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Zhao H, Xu C, Wang T, Liu J. Biomimetic Construction of Artificial Selenoenzymes. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010054. [PMID: 36810385 PMCID: PMC9944854 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium exists in the form of selenocysteines in selenoproteins and plays a pivotal role in the catalytic process of the antioxidative enzymes. In order to study the structural and functional properties of selenium in selenoproteins, explore the significance of the role of selenium in the fields of biology and chemistry, scientists conducted a series of artificial simulations on selenoproteins. In this review, we sum up the progress and developed strategies in the construction of artificial selenoenzyme. Using different mechanisms from different catalytic angles, selenium-containing catalytic antibodies, semi-synthetic selenonezyme, and the selenium-containing molecularly imprinted enzymes have been constructed. A variety of synthetic selenoenzyme models have been designed and constructed by selecting host molecules such as cyclodextrins, dendrimers, and hyperbranched polymers as the main scaffolds. Then, a variety of selenoprotein assemblies as well as cascade antioxidant nanoenzymes were built by using electrostatic interaction, metal coordination, and host-guest interaction. The unique redox properties of selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) can be reproduced.
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Kawano S, Itoh K, Ishihara Y. Suppressive Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Intake on Increased Seizure Susceptibility after Growth Due to Febrile Seizures in Infancy. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1184-1193. [PMID: 37661397 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Febrile seizures are seizures accompanied by a fever and frequently occur in children six months to five years of age. Febrile seizures are classified as simple or complex, and complex febrile seizures increase the risk of temporal lobe epilepsy after growth. Therefore, it is important to interfere with epileptogenesis after febrile seizures to prevent post-growth epilepsy. The present study challenged nutritional intervention using docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Febrile seizures were induced in mice at the age of 10 d using a heat chamber, and seizure sensitivity was examined using pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) administration after growth. PTZ increased the seizure score and shortened the latency in the complex febrile seizure group compared to the control, hyperthermia and simple febrile seizure groups. Mice in the complex febrile seizure group showed abnormal electroencephalograms pre- and post-PTZ administration. Therefore, seizure susceptibility increases the episodes of complex febrile seizures. DHA supplementation after febrile seizures clearly suppressed the increased seizure susceptibility due to complex febrile seizures experienced in infancy. DHA also attenuated microglial activation after complex febrile seizures. Taken together, DHA suppressed microglial activation following complex febrile seizures, which may contribute to protecting the brain from post-growth seizures. The intake of DHA in infancy may protect children from high fever-induced developmental abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kawano
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
| | - Kouichi Itoh
- Laboratory for Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Neurology, Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
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Janani DM, Ramasubramanyan S, Chellappa V, Santhanam R, Manickam R, Shameli J, Balasundaram U. Whole exome and targeted sequencing reveal novel mutations associated with inherited PCOS condition in an Indian cohort. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:39-46. [PMID: 36284191 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A cohort of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) women presents themselves with persistent abnormal reproductive hormone levels and has a familial representation of characteristics. In our study, we have aimed to identify genetic variants which are inherited across such PCOS families and also validate them among Indian population. Independent discovery was done by whole exome sequencing in a three-generation family (Family P01). Validation was done by targeted sequencing at 30,000x using HaloPlex panel in 9 families (P01-P09). The variants were filtered and reported according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Mutation burden analysis and in-silico functional analyses were performed. After careful annotation analyses, we report 24 likely pathogenic variants from 21 genes, out of which 8 are novel structural variants, 14 missense variants and 2 intronic variants. Out of these, 3 variants from the genes FSHR, SCARB1, and INSR are involved in the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway and 5 variants from genes DFFB, ACTG1, GPX4, CYC1 and ALDOA directly or indirectly trigger the apoptotic pathways. Three ovarian steroidogenesis variants, FSHR, SCARB1 and INSR were screened among Indian women using a case-control approach to validate these variant's pathogenicity in Indian PCOS women. Variants of SCARB1 and INSR were found to be pathogenic to Indian PCOS women, while FSHR variants did not show significant association to PCOS cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakshina Moorthy Janani
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Sharada Ramasubramanyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Venkatesh Chellappa
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Solna, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rekha Santhanam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Ranjani Manickam
- SRM-DBT Platform for Advanced Life Science Technologies, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Jeevamani Shameli
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, India
| | - Usha Balasundaram
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603 203, India.
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Wang L, Xiong F, Zhao S, Yang Y, Zhou G. Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the potential mechanisms for the antioxidant activity of Rheum tanguticum seeds. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:121. [PMID: 35505340 PMCID: PMC9066831 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheum tanguticum (R. tanguticum) is an edible and medicinal plant that exhibits high antioxidant activity. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the bioactive components of its seeds and the potential mechanisms of antioxidant activity to provide a foundation for further developmental work on R. tanguticum seeds as a functional food. Methods In this study, the antioxidant activities of R. tanguticum seeds were measured using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. LC-Q-TOF/MS was used to identify the active compounds in the seeds, and Swiss Target Prediction was used to identify their potential targets. The DisGENET, DrugBank, OMIM and GeneCard databases were used to search for antioxidant-related targets. Results The component–target–pathway network was constructed and included 5 compounds and 9 target genes. The hub genes included ESR1, APP, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, AKT1, MMP2, PTGS2, TGFB1 and JUN. The antioxidant activity signaling pathways of the compounds for the treatment of diseases were the cancer signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, colorectal cancer signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, etc. Molecular docking revealed that the compounds in R. tanguticum seeds could inhibit potential targets (AKT1, ESR1 and PTGS2). Conclusion Molecular docking studies revealed that the binding energy score between liriodenine and PTGS2 was the highest (8.16), followed by that of chrysophanol (7.10). This result supports the potential for PTGS2-targeted drug screening and design. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03611-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, China.
