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Saadh MJ, Mustafa MA, Kumar A, Alamir HTA, Kumar A, Khudair SA, Faisal A, Alubiady MHS, Jalal SS, Shafik SS, Ahmad I, Khry FAF, Abosaoda MK. Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:140. [PMID: 38890191 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan.
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- School of Pharmacy-Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, 247341, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India
| | | | - Ahmed Faisal
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | | | - Sarah Salah Jalal
- College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Shafik Shaker Shafik
- Experimental Nuclear Radiation Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faeza A F Khry
- Faculty of pharmacy, department of pharmaceutics, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Munther Kadhim Abosaoda
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Qadisiyyah, Iraq
- College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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Hoyt R, Ye Z, Dasgupta A. Very unusual extremely high ferritin with cytokine release syndrome in a patient with hematological malignancy after experimental chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-Cell therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 559:119704. [PMID: 38697457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an immunotherapy that has resulted in tremendous progress in the treatment of patients with B cell malignancies. However, significant toxicities may also be associated with such therapy. Here we report extremely high ferritin in a male patient after such therapy. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 52 year old male with a history of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy with rapcabtagene autoleucel (carvykti). The patient subsequently developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) which during its resolution results in a hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like syndrome that fell short of being diagnostic. This syndrome tracked closely with the onset and resolution of immune-effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), with close correlation between the severity of laboratory abnormalities, particularly extremely high ferritin (peak value: 81,540 μg/L), and clinical encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS Cytokine release syndrome after experimental (CAR) T cell therapy may cause extremely elevated ferritin and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis -like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hoyt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 60160
| | - Zhan Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 60160
| | - Amitava Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 60160.
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3
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Yu T, Jiang W, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Jiao J, Wu M. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of osteosarcoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 64:40. [PMID: 38390935 PMCID: PMC10919759 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a frequently occurring primary bone tumor, mostly affecting children, adolescents and young adults. Before 1970, surgical resection was the main treatment method for OS, but the clinical results were not promising. Subsequently, the advent of chemotherapy has improved the prognosis of patients with OS. However, there is still a high incidence of metastasis or recurrence, and chemotherapy has several side effects, thus making the 5‑year survival rate markedly low. Recently, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR‑T) cell therapy represents an alternative immunotherapy approach with significant potential for hematologic malignancies. Nevertheless, the application of CAR‑T cells in the treatment of OS faces numerous challenges. The present review focused on the advances in the development of CAR‑T cells to improve their clinical efficacy, and discussed ways to overcome the difficulties faced by CAR T‑cell therapy for OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Operating Room, The Third Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China
| | - Jianhang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Minfei Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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Thirumalaisamy R, Vasuki S, Sindhu SM, Mothilal TM, Srimathi V, Poornima B, Bhuvaneswari M, Hariharan M. FDA-Approved Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T Cell Therapy for Different Cancers-A Recent Perspective. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01090-0. [PMID: 38459361 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world, and their rate of occurence has been increased in recent decades. Current review article, summarizes the novel treatment options Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy for various cancers constitute a major health and development challenge, impacting every aspect of sustainable development quoted by goal 3 good health and well-being of UN sustainable goals. WHO estimates that 70% of cancer deaths occur in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) by 2030, LMICs are expected to bear the brunt of the expected 24.1 million new cancer cases per year. This current review article focuses and discussed about CAR-T cell therapy for various cancers against most prevalent non-communicable disease cancer disease stipulated by WHO and UN sustainable goals. Three literature databases Google scholar, Science Direct, PubMed was utilized to search and collect CAR-T cell treatment options for different cancers published articles sources in between January 2000 and December 2023. There were a total of 18,700 papers found, with 48 of them being found to be eligible focusing various cancer treatment by CAR-T cells utilized for the study. Based on the information gathered, CAR-T cell therapy treating different cancers and their merit and its advantages in heal and improve certain cancers was also discussed in this review article with their detailed molecular mechanisms. This article also gives an insight to utilize CAR-T cell treatment protocols for rejuvenating cancer patient from such ruthless cancer disease condition thereby improving life span of cancer patients and eradication of disease in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Thirumalaisamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India.
| | - S Vasuki
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - S M Sindhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PSGR Krishnammal College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 641004, India
| | - T M Mothilal
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - V Srimathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - B Poornima
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - M Bhuvaneswari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sona College Arts and Science, Salem (Dt.), Tamil Nadu, 636005, India
| | - Mohan Hariharan
- Center for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602105, India
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Zhu C, Wu Q, Sheng T, Shi J, Shen X, Yu J, Du Y, Sun J, Liang T, He K, Ding Y, Li H, Gu Z, Wang W. Rationally designed approaches to augment CAR-T therapy for solid tumor treatment. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:377-395. [PMID: 38059121 PMCID: PMC10696433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell denoted as CAR-T therapy has realized incredible therapeutic advancements for B cell malignancy treatment. However, its therapeutic validity has yet to be successfully achieved in solid tumors. Different from hematological cancers, solid tumors are characterized by dysregulated blood vessels, dense extracellular matrix, and filled with immunosuppressive signals, which together result in CAR-T cells' insufficient infiltration and rapid dysfunction. The insufficient recognition of tumor cells and tumor heterogeneity eventually causes cancer reoccurrences. In addition, CAR-T therapy also raises safety concerns, including potential cytokine release storm, on-target/off-tumor toxicities, and neuro-system side effects. Here we comprehensively review various targeting aspects, including CAR-T cell design, tumor modulation, and delivery strategy. We believe it is essential to rationally design a combinatory CAR-T therapy via constructing optimized CAR-T cells, directly manipulating tumor tissue microenvironments, and selecting the most suitable delivery strategy to achieve the optimal outcome in both safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Tao Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xinyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tingxizi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kaixin He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, 321299, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
- ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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6
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Montalvo MJ, Bandey IN, Rezvan A, Wu KL, Saeedi A, Kulkarni R, Li Y, An X, Sefat KMSR, Varadarajan N. Decoding the mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-mediated killing of tumors: insights from granzyme and Fas inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:109. [PMID: 38307835 PMCID: PMC10837176 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell show promise in cancer treatments, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. Decoding the mechanisms used by individual T cells can help improve the efficacy of T cells while also identifying mechanisms of T cell failure leading to tumor escape. Here, we used a suite of assays including dynamic single-cell imaging of cell-cell interactions, dynamic imaging of fluorescent reporters to directly track cytotoxin activity in tumor cells, and scRNA-seq on patient infusion products to investigate the cytotoxic mechanisms used by individual CAR T cells in killing tumor cells. We show that surprisingly, overexpression of the Granzyme B (GZMB) inhibitor, protease inhibitor-9 (PI9), does not alter the cytotoxicity mediated by CD19-specific CAR T cells against either the leukemic cell line, NALM6; or the ovarian cancer cell line, SkOV3-CD19. We designed and validated reporters to directly assay T cell delivered GZMB activity in tumor cells and confirmed that while PI9 overexpression inhibits GZMB activity at the molecular level, this is not sufficient to impact the kinetics or magnitude of killing mediated by the CAR T cells. Altering cytotoxicity mediated by CAR T cells required combined inhibition of multiple pathways that are tumor cell specific: (a) B-cell lines like NALM6, Raji and Daudi were sensitive to combined GZMB and granzyme A (GZMA) inhibition; whereas (b) solid tumor targets like SkOV3-CD19 and A375-CD19 (melanoma) were sensitive to combined GZMB and Fas ligand inhibition. We realized the translational relevance of these findings by examining the scRNA-seq profiles of Tisa-cel and Axi-cel infusion products and show a significant correlation between GZMB and GZMA expression at the single-cell level in a T cell subset-dependent manner. Our findings highlight the importance of the redundancy in killing mechanisms of CAR T cells and how this redundancy is important for efficacious T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa J Montalvo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Irfan N Bandey
