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Zheng L, Mei W, Zhou J, Wei X, Huang Z, Lin X, Zhang L, Liu W, Wu Q, Li J, Yan Y. Fluorofenidone attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting lysosomal cathepsin‑mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:142. [PMID: 38476910 PMCID: PMC10928820 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, no antifibrotic drug in clinical use can effectively treat renal fibrosis. Fluorofenidone (AKFPD), a novel pyridone agent, significantly reduces renal fibrosis by inhibiting the activation of the NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome; however, the underlying mechanism of this inhibition is not fully understood. The present study aimed to reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by AKFPD. It investigated the effect of AKFPD on NLRP3 activation and lysosomal cathepsins in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rat model, and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated HK-2 cells and murine peritoneal-derived macrophages (PDMs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ATP. The results confirmed that AKFPD suppressed renal interstitial fibrosis and inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in UUO rat kidney tissues. In addition, AKFPD reduced the production of activated caspase-1 and maturation of IL-1β by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in H/R-treated HK-2 cells and murine PDMs stimulated with LPS and ATP. AKFPD also decreased the activities of cathepsins B, L and S both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, AKFPD downregulated cathepsin B expression and NLRP3 colocalization in the cytoplasm after lysosomal disruptions. Overall, the results suggested that AKFPD attenuates renal fibrosis by inhibiting lysosomal cathepsin-mediated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Mei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Huang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Segev G, Vaden S, Ross S, Dufayet C, Cohn LA, Farace G, Szlosek D, Ouyang Z, Peterson S, Beall M, Yerramilli M, Polzin D, Cowgill LD. Urinary cystatin B differentiates progressive versus stable IRIS Stage 1 chronic kidney disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:2251-2260. [PMID: 37815022 PMCID: PMC10658556 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of dogs with progressive vs stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) might afford opportunity for interventions that would slow progression. However, currently no surrogate biomarker reliably predicts CKD progression. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES Urinary cystatin B (uCysB), a novel kidney injury biomarker, predicts progressive disease in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD Stage 1. ANIMALS Seventy-two dogs, including 20 dogs from 4 university centers with IRIS CKD Stage 1, with IDEXX symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) concentration up to 17 μg/dL and no systemic comorbidities, and 52 clinically healthy staff-owned dogs from a fifth university center. METHODS A multicenter prospective longitudinal study was conducted between 2016 and 2021 to assess uCysB concentration in IRIS CKD Stage 1 and control dogs. Dogs were followed to a maximum of 3 years (control) or 25 months (CKD). Stage 1 IRIS CKD was classified as stable or progressive using the slope of 1/SDMA, calculated from 3 timepoints during the initial 90-day period. Dogs with slope above or below -0.0007 week × dL/μg were classified as stable or progressive, respectively. Mixed effects modeling was used to assess the association between uCysB and progression rate. RESULTS Estimates of first visit uCysB results predictive of active ongoing kidney injury based on the mixed effects models were 17 ng/mL for control, 24 ng/mL for stable CKD, and 212 ng/mL for progressive CKD (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Urinary cystatin B differentiated stable vs progressive IRIS CKD Stage 1. Identification of dogs with progressive CKD may provide an opportunity for clinicians to intervene early and slow progression rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelly Vaden
- North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Sheri Ross
- University of Prince Edward IslandCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | - Cedric Dufayet
- University of California Veterinary Medical Center‐San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leah A. Cohn
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
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Ding X, Zhang D, Ren Q, Hu Y, Wang J, Hao J, Wang H, Zhao X, Wang X, Song C, Du J, Yang F, Zhu H. Identification of a Non-Invasive Urinary Exosomal Biomarker for Diabetic Nephropathy Using Data-Independent Acquisition Proteomics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13560. [PMID: 37686366 PMCID: PMC10488032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), as the one of most common complications of diabetes, is generally diagnosed based on a longstanding duration, albuminuria, and decreased kidney function. Some patients with the comorbidities of diabetes and other primary renal diseases have similar clinical features to DN, which is defined as non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD). It is necessary to distinguish between DN and NDRD, considering they differ in their pathological characteristics, treatment regimes, and prognosis. Renal biopsy provides a gold standard; however, it is difficult for this to be conducted in all patients. Therefore, it is necessary to discover non-invasive biomarkers that can distinguish between DN and NDRD. In this research, the urinary exosomes were isolated from the midstream morning urine based on ultracentrifugation combined with 0.22 μm membrane filtration. Data-independent acquisition-based quantitative proteomics were used to define the proteome profile of urinary exosomes from DN (n = 12) and NDRD (n = 15) patients diagnosed with renal biopsy and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without renal damage (n = 9), as well as healthy people (n = 12). In each sample, 3372 ± 722.1 proteins were identified on average. We isolated 371 urinary exosome proteins that were significantly and differentially expressed between DN and NDRD patients, and bioinformatic analysis revealed them to be mainly enriched in the immune and metabolic pathways. The use of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression further identified phytanoyl-CoA dioxygenase domain containing 1 (PHYHD1) as the differential diagnostic biomarker, the efficacy of which was verified with another cohort including eight DN patients, five NDRD patients, seven T2DM patients, and nine healthy people. Additionally, a concentration above 1.203 μg/L was established for DN based on the ELISA method. Furthermore, of the 19 significantly different expressed urinary exosome proteins selected by using the protein-protein interaction network and LASSO logistic regression, 13 of them were significantly related to clinical indicators that could reflect the level of renal function and hyperglycemic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Ding
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qinqin Ren
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Yilan Hu
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Hao
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Chenwen Song
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Junxia Du
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Nephrology Institute of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Beijing 100853, China; (X.D.); (D.Z.)
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Alli AA. Extracellular Vesicles: Investigating the Pathophysiology of Diabetes-Associated Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1138. [PMID: 37627022 PMCID: PMC10452642 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. EVs are released by all cell types and are found in biological fluids including plasma and urine. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are a mixed population of EVs that comprise small EVs that are filtered and excreted, EVs secreted by tubular epithelial cells, and EVs released from the bladder, urethra, and prostate. The packaged cargo within uEVs includes bioactive molecules such as metabolites, lipids, proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs. These molecules are involved in intercellular communication, elicit changes in intracellular signaling pathways, and play a role in the pathogenesis of various diseases including diabetes-associated hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. uEVs represent a rich source of biomarkers, prognosis markers, and can be loaded with small-molecule drugs as a vehicle for delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel A. Alli
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; ; Tel.: +1-352-273-7877
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Sałaga-Zaleska K, Kuchta A, Bzoma B, Chyła-Danił G, Safianowska A, Płoska A, Kalinowski L, Dębska-Ślizień A, Jankowski M. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis of Urinary Extracellular Vesicle Proteins as a New Challenge in Laboratory Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12228. [PMID: 37569604 PMCID: PMC10419144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicle (uEV) proteins may be used as specific markers of kidney damage in various pathophysiological conditions. The nanoparticle-tracking analysis (NTA) appears to be the most useful method for the analysis of uEVs due to its ability to analyze particles below 300 nm. The NTA method has been used to measure the size and concentration of uEVs and also allows for a deeper analysis of uEVs based on their protein composition using fluorescence measurements. However, despite much interest in the clinical application of uEVs, their analysis using the NTA method is poorly described and requires meticulous sample preparation, experimental adjustment of instrument settings, and above all, an understanding of the limitations of the method. In the present work, we demonstrate the usefulness of an NTA. We also present problems encountered during analysis with possible solutions: the choice of sample dilution, the method of the presentation and comparison of results, photobleaching, and the adjustment of instrument settings for a specific analysis. We show that the NTA method appears to be a promising method for the determination of uEVs. However, it is important to be aware of potential problems that may affect the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornelia Sałaga-Zaleska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
| | - Agnieszka Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
| | - Beata Bzoma
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
- Clinical of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Gabriela Chyła-Danił
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
| | - Anna Safianowska
- Clinical of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostic—Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI.pl, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Street 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Dębska-Ślizień
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
- Clinical of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, University Clinical Centre in Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego Street 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki Street 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (K.S.-Z.)
