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Sayin O, Altinkaynak H. The effect of three different mydriatic eye drops on retinal vessel diameters. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2024; 43:198-203. [PMID: 39023118 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2024.2380318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of topically applied 1% tropicamide, 2.5% phenylephrine and 1% cyclopentolate on retinal vessel calliper (VC) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Patients who came to the ophthalmology clinic for routine examination and whose OCT films were taken before dilatation and after 30 min of last dilatation drop were included in the study. 90 ophthalmologically healthy subjects were divided into 3 groups of 30 subject each according to the application of the drops as follows: Tropicamide group (Group 1), Phenylephrine group (Group 2), Cyclopentolate group (Group 3). The right eyes of the subjects were dilated with drops and the left eyes were taken as the control group. VC of retinal artery and vein passing through an area one-half to one-disc diameter from the optic disc margin were measured from OCT films. The mean of the sum of superior retinal artery (SRA) and inferior retinal artery (IRA) VC and the mean of the sum of superior retinal vein (SRV) and inferior retinal vein (IRV) VC before and after the drop were compared. RESULTS There was no statistically significant change in the mean sum of SRA and IRA VC and the mean sum of SRV and IRV VC before and after dilatation drops in all three groups. CONCLUSION Dilatation drops have no statistically significant effect on retinal artery and vein VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sayin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Altinkaynak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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Cao Y, Gu X, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhu D. Assessment of the effects of myopic and hyperopic anisometropia on choroidal vascular structure in children using SS-OCTA. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:525-536. [PMID: 38456753 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare large- and medium-sized choroidal vascularity and the choriocapillaris (CC) flow area in children with different refractive errors using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). METHODS Forty-two anisometropic children were enrolled and divided into hyperopic anisometropia (HA) and myopic anisometropia (MA) groups. SS-OCTA was performed to analyse choroidal vascularity. Mean choroidal thickness (CT), choroidal vascularity volume (CVV), choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and CC flow area were compared between the two eyes. The inter-ocular differences between the two groups were also determined. RESULTS Mean CT and CVV were highest in eyes with shorter axial lengths in both refractive groups, and the difference between the two eyes was positively correlated with the difference in axial length at the foveal region. Significant differences in the CVI in the MA group were only found in the parafoveal region. Inter-ocular differences in the CC were significantly reduced in eyes with longer axial lengths in the foveal and parafoveal regions of the HA and MA groups, respectively. Comparing inter-ocular differences, CC was significantly greater in the parafoveal region of the MA group than the HA group. CONCLUSIONS All layers of choroidal vasculature were thinner in eyes with longer axial lengths in all groups. The inter-ocular CC difference was greater in the MA than in the HA group, with similar differences in axial length. This suggests that both medium-to-large choroidal vascular and choroidal capillaries may play a role in myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Cao
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yadi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dehai Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Shen M, Han X, Yang Y, Huang H, Hou J, Jin L, Yu X, Zeng Y, He M. Longitudinal Changes in Choroidal Thickness Varied With Refractive Progression in Myopic and Non-Myopic Children: A Two-Year Cohort Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:17. [PMID: 38470328 PMCID: PMC10939140 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the longitudinal changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in children with different refractive status. Methods A total of 2290 children 3 to 14 years old who attended the first year of kindergarten (G0), first year of primary school (G1), fourth year of primary school (G4), or first year of junior high school (G7) in Guangzhou, China, were recruited and followed up for 2 years. All participants received cycloplegic autorefraction, axial length measurement and SFCT measurement using a CIRRUS HD-OCT device. Children were divided into groups of persistent non-myopia (PNM), persistent myopia (PM), or newly developed myopia (NDM). Children in the PNM and PM groups were further divided into subgroups of stable refraction (absolute mean annual spherical equivalent refraction [SER] change < 0.5 D) and refractive progression (absolute mean annual SER change ≥ 0.5 D). Results The mean ± SD ages for the G1 to G7 cohorts were 3.89 ± 0.30, 6.79 ± 0.47, 9.71 ± 0.34, and 12.54 ± 0.38, years, respectively. SFCT consistently decreased in the NDM group across the G1 to G7 cohorts (all P < 0.001) and exhibited variability across different age cohorts in the PNM