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Rezvan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kwan-Ling Wu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arash Saeedi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rohan Kulkarni
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yongshuai Li
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xingyue An
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K M Samiur Rahman Sefat
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Kausar MA, Anwar S, El-Horany HES, Khan FH, Tyagi N, Najm MZ, Sadaf, Eisa AA, Dhara C, Gantayat S. Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2023; 63:130. [PMID: 37830150 PMCID: PMC10622179 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the primary and one of the most prominent causes of the rising global mortality rate, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths annually. Specific methods have been devised to cure cancerous tumours. Effective therapeutic approaches must be developed, both at the cellular and genetic level. Immunotherapy offers promising results by providing sustained remission to patients with refractory malignancies. Genetically modified T‑lymphocytic cells have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumours, haematological malignancies, and relapsed/refractory B‑lymphocyte malignancies as a result of recent clinical trial findings; the treatment is referred to as chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy (CAR T‑cell therapy). Leukapheresis is used to remove T‑lymphocytes from the leukocytes, and CARs are created through genetic engineering. Without the aid of a major histocompatibility complex, these genetically modified receptors lyse malignant tissues by interacting directly with the carcinogen. Additionally, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies reveal that CAR T‑cell therapy has proven to be a potential therapeutic contender against metastatic breast cancer (BCa), triple‑negative, and HER 2+ve BCa. Nevertheless, unique toxicities, including (cytokine release syndrome, on/off‑target tumour recognition, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, antigen escape in BCa, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours, negatively impact the mechanism of action of these receptors. In this review, the potential of CAR T‑cell immunotherapy and its method of destroying tumour cells is explored using data from preclinical and clinical trials, as well as providing an update on the approaches used to reduce toxicities, which may improve or broaden the effectiveness of the therapies used in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan Kausar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Farida Habib Khan
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neetu Tyagi
- Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | | | - Sadaf
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Alaa Abdulaziz Eisa
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chandrajeet Dhara
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana
| | - Saumyatika Gantayat
- School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana
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Sharma S, Sharma H, Gogoi H. Bacterial immunotherapy: is it a weapon in our arsenal in the fight against cancer? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1277677. [PMID: 38090593 PMCID: PMC10711065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1277677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the genetic basis of cancer have driven alternative treatment approaches. Recent findings have demonstrated the potential of bacteria and it's components to serve as robust theranostic agents for cancer eradication. Compared to traditional cancer therapies like surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bacteria mediated tumor therapy has exhibited superior cancer suppressing property which is attributed a lot to it's tumor proliferating and accumulating characteristics. Genetically modified bacteria has reduced inherent toxicity and enhanced specificity towards tumor microenvironment. This anti- tumor activity of bacteria is attributed to its toxins and other active components from the cell membrane, cell wall and spores. Furthermore, bacterial genes can be regulated to express and deliver cytokines, antibodies and cancer therapeutics. Although there is less clinical data available, the pre- clinical research clearly indicates the feasibility and potential of bacteria- mediated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Himani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Himanshu Gogoi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, National Capital Region (NCR) Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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9
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Zhang L, Jiang Y, Zhang G, Wei S. The diversity and dynamics of tumor-associated macrophages in recurrent glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238233. [PMID: 37731483 PMCID: PMC10507272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts to exploit effective therapeutic strategies, most glioblastoma (GBM) inevitably relapse and become resistant to therapies, including radiotherapy and immunotherapy. The tumor microenvironment (TME) of recurrent GBM (rGBM) is highly immunosuppressive, dominated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). TAMs consist of tissue-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), which are essential for favoring tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance; however, restricted by the absence of potent methods, the heterogeneity and plasticity of TAMs in rGBM remain incompletely investigated. Recent application of single-cell technologies, such as single-cell RNA-sequencing has enabled us to decipher the unforeseen diversity and dynamics of TAMs and to identify new subsets of TAMs which regulate anti-tumor immunity. Here, we first review hallmarks of the TME, progress and challenges of immunotherapy, and the biology of TAMs in the context of rGBM, including their origins, categories, and functions. Next, from a single-cell perspective, we highlight recent findings regarding the distinctions between tissue-resident microglia and MDMs, the identification and characterization of specific TAM subsets, and the dynamic alterations of TAMs during tumor progression and treatment. Last, we briefly discuss the potential of TAM-targeted strategies for combination immunotherapy in rGBM. We anticipate the comprehensive understanding of the diversity and dynamics of TAMs in rGBM will shed light on further improvement of immunotherapeutic efficacy in rGBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhang
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gao Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiyou Wei
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Hattenhauer ST, Mispelbaum R, Hentrich M, Boesecke C, Monin MB. Enabling CAR T-cell therapies for HIV-positive lymphoma patients - A call for action. HIV Med 2023; 24:957-964. [PMID: 37322863 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
People living with HIV have a higher risk of developing lymphoma. Outcomes for people living with HIV with relapsed or refractory (r/r) lymphoma remain poor. For this group of patients, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a new successful treatment strategy. However, people living with HIV were not included in pivotal trials, so data are limited to case reports. We searched the PubMed and Ovid technologies databases for literature until 1 November 2022 using the terms 'HIV and CAR-T', 'HIV and lymphoma' and 'HIV and CAR-T and lymphoma'. Six cases with sufficient information were included in the review. The mean CD4+ T-cell count before CAR T-cell therapy was 221 cells/μL (range 52-629). The viral load was below the limit of detection in four patients. All patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and were treated with gamma-retroviral-based axicabtagene ciloleucel. Four patients developed cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) grade 2 or less or immune effector-cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANs) grade 3-4. Four of six patients responded to CAR T-cell therapy (three complete remissions, one partial remission). In summary, there are no clinical reasons to restrict the use of CAR T-cell therapy in people living with HIV with r/r DLBCL. According to the current data, CAR T-cell therapy was safe and effective. In people who meet the standard criteria for CAR T-cell therapy, this treatment approach could significantly improve the unmet need for more effective treatment options for people living with HIV with r/r lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tessa Hattenhauer
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rebekka Mispelbaum
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Immune-Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Hentrich
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Red Cross Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Boesecke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner-site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Malte Benedikt Monin
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner-site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Gambles MT, Yang J, Kopeček J. Multi-targeted immunotherapeutics to treat B cell malignancies. J Control Release 2023; 358:232-258. [PMID: 37121515 PMCID: PMC10330463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The concept of multi-targeted immunotherapeutic systems has propelled the field of cancer immunotherapy into an exciting new era. Multi-effector molecules can be designed to engage with, and alter, the patient's immune system in a plethora of ways. The outcomes can vary from effector cell recruitment and activation upon recognition of a cancer cell, to a multipronged immune checkpoint blockade strategy disallowing evasion of the cancer cells by immune cells, or to direct cancer cell death upon engaging multiple cell surface receptors simultaneously. Here, we review the field of multi-specific immunotherapeutics implemented to treat B cell malignancies. The mechanistically diverse strategies are outlined and discussed; common B cell receptor antigen targeting strategies are outlined and summarized; and the challenges of the field are presented along with optimistic insights for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tommy Gambles
