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Yusoff NA, Abd Hamid Z, Budin SB, Taib IS. Linking Benzene, in Utero Carcinogenicity and Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches: A Mechanistic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076335. [PMID: 37047305 PMCID: PMC10094243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research reported that prolonged benzene exposure during in utero fetal development causes greater fetal abnormalities than in adult-stage exposure. This phenomenon increases the risk for disease development at the fetal stage, particularly carcinogenesis, which is mainly associated with hematological malignancies. Benzene has been reported to potentially act via multiple modes of action that target the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) niche, a complex microenvironment in which HSCs and multilineage hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) reside. Oxidative stress, chromosomal aberration and epigenetic modification are among the known mechanisms mediating benzene-induced genetic and epigenetic modification in fetal stem cells leading to in utero carcinogenesis. Hence, it is crucial to monitor exposure to carcinogenic benzene via environmental, occupational or lifestyle factors among pregnant women. Benzene is a well-known cause of adult leukemia. However, proof of benzene involvement with childhood leukemia remains scarce despite previously reported research linking incidences of hematological disorders and maternal benzene exposure. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has shown that maternal benzene exposure is able to alter the developmental and functional properties of HSPCs, leading to hematological disorders in fetus and children. Since HSPCs are parental blood cells that regulate hematopoiesis during the fetal and adult stages, benzene exposure that targets HSPCs may induce damage to the population and trigger the development of hematological diseases. Therefore, the mechanism of in utero carcinogenicity by benzene in targeting fetal HSPCs is the primary focus of this review.
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Das U, Shanavas S, Nagendra AH, Kar B, Roy N, Vardhan S, Sahoo SK, Panda D, Bose B, Paira P. Luminescent 11-{Naphthalen-1-yl}dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine-Based Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) Complexes for HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Stem Cell Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:410-424. [PMID: 36638050 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to a number of unpleasant considerations, marketed drugs have steadily lost their importance in the treatment of cancer. In order to find a viable cancer cell diagnostic agent, we therefore focused on metal complexes that displayed target adequacy, permeability to cancer cells, high standard water solubility, cytoselectivity, and luminescent behavior. In this aspect, luminescent 11-{naphthalen-1-yl} dipyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine based Ru(II)/Ir(III)/Re(I) complexes have been prepared for HCT-116 colorectal cancer stem cell therapy. Our study successfully established the possible cytotoxicity of IrL complex at different doses on HCT-116 colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSCs). Additionally, an immunochemistry analysis of the complex IrL showed that the molecule was subcellularly localized in the nucleus and other regions of the cytoplasm, where it caused nuclear DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction. The level of BAX and Bcl-2 was further quantified by qRT-PCR. The expression of proapoptotic BAX showed increased expression in the complex IrL-treated cell compared to the control, indicating the potential of complex IrL for apoptotic induction. Upon further validation, complex IrL was developed as an inhibitor of autophagy for the eradication of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shanooja Shanavas
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Apoorva H Nagendra
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Binoy Kar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nilmadhab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Seshu Vardhan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) Ichchanath, Surat 395007, Gujrat, India
| | - Suban K Sahoo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT) Ichchanath, Surat 395007, Gujrat, India
| | - Debashis Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (Institute of National Importance (GOI Act. 54/2007), Jais 229304, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bipasha Bose
- Department Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Centre, Institution Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamilnadu, India
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Partha DB, Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Huang Y. Global preterm births attributable to BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156390. [PMID: 35654176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term exposure to toxic volatile organic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), is associated with preterm births (PTB). However, global PTB attributable to long-term BTEX exposure has not been reported in the literature yet. In this study, we employed a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System coupled with chemistry), in conjunction with an epidemiological model, to quantify the global country-specific PTB associated with long-term BTEX exposure at the horizontal resolution of 1 km × 1 km for the year 2015. Model simulated surface annual mean BTEX concentrations in GEOS-Chem have been thoroughly evaluated against global in-situ observations, which