1
|
Chi G, Lu J, He T, Wang Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Qiu L. High mobility group box-1 protein promotes astrocytic CCL5 production through the MAPK/NF-κB pathway following spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22344. [PMID: 39333662 PMCID: PMC11437233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes act as immune cells that can produce a series of chemokines to attract large numbers of leucocytes to the lesion site, where they contribute to excessive inflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the relevant regulatory mechanism involved in chemokine production by astrocytes has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the correlation between C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) in a T8-T10 spinal cord contusion model. Our results revealed that SCI-induced CCL5 protein levels increased synchronously with the increase in HMGB1. Administration of an HMGB1-neutralizing antibody significantly reduced the protein expression of CCL5 in the context of SCI. An in vitro study revealed that HMGB1 binding with TLR2/4 receptors potently facilitates the production of CCL5 by astrocytes by activating the intracellular ERK/JNK-mediated NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, the HMGB1-induced release of CCL5 from astrocytes is involved in promoting microglia/macrophage accumulation and M1 polarization. The inhibition of HMGB1 activity reduces microglia/macrophage infiltration by decreasing the expression of CCL5 and improves motor functional recovery following SCI. Our results provide insights into the new functions of HMGB1-mediated astrocytic CCL5 production, which elicits inflammatory cell recruitment to the site of injury; this recruitment is associated with excessive inflammation activation. These data may provide a new therapeutic strategy for central nervous system (CNS) inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghao Chi
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shanxi, China
| | - Junqin Lu
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tao He
- College of Health Management, Shanghai Jian Qiao University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xinli Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fengcheng Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Longshun Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, Shanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu GQ, Wang YY, Xu YM, Bian MM, Zhang L, Yan HZ, Gao JX, Li JL, Chen YQ, Zhang N, Ding SQ, Wang R, Li JY, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Exosomes derived from vMIP-II-Lamp2b gene-modified M2 cells provide neuroprotection by targeting the injured spinal cord, inhibiting chemokine signals and modulating microglia/macrophage polarization in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 377:114784. [PMID: 38642665 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is one of the key injury factors for spinal cord injury (SCI). Exosomes (Exos) derived from M2 macrophages have been shown to inhibit inflammation and be beneficial in SCI animal models. However, lacking targetability restricts their application prospects. Considering that chemokine receptors increase dramatically after SCI, viral macrophage inflammatory protein II (vMIP-II) is a broad-spectrum chemokine receptor binding peptide, and lysosomal associated membrane protein 2b (Lamp2b) is the key membrane component of Exos, we speculated that vMIP-II-Lamp2b gene-modified M2 macrophage-derived Exos (vMIP-II-Lamp2b-M2-Exo) not only have anti-inflammatory properties, but also can target the injured area by vMIP-II. In this study, using a murine contusive SCI model, we revealed that vMIP-II-Lamp2b-M2-Exo could target the chemokine receptors which highly expressed in the injured spinal cords, inhibit some key chemokine receptor signaling pathways (such as MAPK and Akt), further inhibit proinflammatory factors (such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, TNF-α, and iNOS), and promote anti-inflammatory factors (such as IL-4 and Arg1) productions, and the transformation of microglia/macrophages from M1 into M2. Moreover, the improved histological and functional recoveries were also found. Collectively, our results suggest that vMIP-II-Lamp2b-M2-Exo may provide neuroprotection by targeting the injured spinal cord, inhibiting some chemokine signals, reducing proinflammatory factor production and modulating microglia/macrophage polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qiang Fu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Air Force Medical Center, Air Force Medical University, Beijing, 100142, PR China
| | - Yang-Yang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yao-Mei Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Ming-Ming Bian
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Hua-Zheng Yan
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jian-Xiong Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jing-Lu Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Yu-Qing Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jiang-Yan Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China.