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jiyuan Yang
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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12
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Pourzia AL, Olson ML, Bailey SR, Boroughs AC, Aryal A, Ryan J, Maus MV, Letai A. Quantifying requirements for mitochondrial apoptosis in CAR T killing of cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:267. [PMID: 37055388 PMCID: PMC10101951 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05727-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an FDA-approved treatment for several hematologic malignancies, yet not all patients respond to this treatment. While some resistance mechanisms have been identified, cell death pathways in target cancer cells remain underexplored. Impairing mitochondrial apoptosis via knockout of Bak and Bax, forced Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression, or caspase inhibition protected several tumor models from CAR T killing. However, impairing mitochondrial apoptosis in two liquid tumor cell lines did not protect target cells from CAR T killing. We found that whether a cell was Type I or Type II in response to death ligands explained the divergence of these results, so that mitochondrial apoptosis was dispensable for CART killing of cells that were Type I but not Type II. This suggests that the apoptotic signaling induced by CAR T cells bears important similarities to that induced by drugs. Combinations of drug and CAR T therapies will therefore require tailoring to the specific cell death pathways activated by CAR T cells in different types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Pourzia
- Harvard Medical School MD-PhD Program, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanford Internal Medicine Residency, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Olson
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela C Boroughs
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
- ArsenalBio, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Aryal
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Ryan
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anthony Letai
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ghorbaninezhad F, Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Masoumi J, Shadbad MA, Shahpouri M, Saeedi H, Rahbarfarzam O, Baradaran B. Dendritic cell-derived exosomes: A new horizon in personalized cancer immunotherapy? Cancer Lett 2023; 562:216168. [PMID: 37031915 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) release nanometer-sized membrane vesicles known as dexosomes, containing different molecules, particularly proteins, for presenting antigens, i.e., major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I/II and CD86. Dexosomes can, directly and indirectly, stimulate antigen-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Antigen-loaded dexosomes can lead to the development of potent anti-tumoral immune responses. Notably, developing dexosome-based cell-free vaccines could serve as a new vaccination platform in the era of immunotherapy for various cancers. Furthermore, combining dexosomes vaccination strategies with other treatment approaches can considerably increase tumor-specific T cell responses. Herein, we aimed to review how dexosomes interact with immune cells, e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Besides, we discussed the limitations of this approach and suggested potential strategies to improve its effectiveness for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ghorbaninezhad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Masoumi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Shahpouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Rahbarfarzam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Chohan KL, Siegler EL, Kenderian SS. CAR-T Cell Therapy: the Efficacy and Toxicity Balance. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2023; 18:9-18. [PMID: 36763238 PMCID: PMC10505056 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-023-00687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an immunotherapy that has resulted in tremendous progress in the treatment of patients with B cell malignancies. However, the remarkable efficacy of therapy is not without significant safety concerns. Herein, we will review the unique and potentially life-threatening toxicities associated with CAR-T cell therapy and their association with treatment efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS Currently, CAR-T cell therapy is approved for the treatment of B cell relapsed or refractory leukemia and lymphoma, and most recently, multiple myeloma (MM). In these different diseases, it has led to excellent complete and overall response rates depending on the patient population and therapy. Despite promising efficacy, CAR-T cell therapy is associated with significant side effects; the two most notable toxicities are cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). The treatment of CAR-T-induced toxicity is supportive; however, as higher-grade adverse events occur, toxicity-directed therapy with tocilizumab, an IL-6 receptor antibody, and steroids is standard practice. Overall, a careful risk-benefit balance exists between the efficacy and toxicities of therapies. The challenge lies in the underlying pathophysiology of CAR-T-related toxicity which relies upon the activation of CAR-T cells. Some degree of toxicity is expected to achieve an effective response to therapy, and certain aspects of treatment are also associated with toxicity. As progress is made in the investigation and approval of new CARs, novel toxicity-directed therapies and toxicity-limited constructs will be the focus of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth L Siegler
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Saad S Kenderian
- T Cell Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st ST SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
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15
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Kim HR, Park JS, Soh WC, Kim NY, Moon HY, Lee JS, Jun CD. T Cell Microvilli: Finger-Shaped External Structures Linked to the Fate of T Cells. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e3. [PMID: 36911802 PMCID: PMC9995986 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are outer membrane organelles that contain cross-linked filamentous actin. Unlike well-characterized epithelial microvilli, T-cell microvilli are dynamic similar to those of filopodia, which grow and shrink intermittently via the alternate actin-assembly and -disassembly. T-cell microvilli are specialized for sensing Ags on the surface of Ag-presenting cells (APCs). Thus, these finger-shaped microprotrusions contain many signaling-related proteins and can serve as a signaling platforms that induce intracellular signals. However, they are not limited to sensing external information but can provide sites for parts of the cell-body to tear away from the cell. Cells are known to produce many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, microvesicles, and membrane particles. T cells also produce EVs, but little is known about under what conditions T cells generate EVs and which types of EVs are released. We discovered that T cells produce few exosomes but release large amounsts of microvilli-derived particles during physical interaction with APCs. Although much is unanswered as to why T cells use the same organelles to sense Ags or to produce EVs, these events can significantly affect T cell fate, including clonal expansion and death. Since TCRs are localized at microvilli tips, this membrane event also raises a new question regarding long-standing paradigm in T cell biology; i.e., surface TCR downmodulation following T cell activation. Since T-cell microvilli particles carry T-cell message to their cognate partner, these particles are termed T-cell immunological synaptosomes (TISs). We discuss the potential physiological role of TISs and their application to immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Division of Rare and Refractory Cancer, Tumor Immunology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Won-Chang Soh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Na-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyun-Yoong Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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Yunger S, Geiger B, Friedman N, Besser MJ, Adutler-Lieber S. Modulating the proliferative and cytotoxic properties of patient-derived TIL by a synthetic immune niche of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM1. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1116328. [PMID: 36937426 PMCID: PMC10020329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1116328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in developing an effective adoptive cancer immunotherapy is the ex-vivo generation of tumor-reactive cells in sufficient numbers and with enhanced cytotoxic potential. It was recently demonstrated that culturing of activated murine CD8+ T-cells on a "Synthetic Immune Niche" (SIN), consisting of immobilized CCL21 and ICAM-1, enhances T-cell expansion, increases their cytotoxicity against cultured cancer cells and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. In the study reported here, we have tested the effect of the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN, on the expansion and cytotoxic phenotype of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) from melanoma patients, following activation with immobilized anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation, or commercial activation beads. The majority of TIL tested, displayed higher expansion when cultured on the coated SIN compared to cells incubated on uncoated substrate and a lower frequency of TIM-3+CD8+ cells after stimulation with anti-CD3/CD28 beads. Comparable enhancement of TIL proliferation was obtained by the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN, in a clinical setting that included a 14-day rapid expansion procedure (REP). Co-incubation of post-REP TIL with matching target cancerous cells demonstrated increased IFNγ secretion beyond baseline in most of the TIL cultures, as well as a significant increase in granzyme B levels following activation on SIN. The SIN did not significantly alter the relative frequency of CD8/CD4 populations, as well as the expression of CD28, CD25, several exhaustion markers and the differentiation status of the expanded cells. These results demonstrate the potential capacity of the CCL21+ICAM1 SIN to reinforce TIL-based immunotherapy for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Yunger
