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Mattelaer N, Van der Schueren B, Van Oudenhove L, Weltens N, Vangoitsenhoven R. The circulating and central endocannabinoid system in obesity and weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01553-z. [PMID: 38834796 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Major advances have been made in obesity treatment, focusing on restoring disturbances along the gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a neuromodulatory signaling system, present along the entire gut-brain axis, that plays a critical role in central and peripheral regulation of food intake and body weight. Evidence on the impact of weight loss on the ECS is, however, more limited. Therefore, we set out to review the existing literature for changes in central and circulating endocannabinoid levels after bariatric surgery and other weight loss strategies in humans. The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles. Fifty-six human studies were identified. Most studies measuring circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) found no difference between normal weight and obesity, or no correlation with BMI. In contrast, studies measuring circulating arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) found an increase or positive correlation with BMI. Two studies found a negative correlation between BMI and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor availability in the brain. Only one study investigated the effect of pharmacological weight management on circulating endocannabinoid concentrations and found no effect on AEA concentrations. So far, six studies investigated potential changes in circulating endocannabinoids after bariatric surgery and reported conflicting results. Available evidence does not univocally support that circulating endocannabinoids are upregulated in individuals with obesity, which may be explained by variability across studies in several potential confounding factors (e.g. age and sex) as well as heterogeneity within the obesity population (e.g. BMI only vs. intra-abdominal adiposity). While several studies investigated the effect of lifestyle interventions on the circulating ECS, more studies are warranted that focus on pharmacologically and surgically induced weight loss. In addition, we identified several research needs which should be fulfilled to better understand the role of the ECS in obesity and its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Mattelaer
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Van Oudenhove
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Weltens
- Laboratory for Brain-Gut Axis Studies, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Angmo D, Warjri GB, Gowtham L, Velpandian T, Dada T. Endocannabinoids and cortisol in plasma, aqueous and tear samples of primary angle closure glaucoma versus controls. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241247419. [PMID: 38613316 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241247419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the levels of endocannabinoids (EC) in plasma, aqueous humor and tears, cortisol in plasma and aqueous, in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and controls, while comparing the quality of life in both groups. METHODS A total of 60 patients, ≥40years of age, with a diagnosis of PACG or cataract, 30 in each group were recruited. They were subjected to a detailed ophthalmic evaluation, a WHO Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire answering and collection of tear, aqueous and blood samples. The levels of endocannabinoids-anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) in plasma, aqueous humor and tears; cortisol in plasma and aqueous humor; and WHO-QOL score in each group were noted. RESULTS Plasma AEA (p = 0.01) and plasma 2-AG, (p = 0.002) levels were significantly higher in the control group as compared to the PACG group. WHO-QOL score was better in controls (p < 0.001). The EC were in undetectable levels in aqueous. Plasma and aqueous cortisol were significantly higher in PACG and both had the highest Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve value for differentiating PACG from controls. Tear 2AG and tear AEA had a moderately strong positive correlation with plasma 2-AG. Females had insignificantly higher levels of plasma and tear endocannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS Tear endocannabinoids were determined for the first time in PACG and normal with no difference between the two groups. Plasma and aqueous cortisol levels are a differentiating factor between normal and glaucoma patients with plasma endocannabinoids being remarkably higher in normals. Quality of life in glaucoma patients with high cortisol levels is poorer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewang Angmo
- Glaucoma Research Facility and Clinical Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Gazella Bruce Warjri
- Glaucoma Research Facility and Clinical Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - L Gowtham
- Ocular Pharmacology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- Ocular Pharmacology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Glaucoma Research Facility and Clinical Services, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Hamamah S, Hajnal A, Covasa M. Influence of Bariatric Surgery on Gut Microbiota Composition and Its Implication on Brain and Peripheral Targets. Nutrients 2024; 16:1071. [PMID: 38613104 PMCID: PMC11013759 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity remains a significant global health challenge, with bariatric surgery remaining as one of the most effective treatments for severe obesity and its related comorbidities. This review highlights the multifaceted impact of bariatric surgery beyond mere physical restriction or nutrient malabsorption, underscoring the importance of the gut microbiome and neurohormonal signals in mediating the profound effects on weight loss and behavior modification. The various bariatric surgery procedures, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), act through distinct mechanisms to alter the gut microbiome, subsequently impacting metabolic health, energy balance, and food reward behaviors. Emerging evidence has shown that bariatric surgery induces profound changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, notably altering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enhancing populations of beneficial bacteria such as Akkermansia. These microbiota shifts have far-reaching effects beyond gut health, influencing dopamine-mediated reward pathways in the brain and modulating the secretion and action of key gut hormones including ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1, PYY, and CCK. The resultant changes in dopamine signaling and hormone levels contribute to reduced hedonic eating, enhanced satiety, and improved metabolic outcomes. Further, post-bariatric surgical effects on satiation targets are in part mediated by metabolic byproducts of gut microbiota like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, which play a pivotal role in modulating metabolism and energy expenditure and reducing obesity-associated inflammation, as well as influencing food reward pathways, potentially contributing to the regulation of body weight and reduction in hedonic eating behaviors. Overall, a better understanding of these mechanisms opens the door to developing non-surgical interventions that replicate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery on the gut microbiome, dopamine signaling, and gut hormone regulation, offering new avenues for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevag Hamamah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 9176, USA;