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Sammad A, Hu L, Luo H, Abbas Z, Umer S, Zhao S, Xu Q, Khan A, Wang Y, Zhu H, Wang Y. Investigation of Metabolome Underlying the Biological Mechanisms of Acute Heat Stressed Granulosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042146. [PMID: 35216260 PMCID: PMC8879866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress affects granulosa cells and the ovarian follicular microenvironment, ultimately resulting in poor oocyte developmental competence. This study aims to investigate the metabo-lomics response of bovine granulosa cells (bGCs) to in vitro acute heat stress of 43 °C. Heat stress triggers oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in cultured bGCs. Heat-stressed bGCs exhibited a time-dependent recovery of proliferation potential by 48 h. A total of 119 metabolites were identified through LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics of the spent culture media, out of which, 37 metabolites were determined as differentially involved in metabolic pathways related to bioenergetics support mechanisms and the physical adaptations of bGCs. Multiple analyses of metabolome data identified choline, citric acid, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, glutamine, and glycocyamine as being upregulated, while galactosamine, AICAR, ciliatine, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, lysine, succinic acid, uridine, xanthine, and uraconic acid were the important downregulated metabolites in acute heat stress. These differential metabolites were implicated in various important metabolic pathways directed towards bioenergetics support mechanisms including glycerophospholipid metabolism, the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and serine, threonine, and tyrosine metabolism. Our study presents important metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in the adaptation of bGCs to acute heat stress in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lirong Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
| | - Zaheer Abbas
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
| | - Saqib Umer
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.U.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shanjiang Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.U.); (S.Z.)
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;
| | - Adnan Khan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yajing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.U.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yachun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.); (Z.A.); (A.K.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
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Radaghdam S, Karamad V, Nourazarian A, Shademan B, Khaki-Khatibi F, Nikanfar M. Molecular mechanisms of sex hormones in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 764:136221. [PMID: 34500000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a form of brain disorder characterized by various pathological changes in the brain. Numerous studies have shown that sex hormones are involved in the disease. For instance, progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone are well-known steroid sex hormones that play an essential role in AD pathogenesis. The Gender-dependency of AD is attributed to the effect of these hormones on the brain, which plays a neuroprotective role. In recent years, much research has been performed on the protective role of these hormones against nerve cell damage, which are promising for AD management. Hence, in the current review, we aim to decipher the protective role of steroid hormones in AD. Accordingly, we will discuss their functional mechanisms at the genomic and non-genomic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Radaghdam
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahidreza Karamad
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Alireza Nourazarian
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Behrouz Shademan
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, EGE University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Khaki-Khatibi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Nikanfar
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Kochi C, Salvi A, Atrooz F, Salim S. Simulated vehicle exhaust exposure induces sex-dependent behavioral deficits in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103660. [PMID: 33865999 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to vehicle exhaust emissions are known to cause several adverse health effects. In this study, we examined the impact of several parameters of behavioral, cardiovascular and biochemical functions upon exposure of pro-oxidants CO2, NO2 and CO (simulated vehicle exhaust exposure: SVEE) in male and female rats. Adult rats were subjected to SVEE or ambient air in whole body chambers (5 h/day, 2 weeks). Male, but not female, rats developed memory deficits, and exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behavior, accompanied with significantly high levels of serum corticosterone, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers (CRP and TNFα), associated with lower levels of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, glyoxalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Brain region-specific downregulation of Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, GSR, PKCα, ERK1/2, CaMKIV, CREB, BDNF and NMDAR subunit protein expression were also observed in male, but not female, rats. Blood pressure, heart rate and eGFR were not negatively impacted by SVEE. Our results suggest that SVEE, through its pro-oxidant content, induces oxido-inflammation in susceptible brain regions in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Kochi
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ankita Salvi
- Translational Medicine Department, QPS, LLC, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Fatin Atrooz
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Samina Salim
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
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Seralini GE, Jungers G. Endocrine disruptors also function as nervous disruptors and can be renamed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1538-1557. [PMID: 34430217 PMCID: PMC8365328 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption (ED) and endocrine disruptors (EDs) emerged as scientific concepts in 1995, after numerous chemical pollutants were found to be responsible for reproductive dysfunction. The World Health Organization established in the United Nations Environment Programme a list of materials, plasticizers, pesticides, and various pollutants synthesized from petrochemistry that impact not only reproduction, but also hormonal functions, directly or indirectly. Cells communicate via either chemical or electrical signals transmitted within the endocrine or nervous systems. To investigate whether hormone disruptors may also interfere directly or indirectly with the development or functioning of the nervous system through either a neuroendocrine or a more general mechanism, we examined the scientific literature to ascertain the effects of EDs on the nervous system, specifically in the categories of neurotoxicity, cognition, and behaviour. To date, we demonstrated that all of the 177 EDs identified internationally by WHO are known to have an impact on the nervous system. Furthermore, the precise mechanisms underlying this neurodisruption have also been established. It was previously believed that EDs primarily function via the thyroid. However, this study presents substantial evidence that approximately 80 % of EDs operate via other mechanisms. It thus outlines a novel concept: EDs are also neurodisruptors (NDs) and can be collectively termed endocrine and nervous disruptors (ENDs). Most of ENDs are derived from petroleum residues, and their various mechanisms of action are similar to those of "spam" in electronic communications technologies. Therefore, ENDs can be considered as an instance of spam in a biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles-Eric Seralini
