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Oriuchi M, Lee S, Uno K, Sudo K, Kusano K, Asano N, Hamada S, Hatta W, Koike T, Imatani A, Masamune A. Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Damages Mucosal Barrier to Promote Gastritis-Associated Carcinogenesis. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:95-111. [PMID: 37943385 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent epidemiological studies suggested correlation between gastric cancer (GC) and periodontal disease. AIMS We aim to clarify involvement of lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg.), one of the red complex periodontal pathogens, in the GC development. METHODS To evaluate barrier function of background mucosa against the stimulations, we applied biopsy samples from 76 patients with GC using a Ussing chamber system (UCs). K19-Wnt1/C2mE transgenic (Gan) mice and human GC cell-lines ± THP1-derived macrophage was applied to investigate the role of Pg. lipopolysaccharide in inflammation-associated carcinogenesis. RESULTS In the UCs, Pg. lipopolysaccharide reduced the impedance of metaplastic and inflamed mucosa with increases in mRNA expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and apoptotic markers. In vitro, Pg. lipopolysaccharide promoted reactive oxidative stress (ROS)-related apoptosis as well as activated TLR2-β-catenin-signaling on MKN7, and it increased the TNFα production on macrophages, respectively. TNFα alone activated TLR2-β-catenin-signaling in MKN7, while it further increased ROS and TNFα in macrophages. Under coculture with macrophages isolated after stimulation with Pg. lipopolysaccharide, β-catenin-signaling in MKN7 was activated with an increase in supernatant TNFα concentration, both of which were decreased by adding a TNFα neutralization antibody into the supernatant. In Gan mice with 15-week oral administration of Pg. lipopolysaccharide, tumor enlargement with β-catenin-signaling activation were observed with an increase in TNFα with macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Local exposure of Pg. lipopolysaccharide may increase ROS on premalignant gastric mucosa to induce apoptosis-associated barrier dysfunction and to secrete TNFα from activated macrophages, and both stimulation of Pg. lipopolysaccharide and TNFα might activate TLR2-β-catenin-signaling in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Oriuchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Sujae Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Kaname Uno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Koichiro Sudo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kusano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Naoki Asano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Waku Hatta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Imatani
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-cho Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8574, Japan
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Jacob TV, Doshi GM. New Promising Routes in Peptic Ulcers: Toll-like Receptors and Semaphorins. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:865-878. [PMID: 37605412 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230821102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Peptic ulcers (PU) are one of the commonest yet problematic diseases found to be existing in the majority of the population. Today, drugs from a wide range of therapeutic classes are available for the management of the disease. Still, the complications of the condition are difficult to tackle and the side effect profile is quite a concern. The literature indicates that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Semaphorins (SEMAs) have been under study for their various pharmacological actions over the past few decades. Both these signalling pathways are found to regulate immunological and inflammatory responses. Moreover, receptors and signalling molecules from the family of TLRs and SEMAs are found to have bacterial recognition and antibacterial properties which are essential in eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the major causative agents of PU. Our understanding of SEMAs, a class of proteins involved in cell signalling, is relatively less developed compared to TLRs, another class of proteins involved in the immune response. SEMAs and TLRs play different roles in biological processes, with SEMAs primarily involved in guiding cell migration and axon guidance during development, while TLRs are responsible for recognizing pathogens and initiating an immune response. Here, in this review, we will discuss in detail the signalling cascade of TLRs and SEMAs and thereby understand its association with PU for future therapeutic targeting. The review also aims at providing an overview of the study that has been into exploring the role of these signalling pathways in the management of PU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa V Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav M Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V.M. Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400056, India
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3
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Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Mahboobi R, Fallah F, Yadegar A, Dara N, Kazemi Aghdam M, Asgari B, Hakemi-Vala M. Expression analysis of miRNA-155 level in Helicobacter pylori related inflammation and chronic gastritis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 14:495-502. [PMID: 36721512 PMCID: PMC9867648 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i4.10235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Helicobacter pylori, is a major etiologic agent associated with gastritis. There is more evidence of noncoding microRNAs (miRs) dysregulation in gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori. Also, the classification of gastrointestinal malignancies using the miRs profile is better than the protein profile. MiRNA-155(miRNA-155) among other miRs plays an important role in control of inflammation and gastric malignancy, so it can be remarkable prognosis marker of gastric cancer in the phase of chronic gastritis. The aim of this study was to compare the expression of miRNA-155 in gastric biopsy and serum samples of adult patients with chronic gastritis. Materials and Methods Biopsy and blood samples were collected from endoscopy candidates at Taleghani hospital, Tehran, during 2019. H. pylori infection was detected using histology, culture and molecular PCR methods. Based on cagA and vacA genotyping, the toxicity of H. pylori isolates were determined. After RNA extraction, the expression rate of miRNA-155 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in