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 9176, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, 7200229 Suceava, Romania
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Changes in Food Choice, Taste, Desire, and Enjoyment 1 Year after Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Prospective Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102060. [PMID: 35631200 PMCID: PMC9145557 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a well-recognized global health problem, and bariatric surgery (BS)-induced weight reduction has been demonstrated to improve survival and obesity-related conditions. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is actually one of the most performed bariatric procedures. The underlying mechanisms of weight loss and its maintenance after SG are not yet fully understood. However, changes to the taste function could be a contributing factor. Data on the extent of the phenomenon are limited. The primary objective was to assess, through validated questionnaires, the percentage of patients who report an altered perception of post-SG taste and compare the frequency of intake of the different food classes before SG and after 1 year follow-up. The secondary objective was to evaluate the total body weight change. Materials and Methods: We prospectively investigated the changes in food choice and gustatory sensitivity of 52 patients (55.8% females) 12 months after SG. The mean initial weight and body mass index (BMI) were 130.9 ± 24.7 kg and 47.4 ± 7.1 kg/m2, respectively. The frequency of food intake was assessed by food-frequency questionnaire, while changes in taste perception were assessed using the taste desire and enjoyment change questionnaire. The change in total body weight was also assessed. Results: A significant decrease in the intake frequency of bread and crackers (p < 0.001), dairy products and fats (p < 0.001), sweets and snacks (p < 0.001) and soft drinks (p < 0.001), and a significant increase in the frequency of vegetable and fruit consumption (p < 0.001) were observed at 12 months after SG in both genders. On the contrary, we found no significant changes in the frequency of meat and fish intake in females (p = 0.204), whereas a significant change was found in males (p = 0.028). Changes in perceived taste intensity of fatty foods (p = 0.021) and tart foods (p = 0.006) for females and taste of bitter foods for females and males (p = 0.002; p = 0.017) were found. Regarding the change in food desire for both genders, there was a decrease in the desire for sweet, fatty, and salty foods, whereas there was an increasing trend in the desire for tart foods, especially for females. Significant reduction in total body weight and BMI was observed in both genders at the time of follow-up. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we are able to support the evidence that changes in taste, desire, and enjoyment of taste are very common after SG, with a reduced preference for food with high sugar and fat content and an increased postoperative preference for low-sugar and -fat foods. However, further investigation is needed to clarify this issue. The molecular, hormonal, and central mechanisms underlying these changes in taste perception need to be further elucidated, as they could identify new targets able to modify obesogenic eating behavior, opening up a novel personalized therapeutic approach to obesity.
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Schiano Moriello A, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030348. [PMID: 35158670 PMCID: PMC8833664 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that perturbation of the gut microbiome, known as “dysbiosis”, is associated with the pathogenesis of human and veterinary diseases that are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis is linked to the pathogenesis of central neuroinflammatory disorders, supporting the existence of the so-called microbiome-gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system is a recently recognized lipid signaling system and termed endocannabinoidome monitoring a variety of body responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that a profound link exists between the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoidome, with mutual interactions controlling intestinal homeostasis, energy metabolism and neuroinflammatory responses during physiological conditions. In the present review, we summarize the latest data on the microbiome-endocannabinoidome mutual link in health and disease, focalizing the attention on gut dysbiosis and/or altered endocannabinoidome tone that may distort the bidirectional crosstalk between these two complex systems, thus leading to gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases (e.g., idiopathic inflammation, chronic enteropathies and obesity) as well as neuroinflammatory disorders (e.g., neuropathic pain and depression). We also briefly discuss the novel possible dietary interventions based not only on probiotics and/or prebiotics, but also, and most importantly, on endocannabinoid-like modulators (e.g., palmitoylethanolamide) for intestinal health and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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van Ackern I, Kuhla A, Kuhla B. A Role for Peripheral Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Short-Term Food Intake and Orexigenic Hypothalamic Responses in a Species with Continuous Nutrient Delivery. Nutrients 2021; 13:3587. [PMID: 34684588 PMCID: PMC8540326 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a pivotal role in the complex control and regulation of food intake. Pharmacological ECS activation could improve health in energy-deficient stages by increasing food intake, at least in intermittent feeders. However, knowledge of the mechanism regulating appetite in species with continued nutrient delivery is incomplete. The