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Geiger, ; Michal J. Besser,
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal J. Besser
- Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Immuno-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Advanced Technology Unit, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Benjamin Geiger, ; Michal J. Besser,
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17
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Shalita C, Hanzlik E, Kaplan S, Thompson EM. Immunotherapy for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors: a narrative review. Transl Pediatr 2022; 11:2040-2056. [PMID: 36643672 PMCID: PMC9834947 DOI: 10.21037/tp-22-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The goal of this narrative review is to report and summarize the completed pediatric immunotherapy clinical trials for primary CNS tumors. Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common cause of pediatric solid cancer in children aged 0 to 14 years and the leading cause of cancer mortality. Survival rates for some pediatric brain tumors have improved, however, there remains a large portion of pediatric brain tumors with poor survival outcomes despite advances in treatment. Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field that has shown promise in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors that have historically shown a poor response to treatment. This narrative review provides a summary and discussion of the published literature focused on treating pediatric brain tumors with immunotherapy. METHODS MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase and Scopus via Elsevier were searched. The search utilized a combination of keywords and subject headings to include pediatrics, brain tumors, and immunotherapies. Manuscripts included in the analysis included completed clinical studies using any immunotherapy intervention with a patient population that consisted of at least half pediatric patients (<18 years) with primary CNS tumors. Conference abstracts were excluded as well as studies that did not include completed safety or primary outcome results. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS Search results returned 1,494 articles. Screening titles and abstracts resulted in 180 articles for full text review. Of the 180 articles, 18 were included for analysis. Another two articles were ultimately included after review of references and inclusion of newly published articles, for a total of 20 included articles. Immunotherapies included dendritic cell vaccines, oncolytic virotherapy/viral immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, peptide vaccines, immunomodulatory agents, and others. CONCLUSIONS In this review, 20 published articles were highlighted which use immunotherapy in the treatment of primary pediatric brain tumors. To date, most of the studies published utilizing immunotherapy were phase I and pilot studies focused primarily on establishing safety and maximum dose-tolerance and toxicity while monitoring survival endpoints. With established efficacy and toxicity profiles, future trials may progress to further understanding the overall survival and quality of life benefits to pediatric patients with primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Hanzlik
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Kaplan
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Asmamaw Dejenie T, Tiruneh G/Medhin M, Dessie Terefe G, Tadele Admasu F, Wale Tesega W, Chekol Abebe E. Current updates on generations, approvals, and clinical trials of CAR T-cell therapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2114254. [PMID: 36094837 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a novel, customized immunotherapy that is considered a 'living' and self-replicating drug to treat cancer, sometimes resulting in a complete cure. CAR T-cells are manufactured through genetic engineering of T-cells by equipping them with CARs to detect and target antigen-expressing cancer cells. CAR is designed to have an ectodomain extracellularly, a transmembrane domain spanning the cell membrane, and an endodomain intracellularly. Since its first discovery, the CAR structure has evolved greatly, from the first generation to the fifth generation, to offer new therapeutic alternatives for cancer patients. This treatment has achieved long-term and curative therapeutic efficacy in multiple blood malignancies that nowadays profoundly change the treatment landscape of lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. But CART-cell therapy is associated with several hurdles, such as limited therapeutic efficacy, little effect on solid tumors, adverse effects, expensive cost, and feasibility issues, hindering its broader implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Markeshaw Tiruneh G/Medhin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Dessie Terefe
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fitalew Tadele Admasu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Wondwossen Wale Tesega
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Science Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
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19
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Zhou Z, Tao C, Li J, Tang JCO, Chan ASC, Zhou Y. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells applied to solid tumors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984864. [PMID: 36389701 PMCID: PMC9659902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is novel tumor immunotherapy that enables autologous T to express synthetic receptors to specifically recognize the surface tumor-associated antigens for exerting subsequent antitumor effects, and eliminating the resistance, metastases and recurrence of cancer. Although CAR T cells have exhibited success in eradicating hematologic malignancies, their applications to solid tumors has not yet been achieved due to obstacles such as the immune-suppressor tumor microenvironment and lack of tumor specific target antigens. In this review, we presented advancements in the development of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors, and offered a brief summary of the challenges, as well as novel engineering and pharmaceutical interventions to overcome these barriers. Looking forward, we discussed the latest studies which are expected to reach the clinicals in the next few years, including CRISPR screens-based CAR modification and CAR T cells driven from progenitor-like T cells. Collectively, this review may inspire researchers and clinicians to develop clinical available strategies of CAR T cell therapies in solid tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongguo Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Can Tao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianting Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Johnny Cheuk-on Tang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Kamford Genetics Company Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Albert Sun-chi Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Yuanyuan Zhou,
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20
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Ma C, Chen W. A Computational Model of Cytokine Release Syndrome during CAR T-cell Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022; 5:2200130. [PMID: 36590643 PMCID: PMC9797206 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a lethal adverse event in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, hindering this promising therapy for cancers, such as B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Clinical management of CRS requires a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms. In this study, a computational model of CRS during CAR T-cell therapy is built to depict how the cellular interactions among CAR T-cells, B-ALL cells, and bystander monocytes, as well as the accompanying molecular interactions among various inflammatory cytokines, influence the severity of CRS. The model successfully defines the factors related to severe CRS and studied the effects of immunomodulatory therapy on CRS. The use of the model is also demonstrated as a precision medicine tool to optimize the treatment scheme, including personalized choice of CAR T-cell products and control of switchable CAR T-cell activity, for a more efficient and safer immunotherapy. This new computational oncology model can serve as a precision medicine tool to guide the clinical management of CRS during CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Lunan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
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21
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Foster JB, Griffin C, Rokita JL, Stern A, Brimley C, Rathi K, Lane MV, Buongervino SN, Smith T, Madsen PJ, Martinez D, Delaidelli A, Sorensen PH, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Karikó K, Storm PB, Barrett DM, Resnick AC, Maris JM, Bosse KR. Development of GPC2-directed chimeric antigen receptors using mRNA for pediatric brain tumors. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004450. [PMID: 36167467 PMCID: PMC9516314 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children with an urgent need for innovative therapies. Glypican 2 (GPC2) is a cell surface oncoprotein expressed in neuroblastoma for which targeted immunotherapies have been developed. This work aimed to characterize GPC2 expression in pediatric brain tumors and develop an mRNA CAR T cell approach against this target. METHODS We investigated GPC2 expression across a cohort of primary pediatric brain tumor samples and cell lines using RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. To target GPC2 in the brain with adoptive cellular therapies and mitigate potential inflammatory neurotoxicity, we used optimized mRNA to create transient chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. We developed four mRNA CAR T cell constructs using the highly GPC2-specific fully human D3 single chain variable fragment for preclinical testing. RESULTS We identified high GPC2 expression across multiple pediatric brain tumor types including medulloblastomas, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes, other central nervous system embryonal tumors, as well as definable subsets of highly malignant gliomas. We next validated and prioritized CAR configurations using in vitro cytotoxicity assays with GPC2-expressing neuroblastoma cells, where the light-to-heavy single chain variable fragment configurations proved to be superior. We expanded the testing of the two most potent GPC2-directed CAR constructs to GPC2-expressing medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma cell lines, showing significant GPC2-specific cell death in multiple models. Finally, biweekly locoregional delivery of 2-4 million GPC2-directed mRNA CAR T cells induced significant tumor regression in an orthotopic medulloblastoma model and significantly prolonged survival in an aggressive orthotopic thalamic diffuse midline glioma xenograft model. No GPC2-directed CAR T cell related neurologic or systemic toxicity was observed. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data show that GPC2 is a highly differentially expressed cell surface protein on multiple malignant pediatric brain tumors that can be targeted safely with local delivery of mRNA CAR T cells, laying the framework for the clinical translation of GPC2-directed immunotherapies for pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Foster
