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Uddandrao VVS, Eraniappan S, Balakrishnan Ramajayam A, Singaravel S, Roy A, Parim BN, Ponnusamy C, Ganapathy S, Ponnusamy P, Sasikumar V. Hydroxycitric acid and capsaicin combination alleviates obesity-induced testicular apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2024; 70:20-37. [PMID: 38323592 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2024.2306403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Recent research in rodents suggests that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the testes caused by high-fat diets (HFD) are a cause of male infertility. To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the combination of hydroxycitric acid and capsaicin (HCC) against male reproductive disorders, we developed an HFD-induced obese rat model. Rats received HFD supplementation for 21 weeks, which induced obesity. From week 16, HCC (100 mg/kg body weight) was administered to investigate its potential to treat testicular toxicity. According to the results of the current study, treatment of obese rats with HCC improved their sperm quality, increased the production of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone and significantly increased the activities of steroidogenic enzymes and corresponding mRNA levels. In addition, HCC decreased lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels in both spermatozoa and testes while increasing the expression of mRNA for the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the testes, which in turn reduced oxidative stress in the testes. Moreover, after HCC treatment, testicular tissues showed a remarkable decrease in mRNA levels responsible for inflammation (TNF-α, IL-6, NF-κB) and apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-2). Our results suggest that HCC may alleviate obesity-induced male reproductive dysfunction by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the testes of HFD-induced obese male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Sathibabu Uddandrao
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Seshathri Eraniappan
- Department of Pharmacology, Bhaarath Medical College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Anitha Roy
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Brahma Naidu Parim
- Animal Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, ICMR-National Animal Resource Facility for Biomedical Research (ICMR-NARFBR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saravanan Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Vadivukkarasi Sasikumar
- Department of Biochemistry, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, Namakkal District, Tamilnadu, India
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Potashnikova D, Maryukhnich E, Vorobyeva D, Rusakovich G, Komissarov A, Tvorogova A, Gontarenko V, Vasilieva E. Cytokine Profiling of Plasma and Atherosclerotic Plaques in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1030. [PMID: 38256102 PMCID: PMC10816498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques are sites of chronic inflammation with diverse cell contents and complex immune signaling. Plaque progression and destabilization are driven by the infiltration of immune cells and the cytokines that mediate their interactions. Here, we attempted to compare the systemic cytokine profiles in the blood plasma of patients with atherosclerosis and the local cytokine production, using ex vivo plaque explants from the same patients. The developed method of 41-plex xMAP data normalization allowed us to differentiate twenty-two cytokines produced by the plaque that were not readily detectable in free circulation and six cytokines elevated in blood plasma that may have other sources than atherosclerotic plaque. To verify the xMAP data on the putative atherogenesis-driving chemokines MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), and fractalkine (CX3CL1), qPCR was performed. The MIP1A (CCL3), MIP1B (CCL4), FKN (CX3CL1), and MCP1 (CCL2) genes were expressed at high levels in the plaques, whereas RANTES (CCL5) was almost absent. The expression patterns of the chemokines were restricted to the plaque cell types: the MCP1 (CCL2) gene was predominantly expressed in endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages, MIP1A (CCL3) in monocytes/macrophages, and MIP1B (CCL4) in monocytes/macrophages and T cells. RANTES (CCL5) was restricted to T cells, while FKN (CX3CL1) was not differentially expressed. Taken together, our data indicate a plaque-specific cytokine production profile that may be a useful tool in atherosclerosis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Potashnikova
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Elena Maryukhnich
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Daria Vorobyeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - George Rusakovich
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Alexey Komissarov
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Tvorogova
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
| | - Vladimir Gontarenko
- Department of Vascular Surgery, National Medical Research Centre of Surgery Named after A.V. Vishnevsky under the RF Public Health Ministry, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Cardiology Department, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127006 Moscow, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital Named after I.V. Davydovsky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (G.R.)
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Meng W, Gao J, Mo X, Tian H, Li S. Chloroquine Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Modulating Regulatory T Cells Through the ATM/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway in ApoE -/- Mice. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:676-685. [PMID: 38056492 DOI: 10.1055/a-2201-8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical observation suggests the atheroprotective effect of chloroquine and its derivatives, while its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to observe the protective effect of chloroquine against atherosclerosis and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) wild-type or haploinsufficient apolipoprotein-E-knockout (ATM+/+ApoE-/- or ATM+/-ApoE-/-) mice were treated with different dosages of chloroquine. Anti-CD25 antibody was used to deplete natural Tregs in ATM+/+ApoE-/- mice. The atherosclerotic burden in different groups of mice was comprehensively evaluated by H&E staining and Masson staining. The effect of chloroquine on the regulatory T cells (Tregs) was assessed in vivo and in vitro by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining. The expression of related proteins was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. RESULTS In ATM+/+ApoE-/- mice, chloroquine alleviated atherosclerotic lesions, stabilized the plaque, and increased Treg counts in the atherosclerotic lesions and spleens. However, in ATM haploinsufficient mice (ATM+/-ApoE-/-), chloroquine no longer prevented atherosclerosis or impacted Treg counts. Abolishing Treg cells using an anti-CD25 antibody in vivo abrogated the atheroprotective effect of chloroquine. In vitro, chloroquine promoted the differentiation of Tregs from naïve T cells, which was accompanied by enhanced ATM/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and reduced downstream mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that chloroquine ameliorates atherosclerosis and stabilizes plaque by modulating Tregs differentiation through the regulation of the ATM/AMPK/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheyu Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Perpiñán E, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Safinia N. Immunoregulation: the interplay between metabolism and redox homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 2:1283275. [PMID: 38993920 PMCID: PMC11235320 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2023.1283275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are fundamental for the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis, with their dysfunction resulting in uncontrolled immune responses and tissue destruction predisposing to autoimmunity, transplant rejection and several inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that metabolic processes and mitochondrial function are critical for the appropriate functioning of these cells in health, with their metabolic adaptation, influenced by microenvironmental factors, seen in several pathological processes. Upon activation regulatory T cells rearrange their oxidation-reduction (redox) system, which in turn supports their metabolic reprogramming, adding a layer of complexity to our understanding of cellular metabolism. Here we review the literature surrounding redox homeostasis and metabolism of regulatory T cells to highlight new mechanistic insights of these interlinked pathways in immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - N. Safinia
- Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, James Black Centre, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Churov AV, Chegodaev YS, Khotina VA, Ofitserov VP, Orekhov AN. Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis: Is Adoptive Cell Therapy Possible? Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1931. [PMID: 37763334 PMCID: PMC10532736 DOI: 10.3390/life13091931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an insidious vascular disease with an asymptomatic debut and development over decades. The aetiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are not completely clear. However, chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions play a significant role in the natural course of atherosclerosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves damage to the intima, immune cell recruitment and infiltration of cells such as monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes into the inner layer of vessel walls, and the accumulation of lipids, leading to vascular inflammation. The recruited immune cells mainly have a pro-atherogenic effect, whereas CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are another heterogeneous group of cells with opposite functions that suppress the pathogenic immune responses. Present in low numbers in atherosclerotic plaques, Tregs serve a protective role, maintaining immune homeostasis and tolerance by suppressing pro-inflammatory immune cell subsets. Compelling experimental data suggest that various Treg cell-based approaches may be important in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Here we highlight the most recent advances in our understanding of the roles of FOXP3-expressing CD4+ Treg cells in the atherogenic process and discuss potential translational strategies for the treatment of atherosclerosis by Treg manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Churov
- Institute on Aging Research, Russian Gerontology Clinical Research Center, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 129226 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor S. Chegodaev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria A. Khotina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Ofitserov
- Moscow Aviation Institute, National Research University, 4 Volokolamskoe Shosse, 125993 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Sekenova A, Li Y, Issabekova A, Saparov A, Ogay V. TNF-α Preconditioning Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Experimental Model of Atherosclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:2262. [PMID: 37759485 PMCID: PMC10526914 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease involving multiple factors in its initiation and development. In recent years, the potential application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating AS has been investigated. This study examined the effect of TNF-α preconditioning on MSCs' therapeutic efficacy in treating AS in ApoE KO mice. TNF-α-treated MSCs were administered to high-fat diet-treated ApoE KO mice. Cytokine and serum lipid levels were measured before and after treatment. Cryosections of the atherosclerotic aorta were stained with Oil-Red-O, and the relative areas of atherosclerotic lesions were measured. The level of Tregs were increased in TNF-α-MSC-treated animals compared to the MSCs group. In addition, the systemic administration of TNF-α-MSCs to ApoE KO mice reduced the level of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ and increased the level of the immunosuppressive IL-10 in the blood serum. Total cholesterol and LDL levels were decreased, and HDL levels were increased in the TNF-α-MSCs group of ApoE KO mice. A histological analysis showed that TNF-α-MSCs decreased the size of the atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta of ApoE KO mice by 38%, although there was no significant difference when compared with untreated MSCs. Thus, our data demonstrate that TNF-α-MSCs are more effective at treating AS than untreated MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Sekenova
