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Árvay J, Hauptvogl M, Demková L, Jančo I, Jakabová S, Mleczek M. GIS-based Visualization of Elemental Distribution in Neoboletus Luridiformis Fruiting Body. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04320-3. [PMID: 39066964 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The fruiting body of Neoboletus luridiformis (Scarletina bolete) mushroom was used to determine the level of bioconcentration and subsequent distribution of seventeen elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn). A two-centimeter-thick vertical section of the entire fruit body was divided into 101 partial sub-samples where the contents of the studied elements were determined using ICP OES. The actual distribution of the elements in the fruiting body profile was visualized using a GIS interpolation method resulting in distribution maps. The study provides valuable insights into the distribution patterns of 17 elements within the fruiting body of N. luridiformis. Based on the visualization of the elemental content, the determined elements can be divided into three categories. Elements accumulated primarily (i) in the cap (Al, Ag, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Ni, and Zn), (ii) in the stipe (Ba, Mn, Na, Pb, and Se), and (iii) elements with non-specific distribution (Cr and Sr). Since such detailed information supported by graphical visualization has not been published to date, the information in this study will help to better understand the accumulation and distribution of elements within the fruiting bodies of wild as well as cultivated mushroom species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Július Árvay
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Nitra, 949 76, Slovak Republic.
| | - Martin Hauptvogl
- Department of Sustainable Development, Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Demková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, Prešov, 081 16, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivona Jančo
- AgroBioTech Research Center, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Nitra, 949 76, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Jakabová
- Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, Nitra, 949 76, Slovak Republic
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań, 60- 625, Poland
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Niedzielski P, Siwulski M, Szostek M, Budka A, Budzyńska S, Krzesłowska M, Kalač P, Mleczek M. Mineral composition variation in Boletales mushrooms-indication of soil properties and taxonomic influence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41137-41154. [PMID: 38849615 PMCID: PMC11189970 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The efficiency of element accumulation depends on numerous factors, where the physico-chemical characteristics of the soil seem to be very important, and the role of taxonomic rank in the accumulation of elements by mushrooms seems to be important. The aim of the study was to compare the mineral composition of 7 species belonging to Leccinum and Suillus genera, collected between 2019 and 2021 from localizations in the west-central part of Poland. The research aimed to indicate the role of selected soil parameters in stimulating/inhibiting the accumulation of elements by selected Boletales mushroom species and to answer the question about the role of species belonging to the genus as an indicator determining the specific mineral composition of fruiting bodies. Soil pH and other soil properties (granulometric composition, organic carbon, degree of organic matter decomposition) may significantly affect mushrooms' mineral composition. Mushroom species belonging to Leccinum genus exhibited the higher amount of essential major and trace elements than species of Suillus genus). It suggests that the affiliation of the studied mushroom species to a specific genus may affect their mineral composition, and the physicochemical properties of the soil may be responsible for the lack of a clear division in the efficiency of element(s) accumulation. Selected species contain high amounts of K, Cu, Fe, and Zn, while others, such as selected Suillus gravellei fruiting bodies, also contain As and Cd. The results described serve as an introduction to a broader scientific discussion and require many further studies to confirm the role of taxonomic ranks and the influence of soil characteristics on the accumulation of elements by fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Niedzielski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Siwulski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szostek
- Department of Soil Science, Environmental Chemistry and Hydrology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 8B, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Budka
- Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Construction and Geoengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Budzyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Krzesłowska
- Laboratory of General Botany, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Pavel Kalač
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of South Bohemia, 370 04, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mirosław Mleczek
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland.