gastric tissue and serum of adults infected by H. pylori (n = 30) compared with control group without infection (n = 20). RNU6 housekeeping miRNA were used as endogenous control and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, ANOVA and Student's t-test. Results miRNA-155 expression in H. pylori infected adult patients increased significantly by 5.61 and 10.11 fold in serum and tissue respectively, compared to that observed in the control group. Evaluation of miRNA-155 expression pattern in relation to bacterial virulence factors showed that the increase in miRNA-155 expression is independent of CagA and VacA toxins. Conclusion According to the differential expression patterns of miRNA-155 in serum samples of the infected adult patients, miRNA-155 has the potential to evaluate as chronic gastritis marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramina Mahboobi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Fatemeh Fallah, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Infections Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2123872556 Fax: +98-2122439964
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naghi Dara
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazemi Aghdam
- Pediatric Pathology Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnoush Asgari
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Hakemi-Vala
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Mojdeh Hakemi-Vala, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-2123872556 Fax: +98-2122439964
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Helicobacter pylori Infection Mediates Inflammation and Tumorigenesis-Associated Genes Through miR-155-5p: An Integrative Omics and Bioinformatics-Based Investigation. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:192. [PMID: 35551487 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02880-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a major human pathogenic bacterium that survives in the gastric mucosa. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of the target gene network of miR-155-5p in H. pylori-related gastritis using a combination of public gene expression datasets and web-based platforms. To evaluate the expression of genes related to gastritis, we used two datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, we determined the overlaps between the predicted miR-155-5p target genes and gastritis-dysregulated GEO datasets genes; in the next step, we identified the possible miR-155-5p target-DEGs (Target-Differentially Expressed Genes). Also, we performed multiple bioinformatics analyses to identify the most important targets and downstream pathways associated with this miRNA. Using the UCSC cancer genomic browser analysis tool, we investigated the expression of hub genes in relation to gastric cancer and H. pylori infection, as well as the potential role of hub genes in gastritis, inflammation, and cancer. In this regard, 28 differentially expressed target genes of miR-155-5p were identified. Most of the captured target genes were correlated with the host immune response and inflammation. Based on the specific patterns of expression in gastritis and cancer, CD9, MST1R, and ADAM10 were candidates for the most probable targets of miR-155-5p. Although the focus of this study is primarily on bioinformatics, we think that our findings should be experimentally validated before they can be used as potential therapeutic and diagnostic tools.
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Yang J, Liu X, Cheng Y, Zhang J, Ji F, Ling Z. Roles of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:818314. [PMID: 35311157 PMCID: PMC8927765 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.818314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common neoplasm and the third most deadly cancer in humans worldwide. Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important causative factor of gastric carcinogenesis, and activates host innate and adaptive immune responses. As key constituents of the tumor immune microenvironment, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are increasingly attracting attention owing to their potential roles in immunosuppression. We recently reported that pDCs have vital roles in the development of immunosuppression in GC. Clarifying the contribution of pDCs to the development and progression of GC may lead to improvements in cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding immune modulation in GC, especially the roles of pDCs in GC carcinogenesis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
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Innate Immune Responses in Pediatric Patients with Gastritis—A Trademark of Infection or Chronic Inflammation? CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9020121. [PMID: 35204842 PMCID: PMC8870386 DOI: 10.3390/children9020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the relationship between several environmental, laboratory, and genetic factors, i.e., TLR2 and NLRP3 polymorphisms, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in children, by comparing three different groups of pediatric subjects: H. pylori-induced gastritis, non-H. pylori gastritis, and healthy controls. Our final study sample included 269 children, which were divided into three groups according to the histopathological exam: group 1 with 51 children with H. pylori-induced gastritis, group 2 with 103 children with H. pylori-negative gastritis, and group 3 (control group) with 115 children without any histopathological changes. All children underwent a thorough anamnesis, clinical exam, laboratory tests, and upper digestive endoscopy with gastric biopsy for rapid urease test, histopathological exam, and genetic analysis of TLR2 rs3804099, TLR2 rs3804100, and NLRP3 rs10754558 gene polymorphisms. We noticed a significant association between living conditions and the type of gastritis (p < 0.0001). Both rapid urease and serological tests were significantly associated with the presence of H. pylori (p < 0.0001). The CT variant genotype of TLR2 rs380499 was significantly associated with neutrophil count (p = 0.0325). We noticed a significant association between the CC variant genotype of NLRP3 rs10754558 and leucocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, as well as ALT (p = 0.0185, p = 0.0379, p = 0.0483, p = 0.0356). Based on these findings, we state that poor living conditions and rural areas represent risk factors for H. pylori infection. The rapid urease test is a reliable diagnostic tool for this infection. CT and TT carriers of TLR2 rs3804099, as well as CC carriers of NLRP3 rs10754558, might display a more severe degree of systemic inflammation.