objectives of this pilot study were to investigate the effect of the intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the endocannabinoids (ECs) anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) on food intake, plasma EC concentrations and hypothalamic orexigenic signaling, and to study how the circulatory EC tone changes in response to short-term food deprivation in dairy cows, a species with continuous nutrient delivery. The administration of EC resulted in higher food intake during the first hour after treatment. Plasma AEA concentrations were significantly increased 2.5 h after AEA injection, whereas plasma 2-AG concentrations remained unchanged 2.5 h after 2-AG injection. The hypothalamic immunoreactivity of cannabinoid receptor 1, agouti-related protein, and orexin-A was not affected by either treatment; however, neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNA abundances were downregulated in the arcuate nucleus of AEA-treated animals. Short-term food deprivation increased plasma 2-AG, while plasma AEA remained unchanged. In conclusion, i.p.-administered 2-AG and AEA increase food intake in the short term, but only AEA accumulates in the circulation. However, plasma 2-AG concentrations are more responsive to food deprivation than AEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel van Ackern
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany;
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Grasso S, Santonico M, Pennazza G, Zompanti A, Piccoli A, Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. BIONOTE as an Innovative Biosensor for Measuring Endocannabinoid Levels. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020489. [PMID: 33445599 PMCID: PMC7826573 DOI: 10.3390/s21020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel approach was developed to quantify endocannabinoids (eCBs), and was based on the liquid biosensor BIONOTE. This device is composed of a probe that can be immersed in a solution, and an electronic interface that can record a current related to the oxy-reductive reactions occurring in the sample. The two most representative members of eCBs have been analysed in vitro by BIONOTE: anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Bovine serum albumin was used to functionalize the probe and improve the sensibility of the whole analytical system. We show that BIONOTE is able to detect both AEA and 2-AG at concentrations in the low nanomolar range, and to discriminate between these eCBs and their moieties arachidonic acid, ethanolamine and glycerol. Notably, BIONOTE distinguished these five different molecules, and it was also able to quantify AEA in human plasma. Although this is just a proof-of-concept study, we suggest BIONOTE as a cheap and user-friendly prototype sensor for high throughput quantitation of eCB content in biological matrices, with an apparent diagnostic potential for tomorrow’s medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Grasso
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Marco Santonico
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (S.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Zompanti
- Department of Engineering, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Piccoli
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Bisogno
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (M.M.)
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Haidari F, Aghamohammadi V, Mohammadshahi M, Ahmadi-Angali K, Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Whey protein supplementation reducing fasting levels of anandamide and 2-AG without weight loss in pre-menopausal women with obesity on a weight-loss diet. Trials 2020; 21:657. [PMID: 32680548 PMCID: PMC7366891 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the importance of dairy proteins in modifying of metabolic abnormalities, no attention has been given to their effects on endocannabinoids. Methods A total number of 60 obese women were recruited in a 2-month randomized clinical trial. Following random allocation, they were assigned to one of the two groups: control (n = 30) and intervention (n = 30). Then, all the subjects followed a hypocaloric diet of 800 kcal below estimated energy needs. The intervention group received isocaloric weight-loss diet and whey protein powders (30 g/day). Baseline and 2-month fasting anthropometric, blood glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, AEA, and 2-AG were measured. Results The study groups were homogenous in terms of baseline characteristics (p > 0.05) except for MUFA intake (p = 0.021). There were no significant differences in energy and macronutrient intakes in the intervention group compared to the control group at the end of the study (p > 0.05). The results of the ANCOVA did not show significant reductions in body weight and BMI of the intervention group compared to the control group (p > 0.05); however, WC, body fat, FBS, AEA, 2-AG, total cholesterol, and triglyceride decreased and HDL-c significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions In this study, the effects of simultaneous weight-loss diet and whey protein supplementation on the reduction of endocannabinoids were determined. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8. Registered on March 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Street, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Street, Ahvaz, Iran. .,Department of Nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Street, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Correia-Sá IB, Carvalho CM, Serrão PV, Loureiro AI, Fernandes-Lopes C, Marques M, Vieira-Coelho MA. A new role for anandamide: defective link between the systemic and skin endocannabinoid systems in hypertrophic human wound healing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11134. [PMID: 32636441 PMCID: PMC7341842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of cannabinoids to treat fibrotic skin diseases is an emergent issue. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate systemic and skin endocannabinoid responses in the wound-healing process in humans. A prospective study was performed in 50 patients who underwent body-contouring surgery. Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Ten (20%) patients developed hypertrophic (HT) scars. No significant changes were observed between the normal (N) scar and HT scar groups in terms of plasma and skin endocannabinoids. Nevertheless, a positive correlation between plasma and skin AEA concentrations was found in the N group (r = 0.38, p = 0.015), which was absent in the HT group. Moreover, the AEA concentration was significantly lower in HT scar tissue than in normal scar tissue (0.77 ± 0.12 ng/g vs 1.15 ± 0.15 ng/g, p < 0.001). Interestingly, in all patients, the surgical intervention produced a time-dependent effect with a U shape for AEA, PEA and OEA plasma concentrations. In contrast, 2-AG plasma concentrations increased 5 days after surgery and were reduced and stabilized 3 months later. These results suggest crosstalk between systemic and local skin endocannabinoid systems during human wound healing. AEA appears to be the most likely candidate for this link, which is deficient in patients with HT scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês B Correia-Sá
