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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Titer and charge-based heterogeneity multiattribute monitoring of mAbs in cell culture harvest using 2D ProA CEX MS. Talanta 2024; 276:126232. [PMID: 38749159 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Robust monitoring of heterogeneity in biopharmaceutical development is crucial for producing safe and efficacious biotherapeutic products. Multiattribute monitoring (MAM) has emerged as an efficient tool for monitoring of mAb heterogeneities like deamidation, sialylation, glycosylation, and oxidation. Conventional biopharma analysis during mAb development relies on use of one-dimensional methods for monitoring titer and charge-based heterogeneity using non-volatile solvents without direct coupling with mass spectrometry (MS). This approach requires analysis of mAb harvest by ProA for titer estimation followed by separate cation exchange chromatography (CEX) analysis of the purified sample for estimating charge-based heterogeneity. This can take up to 60-90 min due to the required fraction collection and buffer exchange steps. In this work, a native two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2DLC) mass spectrometry method has been developed with Protein A chromatography in the first dimension for titer estimation and cation exchange chromatography (CEX) in the second dimension for charge variant analysis. The method uses volatile salts for both dimensions and enables easy coupling to MS. The proposed 2DLC method exhibits a charge variant profile that is similar to that observed via the traditional methods and takes only 15 min for mass identification of each variant. A total of six charge variants were separated by the CEX analysis after titer estimation, including linearity assessment from 5 μg to 160 μg of injected mAb sample. The proposed method successfully estimated charge variants for the mAb innovator and 4 of its biosimilars, showcasing its applicability for biosimilarity exercises. Hence, the 2D ProA CEX MS method allows direct titer and charge variant estimation of mAbs in a single workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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2
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Yan Y, Xing T, Huang X, Peng W, Wang S, Li N. Affinity-Resolved Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Tool to Study the Attribute-and-Function Relationship in Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38986034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of critical quality attributes (CQAs) is an important aspect during the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Attributes that affect either the target binding or Fc receptor engagement may have direct impacts on the drug safety and efficacy and thus are considered as CQAs. Native size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based competitive binding assay has recently been reported and demonstrated significant benefits compared to conventional approaches for CQA identification, owing to its faster turn-around and higher multiplexity. Expanding on the similar concept, we report the development of a novel affinity-resolved size exclusion chromatography-mass spectrometry (AR-SEC-MS) method for rapid CQA evaluation in therapeutic mAbs. This method features wide applicability, fast turn-around, high multiplexity, and easy implementation. Using the well-studied Fc gamma receptor III-A (FcγRIIIa) and Fc interaction as a model system, the effectiveness of this method in studying the attribute-and-function relationship was demonstrated. Further, two case studies were detailed to showcase the application of this method in assessing CQAs related to antibody target binding, which included unusual N-linked glycosylation in a bispecific antibody and Met oxidation in a monospecific antibody, both occurring within the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Tao Xing
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Wenjing Peng
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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3
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Singh S, Kachhawaha K, Singh SK. Comprehensive approaches to preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibodies and their next-generation derivatives. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116303. [PMID: 38797272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of several diseases and offer innovative possibilities for new treatments that target previously unaddressed medical needs. Despite successful transitions from preclinical to clinical stages and regulatory approval, there are instances where adverse reactions arise, resulting in product withdrawals. As a result, it is essential to conduct thorough evaluations of safety and effectiveness on an individual basis. This article explores current practices, challenges, and future approaches in conducting comprehensive preclinical assessments to ensure the safety and efficacy of biotherapeutics including monoclonal antibodies, toxin-conjugates, bispecific antibodies, single-chain antibodies, Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody mimetics, and siRNA-antibody/peptide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Kajal Kachhawaha
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sumit K Singh
- Laboratory of Engineered Therapeutics, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India.
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4
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Krishna S, Jung ST, Lee EY. Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris: microbial cell-factory platform for -full-length IgG production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38797692 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2342969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the unmet demand, the pharmaceutical industry is investigating an alternative host to mammalian cells to produce antibodies for a variety of therapeutic and research applications. Regardless of some disadvantages, Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris are the preferred microbial hosts for antibody production. Despite the fact that the production of full-length antibodies has been successfully demonstrated in E. coli, which has mostly been used to produce antibody fragments, such as: antigen-binding fragments (Fab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), and nanobodies. In contrast, Pichia, a eukaryotic microbial host, is mostly used to produce glycosylated full-length antibodies, though hypermannosylated glycan is a major challenge. Advanced strategies, such as the introduction of human-like glycosylation in endotoxin-edited E. coli and cell-free system-based glycosylation, are making progress in creating human-like glycosylation profiles of antibodies in these microbes. This review begins by explaining the structural and functional requirements of antibodies and continues by describing and analyzing the potential of E. coli and P. pastoris as hosts for providing a favorable environment to create a fully functional antibody. In addition, authors compare these microbes on certain features and predict their future in antibody production. Briefly, this review analyzes, compares, and highlights E. coli and P. pastoris as potential hosts for antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Krishna
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Watanabe H, Hayashida N, Sato M, Honda S. Biosensing-based quality control monitoring of the higher-order structures of therapeutic antibody domains. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1303:342439. [PMID: 38609254 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Advanced biopharmaceutical manufacturing requires novel process analytical technologies for the rapid and sensitive assessment of the higher-order structures of therapeutic proteins. However, conventional physicochemical analyses of denatured proteins have limitations in terms of sensitivity, throughput, analytical resolution, and real-time monitoring capacity. Although probe-based sensing can overcome these limitations, typical non-specific probes lack analytical resolution and provide little to no information regarding which parts of the protein structure have been collapsed. To meet these analytical demands, we generated biosensing probes derived from artificial proteins that could specifically recognize the higher-order structural changes in antibodies at the protein domain level. Biopanning of phage-displayed protein libraries generated artificial proteins that bound to a denatured antibody domain, but not its natively folded structure, with nanomolar affinity. The protein probes not only recognized the higher-order structural changes in intact IgGs but also distinguished between the denatured antibody domains. These domain-specific probes were used to generate response contour plots to visualize the antibody denaturation caused by various process parameters, such as pH, temperature, and holding time for acid elution and virus inactivation. These protein probes can be combined with established analytical techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance for real-time monitoring or plate-based assays for high-throughput analysis, to aid in the development of new analytical technologies for the process optimization and monitoring of antibody manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Watanabe
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Naoko Hayashida
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Megumi Sato
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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Yoon S, Park S, Lee J, Kim B, Gwak W. Novel Enhanced Mammalian Cell Transient Expression Vector via Promoter Combination. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2330. [PMID: 38397006 PMCID: PMC10888961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
During the emergence of infectious diseases, evaluating the efficacy of newly developed vaccines requires antigen proteins. Available methods enhance antigen protein productivity; however, structural modifications may occur. Therefore, we aimed to construct a novel transient overexpression vector capable of rapidly producing large quantities of antigenic proteins in mammalian cell lines. This involved expanding beyond the exclusive use of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, and was achieved by incorporating a transcriptional enhancer (CMV enhancer), a translational enhancer (woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element), and a promoter based on the CMV promoter. Twenty novel transient expression vectors were constructed, with the vector containing the human elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1a) promoter showing the highest efficiency in expressing foreign proteins. This vector exhibited an approximately 27-fold higher expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein than the control vector containing only the CMV promoter. It also expressed the highest level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 receptor-binding domain protein. These observations possibly result from the simultaneous enhancement of the transcriptional activity of the CMV promoter and the human EF-1a promoter by the CMV enhancer. Additionally, the synergistic effect between the CMV and human EF-1a promoters likely contributed to the further enhancement of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - WonSeok Gwak
- Division of Clinical Vaccine Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju 28160, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.); (S.P.); (J.L.); (B.K.)
