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Chatchawal P, Tippayawat P, Somdee T, Ngernpimai S, Wongwattanakul M, Sae-Ung N, Anutrakulchai S, Kraiklang R. Urinary cyclophilin A as an early marker of chronic kidney disease with underlying type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23207. [PMID: 39369057 PMCID: PMC11455882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a novel renal inflammation biomarker, with levels altered in various diseases, particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and kidney damage. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between urinary cyclophilin A (uCypA) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) conditions with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using an in-house enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) method. A uCypA strip-test prototype was also developed. An indirect ELISA was performed to determine the uCypA levels. A 0.48 µg/mL uCypA cutoff differentiated healthy patients from those with early-stage CKD (stages I and II). The uCypA levels were significantly increased in patients with progression of renal deterioration, especially in the T2DM with late-stage CKD group, compared to the control group. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), albumin/creatinine ratio, and metformin use were associated with uCypA levels. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed an association between uCypA levels and T2DM diagnosed for over five years and early-stage CKD. This finding shows that uCypA could be used as a biomarker for distinguishing early-stage CKD as well as T2DM complications, which is beneficial for patients to be aware of their health status and change their behavior to slow kidney deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patutong Chatchawal
- Center for Innovation and Standard for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Tippayawat
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET) Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Somdee
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Sawinee Ngernpimai
- Center for Innovation and Standard for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Molin Wongwattanakul
- Center for Innovation and Standard for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Sae-Ung
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET) Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Anutrakulchai
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET) Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Ratthaphol Kraiklang
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET) Project, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Nutrition for Health Program, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Drzymała A. The Functions of SARS-CoV-2 Receptors in Diabetes-Related Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9635. [PMID: 39273582 PMCID: PMC11394807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is considered a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor of high importance, but due to its non-ubiquitous expression, studies of other proteins that may participate in virus internalisation have been undertaken. To date, many alternative receptors have been discovered. Their functioning may provide an explanation for some of the events observed in severe COVID-19 that cannot be directly explained by the model in which ACE2 constitutes the central point of infection. Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) can induce severe COVID-19 development. Although many mechanisms associated with ACE2 can lead to increased SARS-CoV-2 virulence in diabetes, proteins such as basigin (CD147), glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), transferrin receptor (TfR), integrins α5β1/αvβ3, or ACE2 co-receptors neuropilin 2 (NRP2), vimentin, and even syalilated gangliosides may also be responsible for worsening the COVID-19 course. On the other hand, some others may play protective roles. Understanding how diabetes-associated mechanisms can induce severe COVID-19 via modification of virus receptor functioning needs further extensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drzymała
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland
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Kalinina A, Grigorieva E, Smirnova A, Kazansky D, Khromykh L. Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Recombinant Human Cyclophilin A in Mice. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:57-69. [PMID: 38040985 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cyclophilin A (CypA) is an isomerase that functions as a chaperone, housekeeping protein, and cyclosporine A (CsA) ligand. Secreted CypA is a proinflammatory factor, chemoattractant, immune regulator, and factor of antitumor immunity. Experimental data suggest clinical applications of recombinant human CypA (rhCypA) as a biotherapeutic for cancer immunotherapy, stimulation of tissue regeneration, treatment of brain pathologies, and as a supportive treatment for CsA-based therapies. The objective of this study is to analyze the pharmacokinetics of rhCypA in a mouse model. METHODS rhCypA was isotope-labeled with 125I and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) or subcutaneously (s/c) into female mice as a single dose of 100 μg per mouse, equivalent to the estimated first-in-human dose. Analysis of 125I-rhCypA biodistribution and excretion was performed by direct radiometry of the blood, viscera, and urine of mice 0.5-72 h following its administration. RESULTS rhCypA showed rapid and even tissue-organ distribution, with the highest tropism (fT = 1.56) and accumulation (maximum concentration, Cmax = 137-167 μg/g) in the kidneys, its primary excretory organ. rhCypA showed the lowest tropism to the bone marrow and the brain (fT = 0.07) but the longest retention in these organs [mean retention time (MRT) = 25-28 h]. CONCLUSION This study identified promising target organs for rhCypA's potential therapeutic effects. The mode of rhCypA accumulation and retention in organs could be primarily due to the expression of its receptors in them. For the first time, rhCypA was shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the brain. These rhCypA pharmacokinetic data could be extrapolated to humans as preliminary data for possible clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kalinina
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, 115478, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena Grigorieva
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, 115478, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Smirnova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, 115478, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry Kazansky
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, 115478, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila Khromykh