demonstrated that model simulated BTEX concentrations fairly agreed with observations but tended to be underestimated in India. Our study found that the global annual total PTB attributable to BTEX was 2.01 million [95% confidence interval (95CI): 1.16-2.70 million] in 2015, with largest contributions from India (28.3%), followed by China (27.5%), Pakistan (6.2%), Indonesia (4.2%), Bangladesh (3.7%) and United States (2.3%). The global annual total PTB due to BTEX exposure accounted for 19.6% (95CI: 11.3-26.4%) relative to the global annual total all-cause PTB (10.24 million) in 2015. Our study has significant implications on air pollution mitigation policy associated with country-specific anthropogenic BTEX emission reductions to achieve the benefit of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debatosh B Partha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Andrea E Cassidy-Bushrow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Response to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yaoxian Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Evaluating Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Responses Induced by Low-Level VOCs in Zebrafish: Benzene as an Example. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070351. [PMID: 35878256 PMCID: PMC9324908 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Urban environments are plagued by complex mixtures of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as mixtures of benzene, toluene, ethylene, and xylene (BTEX). Sources of BTEX that drive human exposure include vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, off-gassing of building material, as well as oil spillage and leakage. Among the BTEX mixture, benzene is the most volatile compound and has been linked to numerous adverse health outcomes. However, few studies have focused on the effects of low-level benzene on exposure during early development, which is a susceptible window when hematological, immune, metabolic, and detoxification systems are immature. In this study, we used zebrafish to conduct a VOC exposure model and evaluated phenotypic and transcriptomic responses following 0.1 and 1 ppm benzene exposure during the first five days of embryogenesis (n = 740 per treatment). The benzene body burden was 2 mg/kg in 1 ppm-exposed larval zebrafish pools and under the detection limit in 0.1 ppm-exposed fish. No observable phenotypic changes were found in both larvae except for significant skeletal deformities in 0.1 ppm-exposed fish (p = 0.01) compared with unexposed fish. Based on transcriptomic responses, 1 ppm benzene dysregulated genes that were implicated with the development of hematological system, and the regulation of oxidative stress response, fatty acid metabolism, immune system, and inflammatory response, including apob, nfkbiaa, serpinf1, foxa1, cyp2k6, and cyp2n13 from the cytochrome P450 gene family. Key genes including pik3c2b, pltp, and chia.2 were differentially expressed in both 1 and 0.1 ppm exposures. However, fewer transcriptomic changes were induced by 0.1 ppm compared with 1 ppm. Future studies are needed to determine if these transcriptomic responses during embryogenesis have long-term consequences at levels equal to or lower than 1 ppm.
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Epigenetic Effects of Benzene in Hematologic Neoplasms: The Altered Gene Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102392. [PMID: 34069279 PMCID: PMC8156840 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Benzene is produced by diverse petroleum transformation processes and it is widely employed in industry despite its oncogenic effects. In fact, occupational exposure to benzene may cause hematopoietic malignancy. The leukemogenic action of benzene is particularly complex. Possible processes of onset of hematological malignancies have been recognized as a genotoxic action and the provocation of immunosuppression. However, benzene can induce modifications that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence, the so-called epigenetics changes. Acquired epigenetic modification may also induce leukemogenesis, as benzene may alter nuclear receptors, and cause changes at the protein level, thereby modifying the function of regulatory proteins, including oncoproteins and tumor suppressor proteins. Abstract Benzene carcinogenic ability has been reported, and chronic exposure to benzene can be one of the risk elements for solid cancers and hematological neoplasms. Benzene is acknowledged as a myelotoxin, and it is able to augment the risk for the onset of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, aplastic anemia, and lymphomas. Possible mechanisms of benzene initiation of hematological tumors have been identified, as a genotoxic effect, an action on oxidative stress and inflammation and the provocation of immunosuppression. However, it is becoming evident that genetic alterations and the other causes are insufficient to fully justify several phenomena that influence the onset of hematologic malignancies. Acquired epigenetic alterations may participate with benzene leukemogenesis, as benzene may affect nuclear receptors, and provoke post-translational alterations at the protein level, thereby touching the function of regulatory proteins, comprising oncoproteins and tumor suppressor proteins. DNA hypomethylation correlates with stimulation of oncogenes, while the hypermethylation of CpG islands in promoter regions of specific tumor suppressor genes inhibits their transcription and stimulates the onset of tumors. The discovery of the systems of epigenetic induction of benzene-caused hematological tumors has allowed the possibility to operate with pharmacological interventions able of stopping or overturning the negative effects of benzene.