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7
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D’Antona AM, Lee JM, Zhang M, Friedman C, He T, Mosyak L, Bennett E, Lin L, Silverman M, Cometa F, Meade C, Hageman T, Sousa E, Cohen J, Marquette K, Ferguson D, Zhong X. Tyrosine Sulfation at Antibody Light Chain CDR-1 Increases Binding Affinity and Neutralization Potency to Interleukine-4. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1931. [PMID: 38339208 PMCID: PMC10855961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Structure and function of therapeutic antibodies can be modulated by a variety of post-translational modifications (PTM). Tyrosine (Tyr) sulfation is a type of negatively charged PTM that occurs during protein trafficking through the Golgi. In this study, we discovered that an anti-interleukin (IL)-4 human IgG1, produced by transiently transfected HEK293 cells, contained a fraction of unusual negatively charged species. Interestingly, the isolated acidic species exhibited a two-fold higher affinity to IL-4 and a nearly four-fold higher potency compared to the main species. Mass spectrometry (MS) showed the isolated acidic species possessed an +80-Dalton from the expected mass, suggesting an occurrence of Tyr sulfation. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show the ability to control the acidic species during transient expression with the addition of Tyr sulfation inhibitor sodium chlorate or, conversely, enriched the acidic species from 30% to 92% of the total antibody protein when the IL-4 IgG was co-transfected with tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase genes. Further MS and mutagenesis analysis identified a Tyr residue at the light chain complementarity-determining region-1 (CDRL-1), which was sulfated specifically. These results together have demonstrated for the first time that Tyr sulfation at CDRL-1 could modulate antibody binding affinity and potency to a human immune cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. D’Antona
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Julie M. Lee
- Translational Clinical Sciences, Pfizer Discovery & Early Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melvin Zhang
- Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Clarence Friedman
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Tao He
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Lidia Mosyak
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Eric Bennett
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Laura Lin
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Maddison Silverman
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Funi Cometa
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Caryl Meade
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Tyler Hageman
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Eric Sousa
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Justin Cohen
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Kimberly Marquette
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Darren Ferguson
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
| | - Xiaotian Zhong
- BioMedicine Design, Pfizer Research & Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA (T.H.); (T.H.); (E.S.)
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8
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Liang M, Ran F, Li L, Hang H, An L. In vitro evolution of diagnostic antibodies targeting native antigens in plasma by sandwich flow cytometry. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300492. [PMID: 38403438 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize and bind to specific antigens (Ags) have a wide range of applications in research, therapy, and diagnostics. However, many of these antibodies cannot bind well to the native Ags. In this study, based on the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell display platform developed previously in our lab, we reported a novel artificial evolution procedure to improve the affinity of mAb against the native Ag directly using the plasma samples without purification of the native Ag. In this procedure, a pair of antibodies able to bind the Ag in sandwich manner are first confirmed (Ab1/Ab2) and the antibody (Ab) to be affinity-improved (Ab1) is displayed on CHO cells for Ab mutation. Then the cells were detected and sorted with flow cytometry in the form of Ab1-Ag-fluorescence labeled Ab2, which we named sandwich flow cytometry. Here, we used soluble isoform of suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) protein as model Ag, carried out "sandwich" maturation directly using the plasma samples containing the native sST2 protein and optimized a pair of antibodies with significantly improved sensitivity in the detection of the native sST2 in plasma. This method could be very useful in optimization of the diagnostic Ab pairs working in a "sandwich" manner if more antibodies were also successfully affinity-matured with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Fanlei Ran
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Lili An
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
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Shah A, Cui W, Harrahy J, Ivanov AR. Characterization of charge variants, including post-translational modifications and proteoforms, of bispecific antigen-binding protein by cation-exchange chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 266:125062. [PMID: 37566926 PMCID: PMC10528315 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge variant characterization of biologics is critical to ensure that product meets the required quality and regulatory requirements to ensure safety and efficacy of the biotherapeutic. Charge variants arise from post-translation modifications (PTMs) during upstream processing and due to enzymatic and non-enzymatic chemical reactions that occur during downstream processing and storage. Some of these modifications may impact therapeutic potency, efficacy, or immunogenicity of a biotherapeutic. The traditional workflow for characterizing charge variants that involves fraction enrichment is time-consuming and labor-intensive. This approach can be especially challenging if the product is manufactured at low concentrations (e.g., ≤2 mg/mL). Recent advances in pH-based elution for ion-exchange chromatography utilizing volatile buffers have enabled rapid native mass-spectrometry-based identification of PTMs and proteoforms associated with protein therapeutics. In this study, we develop a novel workflow to rapidly and unambiguously characterize modifications associated with a new class of biotherapeutics known as bispecific antigen-binding protein (BsABP), including low-level modifications. A cation-exchange separation was optimized using volatile buffers to provide online hyphenation for native mass spectrometry to profile modifications and proteoforms present at the native level of a biotherapeutic, such as deamidation, O-glycosylation, amino acid substitution, N-linked glycosylation and oxidation. Furthermore, a limited proteolysis method was developed to specifically inform about modifications in the different domains of the bispecific antibody. Using this approach, we could efficiently identify PTMs in unstressed, thermally and photo-stressed samples, and provide information about the impact of downstream purification in clearing out modified BsABP species. Furthermore, peptide mapping was performed to identify and confirm modifications at the amino acid residue level. The developed workflow is less time-consumable and reduces sample processing- and analysis-related artifacts compared to traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnik Shah
- Amgen Inc, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, United States; Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Weidong Cui
- Amgen Inc, 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, United States
| | - John Harrahy
- Sanofi, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Alexander R Ivanov
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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10
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Huang Y, Yuan J, Mu R, Kubiak RJ, Ball K, Cao M, Hussmann GP, de Mel N, Liu D, Roskos LK, Liang M, Rosenbaum AI. Multiplex Bioanalytical Methods for Comprehensive Characterization and Quantification of the Unique Complementarity-Determining-Region Deamidation of MEDI7247, an Anti-ASCT2 Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:66. [PMID: 37873863 PMCID: PMC10594446 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation, a common post-translational modification, may impact multiple physiochemical properties of a therapeutic protein. MEDI7247, a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), contains a unique deamidation site, N102, located within the complementarity-determining region (CDR), impacting the affinity of MEDI7247 to its target. Therefore, it was necessary to monitor MEDI7247 deamidation status in vivo. Due to the low dose, a sensitive absolute quantification method using immunocapture coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LBA-LC-MS/MS) was developed and qualified. We characterized the isomerization via Electron-Activated Dissociation (EAD), revealing that deamidation resulted in iso-aspartic acid. The absolute quantification of deamidation requires careful assay optimization in order not to perturb the balance of the deamidated and nondeamidated forms. Moreover, the selection of capture reagents essential for the correct quantitative assessment of deamidation was evaluated. The final assay was qualified with 50 ng/mL LLOQ for ADC for total and nondeamidated antibody quantification, with qualitative monitoring of the deamidated antibody. The impact of deamidation on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of MEDI7247 from clinical trial NCT03106428 was analyzed, revealing a gradual reduction in the nondeamidated form of MEDI7247 in vivo. Careful quantitative biotransformation analyses of complex biotherapeutic conjugates help us understand changes in product PTMs after administration, thus providing a more complete view of in vivo pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Ruipeng Mu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Robert J. Kubiak
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (R.J.K.); (L.K.R.)
| | - Kathryn Ball
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK;
| | - Mingyan Cao
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - G. Patrick Hussmann
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Niluka de Mel
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Dengfeng Liu
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (M.C.); (G.P.H.); (N.d.M.); (D.L.)
| | - Lorin K. Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (R.J.K.); (L.K.R.)
| | - Meina Liang
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Anton I. Rosenbaum
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, 121 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (R.M.); (M.L.)