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and Burn Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto and Centro Hospitalar São João, EPE, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia M Carvalho
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula V Serrão
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Centro de Investigação Farmacológica E Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana I Loureiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., Trofa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes-Lopes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª., S.A., Trofa, Portugal
| | - Marisa Marques
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery and Burn Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto and Centro Hospitalar São João, EPE, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200 - 319, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria A Vieira-Coelho
- Department of Biomedicine - Pharmacology and Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Centro de Investigação Farmacológica E Inovação Medicamentosa, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether downstream [peroxisome proliferator-activated-receptor alpha (PPARα) and the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR119] and upstream (a fatty acid translocase, CD36) signaling targets of N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were necessary for weight loss, metabolic improvements, and diet preference following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA OEA is an anorectic N-acylethanolamine produced from dietary fats within the intestinal lumen that can modulate lipid metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy expenditure by activating targets such as PPARα and GPR119. METHODS Diet-induced obese mice, including wild-type or whole body knockout (KO) of PPARα, GPR119, and CD36, were stratified to either VSG or sham surgery before body weight, body composition, diet preference, and glucose and lipid metabolic endpoints were assessed. RESULTS We found increased duodenal production of OEA and expression of both GPR119 and CD36 were upregulated in wild-type mice after VSG. However, weight loss and glucose tolerance were improved in response to VSG in PPARαKO, GPR119KO, and CD36KO mice. In fact, VSG corrected hepatic triglyceride dysregulation in CD36KO mice, and circulating triglyceride and cholesterol levels in PPARαKO mice. Lastly, we found PPARα-mediated signaling contributes to macronutrient preference independent of VSG, while removal of CD36 signaling blunts the VSG-induced shift toward carbohydrate preference. CONCLUSIONS In the search for more effective and less invasive therapies to help reverse the global acceleration of obesity and obesity-related disease OEA is a promising candidate; however, our data indicate that it is not an underlying mechanism of the effectiveness of VSG.
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Richardson P, Ortori C, Barrett D, O'Sullivan S, Idris I. Endocannabinoids in aqueous humour of patients with or without diabetes. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2020; 5:e000425. [PMID: 32154372 PMCID: PMC7045208 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2019-000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary aim was to determine endocannabinoid (EC) concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), oleoylethanolamine (OEA), palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) and anandamide (AEA) in the aqueous humour of patients, and to investigate any differences in gender and diabetic or ocular disease status. Methods and Analysis Adult participants (age >18 years) listed for a routine cataract surgery were recruited. For patients with diabetes, results from their most recent retinopathy grading were recorded. A sample of aqueous humour was removed from the anterior chamber of the patients and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Levels of 2-AG, PEA, OEA and AEA were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results Aqueous humour samples were taken from 93 patients (female:male=58:35), with a mean age±SD of 72.7±9.5 years. Following gender-specific analysis, the mean aqueous concentration of AEA in female patients without diabetes was significantly higher than in female patients with diabetes (0.20±0.03 nM vs 0.07±0.02 nM, p=0.001). Among female patients with diabetes, the aqueous concentration of 2-AG was higher in those with diabetic retinopathy compared with those with no retinopathy (0.30+0.16 nM vs 0.04±0.01 nM, p=0.0025). The aqueous level of the sum of EC was higher in those with ocular comorbidity (2.49±0.73 vs 1.44±0.17, p=0.0002). Conclusion There were gender, diabetes status and comorbidity differences in aqueous humour EC levels. Since EC receptors are present in ocular tissues, including the retina (neurons, glia and endothelial cells), differential levels of ECs in the aqueous humour of patients with and without diabetes may provide a novel therapeutic target for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Richardson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Catherine Ortori
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Dave Barrett
- Centre for Analytical Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - Saoirse O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, Derbyshire, UK
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12