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Gerald Jungers
- University of Caen Normandy, Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Sciences, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032, Caen, France
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Alsayari A, Muhsinah AB, Almaghaslah D, Annadurai S, Wahab S. Pharmacological Efficacy of Ginseng against Respiratory Tract Infections. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134095. [PMID: 34279434 PMCID: PMC8271507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are underestimated, as they are mild and generally not incapacitating. In clinical medicine, however, these infections are considered a prevalent problem. By 2030, the third most comprehensive reason for death worldwide will be chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), according to the World Health Organization. The current arsenal of anti-inflammatory drugs shows little or no benefits against COPD. For thousands of years, herbal drugs have been used to cure numerous illnesses; they exhibit promising results and enhance physical performance. Ginseng is one such herbal medicine, known to alleviate pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8) formed by macrophages and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanisms of action of ginsenoside are still not fully understood. Various clinical trials of ginseng have exhibited a reduction of repeated colds and the flu. In this review, ginseng’s structural features, the pathogenicity of microbial infections, and the immunomodulatory, antiviral, and anti-bacterial effects of ginseng were discussed. The focus was on the latest animal studies and human clinical trials that corroborate ginseng’s role as a therapy for treating respiratory tract infections. The article concluded with future directions and significant challenges. This review would be a valuable addition to the knowledge base for researchers in understanding the promising role of ginseng in treating respiratory tract infections. Further analysis needs to be re-focused on clinical trials to study ginseng’s efficacy and safety in treating pathogenic infections and in determining ginseng-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrhman Alsayari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Abdullatif Bin Muhsinah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Dalia Almaghaslah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sivakumar Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.B.M.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence: or
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Tariba Lovaković B, Barbir R, Pem B, Goessler W, Ćurlin M, Micek V, Debeljak Ž, Božičević L, Ilić K, Pavičić I, Gorup D, Vinković Vrček I. Sex-related response in mice after sub-acute intraperitoneal exposure to silver nanoparticles. NANOIMPACT 2021; 23:100340. [PMID: 35559841 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most commercialized nanomaterials in biomedicine due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless, possible health hazards of exposure to AgNPs are yet to be understood and therefore raise public concern in regards of their safety. In this study, sex-related differences, role of steroidal hormones and influence of two different surface stabilizing agents (polymer vs. protein) on distribution and adverse effects of AgNPs were investigated in vivo. Intact and gonadectomised male and female mice were treated with seven AgNPs doses administered intraperitoneally during 21 days. After treatment, steroid hormone levels in serum, accumulation of Ag levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver, kidneys, brain and lungs were determined. Sex-related differences were observed in almost all tissues. Concentration of Ag was significantly higher in the liver of females compared to males. No significant difference was found for AgNP accumulation in lungs between females and males, while the lungs of intact males showed significantly higher Ag accumulation compared to gonadectomised group. Effect of surface coating was also observed, as Ag accumulation was significantly higher in kidneys and liver of intact females, as well as in kidneys and brain of intact males treated with protein-coated AgNPs compared to polymeric AgNPs. Oxidative stress response to AgNPs was the most pronounced in kidneys where protein-coated AgNPs induced stronger effects compared to polymeric AgNPs. Interestingly, protein-coated AgNPs reduced generation of reactive oxygen species in brains of females and gonadectomised males. Although there were no significant differences in levels of hormones in the AgNP-exposed animals compared to controls, sex-related differences in oxidative stress parameters were observed in all organs. Results of this study highlight the importance of including the sex-related differences and effects of protein corona in biosafety evaluation of AgNPs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Tariba Lovaković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Rinea Barbir
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Barbara Pem
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1/1, 8 010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marija Ćurlin
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željko Debeljak
- Department for Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Clinical Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lucija Božičević
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krunoslav Ilić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pavičić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Gorup