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Bashyal A, Hui JO, Flick T, Dykstra AB, Zhang Q, Campuzano IDG, Brodbelt JS. Differentiation of Aspartic and Isoaspartic Acid Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11510-11517. [PMID: 37458293 PMCID: PMC10588209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous conversion of aspartic acid (Asp) to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) is a ubiquitous modification that influences the structure and function of proteins. This modification of Asp impacts the stability of biotherapeutics and has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We explored the use of 193 nm ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) to distinguish Asp and isoAsp in the protonated and deprotonated peptides. The differences in the relative abundances of several fragment ions uniquely generated by UVPD were used to differentiate isomeric peptide standards containing Asp or isoAsp. These fragment ions result from the cleavage of bonds N-terminal to Asp/isoAsp residues in addition to the side-chain losses from Asp/isoAsp or the losses of COOH, CO2, CO, or H2O from y-ions. Fragmentation of Asp-containing tryptic peptides using UVPD resulted in more enhanced w/w + 1/y - 1/x ions, while isoAsp-containing peptides yielded more enhanced y - 18/y - 45/y - 46 ions. UVPD was also used to identify an isomerized peptide from a tryptic digest of a monoclonal antibody. Moreover, UVPD of a protonated nontryptic peptide resulted in more enhanced y ions N- and C-terminal to isoAsp and differences in b/y ion ratios that were used to identify the isoAsp peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Bashyal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - John O Hui
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Process Development, Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Andrew B Dykstra
- Process Development, Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Qingchun Zhang
- Process Development, Attribute Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Molecular Analytics, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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12
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Sidonio RF, Thompson AA, Peyvandi F, Stasyshyn O, Yeoh SL, Sosothikul D, Antmen AB, Maggiore C, Engl W, Ewenstein B, Tangada S. Immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of rurioctocog alfa pegol in previously untreated patients with severe hemophilia A: interim results from a phase 3, prospective, multicenter, open-label study. Expert Rev Hematol 2023; 16:793-801. [PMID: 37646148 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2023.2247160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of rurioctocog alfa pegol in previously untreated patients (PUPs) with severe hemophilia A (HA). METHODS This prospective, phase 3 study (NCT02615691) was conducted in PUPs, or patients with ≤2 exposure days (EDs) prior to screening, aged <6 years with severe HA. The primary endpoint was incidence of factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitor development. This protocol-specified interim analysis was conducted after 50 patients had completed ≥50 EDs without developing FVIII inhibitors or had developed a confirmed inhibitor at any time. RESULTS Of the enrolled patients, 59/80 (73.8%) received ≥1 dose of rurioctocog alfa pegol; 54 received prophylaxis, and 35 on-demand treatment. Incidence of inhibitor development was 0.19 (10/52). Total annualized bleeding rate (95% CIs) was 3.2 (2.0-5.0) for patients receiving prophylaxis and 3.2 (1.6-6.3) for on-demand treatment. Hemostatic efficacy of most bleedings was rated as 'excellent' or 'good' after 24 hours (122/131 [93.1%]) and at resolution (161/170 [94.7%]). Five patients received ≥1 dose of rurioctocog alfa pegol for immune tolerance induction (ITI) and 1 patient was defined as having ITI success. Thirteen patients experienced 14 treatment-related adverse events, including 10 cases of FVIII inhibitor development. CONCLUSION This is the first prospective study of rurioctocog alfa pegol for the treatment of PUPs with severe HA. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (CT.gov identifier: NCT02615691).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Sidonio
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexis A Thompson
- Division of Hematology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Centre and Fondazione Luigi Villa, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Seoh Leng Yeoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Pulau Pinang, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Darintr Sosothikul
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrative and Innovative Hematology/Oncology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalonkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ali Bulent Antmen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Acibadem Adana Hospital, Adana, Turkey
| | | | - Werner Engl
- Pharmacometrics & Biostatistics, Baxalta Innovations GmbH, A Takeda Company, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruce Ewenstein
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Kearns JD, Wassmann P, Olgac U, Fichter M, Christen B, Rubic-Schneider T, Koepke S, Cochin de Billy B, Ledieu D, Andre C, Hawtin S, Fischer B, Moretti F, Hug C, Bepperling A, Brannetti B, Mendez-Garcia C, Littlewood-Evans A, Clemens A, Grosskreutz CL, Mehan P, Schmouder RL, Sasseville V, Brees D, Karle AC. A root cause analysis to identify the mechanistic drivers of immunogenicity against the anti-VEGF biotherapeutic brolucizumab. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabq5068. [PMID: 36724241 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq5068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity against intravitreally administered brolucizumab has been previously described and associated with cases of severe intraocular inflammation, including retinal vasculitis/retinal vascular occlusion (RV/RO). The presence of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) in these patients led to the initial hypothesis that immune complexes could be key mediators. Although the formation of ADAs and immune complexes may be a prerequisite, other factors likely contribute to some patients having RV/RO, whereas the vast majority do not. To identify and characterize the mechanistic drivers underlying the immunogenicity of brolucizumab and the consequence of subsequent ADA-induced immune complex formation, a translational approach was performed to bridge physicochemical characterization, structural modeling, sequence analysis, immunological assays, and a quantitative systems pharmacology model that mimics physiological conditions within the eye. This approach revealed that multiple factors contributed to the increased immunogenic potential of brolucizumab, including a linear epitope shared with bacteria, non-natural surfaces due to the single-chain variable fragment format, and non-native drug species that may form over prolonged time in the eye. Consideration of intraocular drug pharmacology and disease state in a quantitative systems pharmacology model suggested that immune complexes could form at immunologically relevant concentrations modulated by dose intensity. Assays using circulating immune cells from treated patients or treatment-naïve healthy volunteers revealed the capacity of immune complexes to trigger cellular responses such as enhanced antigen presentation, platelet aggregation, endothelial cell activation, and cytokine release. Together, these studies informed a mechanistic understanding of the clinically observed immunogenicity of brolucizumab and associated cases of RV/RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Kearns
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paul Wassmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Ufuk Olgac
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marie Fichter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Christen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephan Koepke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - David Ledieu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Andre
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Stuart Hawtin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Fischer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Moretti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Brannetti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Andreas Clemens
- Medical Affairs Region Europe, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Pawan Mehan
- TRD Biologics and CGT, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Schmouder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, NJ 07960, USA
| | - Vito Sasseville
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Anette C Karle
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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14
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Nagy K, McBride R, Head SR, Ordoukhanian P, Law M. Low-Cost Peptide Microarrays for Mapping Continuous Antibody Epitopes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2578:63-81. [PMID: 36152281 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2732-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding antibody specificity and defining response profiles to antigens continue to be essential to both vaccine research and therapeutic antibody development. Peptide scanning assays enable mapping of continuous epitopes in order to delineate antibody-antigen interactions beyond traditional immunoassay formats. We have developed a relatively low-cost method to generate peptide microarray slides for antibody binding studies that allow for interrogation of up to 1536 overlapping peptides derived from the target antigens on a single microslide. Using an IntavisAG MultiPep RS peptide synthesizer and a Digilab MicroGrid II 600 microarray printer robot, each peptide is tagged with a polyethylene glycol aminooxy terminus to improve peptide solubility, orientation, and conjugation efficiency to the slide surface. Interrogation of the surface can then be performed using polyclonal immune sera or monoclonal antibodies, and sensitive detection using an InnoScan 1100 AL scanner with fluorescent-conjugated secondary reagents maximizes conservation of reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenna Nagy
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Head
- Genomics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Mansun Law
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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Comprehensive multi-attribute method workflow for biotherapeutic characterization and current good manufacturing practices testing. Nat Protoc 2022; 18:1056-1089. [PMID: 36526726 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The multi-attribute method (MAM) is a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based method that is used to directly characterize and monitor numerous product quality attributes (PQAs) at the amino acid level of a biopharmaceutical product. MAM enables identity testing based on primary sequence verification, detection and quantitation of post-translational modifications and impurities. This ability to simultaneously and directly determine PQAs of therapeutic proteins makes MAM a more informative, streamlined and productive workflow than conventional chromatographic and electrophoretic assays. MAM relies on proteolytic digestion of the sample followed by reversed-phase chromatographic separation and high-resolution LC-MS analysis in two phases. First, a discovery study to determine quality attributes for monitoring is followed by the creation of a targeted library based on high-resolution retention time plus accurate mass analysis. The second aspect of MAM is the monitoring phase based on the target peptide library and new peak detection using differential analysis of the data to determine the presence, absence or change of any species that might affect the activity or stability of the biotherapeutic. The sample preparation process takes between 90 and 120 min, whereas the time spent on instrumental and data analyses might vary from one to several days for different sample sizes, depending on the complexity of the molecule, the number of attributes to be monitored and the information to be detailed in the final report. MAM is developed to be used throughout the product life cycle, from process development through upstream and downstream processes to quality control release or under current good manufacturing practices regulations enforced by regulatory agencies.