and PM groups. Further subgroup analysis revealed significant thickening of SFCT in the PNM-stable group among the G0, G1, and G7 cohorts (all P < 0.05), whereas it remained stable among all cohorts in the PM-stable group (all P > 0.05). Conversely, SFCT exhibited thinning in the G4 and G7 cohorts in the PM-progressive group (both P < 0.01) and for the entire cohort of children in the PNM-progressive group (P = 0.012). Conclusions SFCT increased in nonmyopic children with stable refraction, remained stable in myopic children maintained stable refraction, and decreased in those with refractive progression, whether they were myopic or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hailu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangfa Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kobia-Acquah E, Flitcroft DI, Lingham G, Kerin E, Loughman J. Short-term effects of cyclopentolate and tropicamide eye drops on macular choroidal thickness in myopic children. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2024; 44:280-291. [PMID: 38037443 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the short-term effects of cyclopentolate and tropicamide eyedrops on choroidal thickness (ChT) in myopic children using placebo or low-dose atropine eyedrops. METHODS The analysis included 242 myopic individuals (7-19 years) enrolled in two randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials of low-dose atropine eyedrops. Cycloplegia was induced using either one drop of 1% cyclopentolate (n = 161), two drops of 1% cyclopentolate (n = 32) or two drops of 1% tropicamide (n = 49). ChT measurements were taken using swept-source optical coherence tomography before and 30 min after administering the cycloplegic eye drops. A subset of 51 participants underwent test-retest measurements prior to cycloplegia. RESULTS Mean changes in subfoveal ChT after two drops of tropicamide and one and two drops of cyclopentolate were -2.5 μm (p = 0.10), -4.3 μm (p < 0.001) and -9.6 μm (p < 0.001), respectively. Subfoveal ChT changes after one and two drops of cyclopentolate were significantly greater than the test-retest changes (test-retest mean change: -3.1 μm; p < 0.05), while the tropicamide group was not significantly different (p = 0.64). Choroidal thinning post-cyclopentolate was not significantly different between atropine and placebo treatment groups (p > 0.05 for all macular locations). The coefficient of repeatability (CoR) in the tropicamide group (range: 8.2-14.4 μm) was similar to test-retest (range: 7.5-12.2 μm), whereas greater CoR values were observed in the cyclopentolate groups (one drop: range: 10.8-15.3 μm; two drops: range: 12.2-24.6 μm). CONCLUSIONS Cyclopentolate eye drops caused dose-dependent choroidal thinning and increased variation in pre- to post-cycloplegia measurements compared with test-retest variability, whereas tropicamide did not. These findings have practical implications for ChT measurements when cyclopentolate is used, particularly for successive measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kobia-Acquah
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Ian Flitcroft
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Lingham
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Kerin
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gyawali P, Jnawali A, Kharal A, Subedi M, Kandel S, Puri PR, Paudel N. SubFoveal Choroidal Imaging in High Myopic Nepalese Cohort. J Ophthalmol 2023; 2023:2209496. [PMID: 37215947 PMCID: PMC10195179 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2209496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence suggests that choroid is thinner in myopes as compared to nonmyopes. However, choroidal thickness varies with the refractive error, age, axial length, and ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in high myopic Nepalese subjects and to investigate its association with the mean spherical equivalent refractive error (MSE), axial length, and age. Methods Ninety-two eyes of 92 high myopic subjects (MSE ≤ -6 diopters) and 83 eyes of 83 emmetropic subjects (MSE: 0.00 Diopters) were included in the study. SFCT was assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and the axial length was measured using partial coherence interferometry. SFCT was measured manually using the inbuilt tool within the imaging software. Results SFCT in the high myopic subjects was significantly thinner (mean ± SD: 224.17 ± 68.91 μm) as compared to the emmetropic subjects (353.24 ± 65.63 μm) (mean difference, 127.76 ± 130.80 μm, and p < 0.001). In high myopic subjects, there was a significant negative correlation of choroidal thickness with the axial length (rho = -0.75; p < 0.001) and MSE (rho = -0.404; p < 0.01). Regression analysis demonstrated a decrease of choroidal thickness by 40.32 μm (p < 0.001) for every 1 millimeter increase in the axial length and by 11.65 μm (p < 0.001) for every 1 diopter increase in the MSE. Conclusion High myopic Nepalese subjects had significantly thinner choroid as compared to emmetropes. The MSE and axial length were inversely correlated with the SFCT. Age had no effect on SFCT in this study. These findings may have implications in interpreting choroidal thickness values in clinical and epidemiological studies in myopes, especially in the south Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parash Gyawali
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Ashutosh Jnawali
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Anish Kharal