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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17-β Estradiol Rescued Immature Rat Brain against Glutamate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration via Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 and MAP-Kinase Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060892. [PMID: 34206065 PMCID: PMC8229583 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated glutamate signaling, leading to neuronal excitotoxicity and death, has been associated with neurodegenerative pathologies. 17β-estradiol (E2) is a human steroid hormone having a role in reproduction, sexual maturation, brain health and biological activities. The study aimed to explain the neuroprotective role of E2 against glutamate-induced ROS production, MAP kinase-dependent neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the cortex and hippocampus of postnatal day 7 rat brain. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses were applied. Our results showed that a single subcutaneous injection of glutamate (10 mg/kg) induced brain oxidative stress after 4 h by disturbing the homeostasis of glutathione (GSH) and revealed an upsurge in ROS and LPO levels and downregulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 antioxidant protein. The glutamate-exposed P7 pups illustrated increased phosphorylation of stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase (p38) and downregulated expression of P-Erk1/2. This was accompanied by pathological neuroinflammation as revealed by enhanced gliosis with upregulated expression of GFAP and Iba-1, and the activation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α) in glutamate-injected P7 pups. Moreover, exogenous glutamate also reduced the expression of synaptic markers (PSD-95, SYP) and induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the cortical and hippocampal regions by dysregulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 in the developing rat brain. On the contrary, co-treatment of E2 (10 mg/kg) with glutamate significantly abrogated brain neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and synapse loss by alleviating brain oxidative stress by upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and by deactivating pro-apoptotic P-JNK/P-p38 and activation of pro-survival P-Erk1/2 MAP kinase pathways. In brief, the data demonstrate the neuroprotective role of E2 against glutamate excitotoxicity-induced neurodegeneration. The study also encourages future studies investigating if E2 may be a potent neuroprotective and neurotherapeutic agent in different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Merz MP, Turner JD. Is early life adversity a trigger towards inflammageing? Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111377. [PMID: 33905877 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are many 'faces' of early life adversity (ELA), such as childhood trauma, institutionalisation, abuse or exposure to environmental toxins. These have been implicated in the onset and severity of a wide range of chronic non-communicable diseases later in life. The later-life disease risk has a well-established immunological component. This raises the question as to whether accelerated immune-ageing mechanistically links early-life adversity to the lifelong health trajectory resulting in either 'poor' or 'healthy' ageing. Here we examine observational and mechanistic studies of ELA and inflammageing, highlighting common and distinct features in these two life stages. Many biological processes appear in common including reduction in telomere length, increased immunosenescence, metabolic distortions and chronic (viral) infections. We propose that ELA shapes the developing immune, endocrine and nervous system in a non-reversible way, creating a distinct phenotype with accelerated immunosenescence and systemic inflammation. We conclude that ELA might act as an accelerator for inflammageing and age-related diseases. Furthermore, we now have the tools and cohorts to be able to dissect the interaction between ELA and later life phenotype. This should, in the near future, allow us to identify the ecological and mechanistic processes that are involved in 'healthy' or accelerated immune-ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam P Merz
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 avenue de Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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13
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Box Jellyfish (Cnidaria, Cubozoa) Extract Increases Neuron's Connection: A Possible Neuroprotector Effect. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8855248. [PMID: 33748281 PMCID: PMC7954621 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8855248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are one of the major causes of death worldwide, characterized by neurite atrophy, neuron apoptosis, and synapse loss. No effective treatment has been indicated for such diseases so far, and the search for new drugs is being increased in the last years. Animal venoms' secretion/venom can be an alternative for the discovery of new molecules, which could be the prototype for a new treatment. Here, we present the biochemical characterization and activity of the extract from the box jellyfish Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (Cq) on neurites. The Cq methanolic extract was obtained and incubated to human SH-SY5Y neurons, and neurite parameters were evaluated. The extract was tested in other cell types to check its cytotoxicity and was submitted to biochemical analysis by mass spectrometry in order to check its composition. We could verify that the Cq extract increased neurite outgrowth length and branching junctions, amplifying the contact between SH-SY5Y neurons, without affecting cell body and viability. The extract action was selective for neurons, as it did not cause any effects on other cell types, such as tumor line, nontumor line, and red blood cells. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis revealed that there are no proteins but several low molecular mass compounds and peptides. Three peptides, characterized as cryptides, and 14 low molecular mass compounds were found to be related to cytoskeleton reorganization, cell membrane expansion, and antioxidant/neuroprotective activity, which act together to increase neuritogenesis. After this evaluation, we conclude that the Cq extract is a promising tool for neuronal connection recovery, an essential condition for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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The Developing Cerebellum as a Target for Toxic Substances: Protective Role of Antioxidants. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:614-630. [PMID: 33474620 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar development begins during the late embryological period and continues to undergo organizational changes long after birth. The cerebellum is particularly susceptible to developmental abnormalities on exposure to oxidants and free radicals, thus leading to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant defences which may disrupt signalling pathways, leading to cerebellar anomalies and dysfunction. In this regard, this review assesses current research underlining the importance of the cerebellum, provides an update on substances affecting cerebellar development and highlights some promising antioxidants that may play a role in attenuating toxicity in the developing cerebellum. To accomplish this, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) system was employed and key scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched to explore and collect information on the cerebellum and the role of antioxidants during its development. Originally, 109 articles were obtained but 22 articles which met the inclusion criteria were selected for the review. These findings provide an updated compilation of antioxidants capable of attenuating oxidative damage in the developing cerebellum, thus allowing future interdisciplinary studies in the form of clinical applications for screening and possible development of novel therapeutic agents from the identified products.