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Yang H, Hu B. Immunological Perspective: Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastritis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2944156. [PMID: 35300405 PMCID: PMC8923794 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2944156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium. Its infection is mainly transmitted via oral-oral and fecal-oral routes usually during early childhood. It can achieve persistent colonization by manipulating the host immune responses, which also causes mucosal damage and inflammation. H. pylori gastritis is an infectious disease and results in chronic gastritis of different severity in near all patients with infection. It may develop from acute/chronic inflammation, chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and intraepithelial neoplasia, eventually to gastric cancer. This review attempts to cover recent studies which provide important insights into how H. pylori causes chronic inflammation and what the characteristic is, which will immunologically explain H. pylori gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the primary etiologic factor that induces events in the immune system that lead to peptic ulcers. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important part of the innate immune system, as they play pivotal roles in pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition of HP as well host-associated damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recent advancements such as COX-2 production, LPS recognition through TLR2, CagL, and CagY protein of HP activating TLR5, TLR9 activation via type IV secretion system (T4SS) using DNA transfer, TLR polymorphisms, their adaptor molecules, cytokines, and other factors play a significant role in PUD. Thus, some novel PUD treatments including Chuyou Yuyang granules, function by TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway suppression and TNF-α and IL-18 inhibition also rely on TLR signaling. Similarly glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) treatment activates TLR-4 in Ana-1 cells not via TRIF, but via MYD88 expression, which is significantly upregulated to cure PUD. Therefore, understanding TLR signaling complexity and its resultant immune modulation after host-pathogen interactions is pivotal to drug and vaccine development for other diseases as well including cancer and recent pandemic COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the TLRs and HP interaction; its pathophysiology-related signaling pathways, polymorphisms, and pharmaceutical approaches toward PUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
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Lourenço CDM, Susi MD, Nascimento MCAD, Serafim Junior V, Vila APS, Rodrigues-Flemming GH, Goloni-Bertollo EM, Silva AE, Oliveira-Cucolo JGD. Characterization and strong risk association of TLR2 del -196 to -174 polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori and their influence on mRNA expression in gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:535-548. [PMID: 32461785 PMCID: PMC7235183 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i5.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) is responsible for recognizing Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and activating the immune response. Polymorphisms in TLR2 may modulate gastric carcinogenesis. AIM To evaluate whether the TLR2 19216T/C (rs3804099) and TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/del (rs111200466) polymorphisms contribute to gastric carcinogenesis in the Brazilian population, and to determine the influence of both polymorphisms and H. pylori infection on TLR2 mRNA expression. METHODS DNA was extracted from 854 peripheral blood leukocyte or gastric tissue samples [202 gastric cancer (GC), 269 chronic gastritis (CG), and 383 control/healthy (C)] and genotyped by allele-specific PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction by TaqMan® assay was used to quantify TLR2 mRNA levels in fresh gastric tissues (48 GC, 36 CG, and 14 C). RESULTS Regarding the TLR2 -196 to -174 polymorphism, the ins/del and del/del genotypes were associated with a higher risk of GC by comparison with the C in all of the analyzed inheritance models (codominant, dominant, recessive, overdominant and log-additive; P < 0.0001). Similarly, an increased risk was observed when comparing the GC and CG groups [codominant (P < 0.0001), dominant (P < 0.0001), recessive (P = 0.0260), overdominant (P < 0.0001) and log-additive (P < 0.0001)]. In contrast, TLR2 19216T/C was associated with a protective effect in the GC group compared to the C group [dominant (P = 0.0420) and log-additive (P = 0.0300)]. Regarding the association of polymorphisms with H. pylori infection, individuals infected with H. pylori and harboring the TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/del polymorphism had an increased risk of gastric carcinogenesis [codominant (P = 0.0120), dominant (P = 0.0051), overdominant (P = 0.0240) and log-additive (P = 0.0030)], while TLR2 19216T/C was associated with a protective effect [codominant (P = 0.0039), dominant (P < 0.0001), overdominant (P = 0.0097) and log-additive (P = 0.0021)]. TLR2 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the GC group (median RQ = 6.95) compared to the CG group (RQ = 0.84, P < 0.0001) and to the normal mucosa group (RQ = 1.0). In addition, both H. pylori infection (P < 0.0001) and the presence of the polymorphic TLR2 -196 to -174del (P = 0.0010) and TLR2 19216 C (P = 0.0004) alleles influenced TLR2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION The TLR2 -196 to -174 ins/del and TLR2 19216 T/C polymorphisms are strongly associated with GC. TLR2 mRNA expression levels are upregulated in neoplastic tissues and influenced by both the presence of H. pylori and variant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoela Dias Susi