- College of Optometry, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manish Subedi
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Prajjol Raj Puri
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Nabin Paudel
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ostrin LA, Harb E, Nickla DL, Read SA, Alonso-Caneiro D, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Zhou X, Wildsoet CF. IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 37126359 PMCID: PMC10153586 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid is the richly vascular layer of the eye located between the sclera and Bruch's membrane. Early studies in animals, as well as more recent studies in humans, have demonstrated that the choroid is a dynamic, multifunctional structure, with its thickness directly and indirectly subject to modulation by a variety of physiologic and visual stimuli. In this review, the anatomy and function of the choroid are summarized and links between the choroid, eye growth regulation, and myopia, as demonstrated in animal models, discussed. Methods for quantifying choroidal thickness in the human eye and associated challenges are described, the literature examining choroidal changes in response to various visual stimuli and refractive error-related differences are summarized, and the potential implications of the latter for myopia are considered. This review also allowed for the reexamination of the hypothesis that short-term changes in choroidal thickness induced by pharmacologic, optical, or environmental stimuli are predictive of future long-term changes in axial elongation, and the speculation that short-term choroidal thickening can be used as a biomarker of treatment efficacy for myopia control therapies, with the general conclusion that current evidence is not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- University of Houston College of Optometry, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Elise Harb
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Debora L Nickla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Scott A Read
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology-Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology-Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- Eye Hospital and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Lin CY, Wang I, Lin CJ, Lai CT, Bair H, Chen WL, Lin JM, Tien PT, Hsia NY, Tsai YY. Short-term anatomic response of the choroid to tropicamide in myopic patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30481. [PMID: 36123905 PMCID: PMC9478313 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate how tropicamide alters subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) and choriocapillaris flow density (CD) and determine the predictive factors of choroid thickness and vascular density in myopic eyes. This retrospective study was conducted from September 2018 to March 2019. SFChT was measured with enhanced depth spectrum-domain optical coherence tomography. The choriocapillaris was imaged using optical coherence tomography angiograms. Ocular parameters were measured thirty minutes before and after 1% tropicamide instillation. Twenty-five eyes of 15 patients (mean age 38.12 ± 6.35 years old and refractive error-8.57 ± 3.37 D) met the study criteria. The baseline linear regression model showed an association of thinner choroid with older age (P = .027) and high myopic patients (P = .001). Tropicamide substantially increased SFChT (P = .001), but had no significant influence on CD (P = .526). Moreover, SFChT variation after tropicamide instillation positively correlated with diopter changes in spherical equivalent (P = .005) and percentage changes in CD (P = .046). In myopic eyes, choroidal layer thickened substantially in response to tropicamide. The increase of SFChT only correlates with variations in spherical equivalent and CD. Short-term tropicamide installation altered both choroid thickness and choroid microvasculature, which implies an interplay among choroidal volume, perfusion, and ciliary muscle tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ying Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I. Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Lai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * Correspondence: Chun-Ting Lai, Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yu-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan (e-mail: )
| | - Henry Bair
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, United States of America
| | - Wen-Lu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jane-Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Tai Tien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Yi Hsia