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Koshko L, Debarba LK, Sacla M, de Lima JBM, Didyuk O, Fakhoury P, Sadagurski M. In Utero Maternal Benzene Exposure Predisposes to the Metabolic Imbalance in the Offspring. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:252-261. [PMID: 33502539 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemicals play a significant role in the development of metabolic disorders, especially when exposure occurs early in life. We have recently demonstrated that benzene exposure, at concentrations relevant to cigarette smoke, induces a severe metabolic imbalance in a sex-specific manner affecting male but not female mice. However, the roles of benzene in the development of aberrant metabolic outcomes following gestational exposure, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we exposed pregnant C57BL/6JB dams to benzene at 50 ppm or filtered air for 6 h/day from gestational day 0.5 (GD0.5) through GD21 and studied male and female offspring metabolic phenotypes in their adult life. While no changes in body weight or body composition were observed between groups, 4-month-old male and female offspring exhibited reduced parameters of energy homeostasis (VO2, VCO2, and heat production). However, only male offspring from benzene-exposed dams were glucose intolerant and insulin resistant at this age. By 6 months of age, both male and female offspring exhibited marked glucose intolerance however, only male offspring developed severe insulin resistance. This effect was accompanied by elevated insulin secretion and increased beta-cell mass only in male offspring. In support, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance, the index of insulin resistance was elevated only in male but not in female offspring. Regardless, both male and female offspring exhibited a considerable increase in hepatic gene expression associated with inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Thus, gestational benzene exposure can predispose offspring to increased susceptibility to the metabolic imbalance in adulthood with differential sensitivity between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Koshko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Lucas K Debarba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Mikaela Sacla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Juliana B M de Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Olesya Didyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Patrick Fakhoury
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Burmeister C, Birbeck J, Chen Y, Lamerato L, Lemke LD, Li J, Mor G, O'Leary BF, Peters RM, Reiners JJ, Sperone FG, Westrick J, Wiewiora E, Straughen JK. Ambient BTEX exposure and mid-pregnancy inflammatory biomarkers in pregnant African American women. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 145:103305. [PMID: 33725526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with preterm birth (PTB), potentially via inflammation. We recently showed the mixture benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) is associated with PTB. We examined if ambient BTEX exposure is associated with mid-pregnancy inflammation in a sample of 140 African-American women residing in Detroit, Michigan. The Geospatial Determinants of Health Outcomes Consortium study collected outdoor air pollution measurements in Detroit; these data were coupled with Michigan Air Sampling Network measurements to develop monthly BTEX concentration estimates at a spatial density of 300 m2. First trimester and mid-pregnancy BTEX exposure estimates were assigned to maternal address. Mid-pregnancy (mean 21.3 ± 3.7 weeks gestation) inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured with enzyme immunoassays. After covariate adjustment, for every 1-unit increase in first trimester BTEX, there was an expected mean increase in log-transformed IL-1β of 0.05 ± 0.02 units (P = 0.014) and an expected mean increase in log-transformed tumor necrosis factor-α of 0.07 ± 0.02 units (P = 0.006). Similarly, for every 1-unit increase in mid-pregnancy BTEX, there was a mean increase in log IL-1β of 0.06 ± 0.03 units (P = 0.027). There was no association of either first trimester or mid-pregnancy BTEX with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-10, or IL-6 (all P > 0.05). Ambient BTEX exposure is associated with inflammation in mid-pregnancy in African-American women. Future studies examining if inflammation mediates associations between BTEX exposure and PTB are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Cassidy-Bushrow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Charlotte Burmeister
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Johnna Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Yalei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Lois Lamerato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Lawrence D Lemke
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Central Michigan University, Brooks Hall 314, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University, 275 E. Hancock, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Brendan F O'Leary
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 2100 Engineering Building, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Rosalind M Peters
- College of Nursing, Wayne State University, 5557 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - John J Reiners
- Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - F Gianluca Sperone
- Department of Environmental Science and Geology, Wayne State University, 4841 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Evan Wiewiora