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González MA, Barrera-Chacón R, Peña FJ, Belinchón-Lorenzo S, Robles NR, Pérez-Merino EM, Martín-Cano FE, Duque FJ. Proteomic research on new urinary biomarkers of renal disease in canine leishmaniosis: Survival and monitoring response to treatment. Res Vet Sci 2023; 161:180-190. [PMID: 37419051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to search for survival biomarkers (SB) and treatment response monitoring biomarkers (TRMB) in the urinary proteome of dogs with renal disease secondary to canine leishmaniosis (CanL), using UHPLC-MS/MS. The proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD042578. Initially, a group of 12 dogs was evaluated and divided into survivors (SG; n = 6) and nonsurvivors (NSG; n = 6). A total of 972 proteins were obtained from the evaluated samples. Then, bioinformatic analysis reduced them to 6 proteins like potential SB increased in the NSG, specifically, Haemoglobin subunit Alpha 1, Complement Factor I, Complement C5, Fibrinogen beta chain (fragment), Peptidase S1 domain-containing protein, and Fibrinogen gamma chain. Afterwards, SG was used to search for TRMB, studying their urine at 0, 30, and 90 days, and 9 proteins that decreased after treatment were obtained: Apolipoprotein E, Cathepsin B, Cystatin B, Cystatin-C-like, Lysozyme, Monocyte differentiation CD14, Pancreatitis-associated precursor protein, Profilin, and Protein FAM3C. Finally, enrichment analysis provided information about the biological mechanisms in which these proteins are involved. In conclusion, this study provides 15 new candidate urinary biomarkers and an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of kidney disease in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A González
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Fernando J Peña
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Silvia Belinchón-Lorenzo
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nicolás R Robles
- Nephrology Service, Badajoz University Hospital, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eva M Pérez-Merino
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco E Martín-Cano
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco J Duque
- Animal Medicine Department, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
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Specific Blood RNA Profiles in Individuals with Acute Spinal Cord Injury as Compared with Trauma Controls. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:1485135. [PMID: 36686379 PMCID: PMC9851797 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1485135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is known to cause a more robust systemic inflammatory response than general trauma without CNS injury, inducing severe secondary organ damage, especially the lung and liver. Related studies are principally focused on the mechanisms underlying repair and regeneration in the injured spinal cord tissue. However, the specific mechanism of secondary injury after acute SCI is widely overlooked, compared with general trauma. Methods Two datasets of GSE151371 and GSE45376 related to the blood samples and spinal cord after acute SCI were selected to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In GSE151371, functional enrichment analysis on specific DEGs of blood samples was performed. And the top 15 specific hub genes were identified from intersectional genes between the specific upregulated DEGs of blood samples in GSE151371 and the upregulated DEGs of the spinal cord in GSE45376. The specific functional enrichment analysis and the drug candidates of the hub genes and the miRNAs-targeted hub genes were also analyzed and predicted. Results DEGs were identified, and a total of 64 specific genes were the intersection of upregulated genes of the spinal cord in GSE45376 and upregulated genes of human blood samples in GSE151371. The top 15 hub genes including HP, LCN2, DLGAP5, CEP55, HMMR, CDKN3, PRTN3, SKA3, MPO, LTF, CDC25C, MMP9, NEIL3, NUSAP1, and CD163 were calculated from the 64 specific genes. Functional enrichment analysis of the top 15 hub genes revealed inflammation-related pathways. The predicted miRNAs-targeted hub genes and drug candidates of hub genes were also performed to put forward reasonable treatment strategies. Conclusion The specific hub genes of acute SCI as compared with trauma without CNS injury were identified. The functional enrichment analysis of hub genes showed a specific immune response. Several predicted drugs of hub genes were also obtained. The hub genes and the predicted miRNAs may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets and require further validation.
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Tepus M, Tonoli E, Verderio EAM. Molecular profiling of urinary extracellular vesicles in chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1041327. [PMID: 36712680 PMCID: PMC9877239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1041327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term kidney damage caused by gradual loss of essential kidney functions. A global health issue, CKD affects up to 16% of the population worldwide. Symptoms are often not apparent in the early stages, and if left untreated, CKD can progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), also known as kidney failure, when the only possible treatments are dialysis and kidney transplantation. The end point of nearly all forms of CKD is kidney fibrosis, a process of unsuccessful wound-healing of kidney tissue. Detection of kidney fibrosis, therefore, often means detection of CKD. Renal biopsy remains the best test for renal scarring, despite being intrinsically limited by its invasiveness and sampling bias. Urine is a desirable source of fibrosis biomarkers as it can be easily obtained in a non-invasive way and in large volumes. Besides, urine contains biomolecules filtered through the glomeruli, mirroring the pathological state. There is, however, a problem of highly abundant urinary proteins that can mask rare disease biomarkers. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs), which originate from renal cells and carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, are an attractive source of potential rare CKD biomarkers. Their cargo consists of low-abundant proteins but highly concentrated in a nanosize-volume, as well as molecules too large to be filtered from plasma. Combining molecular profiling data (protein and miRNAs) of uEVs, isolated from patients affected by various forms of CKD, this review considers the possible diagnostic and prognostic value of uEVs biomarkers and their potential application in the translation of new experimental antifibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Tepus
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Tonoli
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta A. M. Verderio
- Centre for Health, Ageing and the Understanding of Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,*Correspondence: Elisabetta A. M. Verderio,
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Limonte CP, Valo E, Drel V, Natarajan L, Darshi M, Forsblom C, Henderson CM, Hoofnagle AN, Ju W, Kretzler M, Montemayor D, Nair V, Nelson RG, O’Toole JF, Toto RD, Rosas SE, Ruzinski J, Sandholm N, Schmidt IM, Vaisar T, Waikar SS, Zhang J, Rossing P, Ahluwalia TS, Groop PH, Pennathur S, Snell-Bergeon JK, Costacou T, Orchard TJ, Sharma K, de Boer IH. Urinary Proteomics Identifies Cathepsin D as a Biomarker of Rapid eGFR Decline in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:1416-1427. [PMID: 35377940 PMCID: PMC9210873 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding mechanisms underlying rapid estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline is important to predict and treat kidney disease in type 1 diabetes (T1D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a case-control study nested within four T1D cohorts to identify urinary proteins associated with rapid eGFR decline. Case and control subjects were categorized based on eGFR decline ≥3 and <1 mL/min/1.73 m2/year, respectively. We used targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure 38 peptides from 20 proteins implicated in diabetic kidney disease. Significant proteins were investigated in complementary human cohorts and in mouse proximal tubular epithelial cell cultures. RESULTS The cohort study included 1,270 participants followed a median 8 years. In the discovery set, only cathepsin D peptide and protein were significant on full adjustment for clinical and laboratory variables. In the validation set, associations of cathepsin D with eGFR decline were replicated in minimally adjusted models but lost significance with adjustment for albuminuria. In a meta-analysis with combination of discovery and validation sets, the odds ratio for the association of cathepsin D with rapid eGFR decline was 1.29 per SD (95% CI 1.07-1.55). In complementary human cohorts, urine cathepsin D was associated with tubulointerstitial injury and tubulointerstitial cathepsin D expression was associated with increased cortical interstitial fractional volume. In mouse proximal tubular epithelial cell cultures, advanced glycation end product-BSA increased cathepsin D activity and inflammatory and tubular injury markers, which were further increased with cathepsin D siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Urine cathepsin D is associated with rapid eGFR decline in T1D and reflects kidney tubulointerstitial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine P. Limonte
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Erkka Valo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viktor Drel
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Manjula Darshi
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clark M. Henderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew N. Hoofnagle
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel Montemayor
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Viji Nair
- Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert G. Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ
| | - John F. O’Toole
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert D. Toto
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - John Ruzinski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Niina Sandholm
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Insa M. Schmidt
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sushrut S. Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health and Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Bioinformatics Center, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Janet K. Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | | | - Kumar Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Ian H. de Boer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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10
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Alexandru N, Procopciuc A, Vîlcu A, Comariţa IK, Bӑdilӑ E, Georgescu A. Extracellular vesicles-incorporated microRNA signature as biomarker and diagnosis of prediabetes state and its complications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:309-332. [PMID: 34143360 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small anuclear vesicles, delimited by a lipid bilayer, released by almost all cell types, carrying functionally active biological molecules that can be transferred to the neighbouring or distant cells, inducing phenotypical and functional changes, relevant in various physio-pathological conditions. The microRNAs are the most significant active components transported by EVs, with crucial role in intercellular communication and significant effects on recipient cells. They may also server as novel valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis of metabolic disorders. Moreover, EVs are supposed to mediate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk and its progress. The T2DM development is preceded by prediabetes, a state that is associated with early forms of nephropathy and neuropathy, chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, and increased risk of macrovascular disease. Although the interest of scientists was focused not only on the pathogenesis of diabetes, but also on the early diagnosis, little is known about EVs-incorporated microRNA involvement in prediabetes state and its microvascular and macrovascular complications. Here, we survey the biogenesis, classification, content, biological functions and the most popular primary isolation methods of EVs, review the EVs-associated microRNA profiling connexion with early stages of diabetes and discuss the role of EVs containing specific microRNAs in prediabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Alexandru