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, PR China; Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity at Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China; Anhui Engineering Research Center for Neural Regeneration Technology and Medical New Materials, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He B, Niu L, Li S, Li H, Hou Y, Li A, Zhang X, Hao H, Song H, Cai R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Sustainable inflammatory activation following spinal cord injury is driven by thrombin-mediated dynamic expression of astrocytic chemokines. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:85-100. [PMID: 38042209 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) always results in sustainable recruitment of inflammatory cells driven by sequentially generated chemokines, thereby eliciting excessive neuroinflammation. However, the underlying mechanism of temporally produced chemokines remains elusive. Reactive astrocytes are known to be the main sources of chemokines at the lesion site, which can be immediately activated by thrombin following SCI. In the present study, SCI was shown to induce a sequential production of chemokines CCL2 and CCL5 from astrocytes, which were associated with a persistent infiltration of macrophages/microglia. The rapidly induced CCL2 and later induced CCL5 from astrocytes were regulated by thrombin at the damaged tissues. Investigation of the regulatory mechanism revealed that thrombin facilitated astrocytic CCL2 production through activation of ERK/JNK/NFκB pathway, whereas promoted CCL5 production through PLCβ3/NFκB and ERK/JNK/NFκB signal pathway. Inhibition of thrombin activity significantly decreased production of astrocytic CCL2 and CCL5, and reduced the accumulation of macrophages/microglia at the lesion site. Accordingly, the locomotor function of rats was remarkably improved. The present study has provided a new regulatory mechanism on thrombin-mediated sequential production of astrocytic chemokines, which might be beneficial for clinical therapy of CNS neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqiang He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Niu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shaolan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Aicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Huifei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Honghua Song
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Rixin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xia Y, Yang R, Wang H, Hou Y, Li Y, Zhu J, Xu F, Fu C. Biomaterials delivery strategies to repair spinal cord injury by modulating macrophage phenotypes. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221143059. [PMID: 36600997 PMCID: PMC9806413 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221143059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes tremendous harm to a patient's physical, mental, and financial health. Moreover, recovery of SCI is affected by many factors, inflammation is one of the most important as it engulfs necrotic tissue and cells during the early stages of injury. However, excessive inflammation is not conducive to damage repair. Macrophages are classified into either blood-derived macrophages or resident microglia based on their origin, their effects on SCI being two-sided. Microglia first activate and recruit blood-derived macrophages at the site of injury-blood-borne macrophages being divided into pro-inflammatory M1 phenotypes and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. Among them, M1 macrophages secrete inflammatory factors such as interleukin-β (IL-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) at the injury site, which aggravates SCIs. M2 macrophages secrete IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and neurotrophic factors to inhibit the inflammatory response and inhibit neuronal apoptosis. Consequently, modulating phenotypic differentiation of macrophages appears to be a meaningful therapeutic target for the treatment of SCI. Biomaterials are widely used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering due to their targeting and bio-histocompatibility. In this review, we describe the effects of biomaterials applied to modulate macrophage phenotypes on SCI recovery and provide an outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First
Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Ruohan Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of
Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First
Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yulin Hou
- Depattment of Cardiology, Guangyuan
Central Hospital, Guangyuan, PR China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First
Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First
Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First
Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First
Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China,Changfeng Fu, Department of Spine Surgery,
The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, PR
China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Z, Bai H, Zhang R, Chen B, Wang J, Xue B, Ren X, Wang J, Jia Y, Zang W, Wang J, Chen X. Systematic analysis of critical genes and pathways identified a signature of neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3991-4008. [PMID: 35560852 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) damages sensory systems, producing chronic neuropathic pain that is resistant to medical treatment. The specific mechanisms underlying SCI-induced neuropathic pain (SCI-NP) remain unclear, and protein biomarkers have not yet been integrated into diagnostic screening. To better understand the host molecular pathways involved in SCI-NP, we used the bioinformatics method, the PubMed database, and bioinformatics methods to identify target genes and their associated pathways. We reviewed 2504 articles on the regulation of SCI-NP and used the text mining of PubMed database abstracts to determine associations among 12 pathways and