylated Flavones Target Cancer Stemness and Improve the Antiproliferative Effect of 5-Fluorouracil in a 3D Cell Model of Colorectal Cancer

Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) from citrus fruits are reported to present anticancer potential. However, there is a lack of information regarding their effect on cancer stem cell (CSC) populations, which has been recognized as responsible for tumor initiation, relapse, and chemoresistance. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an orange peel extract (OPE) and its main PMFs, namely, nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeretin, and scutellarein tetramethylether in targeting cell proliferation and stemness using a 3D cell model of colorectal cancer composed of HT29 cell spheroids cultured for 7 days in stirred conditions. Soft agar assay, ALDH1 activity, and relative quantitative gene expression analysis of specific biomarkers were carried out to characterize the stemness, self-renewal, and mesenchymal features of HT29 cell spheroids. Then, the impact of OPE and PMFs in reducing cell proliferation and modulating cancer stemness and self-renewal was assessed. Results showed that, when compared with monolayer cultures, HT29 cell spheroids presented higher ALDH1 activity (81.97% ± 5.27% compared to 63.55% ± 17.49% for 2D), upregulation of CD44, PROM1, SOX9, and SNAI1 genes (1.83 ± 0.34, 2.54 ± 0.51, 2.03 ± 0.15, and 6.12 ± 1.59 times) and high self-renewal capability (352 ± 55 colonies compared to 253 ± 42 for 2D). Incubation with OPE (1 mg/mL) significantly inhibited cell proliferation and modulated cancer stemness and self-renewal ability: colony formation, ALDH1 activity, and the expression of cancer stemness biomarkers PROM1 and LGR5 were significantly reduced (0.66 ± 0.15 and 0.51 ± 0.14 times, respectively). Among all PMFs, tangeretin was the most efficient in targeting the CSC population by decreasing colony formation and the expression of PROM1 and LGR5. Scutellarein tetramethylether was shown to modulate markers of mesenchymal/metastatic transition (increasing CDH1 and reducing ZEB1 and SNAI1) and nobiletin was capable of downregulating PROM1 and SNAI1 expression. Importantly, all PMFs and OPE were shown to synergistically interact with 5-fluorouracil, improving the antiproliferative response of this drug.

Development of Health Products from Natural Sources

BioActive Compounds (BACs) recovered from food or food by-product matrices are useful in maintaining well being, enhancing human health, and modulating immune function to prevent or to treat chronic diseases. They are also generally seen by final consumers as safe, non-toxic and environment-friendly. Despite the complex process of production, chemical characterization, and assessment of health effects, BACs must also be manufactured in stable and bioactive ingredients to be used in pharmaceutical, food and nutraceutical industry. Generally, vegetable derivatives occur as sticky raw materials with pervasive smell and displeasing flavor. Also, they show critical water solubility and dramatic stability behavior over time, involving practical difficulties for industrial use. Therefore, the development of novel functional health products from natural sources requires the design of a suitable formulation to delivery BACs at the site of action, preserve stability during processing and storage, slow down the degradation processes, mask lousy tasting or smell, and increase the bioavailability, while maintaining the BACs functionality. The present review focuses on human health benefits, BACs composition, and innovative technologies or formulation approaches of natural ingredients from some selected foods and by-products from industrial food transformations.

Citrus peels prevent cancer

BACKGROUND

Citrus comprises the largest fruit sector worldwide, and its fruit peels are the dominant 'residue' of the industry. Though not profitable, Citrus peels are industrially used for making some byproducts (cattle feed, molasses, ethanol, fiber) and for the extraction of bioactives (flavonoids, essential oils, d-limonene). Still huge amounts of peels are wasted by Citrus industries, juice and other vending sectors.

PURPOSE

The biological potentials of these unutilized or 'wasted' Citrus peels are least exploited. Here we tested the anticancer potentials of Citrus medica (2 morphotypes), C. sinensis, C. maxima, C. limon and C. reticulata peels by in vitro assays and in vivo cancer models.