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anastasia Procopciuc
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Vîlcu
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Karla Comariţa
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Bӑdilӑ
- Internal Medicine Clinic, Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Department, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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11
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Kanakalakshmi ST, Swaminathan SM, Basthi Mohan P, Nagaraju SP, Bhojaraja MV, Koulmane Laxminarayana SL. Microparticles in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:418-425. [PMID: 35568209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetickidneydisease(DKD)isthemostcommoncauseofrenal failure and a major contributor to the socioeconomic burden in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients worldwide. The pathogenesis of DKD involves all the structures in the nephron, and it is indicated by proteinuria, hypertension, and progressive decline in renal function, leading tosubstantialmorbidityandmortality. Due to the limitations of currently available standard markers (albuminuria and glomerular filtration rate) in the diagnosis and clinical grading of DKD, it's time to have novel biomarkers for early detection, targeted and effective therapy to prevent the progression. Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles measuring 0.1 to 1 micron derived by cytoskeletal reorganization in the form of cytoplasmic blebs which alters the phospholipid cytochemistry of the cell membrane. They are shed during cell activation and apoptosis as well as plays an important role in cell-to-cell communication. Over the last few decades, both plasma and urinary MPs have been investigated, validated and the preliminary research looks promising. With alterations in their number and composition documented in clinical situations involving both Type1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, microparticles assay appears to be promising in early diagnosis and prognostication of DKD. WecoverthebasicsofmicroparticlesandtheirinvolvementinDKDinthisreviewarticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Thimmaiah Kanakalakshmi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shilna Muttickal Swaminathan
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Basthi Mohan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Nagaraju
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohan V Bhojaraja
- Department of Nephrology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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12
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Bennike TB, Templeton K, Fujimura K, Bellin MD, Ahmed S, Schlaffner CN, Arora R, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Arnaout R, Beilman GJ, Grover AS, Conwell DL, Steen H. Urine Proteomics Reveals Sex-Specific Response to Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation. Pancreas 2022; 51:435-444. [PMID: 35881699 PMCID: PMC9527096 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) is a surgical option for refractory chronic pancreatitis-related pain. Despite the known clinical implications of TPIAT, the molecular effects remain poorly investigated. We performed the first hypothesis-generating study of the urinary proteome before and after TPIAT. METHODS Twenty-two patients eligible for TPIAT were prospectively enrolled. Urine samples were collected the week before and 12 to 18 months after TPIAT. The urine samples were prepared for bottom-up label-free quantitative proteomics using the "MStern" protocol. RESULTS Using 17 paired samples, we identified 2477 urinary proteins, of which 301 were significantly changed post-TPIAT versus pre-TPIAT. Our quantitative analysis revealed that the molecular response to TPIAT was highly sex-specific, with pronounced sex differences pre-TPIAT but minimal differences afterward. Comparing post-TPIAT versus pre-TPIAT, we found changes in cell-cell adhesion, intracellular vacuoles, and immune response proteins. After surgery, immunoglobulins, complement proteins, and cathepsins were increased, findings that may reflect glomerular damage. Finally, we identified both known and novel markers for immunoglobulin A nephropathy after 1 patient developed the disease 2 years after TPIAT. CONCLUSIONS We found distinct changes in the urinary proteomic profile after TPIAT and the response to TPIAT is highly sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Bjerg Bennike
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kate Templeton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kimino Fujimura
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Melena D. Bellin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical Center and Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Saima Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christoph N. Schlaffner
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Data Analytics and Computational Statistics, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
- Digital Engineering Faculty, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Rohit Arora
- Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Ramy Arnaout
- Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gregory J. Beilman
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amit S. Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Darwin L. Conwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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13
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Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030105. [PMID: 35324794 PMCID: PMC8945706 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation.
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14
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Ding X, Wang X, Du J, Han Q, Zhang D, Zhu H. A systematic review and Meta-analysis of urinary extracellular vesicles proteome in diabetic nephropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:866252. [PMID: 36034457 PMCID: PMC9405893 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.866252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease with an increasing prevalence. Presently there is no non-invasive method for differential diagnosis, and an efficient target therapy is lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are present in various body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Proteins in EV are speculated to be involved in various processes of disease and reflect the original cells' physiological states and pathological conditions. This systematic review is based on urinary extracellular vesicles studies, which enrolled patients with DN and investigated the proteins in urinary EV. We systematically reviewed articles from the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science databases, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database until January 4, 2022. The article quality was appraised according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). The methodology of samples, isolation and purification techniques of urinary EV, and characterization methods are summarized. Molecular functions, biological processes, and pathways were enriched in all retrievable urinary EV proteins. Protein-protein interaction analysis (PPI) revealed pathways of potential biomarkers. A total of 539 articles were retrieved, and 13 eligible records were enrolled in this systematic review and meta-analysis. And two studies performed mass spectrometry to obtain the proteome profile. Two of them enrolled only T1DM patients, two studies enrolled both patients with T1DM and T2DM, and other the nine studies focused on T2DM patients. In total 988 participants were enrolled, and DN was diagnosed according to UACR, UAER, or decreased GFR. Totally 579 urinary EV proteins were detected and 28 of them showed a potential value to be biomarkers. The results of bioinformatics analysis revealed that urinary EV may participate in DN through various pathways such as angiogenesis, biogenesis of EV, renin-angiotensin system, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, collagen degradation, and immune system. Besides that, it is necessary to report results compliant with the guideline of ISEV, in orderto assure repeatability and help for further studies. This systematic review concordance with previous studies and the results of meta-analysis may help to value the methodology details when urinary EV proteins were reported, and also help to deepen the understanding of urinary EV proteins in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Ding
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Du
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxia Han
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hanyu Zhu, ; Dong Zhang,
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hanyu Zhu, ; Dong Zhang,
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15
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Stępień EŁ, Rząca C, Moskal P. Novel biomarker and drug delivery systems for theranostics – extracellular vesicles. BIO-ALGORITHMS AND MED-SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/bams-2021-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano- and micro-sized double-layered membrane entities derived from most cell types and released into biological fluids. Biological properties (cell-uptake, biocompatibility), and chemical (composition, structure) or physical (size, density) characteristics make EVs a good candidate for drug delivery systems (DDS). Recent advances in the field of EVs (e.g., scaling-up production, purification) and developments of new imaging methods (total-body positron emission tomography [PET]) revealed benefits of radiolabeled EVs in diagnostic and interventional medicine as a potential DDs in theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ł. Stępień
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
- Theranostics Center, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
| | - Carina Rząca
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
- Theranostics Center, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
| | - Paweł Moskal
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University , Krakow , Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
- Theranostics Center, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
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16
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Harjen HJ, Anfinsen KP, Hultman J, Moldal ER, Szlosek D, Murphy R, Friis H, Peterson S, Rørtveit R. Evaluation of Urinary Clusterin and Cystatin B as Biomarkers for Renal Injury in Dogs Envenomated by the European Adder (Vipera berus). Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 46:100586. [PMID: 34583053 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dogs are commonly bitten by the European adder (Vipera berus) but studies investigating the effects of envenomation are limited. Snakebite-related kidney injury is reported in dogs but diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) might be limited by the insensitivity of routinely used renal function biomarkers. The aim of this study was to evaluate novel biomarkers of renal injury (urinary cystatin B and urinary clusterin) and biomarkers of renal function (serum creatinine and serum symmetric dimethylarginine), and urine protein to creatinine ratio in dogs envenomated by V. berus. Biomarkers were measured at presentation (T1), 12 hours (T2), 24 hours (T3), 36 hours (T4), and 14 days (T5) after snakebite and compared to a group of healthy control dogs. A secondary aim was to investigate the association between biomarker concentrations and severity of clinical signs of envenomation using a snakebite severity score (SSS). Urinary cystatin B concentrations were significantly higher at all timepoints in envenomated dogs compared to controls (P < .010), except for T5 (P = .222). Absolute urinary clusterin concentrations were not significantly different to controls at any timepoint. Compared to controls, serum creatinine and serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations were significantly lower in envenomated dogs at T1-T4 (P < .036) and T2-T4 (P < .036), respectively. Urine protein to creatinine ratio was higher in envenomated dogs compared to controls at T2 and T3. Urinary cystatin B concentrations at T1 were correlated with SSS (Spearman's ρ = 0.690, P < .001). The increased urinary cystatin B concentrations observed in dogs envenomated by V. berus in comparison to controls may indicate renal tubular injury in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Harjen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo Norway.