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yelena Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Issabekova
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Saparov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Vyacheslav Ogay
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Yang J, Yan B, Zhang H, Lu Q, Yang L, Liu P, Bai L. Estimating the causal effects of genetically predicted plasma proteome on heart failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:978918. [PMID: 36860279 PMCID: PMC9968807 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.978918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart Failure (HF) is the end-stage cardiovascular syndrome with poor prognosis. Proteomics holds great promise in the discovery of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HF. The aim of this study is to investigate the causal effects of genetically predicted plasma proteome on HF using the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods Summary-level data for the plasma proteome (3,301 healthy individuals) and HF (47,309 cases; 930,014 controls) were extracted from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European descent. MR associations were obtained using the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, sensitivity analyses, and multivariable MR analyses. Results Using single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instrumental variables, 1-SD increase in MET level was associated with an approximately 10% decreased risk of HF (odds ratio [OR]: 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89 to 0.95; p = 1.42 × 10-6), whereas increases in the levels of CD209 (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.02-1.06; p = 6.67 × 10-6) and USP25 (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03-1.08; p = 7.83 × 10-6) were associated with an increased risk of HF. The causal associations were robust in sensitivity analyses, and no evidence of pleiotropy was observed. Conclusion The study findings suggest that the hepatocyte growth factor/c-MET signaling pathway, dendritic cells-mediated immune processes, and ubiquitin-proteasome system pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of HF. Moreover, the identified proteins have potential to uncover novel therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haoxuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lihong Yang
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Ling Bai,
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Yang M, Tian S, Lin Z, Fu Z, Li C. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of B7-CD28 family in cardiovascular atherosclerosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31667. [PMID: 36397436 PMCID: PMC9666218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the active involvement of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Vascular inflammatory events within atherosclerotic plaques are predominated by innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes. The interaction between APCs and T cells is essential for the initiation and progression of vascular inflammation during atherosclerosis formation. B7-CD28 family members that provide either costimulatory or coinhibitory signals to T cells are important mediators of the cross-talk between APCs and T cells. The balance of different functional members of the B7-CD28 family shapes T cell responses during inflammation. Recent studies from both mouse and preclinical models have shown that targeting costimulatory molecules on APCs and T cells may be effective in treating vascular inflammatory diseases, especially atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how APC and T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by focusing on B7-CD28 family members and provide insight into the immunotherapeutic potential of targeting B7-CD28 family members in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiological Center of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Tian
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhoujun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenkun Fu
- Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, Wu Lien-Teh Institute, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
| | - Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * Correspondence: Zhenkun Fu, Basic Medicine College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China (e-mail. ); Chenggang Li, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China (e-mail. )
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Malko D, Elmzzahi T, Beyer M. Implications of regulatory T cells in non-lymphoid tissue physiology and pathophysiology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954798. [PMID: 35936011 PMCID: PMC9354719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treg cells have been initially described as gatekeepers for the control of autoimmunity, as they can actively suppress the activity of other immune cells. However, their role goes beyond this as Treg cells further control immune responses during infections and tumor development. Furthermore, Treg cells can acquire additional properties for e.g., the control of tissue homeostasis. This is instructed by a specific differentiation program and the acquisition of effector properties unique to Treg cells in non-lymphoid tissues. These tissue Treg cells can further adapt to their tissue environment and acquire distinct functional properties through specific transcription factors activated by a combination of tissue derived factors, including tissue-specific antigens and cytokines. In this review, we will focus on recent findings extending our current understanding of the role and differentiation of these tissue Treg cells. As such we will highlight the importance of tissue Treg cells for tissue maintenance, regeneration, and repair in adipose tissue, muscle, CNS, liver, kidney, reproductive organs, and the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Malko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Tarek Elmzzahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Immunogenomics and Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Platform foR SinglE Cell GenomIcS and Epigenomics (PRECISE), Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Therapeutic Effects of Bee Bread on Obesity-Induced Testicular-Derived Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in High-Fat Diet Obese Rat Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020255. [PMID: 35204140 PMCID: PMC8868291 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a debilitating disorder with a variety of problems including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic role of bee bread on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in the testis of obese rats. Thirty-two adult male Sprague Dawley rats, with weights between 230–300 g, were distributed into four groups (n = 8/group), namely normal control (C), obese (Ob), obese + BB or obese + OR [high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks then HFD plus bee bread or orlistat for another 6 weeks] groups. Bee bread (0.5 g/kg) or orlistat (10 mg/kg/day) was diluted with distilled water and administered daily for 6 weeks by oral gavage. There were significant decreases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes [glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR)], glutathione (GSH)] and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels and mRNA expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), superoxide dismutase (Sod), catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) in the obese group relative to the control group. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory markers, namely: inducible nitric oxide synthase (Inos), nuclear factor kappa B (Nf-κβ), tumour necrotic factor α (Tnf-α) and interleukin 1β (Il-1β) were significantly increased while interleukin (Il-10) was decreased in the obese group relative to the control group. Further, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoexpressions decreased while cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemical staining increased significantly in the obese group, in addition to increases in the mRNA levels of p53, Bax, Caspases-8, 9 and 3, relative to the control group. Treatment with bee bread showed increases in antioxidant enzymes and PCNA immunoexpression, as well as decreases in inflammation and apoptosis markers in the testes. This study has shown that bee bread has therapeutic effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis in the testis of HFD-induced obese male rats, thereby suggesting its role as a natural supplement capable of treating obesity-induced male reproductive impairment.
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Gao J, Shi L, Gu J, Zhang D, Wang W, Zhu X, Liu J. Difference of immune cell infiltration between stable and unstable carotid artery atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:10973-10979. [PMID: 34729909 PMCID: PMC8642673 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque instability contributes to ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction. This study is to compare the abundance and difference of immune cell subtypes within unstable atherosclerotic tissues. CIBERSORT was used to speculate the proportions of 22 immune cell types based on a microarray of atherosclerotic carotid artery samples. R software was utilized to illustrate the bar plot, heat map and vioplot. The immune cell landscape in atherosclerosis was diverse, dominated by M2 macrophages, M0 macrophages, resting CD4 memory T cells and CD8 T cells. There was a significant difference in resting CD4 memory T cells (p = 0.032), T cells follicular helper (p = 0.033), M0 (p = 0.047) and M2 macrophages (p = 0.012) between stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques. Compared with stable atherosclerotic plaques, unstable atherosclerotic plaques had a higher percentage of M2 macrophages. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that the percentage of naïve CD4 T cells was strongly correlated with that of gamma delta T cells (r = 0.93, p < 0.001), while memory B cells were correlated with plasma cells (r = 0.85, p < 0.001). In summary, our study explored the abundance and difference of specific immune cell subgroups at unstable plaques, which would aid new immunotherapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Licheng Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Gu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuanfeng Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiannan Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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The Involvement of CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) and Its Related Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease and in the COVID-19 Vaccination: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111224. [PMID: 34835155 PMCID: PMC8623875 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD) constitute two of the leading causes of death in Europe, USA and the rest of the world. According to the latest reports of the Iranian National Health Ministry, CAD is the main cause of death in Iranian patients with an age over 35 years despite a significant reduction in mortality due to early interventional treatments in the context of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Inflammation plays a fundamental role in coronary atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque formation, acute coronary thrombosis and CAD establishment. Chemokines are well-recognized mediators of inflammation involved in several bio-functions such as leucocyte migration in response to inflammatory signals and oxidative vascular injury. Different chemokines serve as chemo-attractants for a wide variety of cell types including immune cells. CXC motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXLC10), is a chemokine with inflammatory features whereas CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) serves as a shared receptor for CXCL9, 10 and 11. These chemokines mediate immune responses through the activation and recruitment of leukocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCL10, interleukin (IL-15) and interferon (IFN-g) are increased after a COVID-19 vaccination with a BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine and are enriched by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 after the second vaccination. The aim of the present study is the presentation of the elucidation of the crucial role of CXCL10 in the patho-physiology and pathogenesis of CAD and in identifying markers associated with the vaccination resulting in antibody development.