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Lactarius and Russula mushroom genera – Similarities/differences in mineral composition within the Russulaceae family. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wang H, Yang X, Wei S. Analysis of Aspergillus versicolor exudate composition. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1241-1253. [PMID: 35972830 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus versicolor, a widely distributed fungus, is associated with pollution and carcinogenic hazards. This study aimed to examine the functions of the A. versicolor exudate and laid a scientific foundation for improving our understanding, utilization, and control of A. versicolor. The A. versicolor exudate proteome, ion content, and amino acid components were determined using label-free quantitation, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. In total, 502 proteins were identified in the A. versicolor exudate. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and cluster of orthologous group analyses were used to annotate the functional classification and pathways of the aligned proteins. Proteins identified in the exudate were mainly enriched in carbohydrate metabolic process, translation, oxidoreductase activity, oxidoreductase activity, hydrolase activity, cell wall-related processes, catalytic activity, and unknown functions. The exudate comprised Na, K, Ca, Fe, and Mg cations. Among the 17 types of amino acids detected in the exudate, 7 were essential and 10 were nonessential. The exudate may be involved in the vital processes of A. versicolor. Additionally, the exudate may play an important role in the growth, development, reproduction, homeostasis, nutrient supply for regrowth, and virulence of A. versicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaohe Yang
- Jiamusi Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Songhong Wei
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Song F, Su D, Keyhani NO, Wang C, Shen L, Qiu J. Influence of selenium on the mycelia of the shaggy bracket fungus, Inonotus hispidus. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:3762-3770. [PMID: 34921405 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) is a needed trace element for animals and humans. Many fungi have effective mechanisms to acquire, transform and accumulate Se in organic form. In this study, the effects of inorganic Se (sodium selenite) on the medicinal fungus Inonotus hispidus was investigated. RESULTS Inonotus hispidus was capable of tolerating up to 3.85 mmol L-1 selenite, at which ~85% growth inhibition was seen, with 50% growth inhibition occurring at ~1 mmol L-1 selenite. Growth in 0.29 mmol L-1 Se resulted in I. hispidus mycelium with 115 times higher Se levels compared to growth in standard media, and an organic Se content of 86% to total Se content. The influence of Se accumulation on morphological features of I. hispidus were examined by microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observation. These data revealed significant shrinkage and deformations of I. hispidus hyphae with decreased branching and collapse of clamp connections under higher Se stress. However, conidial production in I. hispidus increased dramatically. The influence of Se on mycelial growth could be recovered by reinoculation in standard media. Se accumulation had only minimal impacts on the yield of the potential selenocompounds such as amino acids, proteins and polysaccharides. By contrast, Se-enriched I. hispidus mycelium was of higher quality due to reduction in crude fat and total ash contents. CONCLUSIONS These data provide basic and applied information on the feasibility of producing selenized I. hispidus as an enriched and better quality product. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Song
- Department of Health and Food, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dewei Su
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cui Wang
- Department of Health and Food, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ligong Shen
- Department of Health and Food, Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junzhi Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Guorong Y, Xinxin L, Shuguang S, Zhumei Z, Huali W, Shude Y, Yupeng G, Xianhao C, Weihuan L. The accumulation characteristics of minerals in different edible and medicinal mushrooms. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-21-00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guorong
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University
| | - Li Xinxin
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University
| | | | | | - Wang Huali
- Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College
| | - Yang Shude
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University
| | - Ge Yupeng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University
| | | | - Li Weihuan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University
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Melgar MJ, García MÁ. Natural radioactivity and total K content in wild-growing or cultivated edible mushrooms and soils from Galicia (NW, Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52925-52935. [PMID: 34018117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The radioactive isotope, 40K, of naturally occurring potassium (0.012%) is present in the Earth's crust in a low percentage of all potassium, leading to its presence in almost all foodstuffs. The impact of 40K activity concentrations was assessed in wild and cultivated edible mushrooms and in growing substrates. Samples were analysed by gamma spectroscopy. In the wild mushroom species, the average activity concentration of 40K was 1291 Bq kg-1 dry weight (dw), approximately 140 Bq kg-1 fresh weight (fw), with a range of average values per species from 748 in Lactarius deliciosus to 1848 Bq kg-1 dw in Tricholoma portentosum. The cultivated species presented an average value of 1086 Bq kg-1 dw; and the soils, compost of cultivation and wood of substrate are 876, 510 and 59.4 Bq kg-1 dw, respectively. The total K content reached a maximum of 59,935 mg kg-1 dw in T. portentosum. The transfer factors (TF > 1) suggested that mushrooms preferentially bioconcentrated 40K. Cantharellus cibarius, Craterellus tubaeformis, Hydnum repandum and T. portentosum by most TF could be considered as bioindicators of 40K. Taking into account that the annual radiation dose of 40K due to the average consumption of mushrooms analysed (0.15 μSv/year) is very low, it can be concluded that the consumption of these mushrooms does not represent a toxicological risk for human health. Finally, according to the total K content, from the nutritional point of view, these mushrooms could be considered as a potential source of potassium for the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Melgar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles García
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
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Mleczek M, Gąsecka M, Budka A, Siwulski M, Mleczek P, Magdziak Z, Budzyńska S, Niedzielski P. Mineral composition of elements in wood-growing mushroom species collected from of two regions of Poland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4430-4442. [PMID: 32940836 PMCID: PMC7835311 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The study monitored the content of 55 elements in 21 wood-growing mushroom species collected between 2013 and 2019 from Lower and Upper Silesia in Poland. Only 27 of the elements (Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, In, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Pt, Rh, Sr, Ti, Tm, V, Y, Zn, and Zr) were detected in all mushroom species, while others (As, Au, B, Be, Bi, Ce, Co, Cr, Dy, Er, Eu, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Ho, Ir, Li, Lu, Mo, Os, Pb, Rb, Re, Ru, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Tb, Te, Th, Tl, Tm, U, and Yb) were below the limit of detection in the fruit bodies of at least one species. Wide ranges for major elements in the whole population of all the mushroom species were as follows: 15.4-470 (Ca), 6580-44,600 (K), 314-2150 (Mg), 38.0-319 (Na), and 1100-15,500 (P) mg kg-1 dm, respectively. The rank sum revealed that M. giganteus fruit bodies were the most enriched with all detectable elements, while A. mellea had the lowest content of the majority of elements. Mushrooms belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae family were characterized as some of the most enriched with the studied elements, while mushrooms of the Fomitopsidaceae family had the lowest content of elements. Similarities as well as differences between the obtained results and the available literature data confirm the important role of both mushroom species and the tree on which the fungus has grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosław Mleczek