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe sh. 24, 115478, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Zhong F, Li W, Zhao C, Jin L, Lu X, Zhao Y, Pu J, Ge H. Basigin Deficiency Induces Spontaneous Polycystic Kidney in Mice. Hypertension 2024; 81:114-125. [PMID: 37955149 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic kidney disease is the most common hereditary kidney disorder with early and frequent hypertension symptoms. The mechanisms of cyst progression in polycystic kidney disease remain incompletely understood. METHODS Bsg (basigin) heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice were generated using cas9 system, and Bsg overexpression was achieved by adeno-associated virus serotype 9 injection. Renal morphology was investigated through histological and imaging analysis. Molecular analysis was performed through transcriptomic profiling and biochemical approaches. RESULTS Bsg-deficient mice exhibited significantly elevated arterial blood pressure. Further investigation demonstrated that Bsg deficiency triggers spontaneous cystic formation in mouse kidneys, which shares similar cyst pathological features and common transcriptional regulatory pathways with human polycystic kidney disease. Moreover, Bsg disruption promoted polycystin-1 ubiquitination and degradation, leading to activation of polycystic kidney disease associated cAMP and AMPK signaling pathways in Bsg knockout mouse kidneys. Finally, adeno-associated virus serotype 9 mediated Bsg reexpression reversed cystic progression in Bsg knockout mice in vivo, and Bsg overexpression inhibited the expansion of Madin-Darby canine kidney cysts in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that Bsg deficiency leads to an early-onset spontaneous polycystic kidney phenotype, suggesting that dysregulated Bsg signaling may be a contributing factor in cystogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Wenli Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Lixing Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Jun Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Heng Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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Huerta M, Franco-Serrano L, Amela I, Perez-Pons JA, Piñol J, Mozo-Villarías A, Querol E, Cedano J. Role of Moonlighting Proteins in Disease: Analyzing the Contribution of Canonical and Moonlighting Functions in Disease Progression. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020235. [PMID: 36672169 PMCID: PMC9857295 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The term moonlighting proteins refers to those proteins that present alternative functions performed by a single polypeptide chain acquired throughout evolution (called canonical and moonlighting, respectively). Over 78% of moonlighting proteins are involved in human diseases, 48% are targeted by current drugs, and over 25% of them are involved in the virulence of pathogenic microorganisms. These facts encouraged us to study the link between the functions of moonlighting proteins and disease. We found a large number of moonlighting functions activated by pathological conditions that are highly involved in disease development and progression. The factors that activate some moonlighting functions take place only in pathological conditions, such as specific cellular translocations or changes in protein structure. Some moonlighting functions are involved in disease promotion while others are involved in curbing it. The disease-impairing moonlighting functions attempt to restore the homeostasis, or to reduce the damage linked to the imbalance caused by the disease. The disease-promoting moonlighting functions primarily involve the immune system, mesenchyme cross-talk, or excessive tissue proliferation. We often find moonlighting functions linked to the canonical function in a pathological context. Moonlighting functions are especially coordinated in inflammation and cancer. Wound healing and epithelial to mesenchymal transition are very representative. They involve multiple moonlighting proteins with a different role in each phase of the process, contributing to the current-phase phenotype or promoting a phase switch, mitigating the damage or intensifying the remodeling. All of this implies a new level of complexity in the study of pathology genesis, progression, and treatment. The specific protein function involved in a patient's progress or that is affected by a drug must be elucidated for the correct treatment of diseases.
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Liu X, Tang Z, Jiang X, Wang T, Zhao L, Xu Z, Liu K. Cyclophilin A/CD147 signaling induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis in chronic allograft dysfunction by regulating p38 MAPK signaling. Ren Fail 2022; 44:1585-1594. [PMID: 36203223 PMCID: PMC9553177 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2126788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Our study was designed to explore the role of Cyclophilin A (CyPA)/CD147 signaling in renal allograft fibrosis and chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD). Materials and methods A rat renal transplant model with significant CAD was successfully achieved. Renal allograft tissues and blood samples were collected. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson’s, and immunohistochemistry staining were performed. Since CD147 is mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cells, human HK-2 cells were used and intervened by specific concentrations of CyPA, and the total protein and mRNA were extracted. Western blot assay and polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore the protein and mRNA expression of CyPA, CD147, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related biomarkers. SiRNA-CD147 and specific inhibitors of p38 MAPK were used to explore the cellular mechanisms involved in the process. Results We have successfully established and validated a 20-week renal transplant CAD model. We observed significant distributed and expressed CyPA and CD147 in the renal allograft fibrotic tissues. We also found a significant expression of CD147 and EMT-related markers in the HK-2 cells stimulated by CyPA. The CD147 siRNA confirmed the previous in vitro results. The selective inhibition of MAPK suggested the notable role of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in the CyP/CD147 signaling involved in renal allograft fibrosis. Conclusions Our study reported the positive relationship of CyPA-CD147 signaling with renal allograft dysfunction. The in vitro study suggested that CyPA-CD147 signaling induce the development of the EMT process by p38 MAPK signaling, thus contributing to renal allograft fibrosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhong Liu
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Zhiwang Tang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Zongyuan Xu