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jennifer K Straughen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, 1 Ford Place, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, 6135 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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Ufelle S, Onyekwelu K, Chinweoke A, Ibegbu D, Okoli U, Ikekpeazu J. Assessment of hepatic functions, hematopoietic cytokines and haematological parameters in people occupationally exposed to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:567-571. [PMID: 33043855 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1832037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are occupationally exposed to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons through inhalation and ingestion. To access the effect of exposure to volatile hydrocarbons, hematopoietic cytokines, haematological parameters and hepatic functions were assayed for in 100 subjects. Male participants showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in erythropoietin, interleukin-3, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV) and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in mean cell hemoglobin (MCH). Female participants showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in interleukin-3, ALT, AST, ALP, MCHC, MCV and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in MCH, platelets, hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to their controls. Exposure to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons raised the absolute red blood cell indices and liver enzymes and could stimulate combined increase in the release of erythropoietin and interleukin-3 leading to ineffective hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Ufelle
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Kenechukwu Onyekwelu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Aneke Chinweoke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Ibegbu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Uzoamaka Okoli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Joy Ikekpeazu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Cassidy-Bushrow AE, Burmeister C, Lamerato L, Lemke LD, Mathieu M, O'Leary BF, Sperone FG, Straughen JK, Reiners JJ. Prenatal airshed pollutants and preterm birth in an observational birth cohort study in Detroit, Michigan, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109845. [PMID: 32678729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Detroit, Michigan, currently has the highest preterm birth (PTB) rate of large cities in the United States. Disproportionate exposure to ambient air pollutants, including particulate matter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), PM ≤ 10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) may contribute to PTB. Our objective was to examine the association of airshed pollutants with PTB in Detroit, MI. The Geospatial Determinants of Health Outcomes Consortium (GeoDHOC) study collected air pollution measurements at 68 sites in Detroit in September 2008 and June 2009. GeoDHOC data were coupled with 2008-2010 Michigan Air Sampling Network measurements in Detroit to develop monthly ambient air pollution estimates at a spatial density of 300 m2. Using delivery records from two urban hospitals, we established a retrospective birth cohort of births by Detroit women occurring from June 2008 to May 2010. Estimates of air pollutant exposure throughout pregnancy were assigned to maternal address at delivery. Our analytic sample size included 7961 births; 891 (11.2%) were PTB. After covariate adjustment, PM10 (P = 0.003) and BTEX (P < 0.001), but not PM2.5 (P = 0.376) or NO2 (P = 0.582), were statistically significantly associated with PTB. In adjusted models, for every 5-unit increase in PM10 there was a 1.21 times higher odds of PTB (95% CI 1.07, 1.38) and for every 5-unit increase in BTEX there was a 1.54 times higher odds of PTB (95% CI 1.25, 1.89). Consistent with previous studies, higher PM10 was associated with PTB. We also found novel evidence that higher airshed BTEX is associated with PTB. Future studies confirming these associations and examining direct measures of exposure are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Cassidy-Bushrow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | | | - Lois Lamerato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lawrence D Lemke
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | - Maureen Mathieu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University Physicians' Group, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Brendan F O'Leary
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Jennifer K Straughen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - John J Reiners
- Center for Urban Responses to Environmental Stressors, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Impact of Petroleum Exposure on Some Hematological Indices, Interleukin-6, and Inflammatory Markers of Workers at Petroleum Stations in Basra City. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 2020:7693891. [PMID: 32831856 PMCID: PMC7424534 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7693891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Occupational and environmental exposure to several pollutant factors such as petroleum products containing benzene has toxic effects on different body systems. The hematopoietic system and immune system are among the affected systems. This study aims to investigate the effect of benzene exposure on some blood parameters of workers at several fuel stations in Basra city, as well as to reveal if the continuous exposure may induce an inflammatory response, which is reflected by changes in some hematological and inflammatory markers. Methods The study included two groups of males. The first group consists of 72 exposed workers at petrol stations in different locations in the Basra city. The other group is the control group, which consists of 75 nonexposed subjects (students and faculty members of the college). Different hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, MCV, MCHC, and MCH) have been evaluated. Serum concentrations of IL-6 and hs-CRP were estimated in all workers and nonexposed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Data showed significant hematological changes in the exposed workers, and that anemia was a common disorder among them. Furthermore, there was a significant decline in WBC and different types of WBC including lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in the exposed workers. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum levels of interleukin-6 and hs-CRP were significantly higher in exposed workers than in nonexposed. A significant correlation was identified among blood parameters, while a strong inverse correlation was identified between both MCHC and ESR. The most significant inverse correlation was found between RBC and IL-6 and MCH with hs-CRP. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between monocytes and IL-6. Conclusion The changes in all hematology and inflammatory parameters refer to damage in the hematopoietic system due to continuous exposure to vapors of petrol products, which also result in a significant increase in interleukin-6.