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Crystal Griffin
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jo Lynne Rokita
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison Stern
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron Brimley
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Komal Rathi
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria V Lane
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samantha N Buongervino
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tiffany Smith
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peter J Madsen
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Martinez
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alberto Delaidelli
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Phillip B Storm
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Adam C Resnick
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristopher R Bosse
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Jogalekar MP, Rajendran RL, Khan F, Dmello C, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC. CAR T-Cell-Based gene therapy for cancers: new perspectives, challenges, and clinical developments. Front Immunol 2022; 13:925985. [PMID: 35936003 PMCID: PMC9355792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.925985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a progressive new pillar in immune cell therapy for cancer. It has yielded remarkable clinical responses in patients with B-cell leukemia or lymphoma. Unfortunately, many challenges remain to be addressed to overcome its ineffectiveness in the treatment of other hematological and solidtumor malignancies. The major hurdles of CAR T-cell therapy are the associated severe life-threatening toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and limited anti-tumor efficacy. In this review, we briefly discuss cancer immunotherapy and the genetic engineering of T cells and, In detail, the current innovations in CAR T-cell strategies to improve efficacy in treating solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Furthermore, we also discuss the current challenges in CAR T-cell therapy and new CAR T-cell-derived nanovesicle therapy. Finally, strategies to overcome the current clinical challenges associated with CAR T-cell therapy are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi P. Jogalekar
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Fatima Khan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Crismita Dmello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Prakash Gangadaran, ; Byeong-Cheol Ahn,
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23
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Abana CZY, Lamptey H, Bonney EY, Kyei GB. HIV cure strategies: which ones are appropriate for Africa? Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:400. [PMID: 35794316 PMCID: PMC9259540 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04421-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality and improved lifespan for people living with HIV, it does not provide a cure. Patients must be on ART for the rest of their lives and contend with side effects, unsustainable costs, and the development of drug resistance. A cure for HIV is, therefore, warranted to avoid the limitations of the current therapy and restore full health. However, this cure is difficult to find due to the persistence of latently infected HIV cellular reservoirs during suppressive ART. Approaches to HIV cure being investigated include boosting the host immune system, genetic approaches to disable co-receptors and the viral genome, purging cells harboring latent HIV with latency-reversing latency agents (LRAs) (shock and kill), intensifying ART as a cure, preventing replication of latent proviruses (block and lock) and boosting T cell turnover to reduce HIV-1 reservoirs (rinse and replace). Since most people living with HIV are in Africa, methods being developed for a cure must be amenable to clinical trials and deployment on the continent. This review discusses the current approaches to HIV cure and comments on their appropriateness for Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zaab-Yen Abana
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y Bonney
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Virology, College of Health Sciences, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Medical and Scientific Research Center, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana.
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24
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Genetic Modification of T Cells for the Immunotherapy of Cancer. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030457. [PMID: 35335089 PMCID: PMC8949949 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a beneficial treatment approach for multiple cancers, however, current therapies are effective only in a small subset of patients. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a facet of immunotherapy where T cells targeting the tumor cells are transferred to the patient with several primary forms, utilizing unmodified or modified T cells: tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), genetically modified T cell receptor transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transduced T cells. Many clinical trials are underway investigating the efficacy and safety of these different subsets of ACT, as well as trials that combine one of these subsets with another type of immunotherapy. The main challenges existing with ACT are improving clinical responses and decreasing adverse events. Current research focuses on identifying novel tumor targeting T cell receptors, improving safety and efficacy, and investigating ACT in combination with other immunotherapies.
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25
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Feldman L, Brown C, Badie B. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy for Glioblastoma. Neuromolecular Med 2022; 24:35-40. [PMID: 34665390 PMCID: PMC11220928 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-021-08689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors in adults. Current mainstay treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation; however, these are ineffective. As a result, immunotherapy treatment strategies are being developed to harness the body's natural defense mechanisms against gliomas. Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells uses patients' own T cells that are genetically modified to target tumor-associated antigens. These cells are harvested from patients, engineered to target specific proteins expressed by the tumor and re-injected into the patient with the goal of destroying tumor cells. In this mini review, we outline the history of CAR T cell therapy, describe current antigen targets, and review challenges this treatment faces specifically in targeting GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, MOB 2001, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Christine Brown
- Departments of Cancer Immunotherapy & Tumor Immunology and Hematology & Hematopoietic Call Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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26
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Fan M, Liu H, Yan H, Che R, Jin Y, Yang X, Zhou X, Yang H, Ge K, Liang XJ, Zhang J, Li Z. A CAR T-inspiring platform based on antibody-engineered exosomes from antigen-feeding dendritic cells for precise solid tumor therapy. Biomaterials 2022; 282:121424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Sakuma S, Okamoto M, Matsushita N, Ukawa M, Tomono T, Kawamoto K, Ikeda T, Sakuma S. Evaluation of a D-Octaarginine-linked polymer as a transfection tool for transient and stable transgene expression in human and murine cell lines. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:484-493. [PMID: 35135938 PMCID: PMC9096039 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(N-vinylacetamide-co-acrylic acid) coupled with d-octaarginine (VP-R8) promotes the cellular uptake of peptides/proteins in vitro; however, details of the transfection efficacy of VP-R8, such as the cell types possessing high gene transfer, are not known. Herein, we compared the ability of VP-R8 to induce the cellular uptake of plasmid DNA in mouse and human cell lines from different tissues and organs. A green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expression plasmid was used as model genetic material, and fluorescence as an indicator of uptake and plasmid-derived protein expression. Three mouse and three human cell lines were incubated with a mixture of plasmid and VP-R8, and fluorescence analysis were performed two days after transfection. To confirm stable transgene expression, we performed drug selection three days after transfection. A commercially available polymer-based DNA transfection reagent (PTR) was used as the transfection control and standard for comparing transgene expression efficiency. In the case of transient transgene expression, slight-to-moderate GFP expression was observed in all cell lines transfected with plasmid via VP-R8; however, transfection efficiency was lower using the PTR for gene delivery. In the case of stable transgene expression, VP-R8 promoted drug-resistance acquisition more efficiently than the PTR did. Cells that developed drug resistance after VP-R8‒mediated gene transfection expressed GFP more efficiently than cells that developed drug resistance after transfection with the PTR. Thus, VP-R8 shows potential as an in vitro or ex vivo nonviral transfection tool for generating cell lines with stable transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Sakuma
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University.,Present address: Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | | | - Masami Ukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Takumi Tomono
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