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Kövesdi E, Szabó-Meleg E, Abrahám IM. The Role of Estradiol in Traumatic Brain Injury: Mechanism and Treatment Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010011. [PMID: 33374952 PMCID: PMC7792596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients surviving traumatic brain injury (TBI) face numerous neurological and neuropsychological problems significantly affecting their quality of life. Extensive studies over the past decades have investigated pharmacological treatment options in different animal models, targeting various pathological consequences of TBI. Sex and gender are known to influence the outcome of TBI in animal models and in patients, respectively. Apart from its well-known effects on reproduction, 17β-estradiol (E2) has a neuroprotective role in brain injury. Hence, in this review, we focus on the effect of E2 in TBI in humans and animals. First, we discuss the clinical classification and pathomechanism of TBI, the research in animal models, and the neuroprotective role of E2. Based on the results of animal studies and clinical trials, we discuss possible E2 targets from early to late events in the pathomechanism of TBI, including neuroinflammation and possible disturbances of the endocrine system. Finally, the potential relevance of selective estrogenic compounds in the treatment of TBI will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Kövesdi
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - István M. Abrahám
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Center for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72-536-243 or +36-72-536-424
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Effect of Triclosan Exposure on Developmental Competence in Parthenogenetic Porcine Embryo during Preimplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165790. [PMID: 32806749 PMCID: PMC7461051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is included in various healthcare products because of its antimicrobial activity; therefore, many humans are exposed to TCS daily. While detrimental effects of TCS exposure have been reported in various species and cell types, the effects of TCS exposure on early embryonic development are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if TCS exerts toxic effects during early embryonic development using porcine parthenogenetic embryos in vitro. Porcine parthenogenetic embryos were cultured in in vitro culture medium with 50 or 100 µM TCS for 6 days. Developmental parameters including cleavage and blastocyst formation rates, developmental kinetics, and the number of blastomeres were assessed. To determine the toxic effects of TCS, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction were assessed. TCS exposure resulted in a significant decrease in 2-cell rate and blastocyst formation rate, as well as number of blastomeres, but not in the cleavage rate. TCS also increased the number of apoptotic blastomeres and the production of reactive oxygen species. Finally, TCS treatment resulted in a diffuse distribution of mitochondria and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Our results showed that TCS exposure impaired porcine early embryonic development by inducing DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Mitochondrial Function in Modulating Human Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis and Female Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103592. [PMID: 32438750 PMCID: PMC7279321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian follicle steroidogenesis associated with embryo quality results in a successful pregnancy. Each follicle consists of an oocyte surrounded by granulosa cells, which secrete several steroid and peptide hormones. Follicles harvested from women who conceived after assisted reproductive therapy (ART) had significantly higher estradiol levels in follicular fluids than the follicles from women who failed to conceive after ART. The higher follicular estradiol levels correlate well with successful fertilization following ART. Mitochondria are the central sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis. The first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the mitochondria of granulosa cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that the mitochondria in granulosa cells are critical for maintaining oocyte quality and fertility capacity. This study aims to clarify the relationship between mitochondrial function and granulosa cell steroidogenesis, and the relationship between hormone levels and fertility capacity. Sera, follicular fluids and granulosa cells were obtained from individuals undergoing IVF-ET treatment. The oocyte numbers, oocyte quality, fertilization rate, and pregnancy rate were also recorded. The patients who provided the granulosa cells were further classified into four groups: endometriosis, ovarian endometrioma, endometriosis without ovarian endometrioma, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); patients with other female factor infertility and male factor infertility were used as controls. We measured the levels of estradiol (E2) by radioimmunoassay. Concurrently, we analyzed the mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, and apoptosis by flow cytometry using nonyl acridine orange, TMRE, Annexin V-FITC and PI. Mitochondrial morphology was visualized by transfection with pLV-mitoDsRed. In addition, we assessed the protein levels of steroidogenic enzymes, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) by Western blot. The results showed significantly decreased serum E2 and follicular E2 levels, and decreased IVF outcomes, in the patients with endometriosis. Reduced mitochondrial mass and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential were correlated with lower E2. Furthermore, a significant decrease in StAR and 3β-HSD was found in patients with ovarian endometrioma. The enzyme levels of StAR and 3β-HSD were highly correlated with E2 levels. Finally, elevated cumulus cell apoptosis was found in the patient group with ovarian endometrioma and PCOS. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction of human granulosa cells may contribute to the decline of steroidogenesis, decreased fertilization rate, oocyte maturation rate, and oocyte quality, and it can ultimately jeopardize fertility.