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Huai'an, China
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Cheng Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Li L, Chen P. Role of MMP-2 and CD147 in kidney fibrosis. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:1182-1190. [PMID: 36185410 PMCID: PMC9482425 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) both play important roles in the development of kidney fibrosis, and CD147 can induce the production and activation of MMP-2. In the early stage of kidney fibrosis, MMP-2 promotes extracellular matrix (ECM) production and accelerates the development of kidney fibrosis, while in the advanced stage, MMP-2 activity decreases, leading to reduced ECM degradation and making it difficult to alleviate kidney fibrosis. The reason for the decrease in MMP-2 activity in the advanced stage is still unclear. On the one hand, it may be related to hypoxia and endocytosis, which lead to changes in the expression of MMP-2-related active regulatory molecules; on the other hand, it may be related to insufficient CD147 function. At present, the specific process by which CD147 is involved in the regulation of MMP-2 activity is not completely clear, and further in-depth studies are needed to clarify the roles of both factors in the pathophysiology of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyuan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ma'anshan People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Southeast University, Hubei Road 45, Huashan District, Ma'anshan 243099, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University, Zhongshan East Road 305, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School, Southeast University, Dingjiaqiao 87, Gulou District, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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Mahaling B, Low SWY, Beck M, Kumar D, Ahmed S, Connor TB, Ahmad B, Chaurasia SS. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Retinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052591. [PMID: 35269741 PMCID: PMC8910759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules released from the extracellular and intracellular space of damaged tissue or dead cells. Recent evidence indicates that DAMPs are associated with the sterile inflammation caused by aging, increased ocular pressure, high glucose, oxidative stress, ischemia, mechanical trauma, stress, or environmental conditions, in retinal diseases. DAMPs activate the innate immune system, suggesting their role to be protective, but may promote pathological inflammation and angiogenesis in response to the chronic insult or injury. DAMPs are recognized by specialized innate immune receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-like receptor family (NLRs), and purine receptor 7 (P2X7), in systemic diseases. However, studies describing the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders are meager. Here, we extensively reviewed the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders, including endophthalmitis, uveitis, glaucoma, ocular cancer, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and inherited retinal disorders. Finally, we discussed DAMPs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and therapeutic agents for retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binapani Mahaling
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Shermaine W. Y. Low
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Molly Beck
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Simrah Ahmed
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Thomas B. Connor
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-955-2050
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The Effects of EMMPRIN/CD147 on Late Function and Histopathological Lesions of the Renal Graft. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020232. [PMID: 35205098 PMCID: PMC8869741 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study provided innovatory data regarding the role of EMMPRIN in long-term renal graft function and renal biopsy specimens in the form of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy. The main cause of renal fibrosis is identified to be the activation and accumulation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the interstitium, surrounded by increased amounts of extracellular matrix, and EMMPRIN has been proposed as a contributor factor. The study has evidenced that EMMPRIN displays adverse effects on renal graft survival in terms of the frequent occurrence of DGF, poorer short-term and long-term renal graft function, more profound fibrotic lesions in biopsy specimens, and the degree of proteinuria. This represents an opportunity for more accurate prediction of the post-transplant period and early, non-invasive detection of kidney graft dysfunction. Future studies need to further investigate the clinical significance of the presented results. Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with renal fibrosis, and develops with the participation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts from epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In cancer research, the key role of the glycoprotein CD147/EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) in EMT has been proven. In this study, we evaluate how serum CD147/EMMPRIN affects long-term renal graft function and renal biopsy specimen lesions. In total, 49 renal graft recipients who had a renal biopsy within the last 18 months were retrospectively reviewed. At their most recent appointments, their serum concentrations of CD147/EMMPRIN and renal function were assessed. The occurrence of delayed graft function (DGF), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1-year post-kidney transplantation (Tx) and the subsequent years of the follow-up period, and renal biopsy specimen lesions, mainly those related to renal fibrosis and tubular atrophy, were also evaluated. Results: CD147/EMMPRIN serum concentration correlated negatively with eGFR at the most recent appointment (ME 69 months) and with eGFR at 1 and 2 years after Tx (p < 0.05, R = −0.69, R = −0.39, and R = −0.40, respectively). CD147/EMMPRIN serum levels correlated positively with urine protein concentrations (p < 0.05, R = 0.73). A positive correlation was further found with the severity of renal biopsy specimen lesions such as interstitial fibrosis (CI), tubular atrophy (CT), double contours of the GBM (CG), mesangial matrix expansion (MM), and arteriolar hyalinosis (AH) (p < 0.05, R = 0.39, R = 0.29, R = 0.41, R = 0.32 and R = 0.40, respectively). Patients with a history of DGF had higher CD147/EMMPRIN serum concentrations (<0.05). Conclusions: CD147/EMMPRIN is linked to poorer long-term renal graft function. Additionally, a high serum concentration of CD147/EMMPRIN affects interstitial fibrosis tubular atrophy (IF/TA) lesions and proteinuria.