- Department of Graduate-Level Research, Sacred Heart University, Bauru, São Paulo 17011-970, Brazil
| | | | - Vilson Serafim Junior
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Simedan Vila
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | | | - Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto School of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabete Silva
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15054-000, Brazil
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Chen G, Xu M, Chen J, Hong L, Lin W, Zhao S, Zhang G, Dan G, Liu S. Clinicopathological Features and Increased Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 of Gastric Cardia Cancer in a High-Risk Chinese Population. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7132868. [PMID: 29670922 PMCID: PMC5835293 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7132868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of gastric cardia cancer (GCC) is high in China. However, the clinicopathological characteristics and the carcinogenesis of GCC are unclear. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important innate immunity receptor and has a role in non-GCC (NGCC). We compared the clinicopathological characteristics of GCC patients from a high-risk area in China to esophageal cancer (EC) patients. Immunohistochemistry for TLR4 was performed in 201 histological samples of normal gastric cardia mucosa (n = 11), gastric cardia inflammation (n = 87), and GCC (n = 103). We included 84 patients with EC and 99 with GCC. GCC tissue was more poorly differentiated than EC tissue and more invasive, with more histomorphologic variation. Lymph node metastasis was more frequent in GCC than in EC. The Helicobacter pylori infection rate was higher but not significantly with GCC than EC. Survival was shorter with lymph node metastasis. We found a statistically significant trend for progressive increase of TLR4 expression from normal mucosa to inflammation in GCC. GCC in this high-risk area displays clinicopathologic characteristics different from those of EC and different from those of gastroesophageal junction carcinomas in other countries, although this was not analyzed statistically. Increased TLR4 expression in gastric cardia lesions may be associated with GCC tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, China
| | - Muming Xu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515031, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515041, China
| | - Wenting Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515031, China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515031, China
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515031, China
| | - Guo Dan
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515031, China
| | - Shuhui Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province 515031, China
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Nemati M, Larussa T, Khorramdelazad H, Mahmoodi M, Jafarzadeh A. Toll-like receptor 2: An important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection. Life Sci 2017; 178:17-29. [PMID: 28427896 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are an essential subset of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) which identify the microbial components and contribute in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses against the infectious agents. The TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9, participate in the induction of immune response against H. pylori. TLR2 is expressed on a number of immune and non-immune cells and recognizes a vast broad of microbial components due to its potential to form heterodimers with other TLRs, including TLR1, TLR6 and TLR10. A number of H. pylori-related molecules may contribute to TLR2-dependent responses, including HP-LPS, HP-HSP60 and HP-NAP. TLR2 plays a pivotal role in regulation of immune response to H. pylori through activation of NF-κB and induction of cytokine expression in epithelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and B cells. The TLR2-related immune response that is induced by H. pylori-derived components may play an important role regarding the outcome of the infection toward bacterial elimination, persistence or pathological reactions. The immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory roles of TLR2 during H. pylori infection were considered in this review. TLR2 could be considered as an interesting therapeutic target for treatment of H. pylori-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Branch of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tiziana Larussa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Merat Mahmoodi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Chmiela M, Karwowska Z, Gonciarz W, Allushi B, Stączek P. Host pathogen interactions in Helicobacter pylori related gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1521-1540. [PMID: 28321154 PMCID: PMC5340805 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i9.