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Tsai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Zhang W, Shi T, Chen S, Chen H. Subfoveal scleral thickness is associated with peripheral retinal changes in high myopia in children and adolescents. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:1595-1604. [PMID: 35091977 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to identify the risk factors in peripheral retinal changes (PRC) associated with high myopes among children and adolescents. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on children and adolescents diagnosed with high myopia. The subjects involved underwent a series of ocular examinations, including the dilated fundus examination for PRC and the swept-source optical coherence tomography for foveal retinal, choroidal and scleral thickness measurement. Then, the variables were compared among the eyes with high risk, low risk, and no PRC. Spearman correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship between the parameters and the extent of PRC. Logistic regression was performed to identify the potential risk factors. RESULTS A total of 117 eyes from 117 subjects were recruited. The prevalence of PRC was 57.3% (67 eyes), while that of high-risk PRC was 22.2% (26 eyes). Significant differences were found in the mean subfoveal scleral thickness, spherical equivalent refraction, and axial length among the eyes with high-risk, low-risk, and no PRC (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p = 0.048, respectively). Compared with spherical equivalent (r = 0.32, p < 0.01) and axial length (r = 0.18, p = 0.05), subfoveal scleral thickness exhibited higher correlation coefficient with PRC (r = - 0.38, p < 0.01). Subfoveal scleral thickness and spherical equivalent refraction were identified as the independent risk factors for PRC and high-risk PRC. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that there was a correlation between subfoveal scleral thickness and PRC. The eyes with thinner subfoveal scleral thickness carried a higher risk of PRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingkun Shi
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, North Dongxia Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
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9
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Yeung SC, Park JY, Park D, You Y, Yan P. The effect of systemic and topical ophthalmic medications on choroidal thickness: a review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:2673-2685. [DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shanna C. Yeung
- Faculty of Medicine The University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | | | - Daniel Park
- Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine Macquarie University Sydney Australia
- Save Sight Institute The University of Sydney Sydney Australia
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Center Toronto Canada
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Shi T, Zhang W, Chen S, Xia H, Chen H. Reduced Photoreceptor Outer Segment Layer Thickness and Association with Vision in Amblyopic Children and Adolescents with Unilateral High Myopia. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1892-1899. [PMID: 34112034 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1942072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantitatively compare reflectivity and other morphological changes of the photoreceptors of normal eyes with amblyopic eyes using the longitudinal reflectance profile (LRP) on swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) images in children and adolescents with unilateral high myopia. The relationships between OCT parameters and visual acuity were investigated. METHOD Twenty-six amblyopes with unilateral high myopia and 34 age-, axial length- and spherical equivalent-matched normal controls were recruited. All participants underwent SS-OCT and detailed ophthalmic investigations. The reflectivity of the outer retinal and photoreceptor outer segment layer thickness were quantified by LRP using ImageJ software. All parameters were measured at three selected regions: at the fovea, 1 mm nasal to the fovea and 1 mm temporal to the fovea. Differences between the groups were evaluated. RESULTS The mean choroidal thickness was thinner in amblyopic eyes compared with controls (165.19 ± 59.02 μm vs 214.97 ± 66.41 μm at the fovea; 128.77 ± 57.06 μm vs 161.54 ± 57.37 μm at 1 mm nasal to the fovea; 188.13 ± 59.51 μm vs 219.87 ± 61.78 μm at 1 mm temporal to the fovea, P < .05). The amblyopic eyes had higher reflectivity of the ellipsoid zone at 1 mm nasal to the fovea only (85.41 ± 25.78 vs 70.76 ± 18.69, P = .02). The mean length of the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) layer was significantly greater in the control eyes than in the amblyopic eyes at all three regions (20.19 ± 1.89 vs 18.70 ± 2.23 at the fovea, P = .006; 16.06 ± 1.47 vs 15.07 ± 1.30 at 1 mm nasal to the fovea, P = .008; 15.81 ± 1.58 vs 14.56 ± 1.87 at 1 mm temporal to the fovea, P = .006). The shortened OS length was associated with poorer visual acuity. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed that the amblyopes with unilateral high myopia had thinner choroidal thickness and shortened OS thickness compared to normal controls. The findings indicate that abnormal anatomic changes in the amblyopic children and adolescents with unilateral high myopia were not only due to high myopia but more likely due to a combination of high myopia and amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkun Shi
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University & the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University & the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Shirong Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University & the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Honghe Xia
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University & the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University & the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
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11