| | - Kristin P Anfinsen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo Norway
| | - Josefin Hultman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo Norway
| | - Elena R Moldal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo Norway
| | | | | | - Hanne Friis
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA
| | | | - Runa Rørtveit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical sciences and Pathology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo Norway
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17
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Saenz-Pipaon G, Echeverria S, Orbe J, Roncal C. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles for Diabetic Kidney Disease Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102046. [PMID: 34064661 PMCID: PMC8151759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries, affecting more than 40% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. DKD pathogenesis is multifactorial leading to a clinical presentation characterized by proteinuria, hypertension, and a gradual reduction in kidney function, accompanied by a high incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality. Unlike other diabetes-related complications, DKD prevalence has failed to decline over the past 30 years, becoming a growing socioeconomic burden. Treatments controlling glucose levels, albuminuria and blood pressure may slow down DKD evolution and reduce CV events, but are not able to completely halt its progression. Moreover, one in five patients with diabetes develop DKD in the absence of albuminuria, and in others nephropathy goes unrecognized at the time of diagnosis, urging to find novel noninvasive and more precise early diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers and therapeutic targets for these patient subgroups. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially urinary (u)EVs, have emerged as an alternative for this purpose, as changes in their numbers and composition have been reported in clinical conditions involving DM and renal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of (u)EVs in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goren Saenz-Pipaon
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.S.-P.); (J.O.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Echeverria
- Endocrinology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Josune Orbe
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.S.-P.); (J.O.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Roncal
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (G.S.-P.); (J.O.)
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948194700
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18
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Erdbrügger U, Blijdorp CJ, Bijnsdorp IV, Borràs FE, Burger D, Bussolati B, Byrd JB, Clayton A, Dear JW, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Grange C, Hill AF, Holthöfer H, Hoorn EJ, Jenster G, Jimenez CR, Junker K, Klein J, Knepper MA, Koritzinsky EH, Luther JM, Lenassi M, Leivo J, Mertens I, Musante L, Oeyen E, Puhka M, van Royen ME, Sánchez C, Soekmadji C, Thongboonkerd V, van Steijn V, Verhaegh G, Webber JP, Witwer K, Yuen PS, Zheng L, Llorente A, Martens‐Uzunova ES. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12093. [PMID: 34035881 PMCID: PMC8138533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue. Therefore, several methods to isolate and characterize uEVs have been developed. However, methodological aspects of EV separation and analysis, including normalization of results, need further optimization and standardization to foster scientific advances in uEV research and a subsequent successful translation into clinical practice. This position paper is written by the Urine Task Force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of ISEV consisting of nephrologists, urologists, cardiologists and biologists with active experience in uEV research. Our aim is to present the state of the art and identify challenges and gaps in current uEV-based analyses for clinical applications. Finally, recommendations for improved rigor, reproducibility and interoperability in uEV research are provided in order to facilitate advances in the field.
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19
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Zheng XM, Yang FY, Chen X, Yang YH, Zhu XR, Chen C, Yang JK. Development of a sensitive and reliable ELISA kit of urinary haptoglobin to predict progress of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3432. [PMID: 33400837 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Urinary haptoglobin (UHp) is a potential biomarker for predicting progress of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) to remedy the defects of currently used urinary albumin. The clinical application of UHp is however limited, owing to the extremely low level in urine. This study aims to establish an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit specifically for detecting UHp in urine samples of patients with diabetes and DKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Supersensitive human haptoglobin antibodies were generated for ELISA kit development, and the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the kit was evaluated. This kit was used to detect UHp in 246 healthy individuals and 83 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The interference of blood haptoglobin genotypes on UHp measurement was analysed. RESULTS The UHp ELISA kit had a standard curve ranging from 5 to 200 ng/ml. The low detection limit was 0.11 ng/ml. The coefficients of variation of intra- and interassay were 5.5% and 8.3%, respectively. The kit showed high accuracy with 100.9% mean recovery rate, and linearity R2 = 0.999. The reference range of UHp was 0-42.3 ng/g creatinine (0-Q95) in the healthy individuals. UHp level was significantly higher in T2D patients with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria than that in T2D without microalbuminuria (p < 0.01). The UHp concentration measured by this kit was not affected by haptoglobin genotypes. CONCLUSIONS We have generated an ELISA kit to accurately detect UHp levels, which is potentially a reliable biomarker of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Zheng
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Chui Yang Liu Hospital Affiliated to Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Yang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Shijiazhuang Heya Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Hui Yang
- Shijiazhuang Heya Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Zhu
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Zhang J, Nguyen LTH, Hickey R, Walters N, Wang X, Kwak KJ, Lee LJ, Palmer AF, Reátegui E. Immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) platform for enrichment and purification of extracellular vesicles from biofluids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8034. [PMID: 33850163 PMCID: PMC8044115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells have the potential to provide a much-needed source of non-invasive molecular biomarkers for liquid biopsies. However, current methods for EV isolation have limited specificity towards tumor-derived EVs that limit their clinical use. Here, we present an approach called immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) that consists of sequential stages of purification and enrichment of EVs in approximately 2 h. In iSUF, EVs present in different volumes of biofluids (0.5-100 mL) can be significantly enriched (up to 1000 times), with up to 99% removal of contaminating proteins (e.g., albumin). The EV recovery rate by iSUF for cell culture media (CCM), serum, and urine corresponded to 98.0% ± 3.6%, 96.0% ± 2.0% and 94.0% ± 1.9%, respectively (p > 0.05). The final step of iSUF enables the separation of tumor-specific EVs by incorporating immunomagnetic beads to target EV subpopulations. Serum from a cohort of clinical samples from metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy donors were processed by the iSUF platform and the isolated EVs from patients showed significantly higher expression levels of BC biomarkers (i.e., HER2, CD24, and miR21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Richard Hickey
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kwang Joo Kwak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - L James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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21
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Fenselau C, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Molecular cargo in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and their exosomes. Cell Immunol 2021; 359:104258. [PMID: 33338939 PMCID: PMC7802618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Collaborative research is reviewed in which mass spectrometry-based proteomics and next generation sequencing were used qualitatively and quantitatively to interrogate proteins and RNAs carried in intact myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and exosomes shed in vitro by MDSC. In aggregate exosomes more than 4000 proteins were identified, including annexins and immunosuppressive mediators. Bioassays showed that exosomes induce MDSC chemotaxis dependent on S100A8 and S100A9 in their cargo. Surface selective chemistry identified glycoproteins on MDSC and exosome surfaces, including CD47 and thrombospondin 1, which both facilitate exosome-catalyzed chemotaxis. Large numbers of mRNAs and microRNAs were identified in aggregate exosomes, whose potential functions in receptor cells include angiogenesis, and proinflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. Inflammation was found to have asymmetric effects on MDSC and exosomal cargos. Collectively, our findings indicate that the exosomes shed by MDSC provide divergent and complementary functions that support the immunosuppression and tumor promotion activities of MDSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Fenselau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD 20742, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
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22
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Pang H, Luo S, Xiao Y, Xia Y, Li X, Huang G, Xie Z, Zhou Z. Emerging Roles of Exosomes in T1DM. Front Immunol 2020; 11:593348. [PMID: 33324409 PMCID: PMC7725901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a complex autoimmune disorder that mainly affects children and adolescents. The elevated blood glucose level of patients with T1DM results from absolute insulin deficiency and leads to hyperglycemia and the development of life-threatening diabetic complications. Although great efforts have been made to elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease, the precise underlying mechanisms are still obscure. Emerging evidence indicates that small extracellular vesicles, namely, exosomes, take part in intercellular communication and regulate interorgan crosstalk. More importantly, many findings suggest that exosomes and their cargo are associated with the development of T1DM. Therefore, a deeper understanding of exosomes is beneficial for further elucidating the pathogenic process of T1DM. Exosomes are promising biomarkers for evaluating the risk of developingty T1DM, monitoring the disease state and predicting related complications because their number and composition can reflect the status of their parent cells. Additionally, since exosomes are natural carriers of functional proteins, RNA and DNA, they can be used as therapeutic tools to deliver these molecules and drugs. In this review, we briefly introduce the current understanding of exosomes. Next, we focus on the relationship between exosomes and T1DM from three perspectives, i.e., the pathogenic role of exosomes in T1DM, exosomes as novel biomarkers of T1DM and exosomes as therapeutic tools for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Pang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuoming Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Xia