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16
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Screnci B, Stafford LJ, Barnes T, Shema K, Gilman S, Wright R, Al Absi S, Phillips T, Azuelos C, Slovik K, Murphy P, Harmon DB, Charpentier T, Doranz BJ, Rucker JB, Chambers R. Antibody specificity against highly conserved membrane protein Claudin 6 driven by single atomic contact point. iScience 2022; 25:105665. [PMID: 36505931 PMCID: PMC9732412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin 6 (CLDN6) is differentially expressed on cancer cells with almost no expression in healthy tissue. However, achieving therapeutic MAb specificity for this 4 transmembrane protein is challenging because it is nearly identical to the widely expressed CLDN9, with only 3 extracellular amino acids different. Most other CLDN6 MAbs, including those in clinical development are cross-reactive with CLDN9, and several trials have now been stopped. Here we isolated rare MAbs that bind CLDN6 with up to picomolar affinity and display minimal cross-reactivity with CLDN9, 22 other CLDN family members, or across the human membrane proteome. Amino acid-level epitope mapping distinguished the binding sites of our MAbs from existing clinical-stage MAbs. Atomic-level epitope mapping identified the structural mechanism by which our MAbs differentiate CLDN6 and CLDN9 through steric hindrance at a single molecular contact point, the γ carbon on CLDN6 residue Q156.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Screnci
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lewis J. Stafford
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Trevor Barnes
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristen Shema
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samantha Gilman
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Suzie Al Absi
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tim Phillips
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Charles Azuelos
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katherine Slovik
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paige Murphy
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel B. Harmon
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tom Charpentier
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Doranz
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph B. Rucker
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ross Chambers
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding author
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17
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Zhang W, Wang H, Feng N, Li Y, Gu J, Wang Z. Developability assessment at early-stage discovery to enable development of antibody-derived therapeutics. Antib Ther 2022; 6:13-29. [PMID: 36683767 PMCID: PMC9847343 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developability refers to the likelihood that an antibody candidate will become a manufacturable, safe and efficacious drug. Although the safety and efficacy of a drug candidate will be well considered by sponsors and regulatory agencies, developability in the narrow sense can be defined as the likelihood that an antibody candidate will go smoothly through the chemistry, manufacturing and control (CMC) process at a reasonable cost and within a reasonable timeline. Developability in this sense is the focus of this review. To lower the risk that an antibody candidate with poor developability will move to the CMC stage, the candidate's developability-related properties should be screened, assessed and optimized as early as possible. Assessment of developability at the early discovery stage should be performed in a rapid and high-throughput manner while consuming small amounts of testing materials. In addition to monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, multispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates, as the derivatives of monoclonal antibodies, should also be assessed for developability. Moreover, we propose that the criterion of developability is relative: expected clinical indication, and the dosage and administration route of the antibody could affect this criterion. We also recommend a general screening process during the early discovery stage of antibody-derived therapeutics. With the advance of artificial intelligence-aided prediction of protein structures and features, computational tools can be used to predict, screen and optimize the developability of antibody candidates and greatly reduce the risk of moving a suboptimal candidate to the development stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Nan Feng
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Technology and Process Development, WuXi Biologicals, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jijie Gu
- Biologicals Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Biologics Innovation and Discovery, WuXi Biologicals, 1951 Huifeng West Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201400, China, Phone number: +86-21-50518899
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18
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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using 2D HIC-WCX-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15018-15026. [PMID: 36260865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA) depending on its impact on the safety and efficacy profile of the product. Hence, manufacturers are expected to perform a comprehensive characterization of the charge heterogeneity to ensure that the manufactured product meets its specifications. Further, monitoring is also expected during the product lifecycle to demonstrate consistency in product quality. However, conventional analytical methods for characterization of hydrophobic and charge variants are nonvolatile salt-based and require manual fraction collection and desalting steps before analysis through mass spectrometry can be performed. In the present study, a workflow of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method using mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible buffers coupled with native mass spectrometry was performed to characterize hydrophobic variants in the first dimension and charge variants in the second dimension without any need for manual fractionation. This novel two-dimensional (2D) hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)-weak cation-exchange chromatography (WCX)-MS workflow identified 10 variants in mAb A, out of which 2 variants are exclusive to the 2D orthogonal method. Similarly, for mAb B, a total of 11 variants are identified, including 5 variants exclusive to the 2D orthogonal workflow. When compared to stand-alone, HIC resolved only 4 variants for both mAbs and WCX resolved 7 variants for mAb A and 6 variants for mAb B. In addition, the proposed method allows direct characterization of hydrophobic/charge variant peaks through native mass spectrometry in a single-run workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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19
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Kato K, Mukawa Y, Uemura S, Okayama M, Kadota Z, Hosozawa C, Kumamoto S, Furuta S, Iwaoka M, Araki T, Yamaguchi H. A protein identification method for proteomics using amino acid composition analysis with IoT-based remote control. Anal Biochem 2022; 657:114904. [PMID: 36152875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed a protein identification method using low-cost and easy-to-operate amino acid composition analysis. The identification program automatically compares the quantitative result for each amino acid concentration obtained from the amino acid analysis to the amino acid composition data retrieved from the UniProt protein database. We found that the accuracy of protein identification using amino acid composition analysis was comparable to that of mass spectrometry analysis. The method was able to distinguish and identify differences in amino acid substitutions of several residues between proteins with high sequence homology. The identification accuracy of proteins was also improved by correcting the concentrations in the program for Cys, Trp, and Ile residues, which cannot be quantified by general sample preparation for amino acid analysis. Moreover, the amino acid analyzer was remotely controlled in accordance with the growing demand for remote work. The measured amino acid data were automatically uploaded to the IoT portal within a few minutes of each measurement, allowing researchers to download data and analyze them using the identification program anywhere and at any time by connecting to a network. The results indicated that the present method is useful for protein identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kato
- Hitachi High-Tech Fielding Corporation, 1-17-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6410, Japan
| | - Yasutake Mukawa
- Hitachi High-Tech Fielding Corporation, 1-17-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6410, Japan
| | - Shoichi Uemura
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 1-17-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6409, Japan
| | - Masataka Okayama
- Hitachi High-Tech Corporation, 1-17-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6409, Japan
| | - Zentaro Kadota
- Hitachi High-Tech Fielding Corporation, 1-17-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-6410, Japan
| | - Chika Hosozawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Sayaka Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Shun Furuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Michio Iwaoka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, 259-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Araki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan; Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan; Department of Food and Life Science, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan.
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20
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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21
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Barreiro-Piñeiro N, Pose-Boirazian T, Martínez-Costas J, Marín-López A, Ortego J. Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses of Veterinary Importance. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071124. [PMID: 35891288 PMCID: PMC9319458 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
| | - Natalia Barreiro-Piñeiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Tomás Pose-Boirazian
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (N.B.-P.); (T.P.-B.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Marín-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA/CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain; (L.J.-C.); (S.U.-T.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Hyperimmunized Chickens Produce Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071510. [PMID: 35891490 PMCID: PMC9318545 DOI: 10.3390/v14071510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, is responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. Effective interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 and likely require multiple strategies. Egg-extracted antibody therapies are a low-cost and scalable strategy to protect at-risk individuals from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commercial laying hens were hyperimmunized against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein using three different S1 recombinant proteins and three different doses. Sera and egg yolk were collected at three and six weeks after the second immunization for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and plaque-reduction neutralization assay to determine antigen-specific antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers, respectively. In this study we demonstrate that hens hyperimmunized against the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S1 and receptor binding domain (RBD) proteins produced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We further demonstrate that antibody production was dependent on the dose and type of antigen administered. Our data suggests that antibodies purified from the egg yolk of hyperimmunized hens can be used as immunoprophylaxis in humans at risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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23
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Khetan R, Curtis R, Deane CM, Hadsund JT, Kar U, Krawczyk K, Kuroda D, Robinson SA, Sormanni P, Tsumoto K, Warwicker J, Martin ACR. Current advances in biopharmaceutical informatics: guidelines, impact and challenges in the computational developability assessment of antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2022; 14:2020082. [PMID: 35104168 PMCID: PMC8812776 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.2020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives are key components of clinical pipelines in the global biopharmaceutical industry. The availability of large datasets of antibody sequences, structures, and biophysical properties is increasingly enabling the development of predictive models and computational tools for the "developability assessment" of antibody drug candidates. Here, we provide an overview of the antibody informatics tools applicable to the prediction of developability issues such as stability, aggregation, immunogenicity, and chemical degradation. We further evaluate the opportunities and challenges of using biopharmaceutical informatics for drug discovery and optimization. Finally, we discuss the potential of developability guidelines based on in silico metrics that can be used for the assessment of antibody stability and manufacturability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Khetan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robin Curtis
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Uddipan Kar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Daisuke Kuroda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Device Development and Regulation Research Center, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Pietro Sormanni
- Chemistry of Health, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Device Development and Regulation Research Center, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jim Warwicker
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew C R Martin
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
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24