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Fenizia C, Galbiati S, Vanetti C, Vago R, Clerici M, Tacchetti C, Daniele T. SARS-CoV-2 Entry: At the Crossroads of CD147 and ACE2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061434. [PMID: 34201214 PMCID: PMC8226513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the viral agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses Spike proteins are responsible for their ability to interact with host membrane receptors and different proteins have been identified as SARS-CoV-2 interactors, among which Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Basigin2/EMMPRIN/CD147 (CD147). CD147 plays an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. In particular, SARS-CoV recognizes the CD147 receptor expressed on the surface of host cells by its nucleocapsid protein binding to cyclophilin A (CyPA), a ligand for CD147. However, the involvement of CD147 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still debated. Interference with both the function (blocking antibody) and the expression (knock down) of CD147 showed that this receptor partakes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provided additional clues on the underlying mechanism: CD147 binding to CyPA does not play a role; CD147 regulates ACE2 levels and both receptors are affected by virus infection. Altogether, these findings suggest that CD147 is involved in SARS-CoV-2 tropism and represents a possible therapeutic target to challenge COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Milano University Medical School, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Galbiati
- Complication of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Milano University Medical School, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Cancer Imaging Unit, Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- Cancer Imaging Unit, Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (T.D.)
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Cyclophilin Inhibition Protects Against Experimental Acute Kidney Injury and Renal Interstitial Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010271. [PMID: 33383945 PMCID: PMC7795230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins have important homeostatic roles, but following tissue injury, cyclophilin A (CypA) can promote leukocyte recruitment and inflammation, while CypD can facilitate mitochondrial-dependent cell death. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of a selective cyclophilin inhibitor (GS-642362), which does not block calcineurin function, in mouse models of tubular cell necrosis and renal fibrosis. Mice underwent bilateral renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and were killed 24 h later: treatment with 10 or 30 mg/kg/BID GS-642362 (or vehicle) began 1 h before surgery. In the second model, mice underwent unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) surgery and were killed 7 days later; treatment with 10 or 30 mg/kg/BID GS-642362 (or vehicle) began 1 h before surgery. GS-642362 treatment gave a profound and dose-dependent protection from acute renal failure in the IRI model. This protection was associated with reduced tubular cell death, including a dramatic reduction in neutrophil infiltration. In the UUO model, GS-642362 treatment significantly reduced tubular cell death, macrophage infiltration, and renal fibrosis. This protective effect was independent of the upregulation of IL-2 and activation of the stress-activated protein kinases (p38 and JNK). In conclusion, GS-642362 was effective in suppressing both acute kidney injury and renal fibrosis. These findings support further investigation of cyclophilin blockade in other types of acute and chronic kidney disease.
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Himbert D, Zeuschner P, Ayoubian H, Heinzelmann J, Stöckle M, Junker K. Characterization of CD147, CA9, and CD70 as Tumor-Specific Markers on Extracellular Vesicles in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10121034. [PMID: 33276608 PMCID: PMC7761541 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by healthy and tumor cells and are involved in cell–cell communication. Tumor-released EVs could represent a new class of biomarkers from liquid biopsies. The aim of this study was to identify tumor-specific EV markers in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) using cell lines and patient-derived tissue samples. EVs from ccRCC cell lines (786-O, RCC53, Caki1, and Caki2) and patient tissues were isolated via ultracentrifugation. EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting using exosome and putative tumor markers (epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9), CD70, CD147). The tumor markers were verified using immunohistochemistry. CA9 was expressed in Caki2 cells and EVs, and CD147 was found in the cells and EVs of all tested ccRCC cell lines. In tumor tissues, we found an increased expression of CA9, CD70, and CD147 were increased in cell lysates and EV fractions compared to normal tissues. In contrast, EpCAM was heterogeneously expressed in tumor samples and positive in normal tissue. To conclude, we developed an effective technique to isolate EVs directly from human tissue samples with high purity and high concentration. In contrast to EpCAM, CA9, CD70, and CD147 could represent promising markers to identify tumor-specific EVs in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Himbert
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; (D.H.); (P.Z.); (H.A.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Philip Zeuschner
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; (D.H.); (P.Z.); (H.A.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Hiresh Ayoubian
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; (D.H.); (P.Z.); (H.A.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Joana Heinzelmann
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; (D.H.); (P.Z.); (H.A.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michael Stöckle