networks. Based on this method, we identified two central genes in SCI-NP: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to build the SCI-NP models. The threshold for paw withdrawal was significantly reduced in the SCI group and TLR4 was activated in microglia after SCI. ELISA analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 levels was significantly higher in the SCI group than in the sham group. Western blot showed that expressions of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway protein increased dramatically in the SCI group. Using the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242, the pain threshold and expressions of inflammatory factors and proteins of the proteins of the inflammatory signal pathway were reversed, TLR4 in microglia was suppressed, suggesting that SCI-NP was related to neuroinflammation mediated by the TLR4 signaling pathway. In conclusion, we found TNF-α and IL-6 were the neuroinflammation-related genes involved in SCI-NP that can be alleviated by inhibiting the inflammatory pathway upstream of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zefu Li
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Huiying Bai
- Outpatient Surgery, Zhengzhou University Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bohan Chen
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Bohan Xue
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiarui Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, the first affiliated Hospital Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Basic Medical College of Human Anatomy of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Faro SH, Saksena S, Krisa L, Middleton DM, Alizadeh M, Finsterbusch J, Flanders AE, Talekar K, Mulcahey MJ, Mohamed FB. DTI of chronic spinal cord injury in children without MRI abnormalities (SCIWOMR) and with pathology on MRI and comparison to severity of motor impairment. Spinal Cord 2022; 60:457-464. [PMID: 35379960 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-022-00770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This investigation was a cohort study that included: 36 typically developing (TD) children and 19 children with spinal cord lesions who underwent spinal cord MRI. OBJECTIVES To investigate diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) cervical and thoracic spinal cord changes in pediatric patients that have clinically traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) without MR (SCIWOMR) abnormalities. SETTING Thomas Jefferson University, Temple University, Shriners Hospitals for Children all in Philadelphia, USA. METHODS 36 TD children and 19 children with spinal cord lesions that represent either a chronic traumatic acquired SCI or chronic non-traumatic SCI (≥6 months post injury), age range, 6-16 years who underwent cervical and thoracic spinal cord MRI in 2014-2017. Additionally DTI was correlated to clinical American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). RESULTS Both SCIWOMR and MRI positive (+) groups showed abnormal FA and RD DTI values in the adjacent MRI-normal appearing segments of cephalad and caudal spinal cord compared to TD. The FA values demonstrated perilesional abnormal DTI findings in the middle and proximal segments of the cephalad and caudal cord in the SCIWOMR AIS A/B group compared to SCIWOMR AIS C/D group. CONCLUSIONS We found DTI changes in children with SCIWOMR with different causes of spinal lesions. We also investigated the relationship between DTI and clinical AIS scores. This study further examined the potential diagnostic value of DTI and should be translatable to adults with spinal cord lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Faro
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Sona Saksena
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Laura Krisa
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, 6th floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, 5th floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Devon M Middleton
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Mahdi Alizadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | | | - Adam E Flanders
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Kiran Talekar
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - M J Mulcahey
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut Street, 5th floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Feroze B Mohamed
- Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Qiao X, Zhang W, Zhao W. Role of CXCL10 in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:2058-2070. [PMID: 36483597 PMCID: PMC9724238 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.76694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in acute inflammatory responses and secondary damages, including neuronal and glial cell death, axonal damage and demyelination, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, eventually leading to neuronal dysfunction and other complications. C-X-C motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) is expressed after the injury, playing multiple roles in the development and progression of SCI. Moreover, the CXCL10 antagonist can restrict inflammatory immune responses and promote neuronal regeneration and functional recovery. In this review, we summarize the structure and biological functions of CXCL10, and the roles of the CXCL10 / CXCR3 axis in acute inflammatory responses, secondary damages, and complications during SCI, thus providing a potential theoretical basis by highlighting CXCL10 as a new potential drug target for the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qiao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, Guizhou Nursing Vocational College, Guiyang, China