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13
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Gao Z, Xu X, Li Y, Sun K, Yang M, Zhang Q, Wang S, Lin Y, Lou L, Wu A, Liu W, Nie B. Mechanistic Insight into PPARγ and Tregs in Atherosclerotic Immune Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:750078. [PMID: 34658891 PMCID: PMC8511522 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.750078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main pathological cause of acute cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction and cerebral apoplexy. As an immune-mediated inflammatory disease, the pathogenesis of AS involves endothelial cell dysfunction, lipid accumulation, foam cell formation, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration, and inflammatory factor infiltration. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays an important role in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis by antagonizing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and regulating cholesterol efflux and inflammatory factors. Importantly, PPARγ-dependant fatty acid uptake is critical for metabolic programming. Activated PPARγ can exert an anti-atherosclerotic effect by inhibiting the expression of various inflammatory factors, improving endothelial cell function, and restraining the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the only subset of T lymphocytes that have a completely negative regulatory effect on the autoimmune response. They play a critical role in suppressing excessive immune responses and inflammatory reactions and widely affect AS-associated foam cell formation, plaque rupture, and other processes. Recent studies have shown that PPARγ activation promotes the recruitment of Tregs to reduce inflammation, thereby exerting its anti-atherosclerotic effect. In this review, we provide an overview of the anti-AS roles of PPARγ and Tregs by discussing their pathological mechanisms from the perspective of AS and immune-mediated inflammation, with a focus on basic research and clinical trials of their efficacies alone or in combination in inhibiting atherosclerotic inflammation. Additionally, we explore new ideas for AS treatment and plaque stabilization and establish a foundation for the development of natural PPARγ agonists with Treg recruitment capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinrui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kehan Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Manfang Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bo Nie
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to BeijingUniversity of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Hixson EA, Borker PV, Jackson EK, Macatangay BJ. The Adenosine Pathway and Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Inflammation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab396. [PMID: 34557556 PMCID: PMC8454523 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of age-associated comorbidities and mortality compared to people without HIV. This has been attributed to HIV-associated chronic inflammation and immune activation despite viral suppression. The adenosine pathway is an established mechanism by which the body regulates persistent inflammation to limit tissue damage associated with inflammatory conditions. However, HIV infection is associated with derangements in the adenosine pathway that limits its ability to control HIV-associated inflammation. This article reviews the function of purinergic signaling and the role of the adenosine signaling pathway in HIV-associated chronic inflammation. This review also discusses the beneficial and potential detrimental effects of pharmacotherapeutic strategies targeting this pathway among people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Hixson
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Priya V Borker
- Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernard J Macatangay
- Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Handke J, Kummer L, Weigand MA, Larmann J. Modulation of Peripheral CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells Ameliorates Surgical Stress-Induced Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:682458. [PMID: 34485396 PMCID: PMC8416168 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.682458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation associated with major surgery rapidly accelerates atherosclerotic plaque progression in mice. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have emerged as important modulators of atherogenesis. In coronary artery disease patients, low frequency of Tregs constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications after non-cardiac surgery. In this exploratory analysis, we investigate whether preoperative Treg levels affect surgery-induced atherosclerotic lesion destabilization in a murine model of perioperative stress. After 9 weeks of high-cholesterol diet, atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with modulated Treg levels were subjected to a 30-minute surgical procedure consisting of general isoflurane anesthesia, laparotomy and moderate blood loss. Controls underwent general anesthesia only. Brachiocephalic arteries were harvested 3 days after the intervention for histomorphological analyses of atherosclerotic plaques. Tregs were depleted by a single dose of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (mAb) administered 6 days prior to the intervention. Expansion of Tregs was induced by daily injections of IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex (IL-2C) on three consecutive days starting 3 days before surgery. Isotype-matched antibodies and PBS served as controls. Antibody-mediated modulation was Treg-specific. IL-2C treatment resulted in an eight-fold elevation of peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs compared to mice administered with anti-CD25 mAb. In mice treated with PBS and anti-CD25 mAb, surgical stress response caused a significant increase of atherosclerotic plaque necrosis (PBS: p < 0.001; anti-CD25 mAb: p = 0.037). Preoperative Treg expansion abrogated perioperative necrotic core formation (p = 0.556) and significantly enhanced postoperative atherosclerotic plaque stability compared to PBS-treated mice (p = 0.036). Postoperative plaque volume (p = 0.960), stenosis (p = 0.693), lesional collagen (p = 0.258), as well as the relative macrophage (p = 0.625) and smooth muscle cell content (p = 0.178) remained largely unaffected by preoperative Treg levels. In atherosclerotic mice, therapeutic expansion of Tregs prior to major surgery mitigates rapid effects on perioperative stress-driven atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. Future studies will show, whether short-term interventions modulating perioperative inflammation qualify for prevention of cardiovascular events associated with major non-cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Handke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Kummer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Larmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Poznyak AV, Bezsonov EE, Popkova TV, Starodubova AV, Orekhov AN. Immunity in Atherosclerosis: Focusing on T and B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168379. [PMID: 34445084 PMCID: PMC8395064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of the development of cardiovascular disease, which, in turn, is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. From the point of view of pathogenesis, atherosclerosis is an extremely complex disease. A huge variety of processes, such as violation of mitophagy, oxidative stress, damage to the endothelium, and others, are involved in atherogenesis; however, the main components of atherogenesis are considered to be inflammation and alterations of lipid metabolism. In this review, we want to focus on inflammation, and more specifically on the cellular elements of adaptive immunity, T and B cells. It is known that various T cells are widely represented directly in atherosclerotic plaques, while B cells can be found, for example, in the adventitia layer. Of course, such widespread and well-studied cells have attracted attention as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Various approaches have been developed and tested for their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Poznyak
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Evgeny E. Bezsonov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Popkova
- V.A. Nasonova Institute of Rheumatology, 34A Kashirskoye Shosse, 115522 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2/14 Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
- Medical Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, 125315 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.V.P.); (A.N.O.)
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17
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Antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-infected adults with coronary artery disease are characterized by a distinctive regulatory T-cell signature. AIDS 2021; 35:1003-1014. [PMID: 33587446 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control viral replication, people living with HIV (PWH) have high levels of chronic systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation which drives accelerated co-morbidities including coronary artery disease (CAD). Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and ectonucleotidases CD39/CD73 are known to be athero-protective via their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. DESIGN We assessed the dynamics of Treg subsets in ART-treated PWH with or without CAD vs. HIV-uninfected individuals. METHODS Blood specimens were obtained from 142 participants including ART-treated HIV-infected adults with (n = 43) or without CAD (n = 41), as well as HIV-uninfected controls with (n = 31) or without CAD (n = 27). CAD was determined by the presence of atherosclerotic features on computed tomography angiography of the coronary arteries performed on all study participants. Treg subsets frequencies were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Regardless of statin treatment or ART regimen, HIV+CAD+ individuals had the highest total Treg frequencies and increased thymic generation and output of Tregs (Helios/CD31 expression), while athero-protective CD39+/CD73+ Tregs were significantly depleted in this group. Tregs from PWH had higher expression of CCR6/CXCR3 than uninfected individuals regardless of CAD, while in HIV+CAD+ individuals Tregs expressed the highest levels of CCR4, which limits their maintenance. The lowest levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune activation has been observed in HIV+CAD+ within study groups. CONCLUSION ART-treated PWH with diagnosed CAD are characterized by profound alterations in populations of anti-inflammatory and athero-protective Treg subsets. These changes may contribute to atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression during chronic HIV infection in the ART era.