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Azar S, Sherf-Dagan S, Nemirovski A, Webb M, Raziel A, Keidar A, Goitein D, Sakran N, Shibolet O, Tam J, Zelber-Sagi S. Circulating Endocannabinoids Are Reduced Following Bariatric Surgery and Associated with Improved Metabolic Homeostasis in Humans. Obes Surg 2019; 29:268-276. [PMID: 30244333 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a key role in the development of obesity and its comorbidities. Limited information exists on the changes in circulating eCBs following bariatric surgery. OBJECTIVES This study aims to (i) assess the circulating levels of eCBs and related molecules and (ii) examine the association between their levels and numerous clinical/metabolic features pre- and post-operatively. METHODS Sixty-five morbidly obese patients (age 42.78 ± 9.27 years; BMI 42.00 ± 5.01 kg/m2) underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) surgery, and were followed up for 12 months. Data collected included anthropometrics and metabolic parameters. The serum levels of the eCBs, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA); and their related molecules, arachidonic acid (AA) and oleoylethanolamine (OEA) were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Levels of 2-AG, AEA, and AA were reduced post operatively with no differences in serum OEA levels. The delta changes in eCB levels between pre- and post-operation were correlated with the delta of different metabolic parameters. Positive correlations were found between delta AA and waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.28, P < 0.05), free fat mass (r = 0.26, P < 0.05), SteatoTest score (r = 0.45, P < 0.05), and ALT (r = 0.32, P < 0.05). Delta AEA levels positively correlated with WC (r = 0.30, P < 0.05). Delta 2-AG levels positively correlated with total cholesterol (r = 0.27, P < 0.05), triglycerides (r = 0.55, P < 0.05), and SteatoTest score (r = 0.27, P < 0.05). Delta OEA levels negatively correlated with fasting glucose levels (r = - 0.27, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides compelling evidence that LSG surgery induces reductions in the circulating 2-AG, AEA, and AA levels, and that these changes are associated with clinical benefits related to the surgery including reduced fat mass, hepatic steatosis, glucose, and improved lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Azar
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shiri Sherf-Dagan
- Department Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Nutrition, Assuta Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Alina Nemirovski
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Muriel Webb
- Department Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Asnat Raziel
- Assia Medical Group, Assuta Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrei Keidar
- Department of General Surgery, Assuta Ashdod Public Hospital, affiliated to the Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba, Israel
| | - David Goitein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Assia Medical Group, Assuta Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Surgery C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nasser Sakran
- Assia Medical Group, Assuta Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Department of Surgery A, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Shira Zelber-Sagi
- Department Gastroenterology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Veilleux A, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. The Expanded Endocannabinoid System/Endocannabinoidome as a Potential Target for Treating Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:117. [PMID: 31686231 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, i.e. the receptors that respond to the psychoactive component of cannabis, their endogenous ligands and the ligand metabolic enzymes, is part of a larger family of lipid signals termed the endocannabinoidome (eCBome). We summarize recent discoveries of the roles that the eCBome plays within peripheral tissues in diabetes, and how it is being targeted, in an effort to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease. RECENT FINDINGS As with the eCB system, many eCBome members regulate several physiological processes, including energy intake and storage, glucose and lipid metabolism and pancreatic health, which contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Preclinical studies increasingly support the notion that targeting the eCBome may beneficially affect T2D. The eCBome is implicated in T2D at several levels and in a variety of tissues, making this complex lipid signaling system a potential source of many potential therapeutics for the treatments for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Veilleux
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Canadian Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Canadian Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, Canada
- Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Canadian Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Québec, Canada.
- Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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14
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Laurikainen H, Tuominen L, Tikka M, Merisaari H, Armio RL, Sormunen E, Borgan F, Veronese M, Howes O, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Hietala J. Sex difference in brain CB1 receptor availability in man. Neuroimage 2018; 184:834-842. [PMID: 30296558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a widespread neuromodulatory function in the central nervous system and is involved in important aspects of brain function including brain development, cortical rhythms, plasticity, reward, and stress sensitivity. Many of these effects are mediated via the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) subtype. Animal studies convincingly show an interaction between the ECS and sex hormones, as well as a sex difference of higher brain CB1R in males. Human in vivo studies of sex difference have yielded discrepant findings. Gender differences in CB1R availability were investigated in vivo in 11 male and 11 female healthy volunteers using a specific CB1R tracer [18F]FMPEP-d2 and positron emission tomography (PET). Regional [18F]FMPEP-d2 distribution volume was used as a proxy for CB1R availability. In addition, we explored whether CB1R availability is linked to neuropsychological functioning. Relative to females, CB1R availability was on average 41% higher in males (p = 0.002) with a regionally specific effect larger in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices (p = 0.001). Inter-subject variability in CB1R availability was similar in both groups. Voxel-based analyses revealed an inverse association between CB1R availability and visuospatial working memory task performance in both groups (p < 0.001). A CB1R sex difference with a large effect size was observed and should be considered in the design of CB1R-related studies on neuropsychiatric disorders. The behavioural correlates and clinical significance of this difference remain to be further elucidated, but our studies suggest an association between CB1R availability and working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Laurikainen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Tikka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | | | - Reetta-Liina Armio
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Elina Sormunen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Faith Borgan
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- Psychosis Studies Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Olof Solin
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.