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Monika Gąsecka
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Budka
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Siwulski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Patrycja Mleczek
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94c, 60-649, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Magdziak
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sylwia Budzyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Gałgowska M, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Mineral Composition of Three Popular Wild Mushrooms from Poland. Molecules 2020; 25:E3588. [PMID: 32781786 PMCID: PMC7463485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The region of Warmia and Mazury is characterized by the special diversity and richness of its natural environment, including large forest complexes, where wild mushrooms are commonly collected and consumed. This study aimed to examine the differences in mineral content (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese) of three species of mushrooms collected in north-eastern Poland. The research material consisted of dried samples of king bolete (Boletus edulis), bay bolete (Boletus badius), and chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) collected in the region of Warmia and Mazury. The content of the above-mentioned elements in mushroom fruit bodies was determined using the flame atomic absorption spectrometry (acetylene-air flame) and the emission technique (acetylene-air flame) for sodium and potassium. For the majority of micro- and macroelements, the studies confirmed the presence of significant differences in their content, depending on the species of fungi. The studied mushrooms cover a significant percentage of daily demand for many of the minerals. This concerns mainly copper, zinc, and potassium, although none of the species was a good source of calcium and sodium. Among the analyzed mushrooms, chanterelle is the best source of most minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Gałgowska
- Department of Meat Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq, 10719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko
- Department of Commodities and Food Analysis, Faculty of Food Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Cieszyński 1 Sq, 10-726 Olsztyn, Poland
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A Data Mining Approach to Improve Inorganic Characterization of Amanita ponderosa Mushrooms. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2018:5265291. [PMID: 29623092 PMCID: PMC5817330 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5265291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amanita ponderosa are wild edible mushrooms that grow in some microclimates of Iberian Peninsula. Gastronomically this species is very relevant, due to not only the traditional consumption by the rural populations but also its commercial value in gourmet markets. Mineral characterisation of edible mushrooms is extremely important for certification and commercialization processes. In this study, we evaluate the inorganic composition of Amanita ponderosa fruiting bodies (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and their respective soil substrates from 24 different sampling sites of the southwest Iberian Peninsula (e.g., Alentejo, Andalusia, and Extremadura). Mineral composition revealed high content in macroelements, namely, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Mushrooms showed presence of important trace elements and low contents of heavy metals within the limits of RDI. Bioconcentration was observed for some macro- and microelements, such as K, Cu, Zn, Mg, P, Ag, and Cd. A. ponderosa fruiting bodies showed different inorganic profiles according to their location and results pointed out that it is possible to generate an explanatory model of segmentation, performed with data based on the inorganic composition of mushrooms and soil mineral content, showing the possibility of relating these two types of data.
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Su J, Zhang J, Li J, Li T, Liu H, Wang Y. Determination of mineral contents of wild Boletus edulis mushroom and its edible safety assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2018; 53:454-463. [PMID: 29624491 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1455361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the contents of main mineral elements of wild Boletus edulis and to assess its edible safety, which may provide scientific evidence for the utilization of this species. Fourteen mineral contents (Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr, V and Zn) in the caps and stipes of B. edulis as well as the corresponding surface soils collected from nine different geographic regions in Yunnan Province, southwest China were determined. The analyses were performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) after microwave digestion. Measurement data were analyzed using variance and Pearson correlation analysis. Edible safety was evaluated according to the provisionally tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of heavy metals recommended by United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). Mineral contents were significantly different with the variance of collection areas. B. edulis showed relative abundant contents of Ca, Fe, Mg and Na, followed by Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn, and the elements with the lower content less were Cd, Co, Ni, Sr and V. The elements accumulation differed significantly in caps and stipes. Among them, Cd and Zn were bioconcentrated (BCF > 1) while others were bioexcluded (BCF < 1). The mineral contents in B. edulis and its surface soil were positively related, indicating that the elements accumulation level was related to soil background. In addition, from the perspective of food safety, if an adult (60 kg) eats 300 g fresh B. edulis per week, the intake of Cd in most of tested mushrooms were lower than PTWI value whereas the Cd intakes in some other samples were higher than this standard. The results indicated that the main mineral contents in B. edulis were significantly different with respect to geographical distribution, and the Cd intake in a few of regions was higher than the acceptable intakes with a potential risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyan Su
- a College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , China
- b Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
| | - Ji Zhang
- b Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
- c Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica , Kunming , China
| | - Jieqing Li
- a College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , China
| | - Tao Li
- d College of Resources and Environment, Yuxi Normal University , Yuxi , China
| | - Honggao Liu
- a College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming , China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- b Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming , China
- c Yunnan Technical Center for Quality of Chinese Materia Medica , Kunming , China
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