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18
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Poels K, Neppelenbroek SIM, Kersten MJ, Antoni ML, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. Immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an emerging clinical problem. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e002916. [PMID: 34168005 PMCID: PMC8231062 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated blockade of co-inhibitory molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4, PD1 and PDL1 elicits potent antitumor responses and improves the prognosis of many patients with cancer. As these immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly prescribed to a diverse patient population, a broad range of adverse effects is emerging. Atherosclerosis, a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease of the large arteries, may be aggravated by ICI treatment. In this review, we discuss recent clinical studies that analyze the correlation between ICI use and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Indeed, several studies report an increased incidence of atherosclerotic CVD after ICI administration, with the occurrence of pathologies such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and coronary artery disease significantly higher after ICI use. Increased awareness and better monitoring of ICI-treated patients can elucidate risk factors that contribute to ICI-induced aggravation of atherosclerosis and identify promising treatment strategies. For now, optimal cardiovascular risk assessment is required to protect ICI-receiving patients and long-term survivors of cancer from the detrimental effects of ICI therapy on atherosclerotic CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzanne I M Neppelenbroek
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology (PSOE), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie José Kersten
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Louisa Antoni
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Lung Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T P Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam and LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Inno A, Chiampan A, Lanzoni L, Verzè M, Molon G, Gori S. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Atherosclerotic Vascular Events in Cancer Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:652186. [PMID: 34124192 PMCID: PMC8193098 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.652186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical trials and meta-analysis, atherosclerotic vascular events (AVEs) during treatment with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been reported with low incidence. However, preclinical data suggest that these drugs can promote atherosclerosis inflammation and progression of atherosclerosis plaques, and there is now growing and convincing evidence from retrospective studies that ICIs increase the risk of atherosclerotic vascular events including arterial thrombosis, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Prospective studies are needed to increase knowledge on long-term effect of ICIs or their combinations with other cardio-toxic drugs, but in the meantime a careful assessment and optimization of cardiovascular risk factors among patients treated with ICIs is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Inno
- Medical Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiampan
- Cardiology Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Lanzoni
- Cardiology Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Verzè
- Medical Direction, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulio Molon
- Cardiology Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Gori
- Medical Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy
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20
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Kowara M, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. Pathophysiology of Atherosclerotic Plaque Development-Contemporary Experience and New Directions in Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073513. [PMID: 33805303 PMCID: PMC8037897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque is the pathophysiological basis of important and life-threatening diseases such as myocardial infarction. Although key aspects of the process of atherosclerotic plaque development and progression such as local inflammation, LDL oxidation, macrophage activation, and necrotic core formation have already been discovered, many molecular mechanisms affecting this process are still to be revealed. This minireview aims to describe the current directions in research on atherogenesis and to summarize selected studies published in recent years-in particular, studies on novel cellular pathways, epigenetic regulations, the influence of hemodynamic parameters, as well as tissue and microorganism (microbiome) influence on atherosclerotic plaque development. Finally, some new and interesting ideas are proposed (immune cellular heterogeneity, non-coding RNAs, and immunometabolism) which will hopefully bring new discoveries in this area of investigation.
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21
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Henderson JM, Weber C, Santovito D. Beyond Self-Recycling: Cell-Specific Role of Autophagy in Atherosclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030625. [PMID: 33799835 PMCID: PMC7998923 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall and underlies the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. As such, atherosclerosis stands as the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and intensive scientific efforts are made to investigate its complex pathophysiology, which involves the deregulation of crucial intracellular pathways and intricate interactions between diverse cell types. A growing body of evidence, including in vitro and in vivo studies involving cell-specific deletion of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), has unveiled the mechanistic relevance of cell-specific (endothelial, smooth-muscle, and myeloid cells) defective autophagy in the processes of atherogenesis. In this review, we underscore the recent insights on autophagy's cell-type-dependent role in atherosclerosis development and progression, featuring the relevance of canonical catabolic functions and emerging noncanonical mechanisms, and highlighting the potential therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Henderson
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Donato Santovito
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität (LMU), D-80336 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, D-80336 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, UoS of Milan, National Research Council, I-09042 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (D.S.)
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22
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de Jong A, de Jong RCM, Peters EA, Arens R, Jukema JW, de Vries MR, Quax PHA. P300/CBP Associated Factor (PCAF) Deficiency Enhances Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis in ApoE3 *Leiden Mice via Systemic Inhibition of Regulatory T Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:604821. [PMID: 33585580 PMCID: PMC7874080 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.604821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory stimuli induced by NF-kB drive atherosclerotic lesion formation. The epigenetic P300/CBP associated factor (PCAF) post-transcriptionally acetylates FoxP3, which is required for regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation and immune modulation. We hypothesize that PCAF deficiency affects atherosclerosis via regulation of regulatory Tregs. Method: ApoE3*Leiden (n = 13) and ApoE3*LeidenxPCAF−/− (n = 13) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 1.25% cholesterol. Systemic FoxP3+ T cells were measured every 4 weeks by flow cytometry (n = 6). After 5-months of HFD, mice were euthanized, and hearts and blood were collected. IL-6 and TNFα concentrations were measured in plasma to identify systemic inflammatory responses. Compositional and morphometrical analyses were performed on the atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic sinuses. Results: After 5 months of HFD, plasma cholesterol concentrations were not different for ApoE3*LeidenxPCAF−/− compared to ApoE3*Leiden mice. Expression of FoxP3 by systemic CD4+ T cells decreased 1.8 fold in ApoE3*LeidenxPCAF−/− after 5 months HFD and remained significantly reduced after 5 months of HFD. Systemic TNFα and IL-6 concentrations were comparable, whereas the atherosclerotic lesion size in ApoE3*LeidenxPCAF−/− mice was increased by 28% compared to ApoE3*Leiden mice. In atherosclerotic lesions, no differences were observed in macrophage differentiation or VSMC content, although a small increase in collagen was identified. Conclusion: Our data show that PCAF deficiency resulted in a decrease in circulatory FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and ameliorated atherosclerotic lesions with no differences in systemic inflammation or macrophage differentiation in the atherosclerotic lesions. This suggests that PCAF regulates atherosclerosis via modulation of FoxP3+ regulatory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin de Jong
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rob C M de Jong
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Erna A Peters
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Margreet R de Vries
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239322. [PMID: 33297441 PMCID: PMC7731312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is initiated by the deposition and accumulation of low-density lipoproteins in the artery wall. In this review, we will discuss the role of T- and B-cells in human plaques at different stages of atherosclerosis and the utility of profiling circulating immune cells to monitor atherosclerosis progression. Evidence supports a proatherogenic role for intraplaque T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, CD4+CD28null T-cells, and natural killer T-cells, whereas Th2 cells and regulatory T-cells (Treg) have an atheroprotective role. Several studies indicate that intraplaque T-cells are activated upon recognition of endogenous antigens including heat shock protein 60 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, but antigens derived from pathogens can also trigger T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Future studies are needed to assess whether circulating cellular biomarkers can improve identification of vulnerable lesions so that effective intervention can be implemented before clinical manifestations are apparent.