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15
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Zoon HFA, de Bruijn SEM, Smeets PAM, de Graaf C, Janssen IMC, Schijns W, Aarts EO, Jager G, Boesveldt S. Altered neural responsivity to food cues in relation to food preferences, but not appetite-related hormone concentrations after RYGB-surgery. Behav Brain Res 2018; 353:194-202. [PMID: 30041007 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, patients report a shift in food preferences away from high-energy foods. OBJECTIVE We aimed to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying this shift in food preferences by assessing changes in neural responses to food pictures and odors before and after RYGB. Additionally, we investigated whether altered neural responsivity was associated with changes in plasma endocannabinoid and ghrelin concentrations. DESIGN 19 RYGB patients (4 men; age 41 ± 10 years; BMI 41 ± 1 kg/m2 before; BMI 36 ± 1 kg/m2 after) participated in this study. Before and two months after RYGB surgery, they rated their food preferences using the Macronutrient and Taste Preference Ranking Task and BOLD fMRI responses towards pictures and odors of high-, and low-energy foods and non-food items were measured. Blood samples were taken to determine plasma endocannabinoid and ghrelin concentrations pre- and post-surgery. RESULTS Patients demonstrated a shift in food preferences away from high-fat/sweet and towards low-energy/savory food products, which correlated with decreased superior parietal lobule responsivity to high-energy food odor and a reduced difference in precuneus responsivity to high-energy versus low-energy food pictures. In the anteroventral prefrontal cortex (superior frontal gyrus) the difference in deactivation towards high-energy versus non-food odors reduced. The precuneus was less deactivated in response to all cues. Plasma concentrations of anandamide were higher after surgery, while plasma concentrations of other endocannabinoids and ghrelin did not change. Alterations in appetite-related hormone concentrations did not correlate with changes in neural responsivity. CONCLUSIONS RYGB leads to changed responsivity of the frontoparietal control network that orchestrates top-down control to high-energy food compared to low-energy food and non-food cues, rather than in reward related brain regions, in a satiated state. Together with correlations with the shift in food preference from high- to low-energy foods this indicates a possible role in new food preference formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriët F A Zoon
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne E M de Bruijn
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A M Smeets
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cees de Graaf
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wendy Schijns
- Vitalys Obesity Centre, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Edo O Aarts
- Vitalys Obesity Centre, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry Jager
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Boesveldt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Repaci A, Belluomo I, Ibarra Gasparini D, Di Dalmazi G, Mastroroberto M, Vicennati V, Gambineri A, Morselli-Labate AM, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. Profiling plasma N-Acylethanolamine levels and their ratios as a biomarker of obesity and dysmetabolism. Mol Metab 2018; 14:82-94. [PMID: 29935920 PMCID: PMC6034062 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective N-acylethanolamines play different roles in energy balance; anandamide (AEA) stimulates energy intake and storage, N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) counters inflammation, and N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) mediates anorectic signals and lipid oxidation. Inconsistencies in the association of plasma N-acylethanolamines with human obesity and cardiometabolic risk have emerged among previous studies, possibly caused by heterogeneous cohorts and designs, and by unstandardized N-acylethanolamine measurements. We aimed to characterize changes in the plasma profile, including N-acylethanolamine levels and ratios associated with obesity, menopause in women, and ageing in men, and to define the significance of such a profile as a biomarker for metabolic imbalance. Methods Adult, drug-free women (n = 103 premenopausal and n = 81 menopausal) and men (n = 144) were stratified according to the body mass index (BMI) into normal weight (NW; BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OW; BMI: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (OB; BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were determined. Validated blood processing and analytical procedures for N-acylethanolamine measurements were used. We investigated the effect of BMI and menopause in women, and BMI and age in men, as well as the BMI-independent influence of metabolic parameters on the N-acylethanolamine profile. Results BMI and waist circumference directly associated with AEA in women and men, and with PEA in premenopausal women and in men, while BMI directly associated with OEA in premenopausal women and in men. BMI, in both genders, and waist circumference, in women only, inversely associated with PEA/AEA and OEA/AEA. Menopause increased N-acylethanolamine levels, whereas ageing resulted in increasing OEA relative abundance in men. AEA and OEA abundances in premenopausal, and PEA and OEA abundances in lean menopausal women, were directly associated with hypertension. Conversely, PEA and OEA abundances lowered with hypertension in elderly men. Insulin resistance was associated with changes in N-acylethanolamine ratios specific for premenopausal (reduced PEA/AEA and OEA/AEA), menopausal (reduced OEA/AEA) women and men (reduced OEA/AEA and OEA/PEA). PEA and OEA levels increased with total cholesterol, and OEA abundance specifically increased with HDL-cholesterol. Elevated triglyceride levels were associated with increased N-acylethanolamine levels only in menopausal women. Conclusions Obesity-related N-acylethanolamine hypertone is characterized by imbalanced N-acylethanolamine ratios. The profile given by a combination of N-acylethanolamine absolute levels and ratios enables imbalances to be identified in relationship with different metabolic parameters, with specific relevance according to gender, menopause and age, representing a useful means for monitoring metabolic health. Finally, N-acylethanolamine system appears a promising target for intervention strategies. Obesity is featured by plasma N-acylethanolamine excess and imbalanced ratios. AEA excess is a biomarker of abdominal fat irrespectively of sex and menopause/age. PEA and OEA protect from hypertension in gender and menopause/age specific fashion. AEA excess in women and OEA deficiency in men are biomarkers of insulin resistance. High AEA in men and low OEA in men and menopausal women reflect low HDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Repaci