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Misaki R, Iwasaki M, Takechi H, Yamano-Adachi N, Ohashi T, Kajiura H, Fujiyama K. Establishment of serum-free adapted Chinese hamster ovary cells with double knockout of GDP-mannose-4,6-dehydratase and GDP-fucose transporter. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:163-179. [PMID: 35185292 PMCID: PMC8817005 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antibodies have attracted attention as next-generation biopharmaceuticals, the costs of purifying the products and of arranging the environment for cell cultivation are high. Therefore, there is a need to increase antibody efficacy and improve product quality as much as possible. Since antibodies are glycoproteins, their glycan structures have been found to affect the function of antibodies. Especially, afucosylation of the N-linked glycan in the Fc region is known to significantly increase antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In this study, we established a double-mutant ΔGMDΔGFT in which GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase and GDP-fucose transporter were knocked out in Chinese hamster ovary cells, a platform for biopharmaceutical protein production. By adapting ΔGMDΔGFT cells to serum-free medium and constructing suspension-cultured cells, we established host CHO cells with no detected fucosylated glycans and succeeded in production of afucosylated antibodies. We also demonstrated that, in culture in the presence of serum, fucosylation occurs due to contamination from serum components. Furthermore, we found that afucosylation of glycans does not affect cell growth after adaptation to serum-free medium as compared to wild-type CHO cells growth and does not significantly affect the expression levels of other endogenous fucose metabolism-related enzyme genes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00501-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masashi Iwasaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki Takechi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Noriko Yamano-Adachi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- MU-OU Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Verbelen B, Girardi T, Sulima SO, Vereecke S, Verstraete P, Verbeeck J, Royaert J, Cinque S, Montanaro L, Penzo M, Imbrechts M, Geukens N, Geuens T, Dierckx K, Pepe D, Kampen K, De Keersmaecker K. Exploitation of the ribosomal protein L10 R98S mutation to enhance recombinant protein production in mammalian cells. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:100-114. [PMID: 35140557 PMCID: PMC8811726 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells are commonly used to produce recombinant protein therapeutics, but suffer from a high cost per mg of protein produced. There is therefore great interest in improving protein yields to reduce production cost. We present an entirely novel approach to reach this goal through direct engineering of the cellular translation machinery by introducing the R98S point mutation in the catalytically essential ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10‐R98S). Our data support that RPL10‐R98S enhances translation levels and fidelity and reduces proteasomal activity in lymphoid Ba/F3 and Jurkat cell models. In HEK293T cells cultured in chemically defined medium, knock‐in of RPL10‐R98S was associated with a 1.7‐ to 2.5‐fold increased production of four transiently expressed recombinant proteins and 1.7‐fold for one out of two stably expressed proteins. In CHO‐S cells, eGFP reached a 2‐fold increased expression under stable but not transient conditions, but there was no production benefit for monoclonal antibodies. The RPL10‐R98S associated production gain thus depends on culture conditions, cell type, and the nature of the expressed protein. Our study demonstrates the potential for using a ribosomal protein mutation for pharmaceutical protein production gains, and further research on how various factors influence RPL10‐R98S phenotypes can maximize its exploitability for the mammalian protein production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Verbelen
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Tiziana Girardi
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Flamingo Therapeutics Leuven Belgium
| | - Sergey O. Sulima
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging Helmholtz Zentrum München (GmbH) Neuherberg Oberschleißheim Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research Technical University of Munich München Germany
| | - Stijn Vereecke
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Paulien Verstraete
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jelle Verbeeck
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jonathan Royaert
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sonia Cinque
- Laboratory for RNA Cancer Biology Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Montanaro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero‐Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA) Alma Mater Studiorum‐University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Marianna Penzo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine and Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA) Alma Mater Studiorum‐University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Maya Imbrechts
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- PharmAbs KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | | | - Daniele Pepe
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kim Kampen
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO) Maastricht University Maastricht Netherlands
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer Department of Oncology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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26
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Zhang Z, Yan Y, Wang S, Li N. A competitive binding-mass spectrometry strategy for high-throughput evaluation of potential critical quality attributes of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2022; 14:2133674. [PMID: 36224723 PMCID: PMC9559042 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2133674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a propensity to host a large number of chemical and enzymatical modifications that need to be properly assessed for their potential impact on target binding. Traditional strategies of assessing the criticality of these attributes often involve a laborious and low-throughput variant enrichment step prior to binding affinity measurement. Here, we developed a novel competitive binding-based enrichment strategy followed by mass spectrometry analysis (namely, competitive binding-MS) to achieve high-throughput evaluation of potential critical quality attributes in therapeutic mAbs. Leveraging the differences in target binding capability under competitive binding conditions, the criticality of multiple mAb attributes can be simultaneously evaluated by quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. The utility of this new workflow was demonstrated in three mAb case studies, where different post-translational modifications occurring within the complementarity-determining regions were successfully interrogated for their impact on antigen binding. As this workflow does not require prior enrichment (e.g., by forced degradation or liquid chromatography fractionation) of the variants, it is particularly valuable during the mAb candidate developability assessment, where fast turn-around time is highly desired to assist candidate selection. Abbreviations: ACN: acetonitrile; ADCC: antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; AEX: anion exchange chromatography; bsAb: bispecific antibody; CDC: complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CML: carboxymethylation; CQA: critical quality attribute; DDA: data-dependent acquisition; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; DTT: dithiothreitol; FA: formic acid; Fab: Fragment antigen-binding; FcRn: neonatal Fc receptor; HC: heavy chain; HIC: hydrophobic interaction chromatography; IAA: iodoacetamide; IEX: ion exchange chromatography; LC: light chain; mAb monoclonal antibody; msAb: monospecific antibody; MS: mass spectrometry; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; pI: isoelectric point; PTM: post-translational modification; SCX: strong cation exchange chromatography; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; XIC: extracted ion chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Zhang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA
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27
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Chung YH, Church D, Koellhoffer EC, Osota E, Shukla S, Rybicki EP, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Integrating plant molecular farming and materials research for next-generation vaccines. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 7:372-388. [PMID: 34900343 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00399-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologics - medications derived from a biological source - are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, for example, as vaccines. Biologics are usually produced in bacterial, mammalian or insect cells. Alternatively, plant molecular farming, that is, the manufacture of biologics in plant cells, transgenic plants and algae, offers a cheaper and easily adaptable strategy for the production of biologics, in particular, in low-resource settings. In this Review, we discuss current vaccination challenges, such as cold chain requirements, and highlight how plant molecular farming in combination with advanced materials can be applied to address these challenges. The production of plant viruses and virus-based nanotechnologies in plants enables low-cost and regional fabrication of thermostable vaccines. We also highlight key new vaccine delivery technologies, including microneedle patches and material platforms for intranasal and oral delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook of future possibilities for plant molecular farming of next-generation vaccines and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Derek Church
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward C Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Osota
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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28
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Chung YH, Church D, Koellhoffer EC, Osota E, Shukla S, Rybicki EP, Pokorski JK, Steinmetz NF. Integrating plant molecular farming and materials research for next-generation vaccines. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2021; 7:372-388. [PMID: 34900343 PMCID: PMC8647509 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biologics - medications derived from a biological source - are increasingly used as pharmaceuticals, for example, as vaccines. Biologics are usually produced in bacterial, mammalian or insect cells. Alternatively, plant molecular farming, that is, the manufacture of biologics in plant cells, transgenic plants and algae, offers a cheaper and easily adaptable strategy for the production of biologics, in particular, in low-resource settings. In this Review, we discuss current vaccination challenges, such as cold chain requirements, and highlight how plant molecular farming in combination with advanced materials can be applied to address these challenges. The production of plant viruses and virus-based nanotechnologies in plants enables low-cost and regional fabrication of thermostable vaccines. We also highlight key new vaccine delivery technologies, including microneedle patches and material platforms for intranasal and oral delivery. Finally, we provide an outlook of future possibilities for plant molecular farming of next-generation vaccines and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Derek Church
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward C. Koellhoffer
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Osota
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Biomedical Science Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Edward P. Rybicki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
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29
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Pedrioli A, Oxenius A. Single B cell technologies for monoclonal antibody discovery. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:1143-1158. [PMID: 34743921 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often selected from antigen-specific single B cells derived from different hosts, which are notably short-lived in ex vivo culture conditions and hence, arduous to interrogate. The development of several new techniques and protocols has facilitated the isolation and retrieval of antibody-coding sequences of antigen-specific B cells by also leveraging miniaturization of reaction volumes. Alternatively, mAbs can be generated independently of antigen-specific B cells, comprising display technologies and, more recently, artificial intelligence-driven algorithms. Consequently, a considerable variety of techniques are used, raising the demand for better consolidation. In this review, we present and discuss the major techniques available to interrogate antigen-specific single B cells to isolate antigen-specific mAbs, including their main advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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30
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Domm JM, Wootton SK, Medin JA, West ML. Gene therapy for Fabry disease: Progress, challenges, and outlooks on gene-editing. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 134:117-131. [PMID: 34340879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is the delivery of a therapeutic gene for endogenous cellular expression with the goal of rescuing a disease phenotype. It has been used to treat an increasing number of human diseases with many strategies proving safe and efficacious in clinical trials. Gene delivery may be viral or non-viral, performed in vivo or ex vivo, and relies on gene integration or transient expression; all of these techniques have been applied to the treatment of Fabry disease. Fabry disease is a genetic disorder of the α-galactosidase A gene, GLA, that causes an accumulation of glycosphingolipids in cells leading to cardiac, renal and cerebrovascular damage and eventually death. Currently, there are no curative treatments available, and the therapies that are used have significant drawbacks. These treatment concerns have led to the advent of gene therapies for Fabry disease. The first Fabry patients to receive gene therapy were treated with recombinant lentivirus targeting their hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Adeno-associated virus treatments have also begun. Alternatively, the field of gene-editing is a new and rapidly growing field. Gene-editing has been used to repair disease-causing mutations or insert genes into cellular DNA. These techniques have the potential to be applied to the treatment of Fabry disease provided the concerns of gene-editing technology, such as safety and efficiency, were addressed. This review focuses on the current state of gene therapy as it is being developed for Fabry disease, including progresses and challenges as well as an overview of gene-editing and how it may be applied to correct Fabry disease-causing mutations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M Domm
- Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Medin
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael L West
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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31
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Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique for protein identification, quantification and characterization that is widely applied in biochemical studies, and which can provide data on the quantity, structural integrity and post-translational modifications of proteins. It is therefore a versatile and widely used analytic tool for quality control of biopharmaceuticals, especially in quantifying host-cell protein impurities, identifying post-translation modifications and structural characterization of biopharmaceutical proteins. Here, we summarize recent advances in MS-based analyses of these key quality attributes of the biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing processes.