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Poels K, van Leent MMT, Reiche ME, Kusters PJH, Huveneers S, de Winther MPJ, Mulder WJM, Lutgens E, Seijkens TTP. Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of CTLA4 Aggravates Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation and Progression in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E1987. [PMID: 32872393 PMCID: PMC7565685 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-driven inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The co-inhibitory protein Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated protein (CTLA) 4 is an important negative regulator of T cell activation. Here, we studied the effects of the antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 on experimental atherosclerosis by treating 6-8-week-old Ldlr-/- mice, fed a 0.15% cholesterol diet for six weeks, biweekly with 200 μg of CTLA4 antibodies or isotype control for six weeks. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography showed no effect of the CTLA4 inhibition of activity in the aorta, spleen, and bone marrow, indicating that monocyte/macrophage-driven inflammation was unaffected. Correspondingly, flow cytometry demonstrated that the antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 did not affect the monocyte populations in the spleen. αCTLA4 treatment induced an activated T cell profile, characterized by a decrease in naïve CD44-CD62L+CD4+ T cells and an increase in CD44+CD62L- CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the blood and lymphoid organs. Furthermore, αCTLA4 treatment induced endothelial activation, characterized by increased ICAM1 expression in the aortic endothelium. In the aortic arch, which mainly contained early atherosclerotic lesions at this time point, αCTLA4 treatment induced a 2.0-fold increase in the plaque area. These plaques had a more advanced morphological phenotype and an increased T cell/macrophage ratio, whereas the smooth muscle cell and collagen content decreased. In the aortic root, a site that contained more advanced plaques, αCTLA4 treatment increased the plaque T cell content. The short-term antibody-mediated inhibition of CTLA4 thus accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis by inducing a predominantly T cell-driven inflammation, and resulted in the formation of plaques with larger necrotic cores and less collagen. This indicates that existing therapies that are based on αCTLA4 antibodies may promote CVD development in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kikkie Poels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Mandy M. T. van Leent
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Myrthe E. Reiche
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Pascal J. H. Kusters
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Tom T. P. Seijkens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (K.P.); (M.M.T.v.L.); (M.E.R.); (P.J.H.K.); (S.H.); (M.P.J.d.W.); (W.J.M.M.); (E.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081AV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Roy P, Ali AJ, Kobiyama K, Ghosheh Y, Ley K. Opportunities for an atherosclerosis vaccine: From mice to humans. Vaccine 2020; 38:4495-4506. [PMID: 31964554 PMCID: PMC7939143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), is the number one killer globally. The disease pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between metabolic and immune components. Although lipid-lowering drugs such as statins curb the risks associated with CVD, significant residual inflammatory risk remains. Substantial evidence from experimental models and clinical studies has established the role of inflammation and immune effector mechanisms in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Several stages of the disease are affected by host-mediated antigen-specific adaptive immune responses that play either protective or proatherogenic roles. Therefore, strategies to boost an anti-atherogenic humoral and T regulatory cell response are emerging as preventative or therapeutic strategies to lowering inflammatory residual risks. Vaccination holds promise as an efficient, durable and relatively inexpensive approach to induce protective adaptive immunity in atherosclerotic patients. In this review, we discuss the status and opportunities for a human atherosclerosis vaccine. We describe (1) some of the immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions tested in atherosclerosis (2) the immune targets identified in pre-clinical and clinical investigations (3) immunization strategies evaluated in animal models (4) past and ongoing clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of human atherosclerosis vaccines and (5) strategies to improve and optimize vaccination in humans (antigen selection, formulation, dose and delivery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Roy
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amal J Ali
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Vaccine Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yanal Ghosheh
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420, Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC0412, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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26
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Li X, Zhou H, Guo D, Hu Y, Fang X, Chen Y, Zhang F. Oxidative stress and inflammation: Early predictive indicators of multiple recurrent coronary in‐stent chronic total occlusions in elderly patients after coronary stenting. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1023-1033. [PMID: 32022379 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Hualan Zhou
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Dianxuan Guo
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Youdong Hu
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University Huai'an China
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27
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Sharma M, Schlegel MP, Afonso MS, Brown EJ, Rahman K, Weinstock A, Sansbury BE, Corr EM, van Solingen C, Koelwyn GJ, Shanley LC, Beckett L, Peled D, Lafaille JJ, Spite M, Loke P, Fisher EA, Moore KJ. Regulatory T Cells License Macrophage Pro-Resolving Functions During Atherosclerosis Regression. Circ Res 2020; 127:335-353. [PMID: 32336197 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.316461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regression of atherosclerosis is an important clinical goal; however, the pathways that mediate the resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation and reversal of plaques are poorly understood. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be atheroprotective, yet the numbers of these immunosuppressive cells decrease with disease progression, and whether they contribute to atherosclerosis regression is not known. OBJECTIVE We investigated the roles of Tregs in the resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation, tissue remodeling, and plaque contraction during atherosclerosis regression. METHODS AND RESULTS Using multiple independent mouse models of atherosclerosis regression, we demonstrate that an increase in plaque Tregs is a common signature of regressing plaques. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of plaque immune cells revealed that unlike Tregs from progressing plaques that expressed markers of natural Tregs derived from the thymus, Tregs in regressing plaques lacked Nrp1 expression, suggesting that they are induced in the periphery during lipid-lowering therapy. To test whether Tregs are required for resolution of atherosclerotic inflammation and plaque regression, Tregs were depleted using CD25 monoclonal antibody in atherosclerotic mice during apolipoprotein B antisense oligonucleotide-mediated lipid lowering. Morphometric analyses revealed that Treg depletion blocked plaque remodeling and contraction, and impaired hallmarks of inflammation resolution, including dampening of the T helper 1 response, alternative activation of macrophages, efferocytosis, and upregulation of specialized proresolving lipid mediators. CONCLUSIONS Our data establish essential roles for Tregs in resolving atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and provide mechanistic insight into the pathways governing plaque remodeling and regression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Martin P Schlegel
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany (M.P.S.)
| | - Milessa S Afonso
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Emily J Brown
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Karishma Rahman
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Ada Weinstock
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M. Spite)
| | - Emma M Corr
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Coen van Solingen
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Lianne C Shanley
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Lauren Beckett
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Daniel Peled
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute (J.J.L.), New York University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew Spite
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., M. Spite)
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology (Parasitology) (P.L.), New York University School of Medicine
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology (E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- From the Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (M. Sharma, M.P.S., M.S.A., E.J.B., K.R., A.W., E.M.C., C.v.S., G.J.K., L.C.S., L.B., D.P., E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine.,Department of Cell Biology (E.A.F., K.J.M.), New York University Grossman School of Medicine
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Rohm I, Grün K, Müller LM, Bäz L, Förster M, Schrepper A, Kretzschmar D, Pistulli R, Yilmaz A, Bauer R, Jung C, Berndt A, Schulze PC, Franz M. Cellular inflammation in pulmonary hypertension: Detailed analysis of lung and right ventricular tissue, circulating immune cells and effects of a dual endothelin receptor antagonist. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 73:497-522. [PMID: 31156142 DOI: 10.3233/ch-180529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that inflammation is crucially involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and consecutive right heart failure. The present study analyzed the inflammatory response in lung and right ventricle in a rat model of PH and evaluated the effects of the dual endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) Macitentan. PH was induced by monocrotalin (60 mg/kg body weight s.c.) in Sprague-Dawley rats (PH, n = 10) and compared to healthy controls (CON, n = 10) as well as monocrotalin-induced, macitentan-treated rats (THER, n = 10). Detection of Dendritic cells (DCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs) and others as well as RT-PCR based inflammatory gene expression analysis were performed. Circulating DCs and Tregs were quantified by flow cytometry in the rat model and in PH patients (n = 70) compared to controls (n = 52). Inflammatory cells were increased in lung and right ventricular tissue, whereas DCs and Tregs were decreased in blood. Expression of 17 genes in the lung and 20 genes in the right ventricle were relevantly (>2.0 fold) regulated in the PH group. These effects were, at least in part, attenuated in response to Macitentan treatment. In humans as well as rats, immune cells showed significant correlations to clinical, echocardiographic, and haemodynamic parameters. PH is accompanied by a distinct inflammatory response in lung and right but not left ventricular tissue attenuated by Macitentan. Correlations of circulating DCs as well as tissue resident immune cells with parameters reflecting right ventricular function raise the idea of both, promising biomarkers and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilonka Rohm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Grün