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Ma X, Zhang X, Luo J, Liang B, Peng J, Chen C, Guo H, Wang Q, Xing X, Deng Q, Huang H, Liao Q, Chen W, Hu Q, Yu D, Xiao Y. MiR-486-5p-directed MAGI1/Rap1/RASSF5 signaling pathway contributes to hydroquinone-induced inhibition of erythroid differentiation in K562 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 66:104830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis was mediated by phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and beclin1 in benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:772. [PMID: 31601785 PMCID: PMC6787223 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggested that benzene exposure resulted in different types of hematological cancer. Both autophagy and apoptosis were reported to play vital roles in benzene toxicity, but the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis remain unclear in benzene-induced hematotoxicity. In this study, the toxic effect of benzene on autophagy and apoptosis in benzene-exposed workers and in vitro were verified. Results showed that benzene metabolite (1, 4-benzoquinone, 1, 4-BQ) dose-dependently induced autophagy and apoptosis via enhancing phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and beclin1. Finally, we also found that the elevated ROS was in line with enhancing the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and beclin1 which contributed to 1, 4-BQ-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Taken together, this study for the first time found that the effect of 1, 4-BQ on the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis were modulated by the ROS generation via enhancing phosphorylation of Bcl-2(Ser70) and phosphorylation of beclin1(Thr119), which offered a novel insight into underlying molecular mechanisms of benzene-induced hematotoxicity, and specifically how the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis was involved in benzene toxicity. This work provided novel evidence for the toxic effects and risk assessment of benzene.
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Jiang R, Huang H, Lian Z, Hu Z, Lloyd RS, Fang D, Li Y, Xian H, Yuan J, Sha Y, Wang S, Hu D. Exosomal miR-221 derived from hydroquinone-transformed malignant human bronchial epithelial cells is involved in cell viability of recipient cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:224-233. [PMID: 31468561 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
miR-221, an oncogenic microRNA, can promote cell proliferation and is highly expressed in various types of tumors. However, the role of exosomal miR-221 in benzene-caused carcinogenesis remains elusive. Our study was designed to investigate whether exosomes secreted by the hydroquinone (HQ; an active metabolite of benzene)-transformed malignant cells can transmit miR-221 to normal recipient cells and its possible effects on cell viability. Our investigation revealed that expression levels of miR-221 were significantly increased in HQ-transformed malignant cells relative to normal controls. Furthermore, exposure of control cells to exosomes that were derived from HQ-transformed malignant cells increased miR-221 levels and promoted their proliferation. Analyses of the biological potency of exosomes derived from HQ-transformed malignant cells in which miR-221 levels were decreased using an inhibitor, showed that both miR-221 levels and proliferation of recipient cells were decreased, but still were higher than those of normal 16HBE cells. Our study indicates that exosomal miR-221 derived from HQ-transformed malignant human bronchial epithelial cells is involved in the proliferation of recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Jiang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Lian
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuqing Hu
- School of Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daokui Fang
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Xian
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Sha
- Shenzhen Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Institute of Occupational Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sanming Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Dalin Hu
- Department of Environmental Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Duval R, Bui LC, Mathieu C, Nian Q, Berthelet J, Xu X, Haddad I, Vinh J, Dupret JM, Busi F, Guidez F, Chomienne C, Rodrigues-Lima F. Benzoquinone, a leukemogenic metabolite of benzene, catalytically inhibits the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN2 and alters STAT1 signaling. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12483-12494. [PMID: 31248982 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 2 (PTPN2) is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells, where it negatively regulates growth factor and cytokine signaling. PTPN2 is an important regulator of hematopoiesis and immune/inflammatory responses, as evidenced by loss-of-function mutations of PTPN2 in leukemia and lymphoma and knockout mice studies. Benzene is an environmental chemical that causes hematological malignancies, and its hematotoxicity arises from its bioactivation in the bone marrow to electrophilic metabolites, notably 1,4-benzoquinone, a major hematotoxic benzene metabolite. Although the molecular bases for benzene-induced leukemia are not well-understood, it has been suggested that benzene metabolites alter topoisomerases II function and thereby significantly contribute to leukemogenesis. However, several studies indicate that benzene and its hematotoxic metabolites may also promote the leukemogenic process by reacting with other targets and pathways. Interestingly, alterations of cell-signaling pathways, such as Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), have been proposed to contribute to benzene-induced malignant blood diseases. We show here that 1,4-benzoquinone directly impairs PTPN2 activity. Mechanistic and kinetic experiments with purified human PTPN2 indicated that this impairment results from the irreversible formation (k inact = 645 m-1·s-1) of a covalent 1,4-benzoquinone adduct at the catalytic cysteine residue of the enzyme. Accordingly, cell experiments revealed that 1,4-benzoquinone exposure irreversibly inhibits cellular PTPN2 and concomitantly increases tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and expression of STAT1-regulated genes. Our results provide molecular and cellular evidence that 1,4-benzoquinone covalently modifies key signaling enzymes, implicating it in benzene-induced malignant blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Duval