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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23
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Insights into predicting diabetic nephropathy using urinary biomarkers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Wendt R, Kalbitz S, Lübbert C, Kellner N, Macholz M, Schroth S, Ermisch J, Latosisnka A, Arnold B, Mischak H, Beige J, Metzger J. Urinary Proteomics Associates with COVID-19 Severity: Pilot Proof-of-Principle Data and Design of a Multicentric Diagnostic Study. Proteomics 2020; 20:e2000202. [PMID: 32960510 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection results in a mild-to-moderate disease course in most patients, allowing outpatient self-care and quarantine. However, in approx. 10% of cases a two- or three-phasic critical disease course with starting from day 7 to 10 is observed. To facilitate and plan outpatient care, biomarkers prognosing such worsening at an early stage appear of outmost importance. In this accelerated article, we report on the identification of urinary peptides significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the development of a multi-marker urinary peptide based test, COVID20, that may enable prognosis of critical and fatal outcomes in COVID-19 patients. COVID20 is composed of 20 endogenous peptides mainly derived from various collagen chains that enable differentiating moderate or severe disease from critical state or death with 83% sensitivity at 100% specificity. Based on the performance in this pilot study, testing in a prospective study on 1000 patients has been initiated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Wendt
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Kalbitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nils Kellner
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Macholz
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schroth
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Ermisch
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Arnold
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques-Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Beige
- Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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25
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Masaoutis C, Al Besher S, Koutroulis I, Theocharis S. Exosomes in Nephropathies: A Rich Source of Novel Biomarkers. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8897833. [PMID: 32849923 PMCID: PMC7441435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8897833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biomarkers commonly utilized in diagnostic evaluations of kidney disease suffer from low sensitivity, especially in the early stages of renal damage. On the other hand, obtaining a renal biopsy to augment clinical decision making can lead to potentially serious complications. In order to overcome the shortcomings of currently available diagnostic tools, recent studies suggest that exosomes, cell-secreted extracellular vesicles containing a large array of active molecules to facilitate cell-to-cell communication, may represent a rich source of novel disease biomarkers. Because of their endocytic origin, exosomes carry markers typical for their parent cells, which could permit the localization of biochemical cellular alterations in specific kidney compartments. Different types of exosomes can be isolated from noninvasively obtained biofluids; however, in the context of kidney disease, evidence has emerged on the role of urinary exosomes in the diagnostic and predictive modeling of renal pathology. The current review summarizes the potential application of exosomes in the detection of acute and chronic inflammatory, metabolic, degenerative, and genetic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Masaoutis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Samer Al Besher
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Children's National Hospital, Division of Emergency Medicine and Center for Genetic Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75, Mikras Asias street, Bld 10, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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26
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Elafin inhibits obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet-treated male mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12785. [PMID: 32733043 PMCID: PMC7393145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elafin is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protein. We hypothesize that elafin expression correlates with diabetes. Among non-diabetic and prediabetic groups, men have significantly higher serum elafin levels than women. Men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have significantly lower serum elafin levels than men without T2DM. Serum elafin levels are inversely correlated with fasting blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in men with T2DM, but not women with T2DM. Lentiviral elafin overexpression inhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-treated male mice. Elafin-overexpressing HFD-treated male mice had increased serum leptin levels, and serum exosomal miR181b-5p and miR219-5p expression. Transplantation of splenocytes and serum exosomes from elafin-overexpressing HFD-treated donor mice reduced food consumption and fat mass, and increased adipose tissue leptin mRNA expression in HFD-treated recipient mice. Elafin improved leptin sensitivity via reduced interferon-gamma expression and induced adipose leptin expression via increased miR181b-5p and miR219-5p expression. Subcutaneous and oral administration of modified elafin inhibited obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in the HFD-treated mice. Circulating elafin levels are associated with hyperglycemia in men with T2DM. Elafin, via immune-derived miRNAs and cytokine, activates leptin sensitivity and expression that subsequently inhibit food consumption, obesity, hyperglycemia, and liver steatosis in HFD-treated male mice.
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27
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Navarrete M, Korkmaz B, Guarino C, Lesner A, Lao Y, Ho J, Nickerson P, Wilkins JA. Activity-based protein profiling guided identification of urine proteinase 3 activity in subclinical rejection after renal transplantation. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:23. [PMID: 32549867 PMCID: PMC7296916 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiology of subclinical versus clinical rejection remains incompletely understood given their equivalent histological severity but discordant graft function. The goal was to evaluate serine hydrolase enzyme activities to explore if there were any underlying differences in activities during subclinical versus clinical rejection. Methods Serine hydrolase activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) was performed on the urines of a case control cohort of patients with biopsy confirmed subclinical or clinical transplant rejection. In-gel analysis and affinity purification with mass spectrometry were used to demonstrate and identify active serine hydrolase activity. An assay for proteinase 3 (PR3/PRTN3) was adapted for the quantitation of activity in urine. Results In-gel ABPP profiles suggested increased intensity and diversity of serine hydrolase activities in urine from patients undergoing subclinical versus clinical rejection. Serine hydrolases (n = 30) were identified by mass spectrometry in subclinical and clinical rejection patients with 4 non-overlapping candidates between the two groups (i.e. ABHD14B, LTF, PR3/PRTN3 and PRSS12). Western blot and the use of a specific inhibitor confirmed the presence of active PR3/PRTN3 in samples from patients undergoing subclinical rejection. Analysis of samples from normal donors or from several serial post-transplant urines indicated that although PR3/PRTN3 activity may be highly associated with low-grade subclinical inflammation, the enzyme activity was not restricted to this patient group. Conclusions There appear to be limited qualitative and quantitative differences in serine hydrolase activity in patients with subclinical versus clinical renal transplant rejection. The majority of enzymes identified were present in samples from both groups implying that in-gel quantitative differences may largely relate to the activity status of shared enzymes. However qualitative compositional differences were also observed indicating differential activities. The PR3/PRTN3 analyses indicate that the activity status of urine in transplant patients is dynamic possibly reflecting changes in the underlying processes in the transplant. These data suggest that differential serine hydrolase pathways may be active in subclinical versus clinical rejection which requires further exploration in larger patient cohorts. Although this study focused on PR3/PRTN3, this does not preclude the possibility that other enzymes may play critical roles in the rejection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Navarrete
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E3P4 Canada
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM, UMR 1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Carla Guarino
- INSERM, UMR 1100, "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Université de Tours, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ying Lao
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E3P4 Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E3P4 Canada.,Section Biomedical Proteomics, Dept. Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada.,Section of Nephrology, Dept. Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada.,Dept. Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Peter Nickerson
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E3P4 Canada.,Section Biomedical Proteomics, Dept. Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada.,Section of Nephrology, Dept. Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada.,Dept. Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - John A Wilkins
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, 799 John Buhler Research Centre, 715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E3P4 Canada.,Section Biomedical Proteomics, Dept. Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
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28
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Lu Y, Liu D, Feng Q, Liu Z. Diabetic Nephropathy: Perspective on Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:943. [PMID: 32582146 PMCID: PMC7283536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. It is the most frequent cause of end-stage renal disease with no definitive therapy available so far. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, are nano- and micron-sized heterogeneous vesicles that can be secreted by almost all cell types. Importantly, EVs contain many biologically active materials, such as RNAs, DNAs, proteins, and lipids, from their parental cells, which can be transported to their recipient cells to mediate intercellular communication and signaling. Accumulating studies demonstrated that EVs, mainly exosomes and microvesicles, participated in the pathophysiological process of DN. Recently emerging studies also found that the contents of EVs in the urine (miRNAs, mRNAs, and proteins) could be used as potential biomarkers for DN. Therefore, in this mini-review, the generation, isolation methods, and biological function of EVs were introduced, and then the current information about the mechanism and the diagnostic value in the development of DN was summarized. Moreover, the review also discussed the future challenges of exploring the role of EVs in kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Core Unit of National Clinical Medical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, China