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Physicochemical and functional characterization of trastuzumab-dkst, a trastuzumab biosimilar. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1531-1557. [PMID: 34289749 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Preclinical comparative similarity studies of trastuzumab-dkst, a Herceptin® biosimilar, are reported. Materials & methods: Primary sequence and higher order structure and pharmacological mechanisms of action were compared using multiple techniques. Pharmacokinetics and repeat-dose toxicity were assessed in cynomolgus monkeys. Results: Primary structures were identical; secondary and tertiary structures were highly similar. Non-significant differences were observed for charge heterogeneity. Twelve of 13 glycan species were highly similar, with slightly higher total mannose levels in trastuzumab-dkst. FcγR and FcRn binding activity was highly similar. Each drug equally inhibited HER2+ cell proliferation, demonstrating equivalent relative potency in mediating HER2+ cell cytolysis by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles in cynomolgus monkeys were similar. Conclusion: Trastuzumab-dkst, US-licensed trastuzumab and EU-approved trastuzumab demonstrate high structural and functional similarity.
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Paris J, Morgan TE, Marzullo BP, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, O'Hara J, O'Connor PB. Two-Dimensional Mass Spectrometry Analysis of IgG1 Antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1716-1724. [PMID: 34152763 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional mass spectrometry (2DMS) is a new, and theoretically ideal, data-independent analysis tool, which allows the characterization of a complex mixture and was used in the bottom-up analysis of IgG1 for the identification of post-translational modifications. The new peak picking algorithm allows the distinction between chimeric peaks in proteomics. In this application, the processing of 2DMS data correlates fragments to their corresponding precursors, with fragments from precursors which are <0.1 m/z at m/z 840 easily resolved, without the need for quadrupole or chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Paris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Tomos E Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan P Marzullo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark P Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - John O'Hara
- UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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34
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Ojha R, Prajapati VK. Cognizance of posttranslational modifications in vaccines: A way to enhanced immunogenicity. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8020-8034. [PMID: 34170014 PMCID: PMC8427110 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a significant advancement or preventative strategy for controlling the spread of various severe infectious and noninfectious diseases. The purpose of vaccination is to stimulate or activate the immune system by injecting antigens, i.e., either whole microorganisms or using the pathogen's antigenic part or macromolecules. Over time, researchers have made tremendous efforts to reduce vaccine side effects or failure by developing different strategies combining with immunoinformatic and molecular biology. These newly designed vaccines are composed of single or several antigenic molecules derived from a pathogenic organism. Although, whole‐cell vaccines are still in use against various diseases but due to their ineffectiveness, other vaccines like DNA‐based, RNA‐based, and protein‐based vaccines, with the addition of immunostimulatory agents, are in the limelight. Despite this, many researchers escape the most common fundamental phenomenon of protein posttranslational modifications during the development of vaccines, which regulates protein functional behavior, evokes immunogenicity and stability, etc. The negligence about post translational modification (PTM) during vaccine development may affect the vaccine's efficacy and immune responses. Therefore, it becomes imperative to consider these modifications of macromolecules before finalizing the antigenic vaccine construct. Here, we have discussed different types of posttranslational/transcriptional modifications that are usually considered during vaccine construct designing: Glycosylation, Acetylation, Sulfation, Methylation, Amidation, SUMOylation, Ubiquitylation, Lipidation, Formylation, and Phosphorylation. Based on the available research information, we firmly believe that considering these modifications will generate a potential and highly immunogenic antigenic molecule against communicable and noncommunicable diseases compared to the unmodified macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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35
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Rameez S, Gowtham YK, Nayar G, Mostafa SS. Modulation of high mannose levels in N-linked glycosylation through cell culture process conditions to increase antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity for an antibody biosimilar. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3176. [PMID: 34021724 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory approval of a biosimilar product is contingent on the favorable comparability of its safety and efficacy to that of the innovator product. As such, it is important to match the critical quality attributes of the biosimilar product to that of the innovator product. The N-glycosylation profile of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) can influence effector function activities such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In this study, we describe efforts to modulate the high-mannose (HM) levels of a biosimilar mAb produced in a Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch process. Because the HM level of the mAb was observed to impact ADCC activity, it was desirable to match it to the innovator mAb's levels. Several cell culture process related factors known to modulate the HM content of N-glycosylation were investigated, including osmolality, ammonium chloride (NH4 Cl) addition, glutamine concentration, monensin addition, and the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to the feed medium. The process conditions evaluated varied in impact on HM levels, process performance and product quality. One condition, the addition of alternate sugars and amino sugars to feed medium, was identified as the preferred method for increasing HM levels with minimal disruptions to process performance or other product quality attributes. Interestingly, a secondary interaction between sugar and amino sugar supplemented feeds and osmolality was observed during process scale-up. These studies demonstrate sugar and amino sugar concentrations and osmolality are critical variables to evaluate to match HM content in biosimilar and their innovator mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Rameez
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gautam Nayar
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sigma S Mostafa
- Process Development, KBI Biopharma Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Ehlers AM, den Hartog Jager CF, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Katsburg MMD, Knulst AC, Otten HG. Comparison of Two Strategies to Generate Antigen-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies: Which Method to Choose for Which Purpose? Front Immunol 2021; 12:660037. [PMID: 34017336 PMCID: PMC8130674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are valuable tools to link genetic information with functional features and to provide a platform for conformational epitope mapping. Additionally, combined data on genetic and functional features provide a valuable mosaic for systems immunology approaches. Strategies to generate human mAbs from peripheral blood have been described and used in several studies including single cell sequencing of antigen-binding B cells and the establishment of antigen-specific monoclonal Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). However, direct comparisons of these two strategies are scarce. Hence, we sought to set up these two strategies in our laboratory using peanut 2S albumins (allergens) and the autoantigen anti-Rho guanosine diphosphate dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI2, alternatively 'ARHGDIB') as antigen targets to directly compare these strategies regarding costs, time expenditure, recovery, throughput and complexity. Regarding single cell sequencing, up to 50% of corresponding V(D)J gene transcripts were successfully amplified of which 54% were successfully cloned into expression vectors used for heterologous expression. Seventy-five percent of heterologously expressed mAbs showed specific binding to peanut 2S albumins resulting in an overall recovery of 20.3%, which may be increased to around 29% by ordering gene sequences commercially for antibody cloning. In comparison, the establishment of monoclonal EBV-LCLs showed a lower overall recovery of around 17.6%. Heterologous expression of a mAb carrying the same variable region as its native counterpart showed comparable concentration-dependent binding abilities. By directly comparing those two strategies, single cell sequencing allows a broad examination of antigen-binding mAbs in a moderate-throughput manner, while the establishment of monoclonal EBV-LCLs is a powerful tool to select a small number of highly reactive mAbs restricted to certain B cell subpopulations. Overall, both strategies, initially set-up for peanut 2S albumins, are suitable to obtain human mAbs and they are easily transferrable to other target antigens as shown for ARHGDIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Ehlers
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Constance F den Hartog Jager
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tineke Kardol-Hoefnagel
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Miriam M D Katsburg
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henny G Otten
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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37
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Dutta D, Rahman S, Bhattacharje G, Bag S, Sing BC, Chatterjee J, Basak A, Das AK. Label-Free Method Development for Hydroxyproline PTM Mapping in Human Plasma Proteome. Protein J 2021; 40:741-755. [PMID: 33840009 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) impart structural heterogeneities that can alter plasma proteins' functions in various pathophysiological processes. However, the identification and mapping of PTMs in untargeted plasma proteomics is still a challenge due to the presence of diverse components in blood. Here, we report a label-free method for identifying and mapping hydroxylated proteins using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the human plasma sample. Our untargeted proteomics approach led us to identify 676 de novo sequenced peptides in human plasma that correspond to 201 proteins, out of which 11 plasma proteins were found to be hydroxylated. Among these hydroxylated proteins, Immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) heavy chain was found to be modified at residue 285 (Pro285 to Hyp285), which was further validated by MS/MS study. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis demonstrated that this proline hydroxylation in IgA1 caused both local and global structural changes. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the protein profile containing Hyp PTMs in human plasma and shows the future perspective of identifying and discriminating Hyp PTM in the normal and the diseased proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Gourab Bhattacharje
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Swarnendu Bag
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Bidhan Chandra Sing
- Central Research Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India. .,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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38
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Coagulation factor IX analysis in bioreactor cell culture supernatant predicts quality of the purified product. Commun Biol 2021; 4:390. [PMID: 33758337 PMCID: PMC7988164 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor IX (FIX) is a complex post-translationally modified human serum glycoprotein and high-value biopharmaceutical. The quality of recombinant FIX (rFIX), especially complete γ-carboxylation, is critical for rFIX clinical efficacy. Bioreactor operating conditions can impact rFIX production and post-translational modifications (PTMs). With the goal of optimizing rFIX production, we developed a suite of Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry (DIA-MS) proteomics methods and used these to investigate rFIX yield, γ-carboxylation, other PTMs, and host cell proteins during bioreactor culture and after purification. We detail the dynamics of site-specific PTM occupancy and structure on rFIX during production, which correlated with the efficiency of purification and the quality of the purified product. We identified new PTMs in rFIX near the GLA domain which could impact rFIX GLA-dependent purification and function. Our workflows are applicable to other biologics and expression systems, and should aid in the optimization and quality control of upstream and downstream bioprocesses.