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; (D.H.); (P.Z.); (H.A.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; (D.H.); (P.Z.); (H.A.); (J.H.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Sokolowska M, Lukasik ZM, Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis D, Akdis M, Barcik W, Brough HA, Eiwegger T, Eljaszewicz A, Eyerich S, Feleszko W, Gomez‐Casado C, Hoffmann‐Sommergruber K, Janda J, Jiménez‐Saiz R, Jutel M, Knol EF, Kortekaas Krohn I, Kothari A, Makowska J, Moniuszko M, Morita H, O'Mahony L, Nadeau K, Ozdemir C, Pali‐Schöll I, Palomares O, Papaleo F, Prunicki M, Schmidt‐Weber CB, Sediva A, Schwarze J, Shamji MH, Tramper‐Stranders GA, Veen W, Untersmayr E. Immunology of COVID-19: Mechanisms, clinical outcome, diagnostics, and perspectives-A report of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Allergy 2020; 75:2445-2476. [PMID: 32584441 PMCID: PMC7361752 DOI: 10.1111/all.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide spread of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) resulting in declaration of a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, the SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has become one of the main challenges of our times. The high infection rate and the severe disease course led to major safety and social restriction measures worldwide. There is an urgent need of unbiased expert knowledge guiding the development of efficient treatment and prevention strategies. This report summarizes current immunological data on mechanisms associated with the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 development and progression to the most severe forms. We characterize the differences between adequate innate and adaptive immune response in mild disease and the deep immune dysfunction in the severe multiorgan disease. The similarities of the human immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and the SARS‐CoV and MERS‐CoV are underlined. We also summarize known and potential SARS‐CoV‐2 receptors on epithelial barriers, immune cells, endothelium and clinically involved organs such as lung, gut, kidney, cardiovascular, and neuronal system. Finally, we discuss the known and potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of comorbidities, gender, and age in development of COVID‐19. Consequently, we highlight the knowledge gaps and urgent research requirements to provide a quick roadmap for ongoing and needed COVID‐19 studies.
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14
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Basigin-CyP elevated porcine circovirus type2 replication. Virus Res 2020; 289:198152. [PMID: 32896569 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type2 (PCV2) is a member of the circoviridae family. PCV2 was identified as the main pathogen of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in weaned piglets and causes massive economic loss. Basigin, is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; which is also a receptor for cyclophilins. CyP belongs to the immunophilin family that has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. Basigin-CyP interaction affects the replication stages of several viruses. In this study, we found that Basigin could elevate the replication of PCV2, and the Basigin only affected the replication stage rather than adsorption or endocytosis stages. In addition, the ligands of Basigin, CyPA and CyPB also elevated the replication of PCV2. Basigin-CyP interation was necessary for elevating PCV2 replication; At last, CyPs were proved to promote the replication of PCV2 by activating ERK signaling.
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Hu H, Jiang J, Chen Q, Wei S, Liu M, Chen X, Fan C, Ma J, Chen W, Wang X, Zhong M. Cyclophilin A inhibits trophoblast migration and invasion in vitro and vivo through p38/ERK/JNK pathways and causes features of preeclampsia in mice. Life Sci 2020; 261:118351. [PMID: 32858039 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Numerous studies suggest that excessive maternal inflammation and defective extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion could contribute to the development of preeclampsia (PE), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Some evidence suggests that CyPA is elevated in PE. This research aims to investigate the effect of recombinant human CyPA on trophoblast migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS We detected the expression and localization of CyPA in human placenta and explored the effects of CyPA on cell migration and invasion on HTR8/SVneo cell. Additionally, the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 and molecules in the p38/ERK/JNK signaling pathway were detected. We established a mouse model by injecting pregnant mice with recombinant human CyPA and measured blood pressure, albumin/creatinine ratio, fetal and placenta weight of mice. Moreover, we examined the placental histology and MMP-2/9 and p38/ERK/JNK expression. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that CyPA inhibited the migration and invasion of HTR8/SVneo cells in a dose-dependent manner, decreasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 and molecules in the p38/ERK/JNK signaling pathway. Silencing CyPA could reverse the above effects. Moreover, CyPA could induce PE-like features in pregnant mice and disrupt the structure of the mouse placenta by reducing the junctional zone area. CyPA attenuated the trophoblast invasiveness in mice placenta by downregulating MMP-2/9 expression and p38/ERK/JNK pathway activity. SIGNIFICANCE We proposed that CyPA could inhibit trophoblast migration and invasion both in vitro and in vivo, which was involved in PE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayi Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songren Wei
- Department of Neuropharmacology and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, China