METHODS

Chemical profiles of Citrus peel oils and peel extracts were analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques (GC-FID, GC-MS) and HPTLC-densitometry, respectively. Anticancer potentials of Citrus peels (Citrus medica 2 morphotypes, C. sinensis, C. maxima, C. limon and C. reticulata) were evaluated by various in vitro assays (MTT assay, morphological observations, fast halo assay, flow cytometric analysis) and in vivo cancer models.

RESULTS

C. reticulata peels (extracts, essential oils) showed significant activity against DLA cell line in MTT assay. We found C. reticulata peel water extract inducing cell cycle arrest of DLA in G0/G1 phase followed by nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies and DNA damage leading to apoptosis. In in vivo experiments, C. reticulata peel extract pre-treated mice were significantly (50%) protected from DLA compared to post-treated mice (33%), without any conspicuous toxic symptoms. Citrus peels have volatiles (essential oils, limonoids) and non-volatiles (mainly polymethoxy flavones) as their bioactive/anticancer constituents.

CONCLUSION

Our results encourage the use of Citrus peels, which is wasted in huge amounts, as cancer preventive food additives and as anticancer agents.

Fruits as Prospective Reserves of bioactive Compounds: A Review

Bioactive natural products have always played a significant role as novel therapeutical agents irrespective of their source of origin. They have a profound effect on human health by both direct and indirect means and also possess immense medicinal properties. Fruit species are largely appreciated and highly consumed throughout the world. Epidemiologic information supports the association between high intake of fruits and low risk of chronic diseases. There are several biological reasons why the consumption of fruits might reduce or prevent chronic diseases. Fruits are rich sources of nutrients and energy, have vitamins, minerals, fiber and numerous other classes of biologically active compounds. Moreover, parts of the fruit crops like fruit peels, leaves and barks also possess medicinal properties and have been included in this review. The most important activities discussed in this review include antidiabetic, anticancer, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, stimulation of the immune system, cell detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, anticonvulsant and their ability to lower blood pressure. Several phytochemicals involved in this context are described with special emphasis on their structural properties and their relativity with human diseases.

Protein quality chicken meat after feeding with active substances of citrus fruits and diclazuril and salinomycin sodium

The purpose of this study was an experimental investigation of the influence of active substances obtained mainly from citrus fruits in the experimental feed mixtures, and diclazuril and salinomycin sodium in the control feed mixtures of broiler chickens on productive efficiency and protein quality of the breast and thigh muscles. In vivo experiment was carried out with hybrid chickens Cobb 500. Basic feed mixtures were equal a soy cereal type for experimental and control group. Indicators of productive efficiency were measured and calculated, and protein, lysine and methionine contents in the breast and thigh muscles were measured by the method of FT IR, Nicolet 6700. Active substances obtained mainly from citrus fruits confirmed a statistically significant (p ˂0.05) positive effect on the body weight gain; tended to slightly increase feed intake per bird, protein, energy, lysine and methionine intake per bird; slightly decrease feed intake per 1 kg of body weight gain, protein, energy, lysine and methionine intake per 1 kg of body weight gain; slightly increase protein efficiency ratio and energy efficiency ratio. Additive substances used in the feed mixtures did not have a statistically significant effect on protein, lysine and methionine contents in the breast and thigh muscles but displayed a strong positive, statistically significant relation between lysine and methionine in them.

An Overview on Citrus aurantium L.: Its Functions as Food Ingredient and Therapeutic Agent

Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as bitter orange, possesses multiple therapeutic potentials. These biological credentials include anticancer, antianxiety, antiobesity, antibacterial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and antidiabetic activities. The essential oil of C. aurantium was reported to display marked pharmacological effects and great variation in chemical composition depending on growing locations but mostly contained limonene, linalool, and β-myrcene. Phytochemically, C. aurantium is rich in p-synephrine, an alkaloid, and many health-giving secondary metabolites such as flavonoids. Animal studies have demonstrated a low affinity of p-synephrine for adrenergic receptors and an even lower affinity in human models. The present review focuses on the different biological activities of the C. aurantium in animal and human models in the form of extract and its pure secondary metabolites. Finally, it is concluded that both the extract and isolated compounds have no unwanted effects in human at therapeutic doses and, therefore, can confidently be used in various dietary formulations.

Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract

Nutrient, phytochemical, and antinutrient composition of Citrus maxima fruit juice and peel extract were determined. The fruit was procured from a garden in Trans-Ekulu, Enugu East Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria. Mature undamaged Citrus maxima fruits were thoroughly washed with distilled water to remove contamination, dirt, and air-dried. The peel was separated from the pulp. The pulp (100 g) was blended and filtered through a muslin cloth to obtain a clear juice. The peel (50 g) was macerated with 200 ml of ethanol for 20 min. The peel extract was filtered through filter paper. The supernatant was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The peel extract was weighed and stored in a plastic container until needed. Proximate, mineral, vitamins, antinutrient, and phytochemical composition of the juice and peel extract were determined using standard procedures. Citrus maxima peel extract contains significantly (p < .05) higher crude fiber (2.58%), fat (9.74%), ash (2.49%), and carbohydrate (71.57%) compared with Citrus maxima juice. Alkaloid, phenolics, and flavonoids were also significantly (p < .05) higher in the peel extract. The mineral composition revealed the order Ca > Na > Ph > Fe > Mg > K in the juice and Ca > Ph > Na > Fe > K > Mg in the peel extract. Vitamin C content of the juice and peel extract were 26.36 mg/100 g and 19.34 mg/100 g, respectively. Citrus maxima peel is highly nutritive and rich in phytochemicals, further research is recommended to investigate its therapeutic effect.

Citrus limon from Tunisia: Phytochemical and Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities

Natural plant extracts contain a variety of phenolic compounds which are assigned various biological activities. Our work aims to make a quantitative and qualitative characterization of the Zest (ZL) and the Flesh (FL) of lemon (Citrus limon), to valorize the pharmacological uses of lemon, by evaluating in vitro activities (DPPH, free radical scavenging and reducing power). The antibacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative activities were sought in the ability of Citrus limon extracts to protect DNA and protein. We found that the ZL contains high amounts of phenolics responsible for the important antioxidant properties of the extract. However, the FL is richer in flavonoids than the ZL. The FL extract was also found to be more effective than the ZL in protecting plasmid DNA against the strand breakage induced by hydroxyl radicals. We also concluded that the FL extract exhibited potent antibacterial activity unlike ZL. Analysis by LC/MS-MS identified 6 compounds (Caffeoyl N-Tryptophan, Hydroxycinnamoyl-Oglucoside acid, Vicenin 2, Eriocitrin, Kaempferol-3-O- rutinoside, and Quercetin-3-rutinoside). These preliminary results showed that Citrus limon has antibacterial and antioxidant activity in vitro. It would be interesting to conduct further studies to evaluate the in vivo potential in an animal model.

Targeting cancer stem cells and signaling pathways by resveratrol and pterostilbene

In past decades, increasing evidence regarding cancer stem cells (CSCs) may account for carcinogenesis, tumor drug-resistant, and metastasis. CSCs are even considered as the root causes of tumor recurrence and metastases. Targeting CSCs may provide a new clue to cure cancer. Epidemiological and clinical studies have suggested that intake of dietary natural products may bring health benefits including lowering risk of cancer incidence. In this review, we have particularly focused on targeting signaling pathways of CSCs by natural resveratrol and its dimethylated derivative pterostilbene. © 2017 BioFactors, 44(1):61-68, 2018.

Fraxetin and ethyl acetate extract from Lawsonia inermis L. ameliorate oxidative stress in P. berghei infected mice by augmenting antioxidant defence system

BACKGROUND

Lawsonia inermis L. is a well-documented plant for cosmetic as well as medicinal properties. It is used by local communities in India and Nigeria for the treatment of many parasitic diseases, including malaria.

HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE

Earlier studies on the plant's antiplasmodial activity were not assigned to any phytochemical with no quality assurance data. In this report, a recent chemically characterized extract and it's major constituent were investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity on chloroquine sensitive NF-54 strain. Furtherly, the potent extract and this constituent were assessed in vivo in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. The bioactive phytochemical and enriched extract were also monitored against various oxidative stress parameters.