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39
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Fiuza BSD, Fonseca HF, Meirelles PM, Marques CR, da Silva TM, Figueiredo CA. Understanding Asthma and Allergies by the Lens of Biodiversity and Epigenetic Changes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:623737. [PMID: 33732246 PMCID: PMC7957070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.623737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to different organisms (bacteria, mold, virus, protozoan, helminths, among others) can induce epigenetic changes affecting the modulation of immune responses and consequently increasing the susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. Epigenomic regulatory features are highly affected during embryonic development and are responsible for the expression or repression of different genes associated with cell development and targeting/conducting immune responses. The well-known, "window of opportunity" that includes maternal and post-natal environmental exposures, which include maternal infections, microbiota, diet, drugs, and pollutant exposures are of fundamental importance to immune modulation and these events are almost always accompanied by epigenetic changes. Recently, it has been shown that these alterations could be involved in both risk and protection of allergic diseases through mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, which can enhance Th2 responses and maintain memory Th2 cells or decrease Treg cells differentiation. In addition, epigenetic changes may differ according to the microbial agent involved and may even influence different asthma or allergy phenotypes. In this review, we discuss how exposure to different organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and helminths can lead to epigenetic modulations and how this correlates with allergic diseases considering different genetic backgrounds of several ancestral populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Milet Meirelles
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (IN-TREE), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cintia Rodrigues Marques
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
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40
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Genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100448. [PMID: 33617880 PMCID: PMC8042171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in nuclease-based gene-editing technologies have enabled precise, stable, and systematic genetic engineering of glycosylation capacities in mammalian cells, opening up a plethora of opportunities for studying the glycome and exploiting glycans in biomedicine. Glycoengineering using chemical, enzymatic, and genetic approaches has a long history, and precise gene editing provides a nearly unlimited playground for stable engineering of glycosylation in mammalian cells to explore and dissect the glycome and its many biological functions. Genetic engineering of glycosylation in cells also brings studies of the glycome to the single cell level and opens up wider use and integration of data in traditional omics workflows in cell biology. The last few years have seen new applications of glycoengineering in mammalian cells with perspectives for wider use in basic and applied glycosciences, and these have already led to discoveries of functions of glycans and improved designs of glycoprotein therapeutics. Here, we review the current state of the art of genetic glycoengineering in mammalian cells and highlight emerging opportunities.
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41
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Mimura Y, Saldova R, Mimura-Kimura Y, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Micro-Heterogeneity of Antibody Molecules. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2021; 112:1-26. [PMID: 34687006 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76912-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are mostly of the IgG class and constitute highly efficacious biopharmaceuticals for a wide range of clinical indications. Full-length IgG mAbs are large proteins that are subject to multiple posttranslational modifications (PTMs) during biosynthesis, purification, or storage, resulting in micro-heterogeneity. The production of recombinant mAbs in nonhuman cell lines may result in loss of structural fidelity and the generation of variants having altered stability, biological activities, and/or immunogenic potential. Additionally, even fully human therapeutic mAbs are of unique specificity, by design, and, consequently, of unique structure; therefore, structural elements may be recognized as non-self by individuals within an outbred human population to provoke an anti-therapeutic/anti-drug antibody (ATA/ADA) response. Consequently, regulatory authorities require that the structure of a potential mAb drug product is comprehensively characterized employing state-of-the-art orthogonal analytical technologies; the PTM profile may define a set of critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the drug product that must be maintained, employing quality by design parameters, throughout the lifetime of the drug. Glycosylation of IgG-Fc, at Asn297 on each heavy chain, is an established CQA since its presence and fine structure can have a profound impact on efficacy and safety. The glycoform profile of serum-derived IgG is highly heterogeneous while mAbs produced in mammalian cells in vitro is less heterogeneous and can be "orchestrated" depending on the cell line employed and the culture conditions adopted. Thus, the gross structure and PTM profile of a given mAb, established for the drug substance gaining regulatory approval, have to be maintained for the lifespan of the drug. This review outlines our current understanding of common PTMs detected in mAbs and endogenous IgG and the relationship between a variant's structural attribute and its impact on clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan.
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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42
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Azevedo Reis Teixeira A, Erasmus MF, D’Angelo S, Naranjo L, Ferrara F, Leal-Lopes C, Durrant O, Galmiche C, Morelli A, Scott-Tucker A, Bradbury ARM. Drug-like antibodies with high affinity, diversity and developability directly from next-generation antibody libraries. MAbs 2021; 13:1980942. [PMID: 34850665 PMCID: PMC8654478 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1980942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies must have "drug-like" properties. These include high affinity and specificity for the intended target, biological activity, and additional characteristics now known as "developability properties": long-term stability and resistance to aggregation when in solution, thermodynamic stability to prevent unfolding, high expression yields to facilitate manufacturing, low self-interaction, among others. Sequence-based liabilities may affect one or more of these characteristics. Improving the stability and developability of a lead antibody is typically achieved by modifying its sequence, a time-consuming process that often results in reduced affinity. Here we present a new antibody library format that yields high-affinity binders with drug-like developability properties directly from initial selections, reducing the need for further engineering or affinity maturation. The innovative semi-synthetic design involves grafting natural complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from human antibodies into scaffolds based on well-behaved clinical antibodies. HCDR3s were amplified directly from B cells, while the remaining CDRs, from which all sequence liabilities had been purged, were replicated from a large next-generation sequencing dataset. By combining two in vitro display techniques, phage and yeast display, we were able to routinely recover a large number of unique, highly developable antibodies against clinically relevant targets with affinities in the subnanomolar to low nanomolar range. We anticipate that the designs and approaches presented here will accelerate the drug development process by reducing the failure rate of leads due to poor antibody affinities and developability.Abbreviations: AC-SINS: affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy; CDR: complementarity-determining region; CQA: critical quality attribute; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunoassay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; Fv: fragment variable; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HCDR3: heavy chain CDR3; IFN2a: interferon α-2; IL6: interleukin-6; MACS: magnetic-activated cell sorting; NGS: next generation sequencing; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SEC: size-exclusion chromatography; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; TGFβ-R2: transforming growth factor β-R2; VH: variable heavy; VK: variable kappa; VL: variable light; Vl: variable lambda.