| | - Mian Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuixia Fan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mei Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang T, Li H, Wang K, Xu B, Chen ZN, Bian H. Deficiency of CD147 Attenuated Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Progression in an NLRP3-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:784. [PMID: 32903542 PMCID: PMC7438480 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD147 overexpression has been reported to facilitate the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and influence immunologic disorders. Although increased expression of CD147 was reported in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), functions of CD147 in NASH have not been evaluated. Firstly, we confirmed that CD147 expression was increased in the liver tissues from methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH model mice and NASH patients. Mice with hepatocyte-specific CD147 deletion exhibited attenuated NASH phenotypes, including reduced steatosis, liver injury, hepatocyte apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β/IL-18 secretion. Following the administration of the MCD diet, NLRP3 expression was increased gradually along with CD147 expression. Furthermore, CD147 deletion inhibited the NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway in both MCD diet-induced mice and primary hepatocytes. Finally, CypA inhibitor TMN355 attenuated liver steatosis and injury and inhibited NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Therefore, our results suggest that CD147 played a vital role in NASH pathogenesis by regulating the inflammatory response, and CypA/CD147 could be attractive therapeutic targets for NASH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Bian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Cyclophilin A Promotes Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury but Not in Renal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103667. [PMID: 32455976 PMCID: PMC7279441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a highly abundant protein in the cytoplasm of most mammalian cells. Beyond its homeostatic role in protein folding, CypA is a Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern which can promote inflammation during tissue injury. However, the role of CypA in kidney disease is largely unknown. This study investigates the contribution of CypA in two different types of kidney injury: acute tubular necrosis and progressive interstitial fibrosis. CypA (Ppia) gene deficient and wild type (WT) littermate controls underwent bilateral renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and were killed 24 h later or underwent left unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) and were killed 7 days later. In the IRI model, CypA−/− mice showed substantial protection against the loss of renal function and from tubular cell damage and death. This was attributed to a significant reduction in neutrophil and macrophage infiltration since CypA−/− tubular cells were not protected from oxidant-induced cell death in vitro. In the UUO model, CypA−/− mice were not protected from leukocyte infiltration or renal interstitial fibrosis. In conclusion, CypA promotes inflammation and acute kidney injury in renal IRI, but does not contribute to inflammation or interstitial fibrosis in a model of progressive kidney fibrosis.
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Cyclophilin A/EMMPRIN Axis Is Involved in Pro-Fibrotic Processes Associated with Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm of Marfan Syndrome Patients. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010154. [PMID: 31936351 PMCID: PMC7016677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disease, characterized by thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), which treatment is to date purely surgical. Understanding of novel molecular targets is mandatory to unveil effective pharmacological approaches. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) and its receptor EMMPRIN are associated with several cardiovascular diseases, including abdominal aortic aneurysm. Here, we envisioned the contribution of CyPA/EMMPRIN axis in MFS-related TAA. Methods: We obtained thoracic aortic samples from healthy controls (HC) and MFS patients’ aortas and then isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from the aortic wall. Results: our findings revealed that MFS aortic tissue samples isolated from the dilated zone of aorta showed higher expression levels of EMMPRIN vs. MFS non-dilated aorta and HC. Interestingly, angiotensin II significantly stimulated CyPA secretion in MFS-derived VSMC (MFS-VSMC). CyPA treatment on MFS-VSMC led to increased levels of EMMPRIN and other MFS-associated pro-fibrotic mediators, such as TGF-β1 and collagen I. These molecules were downregulated by in vitro treatment with CyPA inhibitor MM284. Our results suggest that CyPA/EMMPRIN axis is involved in MFS-related TAA development, since EMMPRIN is upregulated in the dilated zone of MFS patients’ TAA and the inhibition of its ligand, CyPA, downregulated EMMPRIN and MFS-related markers in MFS-VSMC. Conclusions: these insights suggest both a novel detrimental role for CyPA/EMMPRIN axis and its inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for MFS-related TAA treatment.
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Anti-thymic stromal lymphopoietin antibody suppresses airway remodeling in asthma through reduction of MMP and CTGF. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:181-187. [PMID: 30464333 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) mediates immune reaction in patients with asthma. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are inflammatory mediators whose responses to the anti-TSLP antibody are unknown. This study examined the effect of an anti-TSLP antibody on MMP, CTGF, TGF-β, and airway structural changes in airway remodeling in asthma. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into phosphate-buffered-saline-challenged (PBS), ovalbumin-challenged (OVA), and ovalbumin-challenged with anti-TSLP antibody (OVA + anti-TSLP) groups. Airway responsiveness and serum ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E were measured. Differential cell counts and MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Airway structural changes were quantified using morphometric analysis and presentation by immunohistochemistry staining. Lung CTGF, TGF-β, and TSLP were analyzed using western blot. RESULTS Airway responsiveness was significantly lower in OVA + anti-TSLP and PBS groups than in OVA group. Airway structural changes exhibited less smooth muscle thickness in OVA + anti-TSLP and PBS groups than in OVA group. MMP-2 and MMP-9 in BALF and CTGF, TGF-β, and TSLP in lungs significantly decreased in OVA + anti-TSLP and PBS groups compared with OVA group. CONCLUSION Anti-TSLP antibody exerts the preventive effect of decreasing airway structural changes through reduction of MMP, TGF-β, and CTGF in airway remodeling of asthma.