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Marleen Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Bäz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Förster
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Schrepper
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Kretzschmar
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Rudin Pistulli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Atilla Yilmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Elisabeth Klinikum Schmalkalden, Schmalkalden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Berndt
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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29
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Janssen H, Felgner L, Kummer L, Gillmann HJ, Schrimpf C, Rustum S, Lichtinghagen R, Sahlmann B, Weigand MA, Teebken OE, Theilmeier G, Larmann J. Sequential Surgical Procedures in Vascular Surgery Patients Are Associated With Perioperative Adverse Cardiac Events. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:13. [PMID: 32133374 PMCID: PMC7040239 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients at elevated cardiovascular risk are prone to perioperative cardiovascular complications, like myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS). We have demonstrated in a mouse model of atherosclerosis that perioperative stress leads to an increase in plaque volume and higher plaque vulnerability. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in development and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. For this exploratory post-hoc analysis we identified 40 patients recruited into a prospective perioperative biomarker study, who within the inclusion period underwent sequential open vascular surgery. On the basis of protein markers measured in the biomarker study, we evaluated the perioperative inflammatory response in patients' plasma before and after index surgery as well as before and after a second surgical procedure. We also analyzed available immunohistochemistry samples to describe plaque vulnerability in patients who underwent bilateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in two subsequent surgical procedures. Finally, we assessed if MINS was associated with sequential surgery. The inflammatory response of both surgeries was characterized by postoperative increases of interleukin-6,−10, Pentraxin 3 and C-reactive protein with no clear-cut difference between the two time points of surgery. Plaques from CEA extracted during the second surgery contained less Tregs, as measured by Foxp3 staining, than plaques from the first intervention. The 2nd surgical procedure was associated with MINS. In conclusion, we provide descriptive evidence that sequential surgical procedures involve repeat inflammation, and we hypothesize that elevated rates of cardiovascular complications after the second procedure could be related to reduced levels of intraplaque Tregs, a finding that deserves confirmatory testing and mechanistic exploration in future populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Janssen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Larissa Felgner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Kummer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Gillmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Claudia Schrimpf
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Saad Rustum
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ralf Lichtinghagen
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical School Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Bianca Sahlmann
- Department of Human Medicine, Perioperative Inflammation and Infection, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus A Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omke E Teebken
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Gregor Theilmeier
- Department of Human Medicine, Perioperative Inflammation and Infection, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Larmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Newman JL, Stone JR. Immune checkpoint inhibition alters the inflammatory cell composition of human coronary artery atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2019; 43:107148. [PMID: 31518915 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2019.107148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has emerged as a promising new approach to treat malignancy. Such therapies can result in autoimmune-related complications such as myocarditis and hepatitis. The impact of ICI on sites of preexisting chronic inflammation has been less clear. Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular disease with a significant inflammatory component. METHODS To determine the effect of ICI on the inflammatory infiltrate in coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques, 11 patients who had recently been treated with ICI and subsequently underwent autopsy were matched with 11 cancer patients who had not received ICI treatment. The amount of CD3+ T-lymphocytes, CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and CD68+ macrophages and the ratios of the various cell types in the coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques were compared. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the absolute numbers of CD3+, CD8+, or CD68+ cells in the atherosclerotic plaques. In the plaques of the ICI-treated patients, there was a significant increase in the ratio of CD3+ cells to CD68+ cells (CD3/CD68) (P=.002) and a trend towards an increased CD8/CD68 ratio. The increased CD3/CD68 ratio in the ICI-treated patients resulted in 6 of the 11 patients having lymphocyte-predominate inflammation in contrast to the macrophage-predominate inflammation typically found in atherosclerotic plaques. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ICI alters the inflammatory composition of human atherosclerotic plaque and, thus, may influence plaque progression and/or clinical coronary events. SUMMARY In cancer patients, treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition is associated with an altered inflammatory cell composition in coronary artery atherosclerotic plaques with an increased ratio of CD3+ T cells to CD68+ macrophages. Thus, immune checkpoint inhibition may influence plaque progression and/or clinical coronary events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine L Newman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - James R Stone
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Bonaccorsi I, Spinelli D, Cantoni C, Barillà C, Pipitò N, De Pasquale C, Oliveri D, Cavaliere R, Carrega P, Benedetto F, Ferlazzo G. Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Are Associated With Increased Infiltration of Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Higher Serum Levels of NK Activating Receptor Ligands. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1503. [PMID: 31354703 PMCID: PMC6639781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide array of immune cells, including lymphocytes, is known to be present and to play a pathogenetic role in atherosclerotic lesions. However, limited information is currently available regarding the presence of Natural Killer (NK) cell subsets within vessel plaque, and more in general, regarding their role in human atherosclerosis. We evaluated the distribution of NK cells in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques, dissecting asymptomatic and symptomatic patients (identified as affected by stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax within 6 months) with the aim of shedding light on the putative contribution of NK cells to the pathogenic process that leads to plaque instability and subsequent clinical complications. We observed that carotid plaques were consistently infiltrated by NK cells and, among them, CD56brightperforinlow NK cells were abundantly present and displayed different markers of tissue residency (i.e., CD103 CD69 and CD49a). Interestingly, carotid atherosclerotic plaques of symptomatic patients showed a higher content of NK cells and an increased ratio between CD56brightperforinlow NK cells and their CD56dimperforinhigh counterpart. NK cells isolated from plaques of symptomatic patients were also stronger producers of IFN-γ. Analysis of the expression of NK activating receptor ligands (including MICA/B, ULBP-3, and B7-H6) in atherosclerotic carotid plaques revealed that they were abundantly expressed by a HLA-DR+CD11c+ myeloid cell population resident in the plaques. Remarkably, sera of symptomatic patients contained significant higher levels of soluble ligands for NK activating receptors. Our observations indicate that CD56bright NK cells accumulate within human atherosclerotic lesions and suggest a possible contribution of NK cells to the process determining plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bonaccorsi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Research Center Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Barillà
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Narayana Pipitò
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia De Pasquale
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Oliveri
- Research Center Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Unit, University Hospital - A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cavaliere
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Research Center Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Unit, University Hospital - A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrega
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Research Center Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Benedetto
- Unit of Vascular Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Ferlazzo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biotherapy, Department Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Research Center Cell Factory UniMe, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Clinical Pathology Unit, University Hospital - A.O.U. Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
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Xu MM, Murphy PA, Vella AT. Activated T-effector seeds: cultivating atherosclerotic plaque through alternative activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1354-H1365. [PMID: 30925075 PMCID: PMC6620674 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00148.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory pathology that precipitates substantial morbidity and mortality. Although initiated by physiological patterns of low and disturbed flow that differentially prime endothelial cells at sites of vessel branch points and curvature, the chronic, smoldering inflammation of atherosclerosis is accelerated by comorbidities involving inappropriate activation of the adaptive immune system, such as autoimmunity. The innate contributions to atherosclerosis, especially in the transition of monocyte to lipid-laden macrophage, are well established, but the mechanisms underpinning the infiltration, persistence, and effector dynamics of CD8 T cells in particular are not well understood. Adaptive immunity is centered on a classical cascade of antigen recognition and activation, costimulation, and effector cytokine secretion upon recall of antigen. However, chronic inflammation can generate alternative cues that supplant this behavior pattern and promote the retention and activation of peripherally activated T cells. Furthermore, the atherogenic foci that activated immune cell infiltrate are unique lipid-laden environments that offer a diverse array of stimuli, including those of survival, antigen hyporesponsiveness, and inflammatory cytokine expression. This review will focus on how known cardiovascular comorbidities may be influencing CD8 T-cell activation and how, once infiltrated within atherogenic foci, these T cells face a multitude of cues that skew the classical cascade of T-cell behavior, highlighting alternative modes of activation that may help contextualize associations of autoimmunity, viral infection, and immunotherapy with cardiovascular morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Patrick A Murphy