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29
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Adem S, Jain S, Sveiven M, Zhou X, O'Donoghue AJ, Hall DA. Giant magnetoresistive biosensors for real-time quantitative detection of protease activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7941. [PMID: 32409675 PMCID: PMC7224196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes that cleave proteins and are crucial to physiological processes such as digestion, blood clotting, and wound healing. Unregulated protease activity is a biomarker of several human diseases. Synthetic peptides that are selectively hydrolyzed by a protease of interest can be used as reporter substrates of unregulated protease activity. We developed an activity-based protease sensor by immobilizing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to the surface of a giant magnetoresistive spin-valve (GMR SV) sensor using peptides. Cleavage of these peptides by a protease releases the magnetic nanoparticles resulting in a time-dependent change in the local magnetic field. Using this approach, we detected a significant release of MNPs after 3.5 minutes incubation using just 4 nM of the cysteine protease, papain. In addition, we show that proteases in healthy human urine do not release the MNPs, however addition of 20 nM of papain to the urine samples resulted in a time-dependent change in magnetoresistance. This study lays the foundation for using GMR SV sensors as a platform for real-time, quantitative detection of protease activity in biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Adem
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sonal Jain
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael Sveiven
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiahan Zhou
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- University of California - San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Drew A Hall
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- University of California - San Diego, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Vitko D, Cho PS, Kostel SA, DiMartino SE, Cabour LD, Migliozzi MA, Logvinenko T, Warren PG, Froehlich JW, Lee RS. Characterizing Patients with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Vesicoureteral Reflux: A Pilot Study of the Urinary Proteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:456-466. [PMID: 31896675 PMCID: PMC7050111 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose a significant burden on the health care system. Underlying mechanisms predisposing children to UTIs and associated changes in the urinary proteome are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the urinary proteome of a subset of children who have vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and recurrent UTIs because of their risk of developing infection-related renal damage. Improving diagnostic modalities to identify UTI risk factors would significantly alter the clinical management of children with VUR. We profiled the urinary proteomes of 22 VUR patients with low grade VUR (1-3 out of 5), a history of recurrent UTIs, and renal scarring, comparing them to those obtained from 22 age-matched controls. Urinary proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry followed by protein quantitation based on spectral counting. Of the 2,551 proteins identified across both cohorts, 964 were robustly quantified, as defined by meeting criteria with spectral count (SC) ≥2 in at least 7 patients in either VUR or control cohort. Eighty proteins had differential expression between the two cohorts, with 44 proteins significantly up-regulated and 36 downregulated (q <0.075, FC ≥1.2). Urinary proteins involved in inflammation, acute phase response (APR), modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and carbohydrate metabolism were altered among the study cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Vitko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia S Cho
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Urology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Kostel
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lily D Cabour
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Tanya Logvinenko
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter G Warren
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John W Froehlich
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
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31
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Maione F, Cappellano G, Bellan M, Raineri D, Chiocchetti A. Chicken-or-egg question: Which came first, extracellular vesicles or autoimmune diseases? J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:601-616. [PMID: 32108378 PMCID: PMC7496139 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0120-232r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted great interest as contributors to autoimmune disease (AD) pathogenesis, owing to their immunomodulatory potential; they may also play a role in triggering tolerance disruption, by delivering auto‐antigens. EVs are released by almost all cell types, and afford paracrine or distal cell communication, functioning as biological carriers of active molecules including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Depending on stimuli from the external microenvironment or on their cargo, EVs can promote or suppress immune responses. ADs are triggered by inappropriate immune‐system activation against the self, but their precise etiology is still poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that lifestyle and diet have a strong impact on their clinical onset and development. However, to date the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis are not fully clarified, and reliable markers, which would provide early prediction and disease progression monitoring, are lacking. In this connection, EVs have recently been indicated as a promising source of AD biomarkers. Although EV isolation is currently based on differential centrifugation or density‐gradient ultracentrifugation, the resulting co‐isolation of contaminants (i.e., protein aggregates), and the pooling of all EVs in one sample, limit this approach to abundantly‐expressed EVs. Flow cytometry is one of the most promising methods for detecting EVs as biomarkers, and may have diagnostic applications. Furthermore, very recent findings describe a new method for identifying and sorting EVs by flow cytometry from freshly collected body fluids, based on specific EV surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Maione
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases- IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappellano
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases- IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Raineri
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases- IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Chiocchetti
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease-CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases- IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
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32
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Chen D, Geis-Asteggiante L, Gomes FP, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Fenselau C. Top-Down Proteomic Characterization of Truncated Proteoforms. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:4013-4019. [PMID: 31545043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A top-down proteomic strategy with semiautomated analysis of data sets has proven successful for the global identification of truncated proteins without the use of chemical derivatization, enzymatic manipulation, immunoprecipitation, or other enrichment. This approach provides the reliable identification of internal polypeptides formed from precursor gene products by proteolytic cleavage of both the N- and C-termini, as well as truncated proteoforms that retain one or the other termini. The strategy has been evaluated by application to the immunosuppressive extracellular vesicles released by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. More than 1000 truncated proteoforms have been identified, from which binding motifs are derived to allow characterization of the putative proteases responsible for truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Lucia Geis-Asteggiante
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Fabio P Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Catherine Fenselau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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Xiao Y, Zheng L, Zou X, Wang J, Zhong J, Zhong T. Extracellular vesicles in type 2 diabetes mellitus: key roles in pathogenesis, complications, and therapy. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1625677. [PMID: 31258879 PMCID: PMC6586118 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1625677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a chronic disease, is widely prevalent all over the world. In recent years, the roles of some extracellular vesicles (EVs) in T2DM have attracted much attention. EVs are bilayer membrane vesicles secreted from most cells and can participate in regulating various physiological and pathological processes in vivo by being transported between cells. Recently, it was discovered that some abnormal EVs can contribute to the occurrence of T2DM by inducing insulin resistance and can also participate in the complications of T2DM. In addition, some stem/progenitor cells-derived EVs have a potential application in the therapy of T2DM. This review introduces basic concepts of EVs and summarizes the roles of EVs in the pathogenesis, complications, and therapy of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Xiao
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China.,Precision Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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34
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Abstract
Proteases drive the life cycle of all proteins, ensuring the transportation and activation of newly minted, would-be proteins into their functional form while recycling spent or unneeded proteins. Far from their image as engines of protein digestion, proteases play fundamental roles in basic physiology and regulation at multiple levels of systems biology. Proteases are intimately associated with disease and modulation of proteolytic activity is the presumed target for successful therapeutics. "Proteases: Pivot Points in Functional Proteomics" examines the crucial roles of proteolysis across a wide range of physiological processes and diseases. The existing and potential impacts of proteolysis-related activity on drug and biomarker development are presented in detail. All told the decisive roles of proteases in four major categories comprising 23 separate subcategories are addressed. Within this construct, 15 sets of subject-specific, tabulated data are presented that include identification of proteases, protease inhibitors, substrates, and their actions. Said data are derived from and confirmed by over 300 references. Cross comparison of datasets indicates that proteases, their inhibitors/promoters and substrates intersect over a range of physiological processes and diseases, both chronic and pathogenic. Indeed, "Proteases: Pivot Points …" closes by dramatizing this very point through association of (pro)Thrombin and Fibrin(ogen) with: hemostasis, innate immunity, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, and bacterial self-defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Sarah E Leonard
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana School of Chemical Sciences, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ray C Perkins
- New Liberty Proteomics Corporation, New Liberty, KY, USA.