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Chiu PF, Su SL, Tsai CC, Wu CL, Kuo CL, Kor CT, Chang CC, Liu CS. Cyclophilin A and CD147 associate with progression of diabetic nephropathy. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1456-1463. [PMID: 30572748 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1523545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To find the associations of circulating cyclophilin A (CyP A) and CD147/EMMPRIN with renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients and possible pathogenesis involved. Total 131 patients were recruited since 2004. Glycated hemoglobin, blood glucose and urine albumin-creatinine ratio levels at baseline and every 3 months were measured. Plasma CyP A and CD147 were also measured at baseline. Patients were divided into two groups based upon the median level of the baseline plasma CyP A value: < 93.64 ng/mL (group A, n = 65), ≥ 93.64 ng/mL (group B, n = 66). The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated at each follow-up visit. Besides, mitochondrial function assay by cellular mitochondrial energy utility was studied when cells were exposed to glucose or exogenous CyP A or both. Multivariate analysis, using median level (93.64) ng/mL as the cut-off value, revealed that circulating CyP A and CD147 levels at baseline were associated with the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (p = .042 and p = .001 separately) in cross-sectional analysis. Longitudinally, higher baseline plasma CyP A level was also correlated to a rapid decline in eGFR (p = .016). The results were also significant when using the continuous plasma CyP A level (p = .003). In cells exposed to glucose, results of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) showed a significant reduction in basal respiration, maximal respiration and ATP production. Depressed OCR further occurred when incubated with both of CyP A and glucose. Plasma CyP A and CD147 can serve as indicators of renal disease progression in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Fang Chiu
- a School of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,c Vascular & Genomic Research Center , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,d Center of General Education , Tunghai University , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Li Su
- c Vascular & Genomic Research Center , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,d Center of General Education , Tunghai University , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Tsai
- b Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- b Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ling Kuo
- c Vascular & Genomic Research Center , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Chew-Teng Kor
- e Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine , Diabetes Education Center, Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- a School of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,f Internal Medicine Research Center , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Liu
- a School of Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,c Vascular & Genomic Research Center , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,g Department of Neurology , Changhua Christian Hospital , Changhua , Taiwan.,h Graduate Institute of Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine , China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
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Zhang M, Tang J, Yin J, Wang X, Feng X, Yang X, Shan H, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Li Y. The clinical implication of serum cyclophilin A in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:357-363. [PMID: 29403273 PMCID: PMC5783015 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s152898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is a secreted molecule that is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. Although inflammation has an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), little is known regarding the relationship between serum CyPA and COPD. Methods Ninety-three COPD patients with acute exacerbation were enrolled in the study and were reassessed during the convalescence phase. Eighty-eight controls were matched for age, gender, body mass index, smoking index and comorbidity. The basic clinical information and pulmonary function of all participants were collected. Serum levels of CyPA and other inflammation indexes were further measured. Results Serum CyPA was significantly increased in convalescent COPD patients compared to healthy controls, and further elevated in COPD patients with acute exacerbation. Serum CyPA positively correlated with serum interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in both the exacerbation and convalescence phases of COPD. Furthermore, it negatively correlated with percent value of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%) predicted and FEV1/forced vital capacity in convalescent COPD patients. Conclusion These results suggest that serum CyPA can be used as a potential inflammatory biomarker for COPD and assessment of serum CyPA may reflect the severity of inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Jingjing Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Jiafeng Yin
- Department of Laboratory Examination, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Health Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Hu Shan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an
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Chen J, Li N, Lian P, Wang J, Li P, Gong Z, Jiang L. Interaction of cyclophilin A with a novel binding protein, SR-25, and characterization of their expression pattern in Chinese hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Oncol Lett 2017; 12:5254-5260. [PMID: 28105234 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin (Cyp) A has been reported to be overexpressed in the majority of cancer cells, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the biological functions of CypA in HCC are far from being understood. To determine the biological functions of CypA in HCC, the present study screened human fetal liver complementary DNA for proteins interacting with CypA using the yeast two-hybrid system. A nuclear protein, serine/arginine-rich (SR)-25, was isolated as a novel CypA-binding protein that is distinct from those previously described in the literature. Binding assays and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the physical association between CypA and SR-25. The present study demonstrated that CypA may interact with SR-25 through its peptidyl-prolyl isomerase domain. In addition, CypA may induce the expression of SR-25 in Hep3B cells. The messenger RNA levels of CypA and SR-25 in HCC indicated that there was a significant correlation between the expression of CypA and the expression of SR-25 in HCC. It can be speculated that the interaction between CypA and SR-25 proteins may be involved in potential carcinogenic functions of CypA in HCC. Further studies will focus on elucidating in detail the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between CypA and SR-25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China; Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Peiwen Lian
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohua Gong