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health School of Medicine , Farmington, Connecticut
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Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Fortini F, Aquila G, Campo G, Vaccarezza M, Rizzo P. Notch Signaling Regulates Immune Responses in Atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1130. [PMID: 31191522 PMCID: PMC6540611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that can cause coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, depending on which arteries are affected. At the beginning of atherosclerosis plasma lipoproteins accumulate in the sub-endothelial space. In response, monocytes migrate from the circulation through the endothelium into the intima where they differentiate into macrophages. These early events trigger a complex immune response that eventually involves many cellular subtypes of both innate and adaptive immunity. The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionary conserved cell signaling system that mediates cell-to-cell communication. Recent studies have revealed that Notch modulate atherosclerosis by controlling macrophages polarization into M1 or M2 subtypes. Furthermore, it is known that Notch signaling controls differentiation and activity of T-helper and cytotoxic T-cells in inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of Notch in modulating immunity in the context of atherosclerosis and whether targeting Notch may represent a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Fortini
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy
| | - Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy.,Cardiovascular Center, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Cona, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Translational Research Center, Maria Cecilia Hospital GVM Care & Research, Cotignola, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Song M, Xu S, Zhong A, Zhang J. Crosstalk between macrophage and T cell in atherosclerosis: Potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases. Clin Immunol 2019; 202:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Characteristics of peripheral immune cell subsets in patients with carotid atherosclerosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e129-e136. [PMID: 30775603 PMCID: PMC6374565 DOI: 10.5114/amsad.2018.79537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The role of circulating immune cells in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular accidents is currently under debate. The aim of this study was to characterize peripheral immune cell subsets in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Material and methods We conducted a prospective observational study in a group of 124 patients with significant carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy, both symptomatic and asymptomatic. We compared the percentages of circulating immune cells: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, T helper, cytotoxic T, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, T regulatory, monocytes and NK cells before CEA and 6 h after the procedure. Results Total lymphocyte count and cytotoxic T lymphocyte count decreased 6 h after CEA in both subgroups. The NK cell level decrease was statistically significant only in the symptomatic subgroup (19.41 ±9.30 before CEA and 16.52 ±9.37 after CEA; p = 0.0044), but not in the asymptomatic subgroup (17.88 ±9.14 before CEA and 15.91 ±9.51 after CEA; p = 0.0886). The T lymphocyte level showed a statistically significant increase only in symptomatic patients (69.74 ±10.16 before CEA vs. 71.45 ±9.77 after CEA; p = 0.0462), and not in the asymptomatic subgroup (70.08 ±11.19 prior to CEA and 70.21 ±12.35; p = 0.9048). B lymphocyte, helper T lymphocyte and regulatory T (Treg) lymphocyte (CD4+/CD25+) levels showed a significant increase after CEA. Conclusions This is the first study to compare circulating immune cells in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. Only the symptomatic subgroup experienced a significant decrease in the NK cell level and an increase in the T lymphocyte count after CEA. This study enriches our understanding of immune cell kinetics during carotid endarterectomy.
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Podolec J, Niewiara L, Skiba D, Siedlinski M, Baran J, Komar M, Guzik B, Kablak-Ziembicka A, Kopec G, Guzik T, Bartus K, Plazak W, Zmudka K. Higher levels of circulating naïve CD8 +CD45RA + cells are associated with lower extent of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 2018; 259:26-30. [PMID: 29579606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Podolec
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Niewiara
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominik Skiba
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland; British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Siedlinski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland
| | - Jakub Baran
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Komar
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Guzik
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Kablak-Ziembicka
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kopec
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Poland; British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Bartus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Plazak
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zmudka
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University College of Medicine, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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Chen YC, Huang AL, Kyaw TS, Bobik A, Peter K. Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture: Identifying the Straw That Breaks the Camel's Back. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 36:e63-72. [PMID: 27466619 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Alex L Huang
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Tin S Kyaw
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Alex Bobik
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.)
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- From the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (Y.-C.C., A.L.H., K.P.), and Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory (T.S.K., A.B.), Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.H., A.B., K.P.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- From the BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute (T.K., B.-H.T., A.B.), Department of Immunology (A.B.); and Centre for Inflammatory Disorders (T.K., B.-H.T., A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- From the BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute (T.K., B.-H.T., A.B.), Department of Immunology (A.B.); and Centre for Inflammatory Disorders (T.K., B.-H.T., A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- From the BakerIDI Heart and Diabetes Institute (T.K., B.-H.T., A.B.), Department of Immunology (A.B.); and Centre for Inflammatory Disorders (T.K., B.-H.T., A.B.), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Regulatory T cells as a new therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1249-1258. [PMID: 29323337 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease caused by self- and non-self-antigens contributing to excessive activation of T and B cell immune responses. These responses further aggravate vascular infiammation and promote progression of atherosclerosis and vulnerability to plaques via releasing pro-infiammatory cytokines. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) as the major immunoregulatory cells, in particular, induce and maintain immune homeostasis and tolerance by suppressing the immune responses of various cells such as T and B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as by secreting inhibitory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35 and transcription growth factor β (TGF-β) in both physiological and pathological states. Numerous evidence demonstrates that reduced numbers and dysfunction of Treg may be involveved in atherosclerosis pathogenesis. Increasing or restoring the numbers and improving the immunosuppressive capacity of Tregs may serve as a fundamental immunotherapy to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we briefiy present current knowledge of Treg subsets, summarize the relationship between Tregs and atherosclerosis development, and discuss the possibilities of regulating Tregs for prevention of atherosclerosis pathogenesis and enhancement of plaque stability. Although the exact molecular mechanisms of Treg-mediated protection against atherosclerosis remain to be elucidated, the strategies for targeting the regulation of Tregs may provide specific and significant approaches for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Joly AL, Seitz C, Liu S, Kuznetsov NV, Gertow K, Westerberg LS, Paulsson-Berne G, Hansson GK, Andersson J. Alternative Splicing of FOXP3 Controls Regulatory T Cell Effector Functions and Is Associated With Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability. Circ Res 2018; 122:1385-1394. [PMID: 29618596 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress immune responses and have been shown to attenuate atherosclerosis. The Treg cell lineage-specification factor FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) is essential for Treg cells' ability to uphold immunologic tolerance. In humans, FOXP3 exists in several different isoforms, however, their specific role is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To define the regulation and functions of the 2 major FOXP3 isoforms, FOXP3fl and FOXP3Δ2, as well as to establish whether their expression is associated with the ischemic atherosclerotic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Human primary T cells were transduced with lentiviruses encoding distinct FOXP3 isoforms. The phenotype and function of these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, in vitro suppression assays and RNA-sequencing. We also assessed the effect of activation on Treg cells isolated from healthy volunteers. Treg cell activation resulted in increased FOXP3 expression that predominantly was made up of FOXP3Δ2. FOXP3Δ2 induced specific transcription of GARP (glycoprotein A repetitions predominant), which functions by tethering the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF (transforming growth factor)-β to the cell membrane of activated Treg cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the impact of alternative splicing of FOXP3 in relation with atherosclerotic plaque stability in a cohort of >150 patients that underwent carotid endarterectomy. Plaque instability was associated with a lower FOXP3Δ2 transcript usage, when comparing plaques from patients without symptoms and patients with the occurrence of recent (<1 month) vascular symptoms including minor stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax. No difference was detected in total levels of FOXP3 mRNA between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activated Treg cells suppress the atherosclerotic disease process and that FOXP3Δ2 controls a transcriptional program that acts protectively in human atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Joly
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
| | - Christina Seitz
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
| | - Sang Liu
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
| | - Nikolai V Kuznetsov
- Department of Medicine Solna, and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (N.V.K., L.S.W.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gertow
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.).,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine (K.G., G.P.-B., G.K.H.)