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35
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Boulangé CL, Rood IM, Posma JM, Lindon JC, Holmes E, Wetzels JFM, Deegens JKJ, Kaluarachchi MR. NMR and MS urinary metabolic phenotyping in kidney diseases is fit-for-purpose in the presence of a protease inhibitor. Mol Omics 2019; 15:39-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When using an appropriate data analysis pipeline, protease inhibitor (PI)-containing urine samples are fit-for-purpose for metabolic phenotyping of patients with nephrotic syndrome and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilse M. Rood
- Department of Nephrology
- Radboud University Medical Center
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Joram M. Posma
- Imperial College London
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine
- Department of Surgery and Cancer
- Faculty of Medicine
- London SW7 2AZ
| | - John C. Lindon
- Metabometrix Ltd
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Imperial College London
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Metabometrix Ltd
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Imperial College London
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine
| | - Jack F. M. Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology
- Radboud University Medical Center
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K. J. Deegens
- Department of Nephrology
- Radboud University Medical Center
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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36
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Araujo TF, Cordeiro AV, Vasconcelos DAA, Vitzel KF, Silva VRR. The role of cathepsin B in autophagy during obesity: A systematic review. Life Sci 2018; 209:274-281. [PMID: 30107168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates energy homeostasis by releasing adipokines and modulating cell maintenance. Nutrient excess affects adipocyte hypertrophy directly in WAT by increasing excessively the activity of autophagy systems, generating proinflammatory markers and increasing infiltration of macrophages, causing metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Evidences suggest that cathepsin B (CTSB), a papain-like cysteine peptidase protein, can modulate autophagy processes in adipocytes. This review will focus on the role of CTSB in autophagy under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Araujo
- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kaio F Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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37
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Xu WC, Qian G, Liu AQ, Li YQ, Zou HQ. Urinary Extracellular Vesicle: A Potential Source of Early Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:1357-1364. [PMID: 29786051 PMCID: PMC5987509 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.232801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) contain rich biological information which could be the ideal source for noninvasive biomarkers of DKD. This review discussed the potential early diagnostic and therapeutic values of proteins and microRNAs in uEVs in DKD. DATA SOURCES This review was based articles published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases up to November 20, 2017, with the following keywords: "Diabetic kidney disease", "Extracellular vesicle", and "Urine". STUDY SELECTION Relevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to the study design and publication type. RESULTS There is no "gold standard" technology to separate and/or purify uEVs. The uEVs contain a variety of proteins and RNAs and participate in the physiological and pathological processes of the kidney. UEVs, especially urinary exosomes, may be useful biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment to DKD. Furthermore, the uEVs has been used as a therapeutic target for DKD. CONCLUSION Proteins and nucleic acids in uEVs represent promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ge Qian
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Ai-Qun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - He-Qun Zou
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
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38
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Remacle AG, Hullugundi SK, Dolkas J, Angert M, Chernov AV, Strongin AY, Shubayev VI. Acute- and late-phase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activity is comparable in female and male rats after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:89. [PMID: 29558999 PMCID: PMC5859418 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the peripheral nerve, pro-inflammatory matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 performs essential functions in the acute response to injury. Whether MMP-9 activity contributes to late-phase injury or whether MMP-9 expression or activity after nerve injury is sexually dimorphic remains unknown. METHODS Patterns of MMP-9 expression, activity and excretion were assessed in a model of painful peripheral neuropathy, sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI), in female and male rats. Real-time Taqman RT-PCR for MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) of nerve samples over a 2-month time course of CCI was followed by gelatin zymography of crude nerve extracts and purified MMP-9 from the extracts using gelatin Sepharose-beads. MMP excretion was determined using protease activity assay of urine in female and male rats with CCI. RESULTS The initial upsurge in nerve MMP-9 expression at day 1 post-CCI was superseded more than 100-fold at day 28 post-CCI. The high level of MMP-9 expression in late-phase nerve injury was accompanied by the reduction in TIMP-1 level. The absence of MMP-9 in the normal nerve and the presence of multiple MMP-9 species (the proenzyme, mature enzyme, homodimers, and heterodimers) was observed at day 1 and day 28 post-CCI. The MMP-9 proenzyme and mature enzyme species dominated in the early- and late-phase nerve injury, consistent with the high and low level of TIMP-1 expression, respectively. The elevated nerve MMP-9 levels corresponded to the elevated urinary MMP excretion post-CCI. All of these findings were comparable in female and male rodents. CONCLUSION The present study offers the first evidence for the excessive, uninhibited proteolytic MMP-9 activity during late-phase painful peripheral neuropathy and suggests that the pattern of MMP-9 expression, activity, and excretion after peripheral nerve injury is universal in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G Remacle
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Swathi K Hullugundi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0629, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0629, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mila Angert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0629, USA.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrei V Chernov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alex Y Strongin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center/Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0629, USA. .,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
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Cocchiaro P, De Pasquale V, Della Morte R, Tafuri S, Avallone L, Pizard A, Moles A, Pavone LM. The Multifaceted Role of the Lysosomal Protease Cathepsins in Kidney Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:114. [PMID: 29312937 PMCID: PMC5742100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is worldwide the 12th leading cause of death affecting 8–16% of the entire population. Kidney disease encompasses acute (short-lasting episode) and chronic (developing over years) pathologies both leading to renal failure. Since specific treatments for acute or chronic kidney disease are limited, more than 2 million people a year require dialysis or kidney transplantation. Several recent evidences identified lysosomal proteases cathepsins as key players in kidney pathophysiology. Cathepsins, originally found in the lysosomes, exert important functions also in the cytosol and nucleus of cells as well as in the extracellular space, thus participating in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Based on their catalytic active site residue, the 15 human cathepsins identified up to now are classified in three different families: serine (cathepsins A and G), aspartate (cathepsins D and E), or cysteine (cathepsins B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, X, and W) proteases. Specifically in the kidney, cathepsins B, D, L and S have been shown to regulate extracellular matrix homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis, glomerular permeability, endothelial function, and inflammation. Dysregulation of their expression/activity has been associated to the onset and progression of kidney disease. This review summarizes most of the recent findings that highlight the critical role of cathepsins in kidney disease development and progression. A better understanding of the signaling pathways governed by cathepsins in kidney physiopathology may yield novel selective biomarkers or therapeutic targets for developing specific treatments against kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Faculty of Medicine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, "Défaillance Cardiaque Aigüe et Chronique", Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Center for Clinical Investigation 1433, Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Della Morte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Pizard
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, "Défaillance Cardiaque Aigüe et Chronique", Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.,Institut Lorrain du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Center for Clinical Investigation 1433, Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Nancy, France
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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40
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Hu S, Musante L, Tataruch D, Xu X, Kretz O, Henry M, Meleady P, Luo H, Zou H, Jiang Y, Holthofer H. Purification and Identification of Membrane Proteins from Urinary Extracellular Vesicles using Triton X-114 Phase Partitioning. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:86-96. [PMID: 29090927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) have become a promising source for biomarkers accurately reflecting biochemical changes in kidney and urogenital diseases. Characteristically, uEVs are rich in membrane proteins associated with several cellular functions like adhesion, transport, and signaling. Hence, membrane proteins of uEVs should represent an exciting protein class with unique biological properties. In this study, we utilized uEVs to optimize the Triton X-114 detergent partitioning protocol targeted for membrane proteins and proceeded to their subsequent characterization while eliminating effects of Tamm-Horsfall protein, the most abundant interfering protein in urine. This is the first report aiming to enrich and characterize the integral transmembrane proteins present in human urinary vesicles. First, uEVs were enriched using a "hydrostatic filtration dialysis'' appliance, and then the enriched uEVs and lysates were verified by transmission electron microscopy. After using Triton X-114 phase partitioning, we generated an insoluble pellet fraction and aqueous phase (AP) and detergent phase (DP) fractions and analyzed them with LC-MS/MS. Both in- and off-gel protein digestion methods were used to reveal an increased number of membrane proteins of uEVs. After comparing with the identified proteins without phase separation as in our earlier publication, 199 different proteins were detected in DP. Prediction of transmembrane domains (TMDs) from these protein fractions showed that DP had more TMDs than other groups. The analyses of hydrophobicity revealed that the GRAVY score of DP was much higher than those of the other fractions. Furthermore, the analysis of proteins with lipid anchor revealed that DP proteins had more lipid anchors than other fractions. Additionally, KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DP proteins detected participate in endocytosis and signaling, which is consistent with the expected biological functions of membrane proteins. Finally, results of Western blotting confirmed that the membrane protein bands are found in the DP fraction instead of AP. In conclusion, our study validates the use of Triton X-114 phase partitioning protocol on uEVs for a targeted isolation of membrane proteins and to reduce sample complexity. This method successfully facilitates detection of potential biomarkers and druggable targets in uEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiwang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Oliver Kretz
