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Sarmin N, Roknuzzaman ASM, Sarker R, -Or-Rashid M, Qusar MS, Bachar SC, Kabir ER, Islam MR, Al Mahmud Z. Association of interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 with the pathophysiology and development of generalized anxiety disorder: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:462. [PMID: 38902708 PMCID: PMC11188505 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a devastating mental health condition characterized by constant, uncontrolled worrying. Recent hypotheses indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are potential contributors to the pathogenesis of GAD. Here, we aimed to assess the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pathophysiology and development of GAD. METHODS This study recruited 50 GAD patients diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria and 38 age-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). A qualified psychiatrist evaluated all study subjects. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population were determined using pre-structured questionnaires or interviews, and cytokine serum levels were estimated using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS We observed reduced serum IL-10 levels in GAD patients compared to HCs (33.69 ± 1.37 pg/ml vs. 44.12 ± 3.16 pg/ml). Also, we observed a significant negative correlation between altered IL-10 levels and GAD-7 scores (r=-0.315, p = 0.039). Moreover, IL-10 serum measurement exhibited good predictive value in receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.793 (p < 0.001) with 80.65% sensitivity and 62.79% specificity at a cutoff value of 33.93 pg/ml. Conversely, we noticed elevated serum IL-2 levels in GAD patients than in HCs (14.81 ± 2.88 pg/ml vs. 8.08 ± 1.1 pg/ml); however, it failed to maintain any significant association with GAD-7 scores, implying that IL-2 might not be involved in GAD pathogenesis. The lower AUC value (0.640; p > 0.05) exhibited by IL-2 serum measurement in ROC analysis further supported that IL-2 might not be associated with GAD. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between anti-inflammatory cytokines and GAD pathogenesis. Based on the present findings, we can assume that IL-10 but not IL-2 may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of GAD. However, further research with a larger population size and longitudinal design is required to confirm the potential diagnostic efficacy of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisat Sarmin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Roknuzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Rapty Sarker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun -Or-Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mma Shalahuddin Qusar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahabagh, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sitesh Chandra Bachar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Eva Rahman Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Kha 224 Bir Uttam Rafiqul Islam Avenue, Merul Badda, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rabiul Islam
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Kha 224 Bir Uttam Rafiqul Islam Avenue, Merul Badda, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Sultanov RM, Poleshchuk TS, Ermolenko EV, Kasyanov SP. Protective Properties of Marine Alkyl Glycerol Ethers in Chronic Stress. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040202. [PMID: 37103343 PMCID: PMC10145234 DOI: 10.3390/md21040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we discuss the effect of alkyl glycerol ethers (AGs) from the squid Berryteuthis magister on a chronic stress model in rats. The study was performed on 32 male Wistar rats. Animals received AGs at a dose of 200 mg/kg through a gavage for six weeks (1.5 months), and were divided into four groups: group 1 (control), group 2 (animals received AGs), group 3 (stress control), group 4 (animals received AGs and were subjected to stress). Chronic immobilization stress was induced by placing each rat into an individual plexiglass cages for 2 h daily for 15 days. The serum lipid spectrum was evaluated by the content of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The atherogenic coefficient was calculated. The hematological parameters of peripheral blood were evaluated. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio was counted. The levels of cortisol and testosterone in blood plasma were determined. AGs at the selected dose did not have a significant effect on the body weight of rats in the preliminary period of the experiment. Under stress, the body weight gain, the concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood triglycerides decreased significantly. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in animals treated with AGs shifted towards lymphocytes. A favorable increase in the percentage of lymphocytes was found in the stressed group of animals treated with AGs. So, for the first time, it was found that AGs prevent stress-induced suppression of the immune system. This confirms the benefit of AGs for the immune system under chronic stress. Our results prove the efficiency of the use of AGs for treating chronic stress, a serious social problem in modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan M Sultanov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo Str., Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Poleshchuk