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Pregnant rats exposed to low-level methylmercury exhibit cerebellar synaptic and neuritic remodeling during the perinatal period. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1335-1347. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02696-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ishihara Y, Sakurai H, Oguro A, Tsuji M, Vogel CFA, Yamazaki T. Retinoid X receptor-mediated neuroprotection via CYP19 upregulation and subsequent increases in estradiol synthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 193:105421. [PMID: 31265900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that one of the major neurosteroids, estradiol, has potent neuroprotective actions. We have reported that estradiol synthesis was enhanced when retinoic acid was added into rat hippocampal slice culture. In this study, we investigated the effects of a potent retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist, bexarotene, on estrogen synthesis and neuroprotective action in hippocampal slices. Treatment with bexarotene increased estradiol levels as well as estrogen-synthesizing enzymes and CYP19 expression in hippocampal slice cultures. Bexarotene significantly suppressed neuronal cell death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation. RXR agonists other than bexarotene, such as CD3254, also suppressed neuronal cell death accompanied by OGD/reoxygenation. The RXR antagonists HX531 and UVI3003 and the CYP19 inhibitor letrozole abolished the neuroprotection elicited by bexarotene, indicating that estradiol produced by RXR stimulation protects neurons from ischemic insult. The human brain-specific CYP19 promoter had 6 RXR half sites, and 2 of 6 half sites were responsible for CYP19 expression induced by bexarotene. Bexarotene increased the expression of catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 and inhibited lipid peroxidation elicited by OGD/reoxygenation, suggesting that the antioxidative property of estrogen contributes to RXR-mediated neuroprotection. Bexarotene also suppressed neuronal injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in the hippocampal slices. Taken together, RXR stimulation can protect neurons via enhanced synthesis of estradiol with antioxidative mechanisms. The RXR-estrogen axis might be a novel mechanism-based strategy to prevent or ameliorate ischemic and/or inflammatory neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Ishihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan; Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Hikaru Sakurai
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ami Oguro
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Program of Life and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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Ginsenoside Rb1 Blocks Ritonavir-Induced Oxidative Stress and eNOS Downregulation through Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Beta and Upregulation of SOD in Human Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020294. [PMID: 30642080 PMCID: PMC6358897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that ritonavir (RTV), a highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) drug, can cause endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress. Several antioxidants including ginsenoside Rb1, a compound with antioxidant effect, can effectively block this side effect of RTV in endothelial cells. In the current study, we explored a mechanism by which ginsenoside Rb1 could protect these cells via binding of estrogen receptors (ERs). We found that several human endothelial cell lines differentially expressed ER-β and had very low levels of ER-α. RTV treatment significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the expression of endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in HUVECs, while Rb1 effectively blocked these effects of RTV. These effects of Rb1 were effectively inhibited by silencing ER-β, indicating that ginsenoside Rb1 requires ER-β for its antioxidant activity in inhibiting the deleterious effect of RTV in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, Rb1 specifically activated ER-β transactivation activity by ER-β luciferase reporter assay. Rb1 competitively bound to ER-β, which was determined by the high sensitive fluorescent polarization assay.
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Kim IY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Hughes KC, Gao X, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Differences in Parkinson's Disease Risk with Caffeine Intake and Postmenopausal Hormone Use. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 7:677-684. [PMID: 28984617 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine intake has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). This association is robust in men, but inconsistent in women due to a possible interaction with post-menopausal hormone (PMH) use. OBJECTIVE To (1) evaluate the association between caffeine intake and PD risk and (2) assess potential effect modification of the association by PMH use among women. METHODS We examined associations between caffeine intake and incident PD risk in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) (N = 121,701 women) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) (N = 51,529 men). Dietary data on coffee and caffeine from other sources were collected every four years using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for both cohorts. Information on lifestyle and incident PD diagnosis was updated biennially and PD diagnoses were confirmed by medical record review. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS We documented a total of 1,219 PD cases over the follow-up period. The multivariable-adjusted HR comparing the highest to lowest quintile of caffeine intake was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.68; Ptrend<0.0001) in the HPFS. Among women, there was a suggestion of an interaction between coffee intake and PMH use (P = 0.08). In the pooled analyses combining men and women who have never used PMH, the risk of PD was lower as coffee intake increased (Ptrend<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results support previous findings that increased caffeine intake may be associated with a decreased PD risk in men and women who have never used PMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Y Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Éilis J O'Reilly
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,School of Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine C Hughes
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Teixeira LV, Almeida RF, Rohden F, Martins LAM, Spritzer PM, de Souza DOG. Neuroprotective Effects of Guanosine Administration on In Vivo Cortical Focal Ischemia in Female and Male Wistar Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1476-1489. [PMID: 29855847 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine (GUO) has neuroprotective effects in experimental models of brain diseases involving glutamatergic excitotoxicity in male animals; however, its effects in female animals are poorly understood. Thus, we investigated the influence of gender and GUO treatment in adult male and female Wistar rats submitted to focal permanent cerebral ischemia in the motor cortex brain. Female rats were subdivided into non-estrogenic and estrogenic phase groups by estrous cycle verification. Immediately after surgeries, the ischemic animals were treated with GUO or a saline solution. Open field and elevated plus maze tasks were conducted with ischemic and naïve animals. Cylinder task, immunohistochemistry and infarct volume analyses were conducted only with ischemic animals. Female GUO groups achieved a full recovery of the forelimb symmetry at 28-35 days after the insult, while male GUO groups only partially recovered at 42 days, in the final evaluation. The ischemic insult affected long-term memory habituation to novelty only in female groups. Anxiety-like behavior, astrocyte morphology and infarct volume were not affected. Regardless the estrous cycle, the ischemic injury affected differently female and male animals. Thus, this study points that GUO is a potential neuroprotective compound in experimental stroke and that more studies, considering the estrous cycle, with both genders are recommended in future investigation concerning brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciele Varaschini Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Farina Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francieli Rohden