| | - Keiko Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Teruo Ikeda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infection Control, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Shinji Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University
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28
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Luo Q, Napoleon JV, Liu X, Zhang B, Zheng S, Low PS. Targeted Rejuvenation of Exhausted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells Regresses Refractory Solid Tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:823-833. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Mirzaee Godarzee M, Mahmud Hussen B, Razmara E, Hakak‐Zargar B, Mohajerani F, Dabiri H, Fatih Rasul M, Ghazimoradi MH, Babashah S, Sadeghizadeh M. Strategies to overcome the side effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1510:18-35. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy Hawler Medical University Erbil Iraq
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | | | - Fatemeh Mohajerani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Hamed Dabiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Sciences Tishk International University Erbil Iraq
| | | | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
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30
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Thanh Nguyen TD, Marasini R, Aryal S. Re-engineered imaging agent using biomimetic approaches. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1762. [PMID: 34698438 PMCID: PMC8758533 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in biomedical technology, the clinical bioimaging, has a greater impact on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, especially by early intervention and precise therapy. Varieties of organic and inorganic materials either in the form of small molecules or nano-sized materials have been engineered as a contrast agent (CA) to enhance image resolution among different tissues for the detection of abnormalities such as cancer and vascular occlusion. Among different innovative imaging agents, contrast agents coupled with biologically derived endogenous platform shows the promising application in the biomedical field, including drug delivery and bioimaging. Strategy using biocomponents such as cells or products of cells as a delivery system predominantly reduces the toxic behavior of its cargo, as these systems reduce non-specific distribution by navigating its cargo toward the targeted location. The hypothesis is that depending on the original biological role of the naïve cell, the contrast agents carried by such a system can provide corresponding natural designated behavior. Therefore, by combining properties of conventional synthetic molecules and nanomaterials with endogenous cell body, new solutions in the field of bioimaging to overcome biological barriers have been offered as innovative bioengineering. In this review, we will discuss the engineering of cell and cell-derived components as a delivery system for various contrast agents to achieve clinically relevant contrast for diagnosis and study underlining mechanism of disease progression. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyen Duong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ramesh Marasini
- Department of Chemistry, Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State Univeristy, Manhattan, KS
| | - Santosh Aryal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Outcomes, The Ben and Maytee Fisch College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas 75799, USA
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31
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Abstract
Melanoma is a relentless type of skin cancer which involves myriad signaling pathways which regulate many cellular processes. This makes melanoma difficult to treat, especially when identified late. At present, therapeutics include chemotherapy, surgical resection, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic and targeted approaches. These interventions are usually administered as either a single-drug or in combination, based on tumor location, stage, and patients' overall health condition. However, treatment efficacy generally decreases as patients develop treatment resistance. Genetic profiling of melanocytes and the discovery of novel molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma have helped to identify new therapeutic targets. In this literature review, we examine several newly approved therapies, and briefly describe several therapies being assessed for melanoma. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments and to consider future directions in the field of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA17033, USA. Tel: +1-6096474712, E-mail:
| | - Trupti N. Patel
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive hematologic malignancy with historically poor outcomes for patients, often refractory to traditional chemotherapy. Recent research has focused on targeted therapy to improve responses and limit potential toxicity. AREAS COVERED CD123 (also known as IL-3 Rα) is a cell surface marker and attractive therapeutic target for many myeloid malignancies, particularly BPDCN, whose cells ubiquitously overexpress CD123. We review the history of CD123 research regarding BPDCN, recent advances including FDA approval of tagraxofusp (formerly SL-401) for BPDCN, and ongoing clinical studies utilizing novel therapeutic strategies to target CD123. EXPERT OPINION The approval of tagraxofusp for the treatment of BPDCN in December 2018 drastically changed the treatment landscape for patients with this rare neoplasm. While tagraxofusp is better tolerated than traditional multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, it requires close monitoring and sound clinical judgment by providers to prevent and mitigate severe treatment-related complications with special attention to the recognition and management of capillary leak syndrome (CLS). Several other promising strategies for targeting CD123 in BPDCN are currently under investigation, including antibody-drug conjugates, T-cell engagers, and CAR-T cellular therapeutics. These CD123 targeted approaches may soon become standard of care for patients with this difficult to treat malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J DiPippo
- Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Pharmacy Clinical Programs, The University of Texas Md Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,Texas US
| | - Nathaniel R Wilson
- Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, US
| | - Naveen Pemmaraju
- Associate Professor, Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, US
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33
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Bellotti E, Cascone MG, Barbani N, Rossin D, Rastaldo R, Giachino C, Cristallini C. Targeting Cancer Cells Overexpressing Folate Receptors with New Terpolymer-Based Nanocapsules: Toward a Novel Targeted DNA Delivery System for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091275. [PMID: 34572461 PMCID: PMC8471118 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics represent the standard treatment for a wide range of cancers. However, these agents also affect healthy cells, thus leading to severe off-target effects. Given the non-selectivity of the commonly used drugs, any increase in the selective tumor tissue uptake would represent a significant improvement in cancer therapy. Recently, the use of gene therapy to completely remove the lesion and avoid the toxicity of chemotherapeutics has become a tendency in oncotherapy. Ideally, the genetic material must be safely transferred from the site of administration to the target cells, without involving healthy tissues. This can be achieved by encapsulating genes into non-viral carriers and modifying their surface with ligands with high selectivity and affinity for a relevant receptor on the target cells. Hence, in this work we evaluate the use of terpolymer-based nanocapsules for the targeted delivery of DNA toward cancer cells. The surface of the nanocapsules is decorated with folic acid to actively target the folate receptors overexpressed on a variety of cancer cells. The nanocapsules demonstrate a good ability of encapsulating and releasing DNA. Moreover, the presence of the targeting moieties on the surface of the nanocapsules favors cell uptake, opening up the possibility of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bellotti
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-(010)-28961 (E.B.); +39-(050)-2217802 (C.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cascone
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Niccoletta Barbani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
| | - Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10143 Turin, Italy; (D.R.); (R.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10143 Turin, Italy; (D.R.); (R.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10143 Turin, Italy; (D.R.); (R.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.G.C.); (N.B.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, IPCF ss Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (C.C.); Tel.: +39-(010)-28961 (E.B.); +39-(050)-2217802 (C.C.)
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34
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Lin Z, Wu Z, Luo W. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: The Light of Day for Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174469. [PMID: 34503279 PMCID: PMC8431424 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As a novel immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved encouraging results in leukemia and lymphoma. Furthermore, CAR-T cells have been explored in the treatment of osteosarcoma (OS). However, there is no strong comprehensive evidence to support their efficacy. Therefore, we reviewed the current evidence on CAR-T cells for OS to demonstrate their feasibility and provide new options for the treatment of OS. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor, arising mainly in children and adolescents. With the introduction of multiagent chemotherapy, the treatments of OS have remarkably improved, but the prognosis for patients with metastases is still poor, with a five-year survival rate of 20%. In addition, adverse effects brought by traditional treatments, including radical surgery and systemic chemotherapy, may seriously affect the survival quality of patients. Therefore, new treatments for OS await exploitation. As a novel immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has achieved encouraging results in treating cancer in recent years, especially in leukemia and lymphoma. Furthermore, researchers have recently focused on CAR-T therapy in solid tumors, including OS. In this review, we summarize the safety, specificity, and clinical transformation of the targets in treating OS and point out the direction for further research.