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43
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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44
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Kinoshita M, Nakatani Y, Yamada K, Yamamoto S, Suzuki S. A rapid and facile preparation of APTS-labeled N-glycans by combination of ion pair-assisted extraction and HILIC-SPE for routine glycan analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113875. [PMID: 33418442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycoanalytical technology is required for a wide variety of scientific research, including basic glycobiological pharmaceutical, and biomarker research. Although several innovative analytical techniques have been developed for these purposes, quantitative glycan analysis based on electrophoretic separation, has often been impeded by the lack of cost-effective and facile sample preparation approaches. Here, we developed a rapid and facile sample preparation workflow for cost-effective glycan analysis and demonstrated its use with fully automated microchip electrophoresis (ME). Purification of 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (APTS)-labeled glycans was based on the combination of ion-pair assisted extraction (IPAE) with hydrophilic interaction chromatography-solid phase extraction (HILIC-SPE). Compared to commonly used sample preparation methods, the IPAE/HILIC-SPE method undergoes minimal nonspecific loss and undesirable degradation of N-glycans during the purification step. Furthermore, our method required only 10 min, and the entire workflow, including glycan release, labeling, and concentration processes was completed within 4 h. Although the present system should be improved to enable analysis of more complex mixtures, ME-based separation of APTS-labeled N-glycans offers a fully automated operation including conditioning, sample loading, separation, and can be analyzed with a sample-to-sample throughput of 120 s in parallel processes. The present workflow is easy to implement, does not require expensive reagents and instruments and may be useful for glycoscientists across disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Yumi Nakatani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Keita Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Nishikiori-Kita 3-11-1, Tondabayashi, Osaka, 584-8540, Japan
| | - Sachio Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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Millán-Martín S, Carillo S, Füssl F, Sutton J, Gazis P, Cook K, Scheffler K, Bones J. Optimisation of the use of sliding window deconvolution for comprehensive characterisation of trastuzumab and adalimumab charge variants by native high resolution mass spectrometry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:83-95. [PMID: 33212184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry continues to develop mAb-based biotherapeutics in increasing numbers. Due to their complexity, there are several critical quality attributes (CQAs) that need to be measured and controlled to guarantee product safety and efficacy. Charge variant analysis is a widely used method to monitor changes in product quality during the manufacturing process of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and, together with a bottom-up peptide centred approach, acts as a key analytical platform to fulfil regulatory requirements. Native MS measures biomolecules under conditions that preserve most aspects of protein tertiary and quaternary structure, enabling direct characterization of large intact proteins such as mAbs. The resulting native mass spectrum of a mAb is characterized by a narrower charge-state envelope that simplifies the spectra and also condenses the ion signals into fewer peaks, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Algorithmic spectral deconvolution is needed for routine accurate and rapid molecular weight determination, and consequently, multiple deconvolution algorithms have evolved over the past decade. Here, we demonstrate the utility of the sliding window algorithm as a robust and powerful deconvolution tool for comprehensive characterisation of charge variant analysis data for mAbs. Optimum performance is evaluated by studying the impact of critical software parameters on detection, identification and relative quantitation of protein isoforms. By combining molecular mass and retention time information, it was possible to identify multiple modifications on adalimumab and trastuzumab, both IgG1 mAbs, including lysine truncation, deamidation and succinimide formation, along with the N-glycan distribution of each of the identified charge variants. Sliding window deconvolution also provides a key benefit of low abundant variant detection in a single analysis and the ability to detect co-eluting components with different relative abundances. The studied mAbs demonstrate the algoritms applicability for efficient data processing of both simple and complex mAbs analysed using pH gradient cation exchange chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Millán-Martín
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Sutton
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 55 River Oaks Parkway, San José, CA 95134, United States
| | - Paul Gazis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 55 River Oaks Parkway, San José, CA 95134, United States
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Scheffler
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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46
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycans and Glycoconjugates. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 175:231-280. [PMID: 33052414 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates have great potential to improve human health in a multitude of different ways and fields. Prominent examples are human milk oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. The typical choice for the production of homogeneous glycoconjugates is enzymatic synthesis. Through the availability of expression and purification protocols, recombinant Leloir glycosyltransferases are widely applied as catalysts for the synthesis of a wide range of glycoconjugates. Extensive utilization of these enzymes also depends on the availability of activated sugars as building blocks. Multi-enzyme cascades have proven a versatile technique to synthesize and in situ regenerate nucleotide sugar.In this chapter, the functions and mechanisms of Leloir glycosyltransferases are revisited, and the advantage of prokaryotic sources and production systems is discussed. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro pathways for the synthesis of nucleotide sugar are reviewed. In the second part, recent and prominent examples of the application of Leloir glycosyltransferase are given, i.e., the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, glycoconjugate vaccines, and human milk oligosaccharides as well as the re-glycosylation of biopharmaceuticals, and the status of automated glycan assembly is revisited.
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47
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Zhang T, Hansen K, Politis A, Müller MM. An Unusually Rapid Protein Backbone Modification Stabilizes the Essential Bacterial Enzyme MurA. Biochemistry 2020; 59:3683-3695. [PMID: 32930597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are subject to spontaneous rearrangements of their backbones. Most prominently, asparagine and aspartate residues isomerize to their β-linked isomer, isoaspartate (isoAsp), on time scales ranging from days to centuries. Such modifications are typically considered "molecular wear-and-tear", destroying protein function. However, the observation that some proteins, including the essential bacterial enzyme MurA, harbor stoichiometric amounts of isoAsp suggests that this modification can confer advantageous properties. Here, we demonstrate that nature exploits an isoAsp residue within a hairpin to stabilize MurA. We found that isoAsp formation in MurA is unusually rapid and critically dependent on folding status. Moreover, perturbation of the isoAsp-containing hairpin via site-directed mutagenesis causes aggregation of MurA variants. Structural mass spectrometry revealed that this effect is caused by local protein unfolding in MurA mutants. Our findings demonstrate that MurA evolved to "mature" via a spontaneous post-translational incorporation of a β-amino acid, which raises the possibility that isoAsp-containing hairpins may serve as a structural motif of biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Kjetil Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel M Müller
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
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Bielsky MC, Cook A, Wallington A, Exley A, Kauser S, Hay JL, Both L, Brown D. Streamlined approval of biosimilars: moving on from the confirmatory efficacy trial. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:S1359-6446(20)30343-3. [PMID: 32916269 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Licensing of biosimilars is essential to promote patient access to 21st-century biological medicines. Regulatory approval of biosimilars is based on the totality of evidence from a head-to-head comparison with reference products (RPs). A clinical efficacy trial is usually required, but this is increasingly questioned. Based on a thorough review of biosimilar applications in the European Union (EU), we conclude that in-depth knowledge of the reference product, allied with high-performing analytical tools, largely predicts clinical comparability, subject to confirmation by a comparative pharmacokinetic (PK) trial. We provide a blueprint for a biosimilar pathway that reduces the need for clinical efficacy trials in exceptional cases, together with qualifying criteria and requirements for streamlined assessment to expedite wider access to affordable biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Cook
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
| | - Andrea Wallington
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
| | - Andrew Exley
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
| | - Shahin Kauser
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
| | - Justin L Hay
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
| | - Leonard Both
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
| | - David Brown
- Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10SC Canary Wharf, E14 4PU, London, UK
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49
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chamberlain P, Rup B. Immunogenicity Risk Assessment for an Engineered Human Cytokine Analogue Expressed in Different Cell Substrates. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:65. [PMID: 32291556 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to illustrate how performance of an immunogenicity risk assessment at the earliest stage of product development can be instructive for critical early decision-making such as choice of host system for expression of a recombinant therapeutic protein and determining the extent of analytical characterization and control of heterogeneity in co- and post-translational modifications. Application of a risk-based approach for a hypothetical recombinant DNA analogue of a human endogenous cytokine with immunomodulatory functions is described. The manner in which both intrinsic and extrinsic factors could interact to influence the relative scale of risk associated with expression in alternative hosts, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, Pichia pastoris, Escherichia coli, or Nicotinia tabacum is considered in relation to the development of the investigational product to treat an autoimmune condition. The article discusses how particular product-related variants (primary amino acid sequence modifications and post-translational glycosylation or other modifications) and process-derived impurities (host cell proteins, endotoxins, beta-glucans) associated with the different expression systems might influence the impact of immunogenicity on overall clinical benefit versus risk for a therapeutic protein candidate that has intrinsic MHC Class II binding potential. The implications of the choice of expression system for relative risk are discussed in relation to specific actions for evaluation and measures for risk mitigation, including use of in silico and in vitro methods to understand intrinsic immunogenic potential relative to incremental risk associated with non-human glycan and protein impurities. Finally, practical guidance on presentation of this information in regulatory submissions to support clinical development is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Chamberlain
- NDA Advisory Board, NDA Regulatory Science Ltd, Grove House, Guildford Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 9DF, UK.
| | - Bonita Rup
- Bonnie Rup Consulting, LLC, Reading, Massachusetts, USA
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