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Cell Biology Department, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cohrs G, Blumenröther AK, Sürie JP, Synowitz M, Held-Feindt J, Knerlich-Lukoschus F. Fetal and perinatal expression profiles of proinflammatory cytokines in the neuroplacodes of rats with myelomeningoceles: A contribution to the understanding of secondary spinal cord injury in open spinal dysraphism. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3376-3392. [PMID: 34541905 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms that presumably underlie the progressive functional decline of the myelomeningocele (MMC) placode are not well understood. We previously identified key players in posttraumatic spinal cord injury cascades in human MMC tissues obtained during postnatal repair. In this study we conducted experiments to further investigate these mediators in the prenatal time course under standardized conditions in a retinoic-acid-induced MMC rat model. A retinoic acid MMC model was established using time-dated Sprague-Dawley rats, which were gavage-fed with all-trans retinoic acid (RA; 60 mg/kg) dissolved in olive oil at E10. Control animals received olive oil only. Fetuses from both groups were obtained at E16, E18, E22. The spinal cords (SCs) of both groups were formalin-fixed or snap-frozen. Tissues were screened by real-time RT-PCR for the expression of cytokines and chemokines known to play a role in the lesion cascades of the central nervous system after trauma. MMC placodes exhibited inflammatory cells and glial activation in the later gestational stages. At the mRNA level, IL-1b, TNFa, and TNF-R1 exhibited significant induction at E22. IL1-R1 mRNA was induced significantly at E16 and E22. Double labeling experiments confirmed the costaining of these cytokines and their receptors with Iba1 (i.e., inflammatory cells), Vimentin, and Nestin in different anatomical SC areas and NeuN in ventral horn neurons. CXCL12 mRNA was elevated in control and MMC animals at E16 compared to E18 and E22. CX3CL1 mRNA was lower in MMC tissues than in control tissues on E16. The presented findings contribute to the concept that pathophysiological mechanisms, such as cytokine induction in the neuroplacode, in addition to the "first hit", promote secondary spinal cord injury with functional loss in the late fetal time course. Furthermore, these mediators should be taken into consideration in the development of new therapeutic approaches for open spinal dysraphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Cohrs
- Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 15056, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Kiel, Germany, 24105;
| | - Ann-Kathrin Blumenröther
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, 54186, Neurosurgery, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany;
| | - Jan-Philip Sürie
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, 54186, Neurosurgery, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany;
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 15056, Neurosurgery, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany;
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, 15056, Neurosurgery, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany;
| | - Friederike Knerlich-Lukoschus
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, 54186, Neurosurgery, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.,Asklepios Kinderklinik Sankt Augustin, 248587, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Sankt Augustin, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Q, Zhu C, Li X, Shi Y, Zhang Z. CCR2 downregulation attenuates spinal cord injury by suppressing inflammatory monocytes. Synapse 2020; 75:e22191. [PMID: 33098174 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Specific elimination of blood-derived macrophages/monocytes following spinal cord injury (SCI) may suppress neurotoxicity without affecting the neuroprotective microglia at the injury sites. We aimed to deplete hematogenous monocytes by downregulating CCR2 through siCCR2-loaded nanoparticles and investigated its outcome in the recovery of locomotor function of SCI mice. We induced SCI in mice and examined the influx of blood-derived monocytes into the injury site. We constructed nanoparticles loaded with siRNA targeting CCR2 and examined its efficiency in downregulating the CCR2 expression in cultured RAW264.7 cells and monocytes in vivo. Finally, we assessed the effects of CCR2 downregulation in pro-inflammatory cytokine production, axon regeneration, and locomotor recovery of the SCI mice. We found that SCI significantly increased the CCL2 expression and number of blood-derived macrophages/monocytes in the lesion area. Nanoparticles loaded with siCCR2 significantly suppressed the CCR2 expression in hematogenous macrophages/monocytes, reduced the number of hematogenous macrophages/monocytes, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production at the injury site. Finally, CCR2 downregulation promoted axon regeneration and improved locomotor recovery in SCI mice. Our study suggests that siCCR2 loading nanoparticles are efficient and specific in downregulating hematogenous macrophages/monocytes without affecting the neuroprotective microglia and its efficacy in promoting locomotor recovery in SCI mice warrants further investigation for its clinical application in SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingpu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanting District People' Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Chunjing Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Hanting District People' Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Department of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Weifang People' Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yulin Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang People' Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang People' Hospital, Weifang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polcyn R, Capone M, Matzelle D, Hossain A, Chandran R, Banik NL, Haque A. Enolase inhibition alters metabolic hormones and inflammatory factors to promote neuroprotection in spinal cord injury. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104788. [PMID: 32650031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enolase inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy currently being investigated for treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) as it reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, alters metabolic factors, and reduces gliosis in acute SCI. Herein, the role of enolase in SCI has been examined to better understand the effects of this enzyme on inflammation, metabolic hormones, glial cell activation, and neuroprotection under these shorter injury conditions. Immunohistochemical analyses of inflammatory markers vimentin, Cox-2, and caspase-1 indicated that enolase inhibition attenuated the elevated levels of inflammation seen following SCI. Iba1, GFAP, NFP, and CSPG staining indicated that enolase inhibition with prolonged administration of ENOblock reduced microglia/astrocyte activation and lead to enhanced neuroprotection in SCI. An analysis of metabolic hormones revealed that ENOblock treatment significantly upregulated plasma concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, glucagon, and insulin hormones as compared to vehicle-treated controls (Mann-Whitney, p ≤ 0.05). ENOblock did not have a significant effect on plasma concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide. Interestingly, ENOblock treatment inhibited chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), which is produced by activated glia and serves to block regrowth of axons across the lesion site following injury. An increased level of NeuN and MBP with reduced caspase-1 was detected in SCI tissues after ENOblock treatment, suggesting preservation of myelin and induction of neuroprotection. ENOblock also induced improved motor function in SCI rats, indicating a role for enolase in modulating inflammatory and metabolic factors in SCI with important implications for clinical consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Polcyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Mollie Capone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azim Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Raghavendar Chandran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang P, Qi X, Xu G, Liu J, Guo J, Li X, Ma X, Sun H. CCL28 promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury via recruiting regulatory T cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:7402-7415. [PMID: 31557129 PMCID: PMC6781990 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chemokines play a key role in post-traumatic inflammation and secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). CCL28, the chemokine CC-chemokine ligand 28, is involved in the epithelial and mucosal immunity. However, whether CCL28 participates in the physiopathologic processes after SCI remains unclear. Results: CCL28 is upregulated in the spinal cord after SCI. In addition, neutralizing antibodies against IL-1β or TNF-α, or treatment of ML120B, a selective inhibitor of IKK-β, remarkably decrease CCL28 upregulation, suggesting that CCL28 upregulation relies on NF-κB pathway activated by IL-1β and TNF-α after SCI. Moreover, CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that express CCR10, a receptor of CCL28, are enriched in the spinal cord after SCI. We further demonstrate that the spinal cord recruits Treg cells through CCL28-CCR10 axis, which in turn function to suppress immune response and promote locomotor recovery after SCI. In contrast, neutralizing CCL28 or CCR10 reduces Treg cell recruitment and delays locomotor recovery. Methods: The neutralizing antibodies and recombinant CCL28 were injected intraspinally into the mice prior to SCI, which was established via hemitransection. RT-qPCR analysis was performed to determine transcript level, and Western blot analysis and ELISA assay were used to detect protein expression. Immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and visualized by immunofluorescence. The chemotaxis was assessed by in vitro transwell migration assay. The mouse locomotor activity was assessed via the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) system. Conclusions: These results indicate that NF-κB pathway-regulated CCL28 production plays a protective role after SCI through recruiting CCR10-expressing and immunosuppressive Treg cells, and suggest that interfering CCL28-CCR10 axis might be of potential clinical benefit in improving SCI recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiangbei Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Jichao Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xinzhe Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hashimoto-Torii K, Sasaki M, Chang YW, Hwang H, Waxman SG, Kocsis JD, Rakic P, Torii M. Detection of local and remote cellular damage caused by spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury using a heat shock signaling reporter system. IBRO Rep 2018; 5:91-98. [PMID: 30480161 PMCID: PMC6240805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury results in extensive damage to the locally injured cells as well as distant cells that are functionally connected to them. Both primary and secondary damage can cause a broad range of clinical abnormalities, including neuropathic pain and cognitive and memory dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying these abnormalities remain unclear, awaiting new methods to identify affected cells to enable examination of their molecular, cellular and physiological characteristics. Here, we report that both primary and secondary damage to cells in mouse models of spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury can be detected in vivo using a novel fluorescent reporter system based on the immediate stress response via activation of Heat Shock Factor 1. We also provide evidence for altered electrophysiological properties of reporter-positive secondarily-injured neurons. The comprehensive identification of injured, but surviving cells located both close and at distant locations from the injury site in vivo will provide a way to study their pathophysiology and possibly prevention of their further deterioration.