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leo Anderson Meira Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Siewiera P, Różalska S, Bernat P. Estrogen-mediated protection of the organotin-degrading strain Metarhizium robertsii against oxidative stress promoted by monobutyltin. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 185:96-104. [PMID: 28688342 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyltin (DBT) is a global pollutant characterized by pro-oxidative properties. The fungal strain Metarhizium robertsii can eliminate high levels of DBT efficiently. In this study, induction of oxidative stress as well as its alleviation through the application of natural estrogens during the elimination of DBT by M. robertsii were evaluated. During the first 24 h of incubation, the initial concentration of DBT (20 mg l-1) was reduced to 3.1 mg l-1, with simultaneous formation of a major byproduct - monobutyltin (MBT). In the presence of estrone (E1) or 17β-estradiol (E2), the amounts of dibutyltin residues in the fungal cultures were found to be approximately 2-fold higher compared to cultures without estrogens, which was associated with the simultaneous utilization of the compounds by cytochrome P450 enzymes. On the other hand, MBT levels were approximately 2.5 times lower in the fungal cultures with the addition of one of the estrogens. MBT (not DBT) promotes the generation of O2-, H2O2, and NO at levels 65.89 ± 18.08, 4.04 ± 3.62, and 27.92 ± 1.95, respectively. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities did not show any response of the M. robertsii strain against the overproduction of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide. Application of E1 as well as E2 ensured non-enzymatic defense against nitrosative and oxidative stress through scavenging of nitrogen and oxygen reactive species, and limited their levels from 1.5-fold to 21-fold, depending on the used estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Siewiera
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Potentiation of 17β-estradiol synthesis in the brain and elongation of seizure latency through dietary supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6268. [PMID: 28740157 PMCID: PMC5524681 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) attenuates epileptic seizures; however, the molecular mechanism by which it achieves this effect is still largely unknown. DHA stimulates the retinoid X receptor, which reportedly regulates the expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450arom). This study aimed to clarify how DHA suppresses seizures, focusing on the regulation of 17β-estradiol synthesis in the brain. Dietary supplementation with DHA increased not only the expression of P450arom, but also 17β-estradiol in the cerebral cortex. While DHA did not affect the duration or scores of the seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole, DHA significantly prolonged the seizure latency. A P450arom inhibitor, letrozole, reduced 17β-estradiol levels and completely suppressed the elongation of seizure latency elicited by DHA. These results suggest that DHA delays the onset of seizures by promoting the synthesis of 17β-estradiol in the brain. DHA upregulated the expression of anti-oxidative enzymes in the cerebral cortex. The oxidation in the cerebral cortex induced by pentylenetetrazole was significantly attenuated by DHA, and letrozole completely inhibited this suppressive action. Thus, the anti-oxidative effects of 17β-estradiol may be involved in the prevention of seizures mediated by DHA. This study revealed that 17β-estradiol in the brain mediated the physiological actions of DHA.
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Fei X, Bao W, Zhang P, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhang M. Inhalation of progesterone inhibits chronic airway inflammation of mice exposed to ozone. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:174-184. [PMID: 28279894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ozone exposure leads to a model of mice with lung inflammation, emphysema and oxidative stress. Progesterone plays an important role in attenuating the neuroinflammation. We assume that progesterone will reduce the chronic airway inflammation exposed to ozone and evaluate whether combination of progesterone with glucocorticoids results in synergistic effects. C57/BL6 mice were exposed to ozone (2.5ppm, 3h) 12 times over 6 weeks, and were administered with progesterone (0.03 or 0.3mg/L; inhaled) alone or combined with budesonide (BUD) (0.2g/L) after each exposure until the tenth week. Mice were studied 24h after final exposure, cells and inflammatory mediators were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs used for evaluation of glucocorticoids receptors (GR), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) activation. Exposure to ozone resulted in a marked lung neutrophilia. Moreover, in ozone-exposed group, the levels of oxidative stress-related interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, activated NF-κB and p38MAPK, airway inflammatory cells infiltration density, mean linear intercept (Lm) were greatly increased, FEV25 and glucocorticoids receptors (GR) were markedly decreased. Comparable to BUD, progesterone treatment dose-dependently led to a significant reduction of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, activated NF-κB and p38MAPK, and an increase of FEV25 and GR. Progesterone combined with BUD resulted in dramatic changes, compared to monotherapy of BUD or progesterone. Therefore, these results demonstrate that chronic ozone exposure has profound airway inflammatory effects counteracted by progesterone and progesterone acts synergistically with glucocorticoids in attenuating the airway inflammation dose-dependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wuping Bao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengyu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Mizuno G, Munetsuna E, Yamada H, Ando Y, Yamazaki M, Murase Y, Kondo K, Ishikawa H, Teradaira R, Suzuki K, Ohashi K. Fructose intake during gestation and lactation differentially affects the expression of hippocampal neurosteroidogenic enzymes in rat offspring. Endocr Res 2017; 42:71-77. [PMID: 27260693 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2016.1182186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurosteroids, steroidal hormones synthesized de novo from cholesterol within the brain, stimulate hippocampal functions such as neuron protection and synapse formation. Previously, we examined the effect of maternal fructose on the transcriptional regulation of neurosteroidogenic enzymes. We found that the mRNA expression level of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), cytochrome P450(11β), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), and 17β-HSD was altered. However, we could not determine whether maternal fructose intake played a role in the gestation or lactation period because the dam rats were fed fructose solution during both periods. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the hippocampi of the offspring of dams fed fructose during the gestation or lactation period. Maternal fructose consumption during either the gestation or lactation period did not affect the mRNA levels of StAR, P450(17α), 11β-HSD-2, and 17β-HSD-1. PBR expression was down-regulated, even when rats consumed fructose during the lactation period only, while fructose consumption during gestation tended to activate the expression of P450(11β)-2. We found that maternal fructose intake during gestation and lactation differentially affected the expression of hippocampal neurosteroidogenic enzymes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Mizuno