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), discovered in 1982, is a microaerophilic, spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that is able to colonize the human stomach. Nearly half of the world's population is infected by this pathogen. Its ability to induce gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma has been confirmed. The susceptibility of an individual to these clinical outcomes is multifactorial and depends on H. pylori virulence, environmental factors, the genetic susceptibility of the host and the reactivity of the host immune system. Despite the host immune response, H. pylori infection can be difficult to eradicate. H. pylori is categorized as a group I carcinogen since this bacterium is responsible for the highest rate of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Early detection of cancer can be lifesaving. The 5-year survival rate for gastric cancer patients diagnosed in the early stages is nearly 90%. Gastric cancer is asymptomatic in the early stages but always progresses over time and begins to cause symptoms when untreated. In 97% of stomach cancer cases, cancer cells metastasize to other organs. H. pylori infection is responsible for nearly 60% of the intestinal-type gastric cancer cases but also influences the development of diffuse gastric cancer. The host genetic susceptibility depends on polymorphisms of genes involved in H. pylori-related inflammation and the cytokine response of gastric epithelial and immune cells. H. pylori strains differ in their ability to induce a deleterious inflammatory response. H. pylori-driven cytokines accelerate the inflammatory response and promote malignancy. Chronic H. pylori infection induces genetic instability in gastric epithelial cells and affects the DNA damage repair systems. Therefore, H. pylori infection should always be considered a pro-cancerous factor.
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Rossi AFT, Cadamuro ACT, Biselli-Périco JM, Leite KRM, Severino FE, Reis PP, Cordeiro JA, Silva AE. Interaction between inflammatory mediators and miRNAs in Helicobacter pylori infection. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1444-58. [PMID: 26945693 PMCID: PMC5074252 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori cause chronic inflammation favouring gastric carcinogenesis, and its eradication may prevent malignant transformation. We evaluated whether H. pylori infection and its eradication modify the expression of inflammatory mediators in patients with chronic gastritis. Furthermore, we assessed whether microRNAs modulate inflammatory pathways induced by H. pylori and identified miRNA–gene interaction networks. mRNA and protein expression of TNFA, IL6, IL1B, IL12A, IL2 and TGFBRII and miRNAs miR‐103a‐3p, miR‐181c‐5p, miR‐370‐3p, miR‐375 and miR‐223‐3p were evaluated in tissue samples from 20 patients with chronic gastritis H. pylori negative (Hp−) and 31 H. pylori positive (Hp+), before and three months after bacterium eradication therapy, in comparison with a pool of Hp− normal gastric mucosa. Our results showed that H. pylori infection leads to up‐regulation of TNFA, IL6, IL12A and IL2 and down‐regulation of miRNAs. Bacterium eradication reduces the expression of TNFA and IL6 and up‐regulates TGFBRII and all investigated miRNAs, except miR‐223‐3p. Moreover, transcriptional profiles of inflammatory mediators and miRNAs after eradication are different from the non‐infected group. Deregulated miRNA–mRNA interaction networks were observed in the Hp+ group before and after eradication. Therefore, miRNAs modulated cytokine expression in the presence of H. pylori and after its eradication, suggesting that miRNAs participate in the pathological process triggered by H. pylori in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Teixeira Rossi
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Targa Cadamuro
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Joice Matos Biselli-Périco
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia Ramos Moreira Leite
- USP, São Paulo University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Eduardo Severino
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Avenida Prof. Montenegro, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia P Reis
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Orthopedics, Avenida Prof. Montenegro, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Cordeiro
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Elizabete Silva
- UNESP, São Paulo State University, Department of Biology, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Role of Helicobacter pylori on cancer of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and metastasis of tumor cells—an in vitro study. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3371-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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