- Faculty of Pediatrics and Pharmacy, Pacific State Medical University, 2 Ostryakova Ave., Vladivostok 690002, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Ermolenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo Str., Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Sergey P Kasyanov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 Palchevskogo Str., Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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Park HJ, Rhie SJ, Shim I. Regulatory role of cytokines on etiology of depression in animal models: their biological mechanisms and clinical implication with physical exercise. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 18:344-349. [PMID: 36684530 PMCID: PMC9816612 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2244506.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known that chronic psychological or physical stress elicits depressive behaviors (learned helplessness, anhedonia, anxiety, etc.) and also activates to release proinflammatory cytokines in the brain. Especially, postmenopausal women under stress condition exacerbates neuroimmune systems and mood disorder. Repeated restraint stress in the ovariectomized female rats poses an immune challenge which was capable of inducing depressive-like behaviors, promoting exaggerated corticosterone responses and changing the proinflammatory cytokine expression such as interleukin (IL)-1β in the brain. Also, anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4 are known to regulate inflammation caused by immune response or stress challenge. Furthermore, some studies reported that physical activity can reduce stress hormones and improve personal immunity. Physical exercise has been shown to be associated with decreased symptoms of depression and anxiety, and with improved physical health, immunological function, and psychological well-being. This paper aims to discuss an overview of how stress shapes neuroimmune response and diverse roles of cytokines in animals models, acting on depressive-like behavioral changes; some beneficial aspects of exercise on stress-related disorders are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon,
Korea
| | - Sung Ja Rhie
- Department of Beauty Design, Halla University, Wonju,
Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul,
Korea,Corresponding author: Insop Shim, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea,
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4
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zhang J, Rong P, Zhang L, He H, Zhou T, Fan Y, Mo L, Zhao Q, Han Y, Li S, Wang Y, Yan W, Chen H, You Z. IL4-driven microglia modulate stress resilience through BDNF-dependent neurogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/12/eabb9888. [PMID: 33731342 PMCID: PMC7968840 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb9888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is regulated by specific microglia groups and functionally implicated in behavioral responses to stress. However, the role of microglia in hippocampal neurogenesis and stress resilience remains unclear. We identified interleukin 4 (IL4)-driven microglia characterized by high expression of Arg1, which is critical in maintaining hippocampal neurogenesis and stress resistance. Decreasing Arg1+ microglia in the hippocampus by knocking down the microglial IL4R suppressed hippocampal neurogenesis and enhanced stress vulnerability. Increasing Arg1+ microglia in the hippocampus by enhancing IL4 signaling restored hippocampal neurogenesis and the resilience to stress-induced depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found necessary for the proneurogenesis effects of IL4-driven microglia. Together, our findings suggest that IL4-driven microglia in the hippocampus trigger BDNF-dependent neurogenesis responding to chronic stress, helping protect against depressive-like symptoms. These findings identify the modulation of a specific microglial phenotype as a treatment strategy for mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yonghua Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Li Mo
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qiuying Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yue Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Yan
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
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Rodrigues IFA, Alves VP, Gomes LDO, Pereira DS, Nóbrega ODT, Silva KHCVE. Associação entre eventos estressores e citocinas inflamatórias e anti-inflamatórias em pessoas idosas longevas. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GERIATRIA E GERONTOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-22562021024.200350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Objetivo investigar a associação entre a frequência de eventos estressores e citocinas em pessoas idosas longevas. Métodos os participantes responderam a um questionário constituído de variáveis sociodemográficas, indicaram quais eventos estressores constantes no Inventário de Eventos Estressores de vida ocorreram nos últimos cinco anos e responderam a escala de depressão geriátrica (GDS). Foram dosados por citometria de fluxo: interleucina (IL) 10, IL-6, IL-4, IL-2, fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α) e interferon gama (IFN-γ). A análise descritiva foi realizada para a caracterização da amostra. Para investigar a associação entre as variáveis foi desenvolvido um modelo de regressão linear múltipla, utilizando o método Backward. Resultados Participaram da pesquisa 91 pessoas idosas com média de idade de 82 anos. Mais da metade da amostra relatou morte de ente querido como o evento estressor mais prevalente (61%). Nessa amostra foi possível perceber que quanto mais eventos estressores foram relatados, menor o nível de IL-4 (p=0,046), da mesma forma que o estado civil viuvez, onde os dados mostraram que quem é viúvo tem menos eventos estressores em comparação a quem é casado (p=0,037). Conclusão Evidenciou-se a importância de um olhar mais cuidadoso dos profissionais de saúde na avaliação multidimensional da pessoa idosa, de forma que se obtenham subsídios para a implementação de programas e intervenções específicos que possam amenizar a percepção dos eventos estressores vivenciados, colaborando com menores danos decorrentes da imunossenescência.