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Linh-Chi Bui
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Mathieu
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Qing Nian
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Ximing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Iman Haddad
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Université, USR 3149, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Joelle Vinh
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Université, USR 3149, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Florent Busi
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guidez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, UMRS 1131, INSERM, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Christine Chomienne
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, UMRS 1131, INSERM, F-75010 Paris, France; Service de Biologie Cellulaire, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint Louis, F-75010 Paris, France
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15
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Abdrabouh AE. Liver disorders related to exposure to gasoline fumes in male rats and role of fenugreek seed supplementation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8949-8957. [PMID: 30719662 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Progressive effects of inhalation of gasoline fumes on the liver and the protective potential with fenugreek seed supplementation were evaluated in adult male rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups, unexposed control and fenugreek groups, as well as exposed groups to gasoline fumes for 6 h/6 days/week for 10 weeks, with and without supplementation of fenugreek seed powder in food (5%w/w). Exposure to gasoline fumes resulted in a significant elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein, along with a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein, total protein, and albumin contents compared to the control. Meanwhile, liver oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, were highly detected with decreased antioxidants, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Also, levels of inflammatory markers, interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-6, were significantly elevated with fibrotic markers, transforming growth factor (TGFβ1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF1), and collagen I. Histopathological studies illustrated that rats exposed to gasoline fumes have degenerated hepatocytes with cellular infiltration and necrotic areas, along with remarkable deposition of collagen fibers, suggesting an incidence of liver fibrosis. Administration of fenugreek seeds, rich with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components, during gasoline exposure showed significant amelioration through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer E Abdrabouh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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16
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D'Andrea MA, Reddy GK. Health Risks Associated With Benzene Exposure in Children: A Systematic Review. Glob Pediatr Health 2018; 5:2333794X18789275. [PMID: 30148190 PMCID: PMC6100118 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x18789275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a paucity of studies evaluating the adverse health effects of benzene exposure in children or clinical findings of those children who have been exposed. However, emerging studies show that benzene exposure can cause deleterious health effects in children. The objective of this study was to evaluate and summarize published studies on the adverse health effects of benzene exposure in children. More than 77 articles were examined and only the articles that dealt with adverse health effects on pediatric populations were included in the study. The evaluation of those studies provided current understanding of the health effects of benzene exposure in children. Findings from the currently available studies reveal that benzene exposure is associated with abnormalities in hematologic, hepatic, respiratory, and pulmonary functions in children. Published studies clearly support the need for further assessment of the potential adverse effects of benzene exposure in children, and clinical and laboratory findings of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Kesava Reddy
- University Cancer and Diagnostic Centers, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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El-Wakf AM, Abdrabouh AE, Elgarieb AM. Effectiveness of steamed and cooked broccoli to attenuate bone marrow injury and suppressed haemopoiesis in male rats exposed to petrol vapours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2018.1502956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azza M. El-Wakf
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abeer E. Abdrabouh
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Azza M. Elgarieb
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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Adverse Health Complaints of Adults Exposed to Benzene After a Flaring Disaster at the BP Refinery Facility in Texas City, Texas. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2017; 12:232-240. [PMID: 28877779 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the adverse health symptoms experienced by adult subjects who were exposed to benzene after a flaring disaster at the BP refinery in Texas City, Texas. METHODS A total of 2162 adults aged 18 years or older and exposed to benzene were included. Using the patients' medical charts, we collected and analyzed data on health complaints as well as the patients' serum levels of beta-2-microglobulin and urinary excretion of phenol. RESULTS A total of 11,368 health symptom complaints were reported in 2162 adults exposed to benzene. Neurological symptoms occurred most frequently (174%), followed upper respiratory symptoms (115%), cough (31%), painful joints (30%), cardiac symptoms (28%), dermatological symptoms (28%), gastrointestinal symptoms (27%), diarrhea (25%), vision symptoms (21%), and nausea/vomiting (19%). Logistic regression analysis indicated that urinary symptoms (R2=0.65) and painful joints (R2=0.44) were positively associated with increasing age in benzene-exposed subjects. CONCLUSION Adult subjects exposed to benzene experience a range of adverse health symptoms and an altered profile of urinary phenol, thus indicating they are at high risk of developing serious future health complications. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:232-240).