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Tian F, Zheng D, Zhang J, Liu L, Duan J, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Sang Y, Zhang X, Cao W, Zhang J, Sun M, Tian Q, Meng X, Guo X, Wu L. Choroidal and Retinal Thickness and Axial Eye Elongation in Chinese Junior Students. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:26. [PMID: 34279570 PMCID: PMC8297418 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.9.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the associations between macular choroidal and retinal thickness and axial elongation in non-myopic and myopic junior students. Methods In this school-based longitudinal observational study, axial length was measured by optical low-coherence reflectometry, and choroidal thickness and retinal thickness were measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Myopia was defined as non-cycloplegic objective spherical equivalent refraction ≤ −0.50 diopters. Structural equation modeling and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between baseline choroidal and retinal thickness with axial elongation. Results Out of 1307 students examined at baseline in 2017, 1197 (91.58%) returned for follow-up examination in 2018, with a median age of 12.00 years (interquartile range [IQR], 1.00) and included 667 boys (55.72%). Within a 1-year period, the median axial elongation of right eyes was 230 µm (IQR, 180) in boys and 200 µm (IQR, 160) in girls (P = 0.032). The thinner temporal choroidal thickness was associated with greater 1-year axial elongation only in myopic students (β, −0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.37, −0.03), the thinner temporal retinal thickness was associated with greater 1-year axial elongation in both non-myopic (β, −2.67; 95% CI, −4.52, −0.82) and myopic (β, −0.99; 95% CI, −1.68, −0.30) students, after adjustment for sex, age, and height. Subfoveal and nasal choroidal and retinal thickness were not significantly associated with axial elongation in either non-myopic or myopic students. Conclusions A thinner temporal choroid at age 12 years may predict greater 1-year axial elongation in myopic students, and a thinner temporal retina may predict greater 1-year axial elongation in both non-myopic and myopic students. This finding may help to identify children at risk and control axial elongation with potential preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Tian
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zheng
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Duan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Guo
- Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youxin Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Sang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Cao
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Tian
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoni Meng
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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12
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Ye L, Li S, Shi Y, Yin Y, He J, Zhu J, Xu X. Comparisons of atropine versus cyclopentolate cycloplegia in myopic children. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:143-150. [PMID: 32844483 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE In clinical practice, 1% atropine and 1% cyclopentolate are used as cycloplegia agents to diagnose refractive error. The influence of 1% atropine on ocular biometry is obscure, and the impact of 1% cyclopentolate remains controversial. BACKGROUND This study aims to compare the effects of atropine versus cyclopentolate cycloplegia on ocular biometry in myopic children and to determine the sites of action for atropine. METHODS A total of 207 myopic children aged 6-12-years were included in the analysis. All participants underwent comprehensive eye examinations before and after cyclopentolate cycloplegia, after which they were randomly assigned into two groups, A and B, in a ratio of 1:1, to receive 1% or 0.01% atropine, respectively. The treatment was administered once every night for a week. Participants were re-examined one week later. RESULTS Cyclopentolate cycloplegia caused a decrease in choroidal thickness (-3 ± 9 μm, p = 0.001), elongation of axial length (9 ± 16 μm, p < 0.001), loss of lens power (-0.14 ± 0.37 dioptre, p < 0.001), and a hyperopic shift (0.14 ± 0.22 dioptre, p < 0.001) in both groups. However, ocular biometry showed different changes after one-week use of 1% or 0.01% atropine (all p < 0.001). In Group A, choroid thickening (24 ± 13 μm, p < 0.001) and reduced axial length (-30 ± 27 μm, p < 0.001) were observed after atropine cycloplegia, with greater changes in lens power (0.50 ± 0.37 dioptre, p < 0.001) and spherical equivalent (0.52 ± 0.23 dioptre, p < 0.001). Group B showed a slight increase in choroidal thickness following one-week use of 0.01% atropine (6 ± 9 μm, p < 0.001), but other biometric measures showed no significant changes. CONCLUSION Cyclopentolate and atropine cycloplegia have different effects on ocular biometry. Both 1% cyclopentolate cycloplegia and 0.01% atropine resulted in choroidal thickening, indicating that the choroid may be a site of action for atropine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Centre for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Centre for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Yin
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangnan He
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Centre, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China.,National Clinical Research Centre for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Centre for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Centre for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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13