Collapse
Key Words
- Cellular damage
- DRG, dorsal root ganglion
- FG, Fluoro-Gold
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- HSE, heat shock-response element
- HSF1, heat shock factor 1
- HSP, heat shock protein
- Heat shock signaling
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- M1, primary motor cortex
- M2, secondary motor cortex
- MPtA, medial parietal association cortex
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- RFP, red fluorescent protein
- Reporter mouse
- SCI, spinal cord injury
- SNI, sciatic nerve injury
- Sciatic nerve injury
- Spinal cord injury
- WDR, wide-dynamic range
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Masanori Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
- Department of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yu-Wen Chang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Hye Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Jeffery D. Kocsis
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, 06516, USA
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghosh S, Hui SP. Axonal regeneration in zebrafish spinal cord. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2018; 5:43-60. [PMID: 29721326 PMCID: PMC5911453 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss two interrelated events-axonal damage and repair-known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) in the zebrafish. Adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating axonal tracts and can restore full functionality after SCI. Unlike fish, axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system is extremely limited. As a consequence of an injury there is very little repair of disengaged axons and therefore functional deficit persists after SCI in adult mammals. In contrast, peripheral nervous system axons readily regenerate following injury and hence allow functional recovery both in mammals and fish. A better mechanistic understanding of these three scenarios could provide a more comprehensive insight into the success or failure of axonal regeneration after SCI. This review summarizes the present understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of axonal regeneration, in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system, and large scale gene expression analysis is used to focus on different events during regeneration. The discovery and identification of genes involved in zebrafish spinal cord regeneration and subsequent functional experimentation will provide more insight into the endogenous mechanism of myelination and remyelination. Furthermore, precise knowledge of the mechanism underlying the extraordinary axonal regeneration process in zebrafish will also allow us to unravel the potential therapeutic strategies to be implemented for enhancing regrowth and remyelination of axons in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sukla Ghosh
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
| | - Subhra Prakash Hui
- Department of BiophysicsMolecular Biology and BioinformaticsUniversity of Calcutta92 A. P. C. RoadKolkata 700009India
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research InstituteLowy Packer Building, 405 Liverpool StDarlinghurstNSW 2010Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bioinformatics Genes and Pathway Analysis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6423021. [PMID: 29164149 PMCID: PMC5661087 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6423021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well known spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic neuropathic pain (NP); however its underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. This study aimed to disclose differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and activated signaling pathways in association with SCI induced chronic NP, in order to identify its diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Microarray dataset GSE5296 has been downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Significant analysis of microarray (SAM), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and pathway network analysis have been used to compare changes of DEGs and signaling pathways between the SCI and sham-injury group. As a result, DEGs analysis showed there were 592 DEGs with significantly altered expression; among them Ccl3 expression showed the highest upregulation which implicated its association with SCI induced chronic NP. Moreover, KEGG analysis found 209 pathways changed significantly; among them the most significantly activated one is MAPK signaling pathway, which is in line with KEGG analysis results. Our results show Ccl3 is highly associated with SCI induced chronic NP; as the exosomes with Ccl3 can be easily and efficiently detected in peripheral blood, Ccl3 may serve as a potential prognostic target for the diagnosis and treatment of SCI induced chronic NP.