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (N.V.K., L.S.W.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine (K.G., G.P.-B., G.K.H.)
| | - John Andersson
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
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Coelho-Lima J, Spyridopoulos I. Non-coding RNA regulation of T cell biology: Implications for age-associated cardiovascular diseases. Exp Gerontol 2017; 109:38-46. [PMID: 28652179 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of age-associated cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has dramatically increased as a result of improvements in life expectancy. Chronic inflammation is a shared pathophysiological feature of age-associated CVDs, indicating a role for the immune system in the onset and development of CVDs. Indeed, ageing elicits profound changes in both the cardiovascular and immune system, especially in the T cell compartment. Although such changes have been well described at the cellular level, the molecular mechanisms underlying immune-mediated cardiovascular ageing remain largely unexplored. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a heterogeneous family of RNA transcripts that regulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. Non-coding RNAs have recently emerged as master modulators of T cell immunity. In this review, the state-of-the-art knowledge on ncRNA regulatory effects over T cell differentiation, function, and ageing in the context of age-associated CVDs, such as atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndromes, and heart failure, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Coelho-Lima
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, High Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom.
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Ley K, Gerdes N, Winkels H. ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:764-777. [PMID: 28360089 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
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Sage AP, Mallat Z. Readapting the adaptive immune response - therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3926-3939. [PMID: 28052311 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain a major global health issue, with the development of atherosclerosis as a major underlying cause. Our treatment of cardiovascular disease has improved greatly over the past three decades, but much remains to be done reduce disease burden. Current priorities include reducing atherosclerosis advancement to clinically significant stages and preventing plaque rupture or erosion. Inflammation and involvement of the adaptive immune system influences all these aspects and therefore is one focus for future therapeutic development. The atherosclerotic vascular wall is now recognized to be invaded from both sides (arterial lumen and adventitia), for better or worse, by the adaptive immune system. Atherosclerosis is also affected at several stages by adaptive immune responses, overall providing many opportunities to target these responses and to reduce disease progression. Protective influences that may be defective in diseased individuals include humoral responses to modified LDL and regulatory T cell responses. There are many strategies in development to boost these pathways in humans, including vaccine-based therapies. The effects of various existing adaptive immune targeting therapies, such as blocking critical co-stimulatory pathways or B cell depletion, on cardiovascular disease are beginning to emerge with important consequences for both autoimmune disease patients and the potential for wider use of such therapies. Entering the translation phase for adaptive immune targeting therapies is an exciting and promising prospect. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Sage
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Hackett EE, Sheedy FJ. miR-21 alters circulating Treg function in vascular disease-hope for restoring immunoregulatory responses in atherosclerosis? ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:21. [PMID: 28164106 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.12.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emer E Hackett
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- School of Biochemistry & Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Zhang X, Huang F, Chen Y, Qian X, Zheng SG. Progress and prospect of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in atherosclerosis. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:4017-4024. [PMID: 27829989 PMCID: PMC5095298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial intima, occurring usually in the aged populations who are suffering from hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes for a long time. Research on atherosclerosis has shown that macrophage foam cell formation, inflammation, dyslipidemia and immune cells infiltration are all involved in regulating the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originated from different kinds of tissue are a group of cells possessing well-established self-renewal and multipotent differentiation properties as well as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory roles. Recent studies have displayed their dyslipidemia regulation functions. Transplantation of MSCs to atherosclerotic patients might be a new multifactorial therapeutic strategy to improve atherosclerosis. This review updates the advancement on MSCs and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximei Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Division of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
- Institute Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinic Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 4510630, Guangdong, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA 17033, USA
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The CXCL10/CXCR3 Axis and Cardiac Inflammation: Implications for Immunotherapy to Treat Infectious and Noninfectious Diseases of the Heart. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4396368. [PMID: 27795961 PMCID: PMC5066021 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4396368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals involvement of T lymphocytes and adaptive immunity in the chronic inflammation associated with infectious and noninfectious diseases of the heart, including coronary artery disease, Kawasaki disease, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathies, Chagas, hypertensive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, and nonischemic heart failure. Chemokine CXCL10 is elevated in cardiovascular diseases, along with increased cardiac infiltration of proinflammatory Th1 and cytotoxic T cells. CXCL10 is a chemoattractant for these T cells and polarizing factor for the proinflammatory phenotype. Thus, targeting the CXCL10 receptor CXCR3 is a promising therapeutic approach to treating cardiac inflammation. Due to biased signaling CXCR3 also couples to anti-inflammatory signaling and immunosuppressive regulatory T cell formation when activated by CXCL11. Numbers and functionality of regulatory T cells are reduced in patients with cardiac inflammation, supporting the utility of biased agonists or biologicals to simultaneously block the pro-inflammatory and activate the anti-inflammatory actions of CXCR3. Other immunotherapy strategies to boost regulatory T cell actions include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, adoptive transfer, immunoadsorption, and low-dose interleukin-2/interleukin-2 antibody complexes. Pharmacological approaches include sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists and vitamin D supplementation. A combined strategy of switching CXCR3 signaling from pro- to anti-inflammatory and improving Treg functionality is predicted to synergistically lessen adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Liu YF, Bai YQ, Qi M. Daidzein attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm through NF-κB, p38MAPK and TGF-β1 pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:955-62. [PMID: 27222119 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study focuses on the protection of daidzein on nerves, as daidzein was demonstrated to have a protective effect on neurons of the central nervous system in a glutamate excitotoxicity and oxygen/glucose deprivation model. However, the effect of daidzein on the abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains unclear. The angiotensin II-induced AAA mouse model was utilized in the present study to determine the effect of daidzein on AAA. The results demonstrated that daidzein significantly attenuated incidence of AAA, max aortic aneurysm and mortality in the angiotensin II‑induced AAA mice. Daidzein had an anti‑inflammatory effect by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL‑1β) and nuclear factor κB (NF‑κB) protein expression. In addition, daidzein strongly suppressed the gene expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‑2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1), and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression in angiotensin II‑induced AAA mice. It also inhibited phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. These results demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, that the anti‑inflammatory effects and inhibitory mechanism of daidzein attenuates AAA in angiotensin II‑induced mice. Daidzein contains strong anti‑inflammatory activity and affects various mechanism pathways including the NF‑κB, p38MAPK and TGF-β1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Qing Bai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Ming Qi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Cardiovascular Diseases: A View on Human Studies. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5946807. [PMID: 27088098 PMCID: PMC4818818 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5946807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) are key to the immunological response, with different functions ascribed ranging from cellular immune activation to induction of tolerance. Such immunological responses are involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular diseases, with DCs shown to play a role in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure and most notably following heart transplantation. A better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and cardiovascular diseases will therefore be critical for developing novel therapeutic treatments as well as innovative monitoring tools for disease progression. As such, the present review will provide an overview of DCs involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and how targeting these cells may have beneficial effects for the prognosis of patients.
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Emerging importance of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:463-78. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokines, CXCL4, -9, -10, -11, CXCL4L1, and the CC chemokine CCL21, activate CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), a cell-surface G protein-coupled receptor expressed mainly by Th1 cells, cytotoxic T (Tc) cells and NK cells that have a key role in immunity and inflammation. However, CXCR3 is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and appears to be important in controlling physiological vascular function. In the last decade, evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies has revealed the participation of CXCR3 and its ligands in multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) of different aetiologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, as well as in heart transplant rejection and transplant coronary artery disease (CAD). CXCR3 ligands have also proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodelling. The observation that several of the above-mentioned chemokines exert biological actions independent of CXCR3 provides both opportunities and challenges for developing effective drug strategies. In this review, we provide evidence to support our contention that CXCR3 and its ligands actively participate in the development and progression of CVDs, and may additionally have utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Abstract
Inflammation is essential in the initial development and progression of many cardiovascular diseases involving innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (TREG) cells in the modulation of inflammation and immunity has received increasing attention. Given the important role of TREG cells in the induction and maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance, dysregulation in the generation or function of TREG cells can trigger abnormal immune responses and lead to pathology. A wealth of evidence from experimental and clinical studies has indicated that TREG cells might have an important role in protecting against cardiovascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. In this Review, we provide an overview of the roles of TREG cells in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, Kawasaki disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction and remodelling, postischaemic neovascularization, myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of TREG cells are still to be elucidated, targeted therapies with TREG cells might provide a promising and novel future approach to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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