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Abstract
The review summarizes experimental and clinical data attesting to the important role the choroid plays in the development of refraction through optically oriented thickness changes and the release of growth factors. Because of its unique anatomical position, the choroid can influence the transmission of a cascade of chemical signals from the retina to the sclera and thereby affect the growth of the eye. Understanding the relationship between the optical defocus and the response of the choroid to it will help uncover the fundamental mechanisms for controlling eye growth and develop new strategies for preventing the progression of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Tarutta
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Milash
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Markosyan
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Tarasova
- Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Peripapillary and macular choroidal thickness before and after phenylephrine instillation. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:1741-1747. [PMID: 31164729 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of topical phenylephrine 2.5% instillation on choroidal thickness (CT), peripapillary choroidal thickness (pCT) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL). METHODS Healthy control patients underwent enhanced depth imaging (EDI) by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and 30 min after phenylephrine instillation, using eye-tracking and follow-up software. Changes in 14 different locations of CT, 2 locations of pCT and RNFL were assessed. RESULTS The study included 119 eyes of 62 patients (19 males and 43 females), with a mean age of 59.8 ± 15.3 years (range: 26-88 years). Within 30 min after instillation, the mean subfoveal CT both in vertical and horizontal scan were significantly thinned (p = 0.005 and p = 0.018, respectively). In total, 1500, 1000 and 500 µm temporal CT measurements showed also a significant thinning (p = 0.021, p = 0.037 and p = 0.020, respectively), as well as 500 µm both superior (p = 0.045) and inferior (p = 0.009). 1500, 1000 and 500 µm nasal CT, and 1500 and 1000 µm CT superior and inferior measurements showed no significant thinning after phenylephrine instillation. pCT was significantly thinned after phenylephrine in both superior (p = 0.016) and inferior (p = 0.050) measurements. RNFL analysis did not significantly change after phenylephrine instillation (p = 0.209). CONCLUSIONS A significant thinning of CT and pCT occurred following phenylephrine instillation. Future studies analysing CT and pCT should detail if this mydriatic agent was used or not.
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15
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Sander BP, Collins MJ, Read SA. The interaction between homatropine and optical blur on choroidal thickness. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:257-265. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beata P. Sander
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory; School of Optometry and Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Michael J. Collins
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory; School of Optometry and Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
| | - Scott A. Read
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory; School of Optometry and Vision Science; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane Australia
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16
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Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Xie Z, Chen T, Gu Y, Lu S, Wu Z. The effect of topical atropine on the choroidal thickness of healthy children. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34936. [PMID: 27713535 PMCID: PMC5054672 DOI: 10.1038/srep34936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of topical atropine on choroidal thickness using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. A total of 30 healthy eyes from 30 children were analyzed in this study. A single drop of 1% atropine gel was administered twice daily for a week. Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured using SD-OCT, and changes in CT before and after administration of the eye drops were analyzed at the subfovea and at 1.0-mm intervals (up to 3.0 mm) from the fovea at superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal locations. Pre- and post-cycloplegic axial length (AL) was also measured using the IOLMaster. We observed that administration of 1% atropine gel led to a significant increase in the choroidal thickness under the fovea and at all intervals from the fovea. The greatest change in CT was observed in the inferior meridian, while the nasal meridian exhibited the least change. AL did not significantly differ before and after cycloplegia, and there was no significant correlation between the changes in AL and subfoveal CT. It was concluded that administration of 1% atropine gel can significantly increase CT in the eyes of young Chinese children, albeit with different magnitude at different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
| | - Yuanting Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
| | - Zhifang Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