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7
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Zou Z, Huang Y, Wang J, Min W, Zhou B. DNA methylation of IL-4 gene and the association with childhood trauma in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293:113385. [PMID: 32810712 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that aberrations in the immune-inflammatory pathways contribute to the pathophysiology of panic disorder (PD). We aimed to investigate whether an aberrant DNA methylation of the inflammation-related genes in the development of PD, including CCL3, CRP, CSF2, CXCL8, IFNG, IL12B, IL1A, IL-4, IL-6, TNF. Then, the effect of childhood trauma(CT) on methylation levels of inflammation-related genes and the severity of PD was also investigated. We compared the methylation levels of the inflammation-related genes between 113 patients with PD and 130 matched healthy controls using MethylTarget approach. In addition, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-28 item Short Form (CTQ-28) were respectively assessed to all subjects. The result found that the methylation levels of IL-4 gene was significantly higher in PD patients than controls. ROC results found that the IL-4 gene had a sensitivity of 52.3% and a specificity of 74.6%. The methylation levels of IL-4 gene was significantly positively related to the severity of panic and anxiety. Finally, the hypermethylation of CSF2, CXCL8 and IL-4 genes was significantly associated with higher CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Zou
- Psychosomatic department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Psychosomatic department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Psychosomatic department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Wenjiao Min
- Psychosomatic department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Psychosomatic department, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, China.
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8
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Park HJ, Shim HS, Park S, Shim I. Antidepressant effect and neural mechanism of Acer tegmentosum in repeated stress-induced ovariectomized female rats. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:205-213. [PMID: 33029297 PMCID: PMC7473002 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1808063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acer tegmentosum (ATM) has antioxidant and anti-adipogenic activity. However, few studies have investigated the pharmacological activity or mechanism of ATM as an antidepressant agent. We assessed the antidepressant effect of ATM in modulating menopausal depressive symptoms and its mechanisms in ovariectomized (OVX) and repeatedly stressed (RS) female rats. The female rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) naïve normal (normal) group, (2) OVX + repeated stress + saline-treated (control) group, (3) OVX + repeated stress + ATM (100 mg•kg−1)-treated (ATM100) group and (4) OVX + repeated stress + ATM (400 mg•kg−1)-treated (ATM400) group. We performed a battery of tests, such as the forced swimming test (FST), the sucrose intake test, and social exploration. After behavior testing, serum corticosterone levels were examined, followed by immunohistochemical determination of c-Fos, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression in the brain. ATM administration was associated with significantly decreased immobility time in the FST. Also, the control group tended to have decreased sucrose intake and social exploration compared with the normal group. However, ATM treatment was associated with markedly increased sucrose intake and active social exploration. In the paraventricular nucleus, c-Fos and IL-1β expression were significantly decreased in the ATM400 group compared with the control group. Compared with the control group, high-dose ATM administration was also associated with markedly decreased expression of TH-immunoreactive neurons in the locus coeruleus. The study findings demonstrated that ATM treatment effectively decreased behavioral and pathophysiological depression-like responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, College of Science and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - SongYi Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Republic of Korea
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Morris LS, McCall JG, Charney DS, Murrough JW. The role of the locus coeruleus in the generation of pathological anxiety. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820930321. [PMID: 32954002 PMCID: PMC7479871 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820930321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical
literature related to a hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus
norepinephrine system in responses to acute and chronic threat, as
well as the emergence of pathological anxiety. The locus coeruleus has
widespread norepinephrine projections throughout the central nervous
system, which act to globally modulate arousal states and adaptive
behavior, crucially positioned to play a significant role in
modulating both ascending visceral and descending cortical
neurocognitive information. In response to threat or a stressor, the
locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system globally modulates arousal,
alerting and orienting functions and can have a powerful effect on the
regulation of multiple memory systems. Chronic stress leads to
amplification of locus coeruleus reactivity to subsequent stressors,
which is coupled with the emergence of pathological anxiety-like
behaviors in rodents. While direct in vivo evidence for locus
coeruleus dysfunction in humans with pathological anxiety remains
limited, recent advances in high-resolution 7-T magnetic resonance
imaging and computational modeling approaches are starting to provide
new insights into locus coeruleus characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Morris
- The Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dennis S Charney
- Dean's Office, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James W Murrough