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19
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Smith JT, Schneider AD, Katchko KM, Yun C, Hsu EL. Environmental Factors Impacting Bone-Relevant Chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:22. [PMID: 28261155 PMCID: PMC5306137 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in normal bone physiology and the pathophysiology of many bone diseases. The recent increased focus on the individual roles of this class of proteins in the context of bone has shown that members of the two major chemokine subfamilies-CC and CXC-support or promote the formation of new bone and the remodeling of existing bone in response to a myriad of stimuli. These chemotactic molecules are crucial in orchestrating appropriate cellular homing, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis during normal bone repair. Bone healing is a complex cascade of carefully regulated processes, including inflammation, progenitor cell recruitment, differentiation, and remodeling. The extensive role of chemokines in these processes and the known links between environmental contaminants and chemokine expression/activity leaves ample opportunity for disruption of bone healing by environmental factors. However, despite increased clinical awareness, the potential impact of many of these environmental factors on bone-related chemokines is still ill defined. A great deal of focus has been placed on environmental exposure to various endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, phthalate esters, etc.), volatile organic compounds, dioxins, and heavy metals, though mainly in other tissues. Awareness of the impact of other less well-studied bone toxicants, such as fluoride, mold and fungal toxins, asbestos, and chlorine, is also reviewed. In many cases, the literature on these toxins in osteogenic models is lacking. However, research focused on their effects in other tissues and cell lines provides clues for where future resources could be best utilized. This review aims to serve as a current and exhaustive resource detailing the known links between several classes of high-interest environmental pollutants and their interaction with the chemokines relevant to bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew D. Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karina M. Katchko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chawon Yun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin L. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Erin L. Hsu,
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20
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Filippini T, E. Heck J, Malagoli C, Del Giovane C, Vinceti M. A review and meta-analysis of outdoor air pollution and risk of childhood leukemia. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2015; 33:36-66. [PMID: 25803195 PMCID: PMC4586078 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2015.1002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most frequent malignant disease affecting children. To date, the etiology of childhood leukemia remains largely unknown. Few risk factors (genetic susceptibility, infections, ionizing radiation, etc.) have been clearly identified, but they appear to explain only a small proportion of cases. Considerably more uncertain is the role of other environmental risk factors, such as indoor and outdoor air pollution. We sought to summarize and quantify the association between traffic-related air pollution and risk of childhood leukemia, and further examined results according to method of exposure assessment, study quality, leukemia subtype, time period, and continent where studies took place. After a literature search yielded 6 ecologic and 20 case-control studies, we scored the studies based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The studies assessed residential exposure to pollutants from motorized traffic by computing traffic density in the neighboring roads or vicinity to petrol stations, or by using measured or modeled nitrogen dioxide and benzene outdoor air levels. Because heterogeneity across studies was observed, random-effects summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Whenever possible we additionally conducted stratified analyses comparing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Limiting the analysis to high-quality studies (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale ≥ 7), those using traffic density as the exposure assessment metric showed an increase in childhood leukemia risk in the highest exposure category (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 0.93-1.24). However, we observed evidence of publication bias. Results for NO2 exposure and benzene showed an OR of 1.21 (95% CI 0.97-1.52) and 1.64 (95% CI 0.91-2.95) respectively. When stratifying by leukemia type, the results based upon NO2 were 1.21 (95% CI 1.04-1.41) for ALL and 1.06 (95% CI 0.51-2.21) for AML; based upon benzene were 1.09 (95% CI 0.67-1.77) for ALL and 2.28 (95% CI 1.09-4.75) for AML. Estimates were generally higher for exposures in the postnatal period compared to the prenatal period, and for European studies compared to North American studies. Overall, our results support a link between ambient exposure to traffic pollution and childhood leukemia risk, particularly due to benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research
Center (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Julia E. Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health,
University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research
Center (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cinzia Del Giovane
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research
Center (CREAGEN), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical, and Public Health Medicine,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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