| | - Shui Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, P. R.China
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17
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Li Z, Zeng J, Jin W, Long W, Lan W, Yang X. Time-Course of Changes in Choroidal Thickness after Complete Mydriasis Induced by Compound Tropicamide in Children. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162468. [PMID: 27622495 PMCID: PMC5021335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the time-course of changes in choroidal thickness (ChT) following complete mydriasis induced by compound tropicamide. METHODS ChT was measured by OCT with the enhanced-depth imaging technique (Spectralis HRA+OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) at nine locations of the fundus: subfoveal ChT (SFChT) and ChT at 1 mm and 3 mm from the fovea in four quadrants. Mydriasis was induced with compound tropicamide (0.5% tropicamide plus 0.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride, three doses at 5-minute intervals). Measurements were conducted prior to the instillation and at 0, 30, and 60 min following complete mydriasis. Results at different time-points were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA to investigate the time-course of the changes. RESULTS Thirty-nine subjects (mean age 11.9±2 years; 16 males and 23 females) were enrolled in the study. Compound tropicamide resulted in a statistically significant decrease in SFChT at 0, 30, and 60 min after complete mydriasis, as compared to baseline (-5±4 μm, -12±4 μm, and -13±4 μm, respectively; all P<0.0001). No significant changes were detected in the parafoveal choroid except at 1 mm temporal (T1mm) and nasal (N1mm) to the fovea at 30 and 60 min (T1mm: -6±4 μm and -7±5 μm at 30 and 60 min; N1mm: -6±4 μm and -7±5 μm at 30 and 60 min, respectively; all P<0.0001). Repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant interaction between the time after complete mydriasis and the effect of the mydriasis agent. CONCLUSIONS Complete mydriasis induced by compound tropicamide led to choroidal thinning, and the magnitude varied over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Long
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Optometry and Visual Science Institute, Aier Eye Hospital Group, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Wang D, Chun RKM, Liu M, Lee RPK, Sun Y, Zhang T, Lam C, Liu Q, To CH. Optical Defocus Rapidly Changes Choroidal Thickness in Schoolchildren. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161535. [PMID: 27537606 PMCID: PMC4990278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the short-term choroidal response to optical defocus in schoolchildren. Myopic schoolchildren aged 8–16 were randomly allocated to control group (CG), myopic defocus group (MDG) and hyperopic defocus group (HDG) (n = 17 per group). Children in MDG and HDG received additional +3D and -3D lenses, respectively, to their full corrections on the right eyes. Full correction was given to their left eyes, and on both eyes in the CG. Axial length (AXL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) were then measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Children wore their group-specific correction for 2 hours after which any existing optical defocus was removed, and subjects wore full corrections for another 2 hours. Both the AXL and SFChT were recorded hourly for 4 hours. The mean refraction of all subjects was -3.41 ± 0.37D (± SEM). SFChT thinned when exposed to hyperopic defocus for 2 hours but less thinning was observed in response to myopic defocus compared to the control group (p < 0.05, two-way ANOVA). Removal of optical defocus significantly decreased SFChT in the MDG and significantly increased SFChT in the HDG after 1 and 2 hours (mean percentage change at 2-hour; control vs. hyperopic defocus vs. myopic defocus; -0.33 ± 0.59% vs. 3.04 ± 0.60% vs. -1.34 ± 0.74%, p < 0.01). Our results showed short-term exposure to myopic defocus induced relative choroidal thickening while hyperopic defocus led to choroidal thinning in children. This rapid and reversible choroidal response may be an important clinical parameter in gauging retinal response to optical defocus in human myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China.,Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Rachel Ka Man Chun
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Manli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Roger Pak Kin Lee
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chuen Lam
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Chi Ho To
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Laboratory of Experimental Optometry, Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
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19
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Comments To: Choroidal Thickness in Systemic Arterial Hypertension. Eur J Ophthalmol 2016; 26:e64. [DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Aksoy Y, Diner O, Sevinc MK, Kaya A. Comment on: Choroidal thickness is affected by smoking and mydriatics. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 64:100-1. [PMID: 26953039 PMCID: PMC4821113 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.178156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yakup Aksoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Girne Military Hospital, Girne, TRNC, Cyprus
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