- The Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Rhie SJ, Jung EY, Shim I. The role of neuroinflammation on pathogenesis of affective disorders. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:2-9. [PMID: 32161729 PMCID: PMC7056473 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040016.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays an important role in etiology of psychiatric disorders. Neuronflammation involves a combination of psychological, neuroendocrine, and nervous systems resulting in changes of neurotransmitter metabolism, dysregulation of the hypothalamuspituitary-adrenal axis, pathologic microglial cell activation, impaired neuroplasticity, and structural and functional brain changes affecting cognition and emotional behavior. Inflammatory cytokines have been postulated to be the possible link and culprit in the disruption of these systems. The outcome of any type of dysregulation of the immune system in the brain might lead to occurrence of depression, anxiety. This review focuses on the possible impact of dysregulated cytokine networks which may cause pathogenesis of affective disorders such as depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ja Rhie
- Department of Beauty and Health, Halla University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eun-Yee Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Hasanli S, Hojjati S, Koushkie Jahromi M. The Effect of Exercise and Psychological Stress on Anti- and Proinflammatory Cytokines. Neuroimmunomodulation 2020; 27:186-193. [PMID: 33503634 DOI: 10.1159/000512814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Research evidence regarding immune system responses and adaptations to psychological or physical stresses is controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8-week psychological stress and exercise activity (chronic adaptation) and the acute response of possibly adapted rats to psychological stress and exercise considering IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-4/IFN-γ. METHODS Thirty-two rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals including control, exercise, psychological stress, and combination of exercise with psychological stress. IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines were measured pre-experiment (preEX), immediately postexercise (IpostEX), and 72-h postexperiment protocol (72hpostEX). RESULTS There were no significant differences between the study groups regarding IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-4/IFN-γ in preEX (p > 0.05), IpostEX (p > 0.05), and 72hpostEX (p > 0.05). However, IL-4 increased significantly in IpostEX compared with preEX in exercise (p = 0.012) and combination of exercise with psychological stress (p = 0.03) groups. CONCLUSIONS Exercise and combination of exercise and psychological stress induce similar acute response to IL-4 in chronic trained and stressed rats. Also, exercise may induce an acute synergistic effect with psychological stress on IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hasanli
- Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sarah Hojjati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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Interleukin-4 signalling pathway underlies the anxiolytic effect induced by 3-deoxyadenosine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2959-2973. [PMID: 30963194 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Converging evidence suggests that neuroimmunity plays an important role in the pathophysiology of anxiety. Interleukin (IL)-4 is a key cytokine regulating neuroimmune functions in the central nervous system. More efficient anxiolytics with neuro-immune mechanisms are urgently needed. OBJECTIVE To determine whether 3'-deoxyadenosine (3'-dA) exerts an anxiolytic effect and to examine the role of IL-4 in the anxiolytic effect of 3'-dA in mice. METHODS We investigated the effects of 3'-dA on anxiety-like behaviors using elevated plus maze (EPM) or light-dark box (LDB) tests after 45 min or 5 days of treatment. Expression of IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was detected by Western blot and/or double immunostaining. Intracerebroventricular injection of RIL-4Rα (an IL-4-specific inhibitor) and intraperitoneal injection of 3'-dA or imipramine were co-administered, followed by EPM test. RESULTS 3'-dA exhibited a stronger and faster anxiolytic effect than imipramine in behavioral tests. Furthermore, 3'-dA enhanced IL-4 expression after 45 min or 5 days, TNF-α and IL-1β expression decreased significantly after a 5-day treatment with 3'-dA, and IL-10 expression increased after a 5-day treatment with 3'-dA or imipramine in the PFC. IL-4 was expressed in neurons and in some astrocytes and microglia. IL-4 expression showed a strong positive correlation with reduced anxiety behaviors. RIL-4Rα completely blocked the anxiolytic effects induced by 3'-dA and imipramine. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a novel and common anxiolytic IL-4 signaling pathway and provides an innovative drug with a novel neuro-immune mechanism for treating anxiety disorder.
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Curcumin Regulates Anti-Inflammatory Responses by JAK/STAT/SOCS Signaling Pathway in BV-2 Microglial Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030051. [PMID: 31252572 PMCID: PMC6784227 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play important physiological roles in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of inflammatory brain diseases. Inflammation stimulates microglia to secrete cytokines and chemokines that guide immune cells to sites of injury/inflammation. Neuroinflammation is also strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, for which nutritional intervention could represent a benefit due to a lack of clinically efficacious drugs. To this end, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of several phytochemicals, including curcumin, have been extensively studied. The present experiments show that the administration of curcumin is able to increase the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, in murine BV-2 microglial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consistent with these data, curcumin stimulation upregulates the expression of Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1, whereas phosphorylation of the JAK2 and STAT3 was reduced. Taken together, these results provide evidence that curcumin is able to regulate neuroinflammatory reactions by eliciting anti-inflammatory responses in microglia through JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling pathway modulation.