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García-Fernández C, Saz A, Fornaguera C, Borrós S. Cancer immunotherapies revisited: state of the art of conventional treatments and next-generation nanomedicines. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:935-946. [PMID: 33837365 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the landscape of cancer treatments has broadened thanks to the clinical application of immunotherapeutics. After decades of failures, cancer immunotherapy represents an exciting alternative for those patients suffering from a wide variety of cancers, especially for those skin cancers, such as the early stages of melanoma. However, those cancers affecting internal organs still face a long way to success, because of the poor biodistribution of immunotherapies. Here, nanomedicine appears as a hopeful strategy to modulate the biodistribution aiming at target organ accumulation. In this way, efficacy will be improved, while reducing the side effects at the same time. In this review, we aim to highlight the most promising cancer immunotherapeutic strategies. From monoclonal antibodies and their traditional use as targeted therapies to their current use as immune checkpoint inhibitors; as well as adoptive cell transfer therapies; oncolytic viruses, and therapeutic cancer vaccination. Then, we aim to discuss the important role of nanomedicine to improve the performance of these immunotherapeutic tools to finally review the already marketed nanomedicine-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral García-Fernández
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Saz
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fornaguera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Salvador Borrós
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Materials (Gemat), Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Univeritat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Guan JS, Ngo HG, Totoro A, Singh AP, Chen K, Xu Y, Yang ES, Zhou L, Liu R, Liu X(M. Anti-CD47 Monoclonal Antibody-Drug Conjugate: A Targeted Therapy to Treat Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080882. [PMID: 34452008 PMCID: PMC8402537 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are frequently recurrent due to the development of drug resistance post chemotherapy. Both the existing literature and our study found that surface receptor CD47 (cluster of differentiation 47) was upregulated in chemotherapy-treated TNBC cells. The goal of this study was to develop a monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based targeting strategy to treat TNBC after standard treatment. Specifically, a new mAb that targets the extracellular domain of receptor CD47 was developed using hybridoma technology and produced in fed-batch culture. Flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and in vivo imaging system (IVIS) showed that the anti-CD47 mAb effectively targeted human and mouse TNBC cells and xenograft models with high specificity. The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) carrying mertansine was constructed and demonstrated higher potency with reduced IC50 in TNBC cells than did the free drug and significantly inhibited tumor growth post gemcitabine treatment in MDA-MB-231 xenograft NSG model. Finally, whole blood analysis indicated that the anti-CD47 mAb had no general immune toxicity, flow cytometry analysis of lymph nodes revealed an increase of CD69+ NK, CD11c+ DC, and CD4+ T cells, and IHC staining showed tumoral infiltration of macrophage in the 4T1 xenograft BALB/cJ model. This study demonstrated that targeting CD47 with ADC has great potential to treat TNBCs as a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jia-Shiung Guan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hanh Giai Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Angela Totoro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ajeet Pal Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 702 20th St., Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Xiaoguang (Margaret) Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.-S.G.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (A.P.S.); (K.C.); (L.Z.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-05-996-1042; Fax: +1-205-996-4701
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Si Y, Kim S, Ou J, Lu Y, Ernst P, Chen K, Whitt J, Carter AM, Markert JM, Bibb JA, Chen H, Zhou L, Jaskula-Sztul R, Liu XM. Anti-SSTR2 antibody-drug conjugate for neuroendocrine tumor therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:799-812. [PMID: 32684623 PMCID: PMC7854894 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) tumors include a diverse spectrum of hormone-secreting neoplasms that arise from the endocrine and nervous systems. Current chemo- and radio-therapies have marginal curative benefits. The goal of this study was to develop an innovative antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to effectively treat NE tumors (NETs). First, we confirmed that somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is an ideal cancer cell surface target by analyzing 38 patient-derived NET tissues, 33 normal organs, and three NET cell lines. Then, we developed a new monoclonal antibody (mAb, IgG1, and kappa) to target two extracellular domains of SSTR2, which showed strong and specific surface binding to NETs. The ADC was constructed by conjugating the anti-SSTR2 mAb and antimitotic monomethyl auristatin E. In vitro evaluations indicated that the ADC can effectively bind, internalize, release payload, and kill NET cells. Finally, the ADC was evaluated in vivo using a NET xenograft mouse model to assess cancer-specific targeting, tolerated dosage, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor efficacy. The anti-SSTR2 ADC exclusively targeted and killed NET cells with minimal toxicity and high stability in vivo. This study demonstrates that the anti-SSTR2 ADC has a high-therapeutic potential for NET therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jianfa Ou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Patrick Ernst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jason Whitt
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, UAB, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, UAB, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Renata Jaskula-Sztul
- Department of Surgery, UAB, 1808 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, UAB, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Feldman L, Brown C, Badie B. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: Updates in Glioblastoma Treatment. Neurosurgery 2021; 88:1056-1064. [PMID: 33575786 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and among the deadliest brain tumors in adults. Current mainstay treatments are insufficient to treat this tumor, and therefore, more effective therapies are desperately needed. Immunotherapy, which takes advantage of the body's natural defense mechanism, is an exciting emerging field in neuro-oncology. Adoptive cell therapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells provides a treatment strategy based on using patients' own selected and genetically engineered cells that target tumor-associated antigens. These cells are harvested from patients, modified to target specific proteins expressed by the tumor, and re-introduced into the patient with the goal of destroying tumor cells. Here, we review the history of CAR T-cell therapy, and describe the characteristics of various generations of CAR T therapies, and the challenges inherent to treatment of GBM. Finally, we describe recent and current CAR T clinical trials designed to combat GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Feldman
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Christine Brown
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy & Tumor Immunology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.,Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Call Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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Padda J, Khalid K, Zubair U, Peethala MM, Kakani V, Goriparthi L, Almanie AH, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy and Its Significance in Multiple Myeloma. Cureus 2021; 13:e15917. [PMID: 34322356 PMCID: PMC8310625 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) has a five-year prevalence worldwide of 230,000 people and is known as the second most common hematological malignancy within the United States. Extensive research has been conducted to gain a wide range of treatment strategies, providing hope to these patients. Combination therapy using chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulatory drugs are the current management of choice. After the introduction of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, promising results have been evidenced. In this therapy, T cells are derived from the patient and modified in-vitro to induce receptors that later target specific antigens when they are injected into patients. CAR T cells use three mechanisms to kill tumor cells: cytolytic pathways, cytokine release, and Fas/FasL axis. In this review, we highlight the different tumor markers targeted for therapy against multiple myeloma (MM). Target antigens for CAR T cell therapy include B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), signaling lymphocyte activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7), CD38, CD138, CD19, immunoglobulin kappa light chain, orphan G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D). With the benefit of improving survival and prognosis, this therapy does carry a risk of some adverse events such as cytokine release syndrome, encephalopathy, infections, hypogammaglobulinemia, and tumor lysis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaskamal Padda
- Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA.,Internal Medicine, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
| | | | - Ujala Zubair
- Family Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Mounika M Peethala
- Internal Medicine, Rajeev Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, IND.,Internal Medicine, JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
| | - Varsha Kakani
- Internal Medicine, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, IND