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Tsai SF, Hsieh CC, Wu MJ, Chen CH, Lin TH, Hsieh M. Novel findings of secreted cyclophilin A in diabetic nephropathy and its association with renal protection of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 463:181-192. [PMID: 27823952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous clinical indicated that urinary cyclophilin A was a good marker for diabetic nephropathy. METHODS We used animal and cell models of diabetic nephropathy to examine the role of cyclophilin A in disease progression. RESULTS Significantly increased urinary cyclophilin A could be detected in db/db at the 8th week. Linagliptin (3mg/kg/day and 15mg/kg/day) could suppress urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine at the 8th and 16th week but only the high dose Linagliption could suppress cyclophilin A at the 8th week. Compared to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, cyclophilin A was a stronger, earlier, and more sensitive marker. Immunohistochemical staining for cyclophilin A was also positive for db/db. In cell studies, oxidative stress and hyperglycemia could stimulate MES-13 and HK-2 cells to secrete cyclophilin A. Hyperglycemia stimulated HK-2 cells to secrete TGFβ1, which caused secretion of cyclophilin A. The secreted cyclophilin A further stimulated CD 147 to move outward from cytosol onto cell membrane in confocal microscopy, which was associated with the p38 MAPK pathway in the downstream. CONCLUSIONS Secreted cyclophilin A may play an important role in diabetic nephropathy in the mouse model and is associated with TGFβ1, CD 147, and the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Feng Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Departments of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chi Hsieh
- Departments of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Departments of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hui Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Mingli Hsieh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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24
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Heng B, Ding H, Ren H, Shi L, Chen J, Wu X, Lai C, Yu G, Xu Y, Su Z. Diagnostic Performance of Fas Ligand mRNA Expression for Acute Rejection after Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165628. [PMID: 27812144 PMCID: PMC5094747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The value of Fas ligand (FASL) as a diagnostic immune marker for acute renal rejection is controversial; this meta-analysis aimed to clarify the role of FASL in acute renal rejection. Methods The relevant literature was included by systematic searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Accuracy data for acute rejection (AR) and potential confounding variables (the year of publication, area, sample source, quantitative techniques, housekeeping genes, fluorescence staining, sample collection time post-renal transplantation, and clinical classification of AR) were extracted after carefully reviewing the studies. Data were analyzed by Meta-DiSc 1.4, RevMan 5.0, and the Midas module in Stata 11.0 software. Results Twelve relevant studies involving 496 subjects were included. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (LR), negative LR, and diagnostic odds ratio, together with the 95% CI were 0.64 (0.57–0.70), 0.90 (0.85–0.93), 5.66 (3.51–9.11), 0.30 (0.16–0.54), and 30.63 (14.67–63.92), respectively. The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.9389. Fagan’s nomogram showed that the probability of AR episodes in the kidney transplant recipient increased from 15% to 69% when FASL was positive, and was reduced to 4% when FASL was negative. No threshold effect, sensitivity analyses, meta-regression, and subgroup analyses based on the potential variables had a significant statistical change for heterogeneity. Conclusions Current evidence suggests the diagnostic potential for FASL mRNA detection as a reliable immune marker for AR in renal allograft recipients. Further large, multicenter, prospective studies are needed to validate the power of this test marker in the non-invasive diagnosis of AR after renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoli Heng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongwen Ding
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haolin Ren
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Shi
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Wu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiyong Lai
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganshen Yu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin Xu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexuan Su
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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25
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Sánchez JA, Alfonso A, Rodriguez I, Alonso E, Cifuentes JM, Bermudez R, Rateb ME, Jaspars M, Houssen WE, Ebel R, Tabudravu J, Botana LM. Spongionella Secondary Metabolites, Promising Modulators of Immune Response through CD147 Receptor Modulation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:452. [PMID: 27822214 PMCID: PMC5075563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the immune system can have multiple applications such as cancer treatment, and a wide type of processes involving inflammation where the potent chemotactic agent cyclophilin A (Cyp A) is implicated. The Porifera phylum, in which Spongionella is encompassed, is the main producer of marine bioactive compounds. Four secondary metabolites obtained from Spongionella (Gracilin H, A, L, and Tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1) were described to hit Cyp A and to block the release of inflammation mediators. Based on these results, some role of Spongionella compounds on other steps of the signaling pathway mediated by this chemotactic agent can be hypothesized. In the present paper, we studied the effect of these four compounds on the surface membrane CD147 receptor expression, on the extracellular levels of Cyp A and on the ability to migrate of concanavalin (Con A)-activated T lymphocytes. Similar to a well-known immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA), Gracilin H, A, L, and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 were able to reduce the CD147 membrane expression and to block the release of Cyp A to the medium. Besides, by using Cyp A as chemotactic agent, T cell migration was inhibited when cells were previously incubated with Gracilin A and Gracilin L. These positive results lead us to test the in vivo effect of Gracilin H and L in a mouse ear delayed hypersensitive reaction. Thus, both compounds efficiently reduce the ear swelling as well as the inflammatory cell infiltration. These results provide more evidences for their potential therapeutic application in immune-related diseases of Spongionella compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Andoni Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Ines Rodriguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - José Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Roberto Bermudez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland , UK
| | - Wael E Houssen
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland , UK
| | - Jioji Tabudravu
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland , UK
| | - Luís M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
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