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ibarra Gasparini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Di Dalmazi
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marianna Mastroroberto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maria Morselli-Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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17
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Franco-Tormo MJ, Salas-Crisostomo M, Rocha NB, Budde H, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. CRISPR/Cas9, the Powerful New Genome-Editing Tool for Putative Therapeutics in Obesity. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:10-16. [PMID: 29732484 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular technology known as clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is revolutionizing the field of medical research and deepening our understanding of numerous biological processes. The attraction of CRISPR/Cas9 lies in its ability to efficiently edit DNA or modulate gene expression in living eukaryotic cells and organisms, a technology that was once considered either too expensive or scientifically risky. CRISPR/Cas9 has been successfully applied in agriculture to develop the next generation of disease-resistant plants. Now, the capability of gene editing has been translated to the biomedical area, focusing on the future of medicine faced with drug-resistant microbes by selectively targeting genes involved in antibiotic resistance, for example, or finding the ultimate strategy for cancer or HIV. In this regard, it was recently demonstrated that an injection of cancer-fighting CRISPR-modified white blood cells in a patient suffering from metastatic lung cancer could lead to promising results. Researchers and bioethicists are debating questions about the regulation of CRISPR/Cas9 that must be addressed. While legal challenges surround the use of this technique for genetically modifying cell lines in humans, we review the basic understanding of CRISPR/Cas9 and discuss how this technology could represent a candidate for treatment of non-communicable diseases in nutrition, such as obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Franco-Tormo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mireille Salas-Crisostomo
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Health School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, A.P. 96 Cordemex C.P, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. .,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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18
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“Gear mechanism” of bariatric interventions revealed by untargeted metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:219-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Haidari F, Aghamohammadi V, Mohammadshahi M, Ahmadi-Angali K. Effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids and some of metabolic risk factors in obese women on a weight-loss diet: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:70. [PMID: 29061179 PMCID: PMC5654050 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Besides the effects of dietary long chain PUFA on circulating endocannabinoids concentrations, the impact of other nutrients on these system is not known and, whether changes in plasma endocannabinoids levels correlated with changes in body composition and biochemical metabolic risk factors in obese individuals, however, still remains to be characterized. Methods We will conduct a 2 months’ open label, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation on levels of endocannabinoids, glycemic and lipid profile, inflammatory factors, adipocytokines and body composition in 60 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet. Conclusion Due to strong relationship between endocannabinoids level and insulin resistance and obesity, in this trial, we will illustrate the other benefits of weight loss diet on health and metabolic risk factors. Also for the first, the effects of simultaneous weight loss diet and whey protein supplementation on these variables will be determined. Trial registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT2017021410181N8. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-017-0294-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Aghamohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Min T, Prior SL, Caplin S, Barry JD, Stephens JW. Temporal Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Predicted 10-Year and Lifetime Cardiovascular Risk at 1 Month, 6 Months, and 5 Years Following Surgery: A Pilot Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:130-136. [PMID: 28056187 DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular (CV) risk equations are routinely used to predict risk in nonbariatric populations, but have not been studied in depth in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and specifically those with impaired glucose regulation. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate changes in the 10-year and lifetime predicted CV risk in subjects with impaired glucose regulation before, 1 month, 6 months, and 5 years after bariatric surgery. METHOD AND RESULTS A nonrandomized prospective study was conducted of 45 participants with impaired glucose regulation undergoing temporal assessments during follow-up. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipid profile, and HbA1c were recorded preoperatively, 1 month, 6 months, and 5 years postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative predicted CV risk was calculated using the QRISK2, QRISK lifetime, and JBS3 calculators. Follow-up rates were 93%, 91%, and 71% at 1 month, 6 months, and 5 years, respectively. The sample had a mean age of 48.8 ± 7.0 years, a mean BMI of 53.9 ± 11.1 kg/m2, and a mean HbA1c of 7.5% ± 1.7%. The predicted 10-year QRISK2 score decreased by 35%, 54%, and 24% at 1 month, 6 months, and 5 years, respectively (P < 0.001). The predicted lifetime risk also decreased with the greatest reduction (24.5% with QRISK lifetime and 26.7% with JBS3 lifetime score) observed at 5 years even though the subjects were 5 years older. CONCLUSION Bariatric surgery in patients with impaired glucose regulation is associated with a significant reduction in predicted 10-year and lifetime CV risk in a population that was 5 years older compared to baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinzar Min