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Eiji Munetsuna
- b Department of Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Hiroya Yamada
- c Department of Hygiene , Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ando
- d Department of Joint Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine , Fujita Health University School of Medicine , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Mirai Yamazaki
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Yuri Murase
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Kanako Kondo
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Ryoji Teradaira
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- e Department of Public Health , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
| | - Koji Ohashi
- a Department of Clinical Biochemistry , Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences , Toyoake , Japan
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Montelli S, Suman M, Corain L, Cozzi B, Peruffo A. Sexually Diergic Trophic Effects of Estradiol Exposure on Developing Bovine Cerebellar Granule Cells. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 104:51-71. [PMID: 26882349 DOI: 10.1159/000444528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, the differentiation of neural cells and the developmental organization of the underlying circuitry are influenced by steroid hormones. The estrogen 17-β estradiol (E2) is one of the most potent regulators of neural growth during prenatal life, synthetized locally from steroid precursors including prenatal testicular testosterone. Estradiol promotes brain differentiation counting sexually dimorphic neural circuits by binding to the estrogen receptors, ER-α and ER-β. The cerebellum has been described as a site of estrogen action and a potentially sexually dimorphic area. The goal of this study was to analyze the capacity of E2 to affect the growth of male and female fetal bovine cerebellar granule. We performed primary cultures of fetal cerebellar granules, and verified the mRNA expression of the ER-α and ER-β in both sexes. Moreover, the distribution of ERs in the male and female cerebellar granules of the second fetal stage was characterized by immunohistochemistry. We measured morphological parameters in presence (or absence) of estradiol administration, focusing on the variations of the dendritic branching pattern of granule neurons. By using the nonparametric combination and permutation testing approach, we proposed a sophisticated multivariate statistical analysis to demonstrate that E2 induces multifarious and dimorphic changes in the granule cells. E2 exerts trophic effects in both female and male granules and this effect is stronger in female. Male granules treated with E2 became similar to female control granule. Bos taurus species has a long gestation and a large brain that offers an interesting alternative in comparative neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Montelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science of the University of Padova, Legnaro, taly
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Webster KM, Wright DK, Sun M, Semple BD, Ozturk E, Stein DG, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR. Progesterone treatment reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and brain damage and improves long-term outcomes in a rat model of repeated mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:238. [PMID: 26683475 PMCID: PMC4683966 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated mild traumatic brain injuries, such as concussions, may result in cumulative brain damage, neurodegeneration and other chronic neurological impairments. There are currently no clinically available treatment options known to prevent these consequences. However, growing evidence implicates neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of repetitive mild brain injuries; thus, these may represent potential therapeutic targets. Progesterone has been demonstrated to have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties after brain insult; therefore, here, we examined progesterone treatment in rats given repetitive mild brain injuries via the repeated mild fluid percussion injury model. METHODS Male Long-Evans rats were assigned into four groups: sham injury + vehicle treatment, sham injury + progesterone treatment (8 mg/kg/day), repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + vehicle treatment, and repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + progesterone treatment. Rats were administered a total of three injuries, with each injury separated by 5 days. Treatment was initiated 1 h after the first injury, then administered daily for a total of 15 days. Rats underwent behavioural testing at 12-weeks post-treatment to assess cognition, motor function, anxiety and depression. Brains were then dissected for analysis of markers for neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Ex vivo MRI was conducted in order to examine structural brain damage and white matter integrity. RESULTS Repeated mild fluid percussion injuries + progesterone treatment rats showed significantly reduced cognitive and sensorimotor deficits compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts at 12-weeks post-treatment. Progesterone treatment significantly attenuated markers of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in rats given repeated mild fluid percussion injuries, with concomitant reductions in grey and white matter damage as indicated by MRI. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the pathophysiological aftermath of mild brain injuries and suggest that progesterone may be a viable treatment option to mitigate these effects and their detrimental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyria M Webster
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Mujun Sun
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Ezgi Ozturk
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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Krawczyńska A, Dziendzikowska K, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Lankoff A, Herman AP, Oczkowski M, Królikowski T, Wilczak J, Wojewódzka M, Kruszewski M. Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles alter oxidative/inflammatory response and renin–angiotensin system in brain. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 85:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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