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu Z, Shen Q, Zhu L, Wei X. Identification of pivotal genes and pathways for spinal cord injury via bioinformatics analysis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3929-3937. [PMID: 28731189 PMCID: PMC5646972 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify key genes and pathways associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and subsequently investigate possible therapeutic targets for the condition. The array data of GSE20907 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and 24 gene chips, including 3-day, 4-day, 1-week, 2-week and 1-month post-SCI together with control propriospinal neurons, were used for the analysis. The raw data was normalized and then the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the (A) 2-week post-SCI group vs. control group, (B) 1-month post-SCI group vs. control group, (C) 1-month and 2-week post-SCI group vs. control group, and (D) all post-SCI groups vs. all control groups, were analyzed with a limma package. Gene Ontology annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses for DEGs were performed. Cluster analysis was performed using ClusterOne plugins. All the DEGs identified were associated with immune and inflammatory responses. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) and cytochrome B-245, α polypeptide (CYBA) were in the network diagrams of (A), (C) and (D), respectively. The enrichment analysis of DEGs identified in all samples demonstrated that the DEGs were also enriched in the chemokine signaling pathway (enriched in STAT3) and the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcεRI) signaling pathway [enriched in proto-oncogene, src family tyrosine kinase (LYN)]. Immune and inflammatory responses serve significant roles in SCI. STAT3, ERBB4 and CYBA may be key genes associated with SCI at certain stages. Furthermore, STAT3 and LYN may be involved in the development of SCI via the chemokine and FcεRI signaling pathways, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tian You Hospital, Shanghai 200331, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaokang Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
González-Rodríguez S, Álvarez MG, García-Domínguez M, Lastra A, Cernuda-Cernuda R, Folgueras AR, Fernández-García MT, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A, Menéndez L. Hyperalgesic and hypoalgesic mechanisms evoked by the acute administration of CCL5 in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:151-161. [PMID: 28126501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We show here that the intraplantar administration of CCL5 in mice produces hyperalgesia at low doses but activates compensatory antinociceptive mechanisms at doses slightly higher. Thus, the injection of 3-10ng of CCL5 evoked thermal hyperalgesia through the activation of CCR1 and CCR5 receptors, as demonstrated by the inhibitory effect exerted by the selective antagonists J113863 (0.01-0.1μg) and DAPTA (0.3-3μg), respectively. The prevention of this hyperalgesia by diclofenac (1-10μg), the inhibitors of COX-1 SC-560 (0.1-1μg) or COX-2 celecoxib (1-5μg), the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (0.03-0.3μg) or the TRPA1 antagonist HC030031 (10-50μg) demonstrates the involvement of prostaglandin synthesis and TRP sensitization in CCL5-evoked hyperalgesia. Doses of CCL5 higher than 17μg did not evoke hyperalgesia. However, this effect was restored by the administration of naloxone-methiodide (5μg), nor-binaltorphimine (10mg/kg) or an anti-dynorphin A antibody (0.62-2.5ng). The administration of 30ng of CCL5 also induced hyperalgesia in mice with reduced number of circulating white blood cells in response to cyclophosphamide or with selective neutrophil depletion induced by an anti-Ly6G antibody. In fact, the number of neutrophils present in paws treated with 30ng of CCL5 was greater than in paws receiving the administration of the hyperalgesic dose of 10ng. Finally, the expression of the endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin A was demonstrated by double immunofluorescence assays in these neutrophils attracted by CCL5. These results support previous data describing the hyperalgesic properties of CCL5 and constitute the first indication that a chemokine of the CC group can activate endogenous analgesic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; Current address S.G-R: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Av. de la Universidad s/n, Edif, Torregaitán, E-03202 Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Miguel G Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Mario García-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Ana Lastra
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cernuda-Cernuda
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, INEUROPA (Instituto De Neurociencias Del Principado De Asturias), C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Alicia R Folgueras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Fernández-García
- Unidad de Histopatología Molecular en Modelos Animales de Cáncer, IUOPA, Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Agustín Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Ana Baamonde
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|