- III. Medical Clinic, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Haihua Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Hequn Zou
- Institute of Nephrology and Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs University , Freiburg, Germany
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Krochmal M, Kontostathi G, Magalhães P, Makridakis M, Klein J, Husi H, Leierer J, Mayer G, Bascands JL, Denis C, Zoidakis J, Zürbig P, Delles C, Schanstra JP, Mischak H, Vlahou A. Urinary peptidomics analysis reveals proteases involved in diabetic nephropathy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15160. [PMID: 29123184 PMCID: PMC5680307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of nephropathy in diabetic patients are not fully elucidated. Deregulation of proteolytic systems is a known path leading to disease manifestation, therefore we hypothesized that proteases aberrantly expressed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) may be involved in the generation of DN-associated peptides in urine. We compared urinary peptide profiles of DN patients (macroalbuminuric, n = 121) to diabetic patients with no evidence of DN (normoalbuminuric, n = 118). 302 sequenced, differentially expressed peptides (adjusted p-value < 0.05) were analysed with the Proteasix tool predicting proteases potentially involved in their generation. Activity change was estimated based on the change in abundance of the investigated peptides. Predictions were correlated with transcriptomics (Nephroseq) and relevant protein expression data from the literature. This analysis yielded seventeen proteases, including multiple forms of MMPs, cathepsin D and K, kallikrein 4 and proprotein convertases. The activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, predicted to be decreased in DN, was investigated using zymography in a DN mouse model confirming the predictions. Collectively, this proof-of-concept study links urine peptidomics to molecular changes at the tissue level, building hypotheses for further investigation in DN and providing a workflow with potential applications to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Magalhães
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Julie Klein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Holger Husi
- Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Johannes Leierer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gert Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Nephrology and Hypertension), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1188 - Université de La, Réunion, France
| | - Colette Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Joost P Schanstra
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1048, Institut of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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42
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Barreiro K, Holthofer H. Urinary extracellular vesicles. A promising shortcut to novel biomarker discoveries. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:217-227. [PMID: 28429073 PMCID: PMC5487850 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic and genomic techniques have reached full maturity and are providing unforeseen details for the comprehensive understanding of disease pathologies at a fraction of previous costs. However, for kidney diseases, many gaps in such information remain to inhibit major advances in the prevention, treatment and diagnostics of these devastating diseases, which have enormous global impact. The discovery of ubiquitous extracellular vesicles (EV) in all bodily fluids is rapidly increasing the fundamental knowledge of disease mechanisms and the ways in which cells communicate with distant locations in processes of cancer spread, immunological regulation, barrier functions and general modulation of cellular activity. In this review, we describe some of the most prominent research streams and findings utilizing urinary extracellular vesicles as highly versatile and dynamic tools with their extraordinary protein and small regulatory RNA species. While being a highly promising approach, the relatively young field of EV research suffers from a lack of adherence to strict standardization and carefully scrutinized methods for obtaining fully reproducible results. With the appropriate guidelines and standardization achieved, urine is foreseen as forming a unique, robust and easy route for determining accurate and personalized disease signatures and as providing highly useful early biomarkers of the disease pathology of the kidney and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Barreiro
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Tataruch-Weinert D, Musante L, Kretz O, Holthofer H. Urinary extracellular vesicles for RNA extraction: optimization of a protocol devoid of prokaryote contamination. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:30281. [PMID: 27345058 PMCID: PMC4921785 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.30281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary extracellular vesicles (UEVs) represent an ideal platform for biomarker discovery. They carry different types of RNA species, and reported profile discrepancies related to the presence/absence of 18s and 28s rRNA remain controversial. Moreover, sufficient urinary RNA yields and respective quality RNA profiles are still to be fully established. Methods UEVs were enriched by hydrostatic filtration dialysis, and RNA content was extracted using 7 different commercially available techniques. RNA quantity was assessed using spectrophotometry and fluorometry, whilst RNA quality was determined by capillary electrophoresis. Results The presence of prokaryotic transcriptome was stressed when cellular RNA, as a control, was spiked into the UEVs samples before RNA extraction. The presence of bacteria in hydrostatic filtration dialysis above 1,000 kDa molecular weight cut-off and in crude urine was confirmed with growth media plates. The efficiency in removing urinary bacteria was evaluated by differential centrifugation, filtration (0.22 µm filters) and chemical pretreatment (water purification tablet). For volumes of urine >200 ml, the chemical treatment provides ease of handling without affecting vesicle integrity, protein and RNA profiles. This protocol was selected to enrich RNA with 7 methods, and its respective quality and quantity were assessed. The results were given as follows: (a) Fluorometry gave more repeatability and reproducibility than spectrophotometry to assess the RNA yields, (b) UEVs were enriched with small RNA, (c) Ribosomal RNA peaks were not observed for any RNA extraction method used and (d) RNA yield was higher for column-based method designed for urinary exosome, whilst the highest relative microRNA presence was obtained using TRIzol method. Conclusion Our results show that the presence of bacteria can lead to misidentification in the electrophoresis peaks. Fluorometry is more reliable than spectrophotometry. RNA isolation method must be selected in conjunction with appropriate UEV collection procedure. We also suggested that a minimum 250 ml of urine should be processed to gather enough RNA for robust quantification, qualification and downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Musante
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Huber Lab - Clinical Research Center, Renal Division-Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harry Holthofer
- Centre for BioAnalytical Sciences (CBAS), Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,Huber Lab - Clinical Research Center, Renal Division-Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany;
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44
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Kamińska A, Platt M, Kasprzyk J, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Gala-Błądzińska A, Woźnicka O, Jany BR, Krok F, Piekoszewski W, Kuźniewski M, Stępień EŁ. Urinary Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Biomarkers of Renal Function in Diabetic Patients. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:5741518. [PMID: 28105442 PMCID: PMC5220476 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5741518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to check the relationship between the density of urinary EVs, their size distribution, and the progress of early renal damage in type 2 diabetic patients (DMt2). Patients were enrolled to this study, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) below 7% was a threshold for properly controlled diabetic patients (CD) and poorly controlled diabetic patients (UD). Patients were further divided into two groups: diabetic patients without renal failure (NRF) and with renal failure (RF) according to the Glomerular Filtration Rate. Density and diameter of EVs were determined by Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing. Additionally, EVs were visualized by means of Transmission and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy. Nano-liquid chromatography coupled offline with mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) was applied for proteomic analysis. RF had reduced density of EVs compared to NRF. The size distribution study showed that CD had larger EVs (mode) than UD (115 versus 109 nm; p < 0.05); nevertheless the mean EVs diameter was smaller in controls than in the CD group (123 versus 134 nm; p < 0.05). It was demonstrated that EVs are abundant in urine. Albumin, uromodulin, and number of unique proteins related to cell stress and secretion were detected in the EVs fraction. Density and size of urinary EVs reflect deteriorated renal function and can be considered as potential renal damage biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kamińska
- Department of Medical Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mark Platt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Joanna Kasprzyk
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Olga Woźnicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Benedykt R. Jany
- Department of Solid State Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Franciszek Krok
- Department of Solid State Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Kuźniewski
- Department of Nephrology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Ł. Stępień
- Department of Medical Physics, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
- *Ewa Ł. Stępień:
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45
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Jia Y, Guan M, Zheng Z, Zhang Q, Tang C, Xu W, Xiao Z, Wang L, Xue Y. miRNAs in Urine Extracellular Vesicles as Predictors of Early-Stage Diabetic Nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:7932765. [PMID: 26942205 PMCID: PMC4749815 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7932765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND miR-192, miR-194, and miR-215 are enriched in the kidney and play roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be detected in body fluids and may serve as disease biomarkers. METHODS Eighty type 2 diabetes patients with normoalbuminuria (n = 30), microalbuminuria (n = 30), or macroalbuminuria (n = 20), as well as 10 healthy controls, were enrolled in this study. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate urinary EV miRNAs expression. RESULTS The miR-192 levels were significantly higher than the miR-194 and miR-215 levels in urine EVs and all three miRNAs were significantly increased in the microalbuminuric group compared with the normoalbuminuric and control subjects but were decreased in the macroalbuminuric group. In patients with normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria, miR-192 was positively correlated with albuminuria (r = 0.357, P = 0.005) levels and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β1 (r = 0.356, P = 0.005) expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that miR-192 was better than miR-194 and miR-215 in discriminating the normoalbuminuric group from the microalbuminuric group. Exposure of human renal tubular epithelial cells to high glucose increased the expression of both miRNAs in cellular supernatant EVs, indicating a potential source. CONCLUSION These results suggest the potential use of urinary EV miR-192 as a biomarker of the early stage of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Jia
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Meiping Guan
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zongji Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Chuan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Wenwei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Zhizhou Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
- *Yaoming Xue:
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