- 1 Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University , Swansea, United Kingdom .,2 Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital , ABMU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Prior
- 1 Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University , Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Caplin
- 3 Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery , Morriston Hospital, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Barry
- 3 Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery , Morriston Hospital, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey W Stephens
- 1 Diabetes Research Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University , Swansea, United Kingdom .,2 Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Morriston Hospital , ABMU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom .,3 Welsh Institute of Metabolic and Obesity Surgery , Morriston Hospital, ABMU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
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Igarashi M, Narayanaswami V, Kimonis V, Galassetti PM, Oveisi F, Jung KM, Piomelli D. Dysfunctional oleoylethanolamide signaling in a mouse model of Prader-Willi syndrome. Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:75-81. [PMID: 28007570 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), the leading genetic cause of obesity, is characterized by a striking hyperphagic behavior that can lead to obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death. The molecular mechanism underlying impaired satiety in PWS is unknown. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a lipid mediator involved in the control of feeding, body weight and energy metabolism. OEA produced by small-intestinal enterocytes during dietary fat digestion activates type-α peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α) to trigger an afferent signal that causes satiety. Emerging evidence from genetic and human laboratory studies suggests that deficits in OEA-mediated signaling might be implicated in human obesity. In the present study, we investigated whether OEA contributes to feeding dysregulation in Magel2m+/p- (Magel2 KO) mice, an animal model of PWS. Fasted/refed male Magel2 KO mice eat more than do their wild-type littermates and become overweight with age. Meal pattern analyses show that hyperphagia in Magel2 KO is due to increased meal size and meal duration rather than to lengthening of the intermeal interval, which is suggestive of a defect in mechanisms underlying satiation. Food-dependent OEA accumulation in jejunum and fasting OEA levels in plasma are significantly greater in Magel2 KO mice than in wild-type controls. Together, these findings indicate that deletion of the Magel2 gene is accompanied by marked changes in OEA signaling. Importantly, intraperitoneal administration of OEA (10mg/kg) significantly reduces food intake in fasted/refed Magel2 KO mice, pointing to a possible use of this natural compound to control hunger in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Vidya Narayanaswami
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Virginia Kimonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Fariba Oveisi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Martins CJDM, Genelhu V, Pimentel MMG, Celoria BMJ, Mangia RF, Aveta T, Silvestri C, Di Marzo V, Francischetti EA. Circulating Endocannabinoids and the Polymorphism 385C>A in Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH) Gene May Identify the Obesity Phenotype Related to Cardiometabolic Risk: A Study Conducted in a Brazilian Population of Complex Interethnic Admixture. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142728. [PMID: 26561012 PMCID: PMC4641669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system is associated with cardiometabolic complications of obesity. Allelic variants in coding genes for this system components may contribute to differences in the susceptibility to obesity and related health hazards. These data have mostly been shown in Caucasian populations and in severely obese individuals. We investigated a multiethnic Brazilian population to study the relationships among the polymorphism 385C>A in an endocannabinoid degrading enzyme gene (FAAH), endocannabinoid levels and markers of cardiometabolic risk. Fasting plasma levels of endocannabinoids and congeners (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, N-oleoylethanolamide and N-palmitoylethanolamide) were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in 200 apparently healthy individuals of both genders with body mass indices from 22.5 ± 1.8 to 35.9 ± 5.5 kg/m2 (mean ± 1 SD) and ages between 18 and 60 years. All were evaluated for anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, metabolic variables, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, and genotyping. The endocannabinoid levels increased as a function of obesity and insulin resistance. The homozygous genotype AA was associated with higher levels of anandamide and lower levels of adiponectin versus wild homozygous CC and heterozygotes combined. The levels of anandamide were independent and positively associated with the genotype AA position 385 of FAAH, C-reactive protein levels and body mass index. Our findings provide evidence for an endocannabinoid-related phenotype that may be identified by the combination of circulating anandamide levels with genotyping of the FAAH 385C>A; this phenotype is not exclusive to mono-ethnoracial populations nor to individuals with severe obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro José de Moraes Martins
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Virginia Genelhu
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Pro-Rector for Research and Postgraduate Education, UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Miguel Jorge Celoria
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Fabris Mangia
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Teresa Aveta
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli NA, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli NA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli NA, Italy
| | - Emilio Antonio Francischetti
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology (CLINEX), Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Pro-Rector for Research and Postgraduate Education, UNIGRANRIO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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