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Denver P, McClean PL. Distinguishing normal brain aging from the development of Alzheimer's disease: inflammation, insulin signaling and cognition. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1719-1730. [PMID: 30136683 PMCID: PMC6128051 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.238608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As populations age, prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rising. Over 100 years of research has provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, for which age is the principal risk factor. However, in recent years, a multitude of clinical trial failures has led to pharmaceutical corporations becoming more and more unwilling to support drug development in AD. It is possible that dependence on the amyloid cascade hypothesis as a guide for preclinical research and drug discovery is part of the problem. Accumulating evidence suggests that amyloid plaques and tau tangles are evident in non-demented individuals and that reducing or clearing these lesions does not always result in clinical improvement. Normal aging is associated with pathologies and cognitive decline that are similar to those observed in AD, making differentiation of AD-related cognitive decline and neuropathology challenging. In this mini-review, we discuss the difficulties with discerning normal, age-related cognitive decline with that related to AD. We also discuss some neuropathological features of AD and aging, including amyloid and tau pathology, synapse loss, inflammation and insulin signaling in the brain, with a view to highlighting cognitive or neuropathological markers that distinguish AD from normal aging. It is hoped that this review will help to bolster future preclinical research and support the development of clinical tools and therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Denver
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Medical Center and Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paula L. McClean
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Clinical, Translational and Research Innovation Centre (C-TRIC), University of Ulster, Derry/Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
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Wachholz S, Knorr A, Mengert L, Plümper J, Sommer R, Juckel G, Friebe A. Interleukin-4 is a participant in the regulation of depressive-like behavior. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:165-172. [PMID: 28315756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory immune activation has been frequently associated with the development of major depression. Microglia might serve as an important interface in this immune system-to-brain communication. Interleukin-4, the major Th2 type cytokine, might be protective against depression due to its ability to counter-regulate inflammation and to inhibit serotonin transporter activity. By using an Interferon-α mouse model, we show that a decreased IL-4 responsiveness of microglia was specifically related to the development of depressive-like behavior. IL-4 deficient mice in a BALB/cJ background showed a considerable increase of depressive-like behavior in the forced swim (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) and reduced avoidance behavior in an active avoidance task. Prior conditioning with unescapable foot shocks further decreased avoidance behavior (learned helplessness) but to a similar level as in the wild type strain. IFN-α treatment was not able to further enhance the already increased level of depressive-like behavior in the FST and TST. Thus, IL-4 seems to be a critical participant in the regulation of depressive-like behavior in an untreated baseline condition. Increase of depressive-like behavior during inflammation in wild-type mice might be mediated to some extent by a reduction of IL-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wachholz
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Knorr
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Leonie Mengert
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Plümper
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Rainer Sommer
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Georg Juckel
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Astrid Friebe
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, Center of Clinical Research 1 (ZKF1 2/052), Universitätsstraße 150, Ruhr University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.
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Neuroimmunology of the Interleukins 13 and 4. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6020018. [PMID: 27304970 PMCID: PMC4931495 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokines interleukin 13 and 4 share a common heterodimeric receptor and are important modulators of peripheral allergic reactions. Produced primarily by T-helper type 2 lymphocytes, they are typically considered as anti-inflammatory cytokines because they can downregulate the synthesis of T-helper type 1 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Their presence and role in the brain is only beginning to be investigated and the data collected so far shows that these molecules can be produced by microglial cells and possibly by neurons. Attention has so far been given to the possible role of these molecules in neurodegeneration. Both neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects have been proposed based on evidence that interleukin 13 and 4 can reduce inflammation by promoting the M2 microglia phenotype and contributing to the death of microglia M1 phenotype, or by potentiating the effects of oxidative stress on neurons during neuro-inflammation. Remarkably, the heterodimeric subunit IL-13Rα1 of their common receptor was recently demonstrated in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra pars compacta, suggesting the possibility that both cytokines may affect the activity of these neurons regulating reward, mood, and motor coordination. In mice and man, the gene encoding for IL-13Rα1 is expressed on the X chromosome within the PARK12 region of susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease (PD). This, together with finding that IL-13Rα1 contributes to loss of dopaminergic neurons during inflammation, indicates the possibility that these cytokines may contribute to the etiology or the progression of PD.
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