STUDY DESIGN/METHOD

The extract characterization was done by the quantitative analysis of eight phytochemicals using gradient reverse phase HPLC method. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was evaluated on chloroquine sensitive NF-54 strain by the determination of pfLDH activity. In vivo activity of the most potent extract and constituent were evaluated in P. berghei infected mice upon oral administration. The estimation of oxidative stress was done by monitoring various enzymatic and non-enzymatic parameters.

RESULTS

The ethyl acetate extract of leaves (IC₅₀ 9.00 ± 0.68 µg/ml) and fraxetin (IC₅₀ 19.21 ± 1.04 µM) were the most effective in in vitro assays therefore selected for in vivo tests. The administration of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves and fraxetin to the infected mice resulted in significant (p < .05) suppression of parasitaemia as evidenced by a 70.44 ± 2.58% to 78.77 ± 3.43% reduction compared to non-infected group. In addition, a two-fold increase in mean survival time, a significant (p < .05) reduction in lipid peroxidation and an elevation in glutathione, catalase and superoxide dismutase were also observed in treated mice. The post-infection treatment also led to an augmentation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (GST, GR, GPx) with respect to the infected control. A significant (p < .05) elevation in serum Nrf2-antioxidant response element level responsible for the activation of endogenous enzymes was also observed.

CONCLUSION

It was evident from the experiments that ethyl acetate extract of L. inermis and fraxetin were able to suppress the oxidative damage by augmenting endogenous antioxidant system and thus ameliorated the plasmodium infection in mice.

Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Constituents from the Peels of Citrus grandis

A series of chromatographic separations performed on the ethanol extracts of the peels of Citrus grandis has led to the characterization of forty compounds, including seventeen coumarins, eight flavonoids, two triterpenoids, four benzenoids, two steroids, one lignan, one amide, and five other compounds, respectively. The chemical structures of the purified constituents were identified on the basis of spectroscopic elucidation, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, and mass spectrometric analysis. Most of the isolated compounds were examined for their inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils. Among the isolates, isomeranzin (3), 17,18-dihydroxybergamottin (12), epoxybergamottin (13), rhoifolin (19), vitexicarpin (22) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (29) displayed the most significant inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release with IC₅₀ values ranged from 0.54 to 7.57 μM, and 0.43 to 4.33 μM, respectively. In addition, 7-hydroxy-8-(2′-hydroxy-3′-methylbut-3′-enyl)coumarin (8) and 17,18-dihydroxybergamottin (12) also exhibited the protection of neurons against Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity at 50 μM.

Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Effect of Gastrodia elata on Colon Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Gastrodia elata Blume (GE) is a well-known kind of herb that has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years. The extrusion of raw materials from it could improve flavor and enhance bioavailability in food and drug development. The purpose of this study is to investigate antitumor and immune boosting effects of extruded GE in human colon carcinoma cells, splenocytes, and mice-bearing CT26 colon carcinoma cell. Treatment with 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL of extruded GE decreased cell viability and induced the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax in HT29 cells ([Formula: see text]). When we performed DAPI staining, apoptotic bodies with condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei, known as indicative of apoptotic morphology, increased 24[Formula: see text]h after treatment with 100[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]g/mL of extruded GE. Treatments with extruded GE significantly promoted splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 or IFN-[Formula: see text] secretion, compared with that of control cells ([Formula: see text]). The administration of extruded GE of 200 mg/kg/day decreased tumor growth and Ki-67 or [Formula: see text]-catenin expression in mice ([Formula: see text]). Additionally, we investigated the contents of compounds in extruded GE extracts using ultra performance liquid chromatography. The contents of p-hydroxylbenzyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in extruded GE were 2.97[Formula: see text]mg/g and 0.04[Formula: see text]mg/g, respectively. It was supposed that antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of extruded GE might exert by the p-hydroxylbenzyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde of many compositions analyzed from extruded GE. These results suggest that extruded GE have the potential to be developed into a natural pharmaceutical and functional food as a cancer chemopreventive agent.