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Marei HE, Althani A, Afifi N, Hasan A, Caceci T, Pozzoli G, Cenciarelli C. Current progress in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Med 2021; 10:5019-5030. [PMID: 34145792 PMCID: PMC8335808 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest brain tumors with an unfavorable prognosis and overall survival of approximately 20 months following diagnosis. The current treatment for GBM includes surgical resections and chemo‐ and radiotherapeutic modalities, which are not effective. CAR‐T immunotherapy has been proven effective for CD19‐positive blood malignancies, and the application of CAR‐T cell therapy for solid tumors including GBM offers great hope for this aggressive tumor which has a limited response to current treatments. CAR‐T technology depends on the use of patient‐specific T cells genetically engineered to express specific tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs). Interaction of CAR‐T cells with tumor cells triggers the destruction/elimination of these cells by the induction of cytotoxicity and the release of different cytokines. Despite the great promise of CAR‐T cell‐based therapy several challenges exist. These include the heterogeneity of GBM cancer cells, aberrant various signaling pathways involved in tumor progression, antigen escape, the hostile inhibitory GBM microenvironment, T cell dysfunction, blood‐brain barrier, and defective antigen presentation. All need to be addressed before full application at the clinical level can begin. Herein we provide a focused review of the rationale for the use of different types of CAR‐T cells (including FcγRs), the different GBM‐associated antigens, the challenges still facing CAR‐T‐based therapy, and means to overcome such challenges. Finally, we enumerate currently completed and ongoing clinical trials, highlighting the different ways such trials are designed to overcome specific problems. Exploitation of the full potential of CAR‐T cell therapy for GBM depends on their solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany E Marei
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Thomas Caceci
- Biomedical Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Giacomo Pozzoli
- Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Chen K, Si Y, Ou J, Guan JS, Kim S, Ernst P, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Han X, Liu X(M. Antibody-Drug Conjugate to Treat Meningiomas. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050427. [PMID: 34063284 PMCID: PMC8147502 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are primary tumors of the central nervous system with high recurrence. It has been reported that somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is highly expressed in most meningiomas, but there is no effective targeted therapy approved to control meningiomas. This study aimed to develop and evaluate an anti-SSTR2 antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) to target and treat meningiomas. The meningioma targeting, circulation stability, toxicity, and anti-tumor efficacy of SSTR2 ADC were evaluated using cell lines and/or an intracranial xenograft mouse model. The flow cytometry analysis showed that the anti-SSTR2 mAb had a high binding rate of >98% to meningioma CH157-MN cells but a low binding rate of <5% to the normal arachnoidal AC07 cells. The In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) imaging demonstrated that the Cy5.5-labeled ADC targeted and accumulated in meningioma xenograft but not in normal organs. The pharmacokinetics study and histological analysis confirmed the stability and minimal toxicity. In vitro anti-cancer cytotoxicity indicated a high potency of ADC with an IC50 value of <10 nM. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy showed that the anti-SSTR2 ADC with doses of 8 and 16 mg/kg body weight effectively inhibited tumor growth. This study demonstrated that the anti-SSTR2 ADC can target meningioma and reduce the tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jianfa Ou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jia-Shiung Guan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (P.E.)
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Patrick Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (P.E.)
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.-S.G.); (P.E.)
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Xiaoguang (Margaret) Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (K.C.); (Y.S.); (J.O.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (L.Z.)
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-996-1042; Fax: +1-205-996-4701
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Secretion of bispecific protein of anti-PD-1 fused with TGF-β trap enhances antitumor efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 21:144-157. [PMID: 33981830 PMCID: PMC8082048 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable success of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cell therapy for blood malignancies, the clinical efficacy of this novel therapy in solid tumor treatment is largely limited by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). For instance, immune checkpoints (e.g., programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1]/programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1]) in TME play an important role in inhibiting T cell proliferation and functions. Transforming growth factor β (TGF)-β secreted by cancer cells in TME induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits cytotoxic T cells. To overcome the inhibitory effect of immune checkpoints, we have previously engineered CAR-T cells to secrete anti-PD-1 to block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway activity, a step demonstrating superior antitumor efficacy compared with conventional CAR-T cells. In this study, we engineered CAR-T cells that secrete bispecific trap protein co-targeting PD-1 and TGF-β, with the aim of further improving antitumor immunity. Compared with conventional CAR-T cells and anti-PD-1-secreting CAR-T cells, data from in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that CAR-T cells with trap protein secretion further attenuated inhibitory T cell signaling, enhanced T cell persistence and expansion, and improved effector function and resistance to exhaustion. In the xenograft mouse model, CAR-T cells with trap protein secretion exhibited significantly enhanced antitumor immunity and efficacy. With these observations, we demonstrate the potential of trap protein self-secreting CAR-T cells as a potent therapy for solid tumors.
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Owens K, Bozic I. Modeling CAR T-Cell Therapy with Patient Preconditioning. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:42. [PMID: 33740142 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00869-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Federal Drug Administration approved the first Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR T-cell) therapies for the treatment of several blood cancers in 2017, and efforts are underway to broaden CAR T technology to address other cancer types. Standard treatment protocols incorporate a preconditioning regimen of lymphodepleting chemotherapy prior to CAR T-cell infusion. However, the connection between preconditioning regimens and patient outcomes is still not fully understood. Optimizing patient preconditioning plans and reducing the CAR T-cell dose necessary for achieving remission could make therapy safer. In this paper, we test treatment regimens consisting of sequential administration of chemotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy on a system of differential equations that models the tumor-immune interaction. We use numerical simulations of treatment plans from within the scope of current medical practice to assess the effect of preconditioning plans on the success of CAR T-cell therapy. Model results affirm clinical observations that preconditioning can be crucial for most patients, not just to reduce side effects, but to even achieve remission at all. We demonstrate that preconditioning plans using the same CAR T-cell dose and the same total concentration of chemotherapy can lead to different patient outcomes due to different delivery schedules. Results from sensitivity analysis of the model parameters suggest that making small improvements in the effectiveness of CAR T-cells in attacking cancer cells will significantly reduce the minimum dose required for successful treatment. Our modeling framework represents a starting point for evaluating the efficacy of patient preconditioning in the context of CAR T-cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Owens
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Investigating T Cell Immunity in Cancer: Achievements and Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062907. [PMID: 33809369 PMCID: PMC7999898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a key role in tumour surveillance, both identifying and eliminating transformed cells. However, as tumours become established they form their own suppressive microenvironments capable of shutting down T cell function, and allowing tumours to persist and grow. To further understand the tumour microenvironment, including the interplay between different immune cells and their role in anti-tumour immune responses, a number of studies from mouse models to clinical trials have been performed. In this review, we examine mechanisms utilized by tumour cells to reduce their visibility to CD8+ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), as well as therapeutic strategies trialled to overcome these tumour-evasion mechanisms. Next, we summarize recent advances in approaches to enhance CAR T cell activity and persistence over the past 10 years, including bispecific CAR T cell design and early evidence of efficacy. Lastly, we examine mechanisms of T cell infiltration and tumour regression, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different strategies to investigate T cell function in murine tumour models.
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Rohit Reddy S, Llukmani A, Hashim A, Haddad DR, Patel DS, Ahmad F, Abu Sneineh M, Gordon DK. The Role of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-T Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: Advantages, Trials, and Tribulations, and the Road Ahead. Cureus 2021; 13:e13552. [PMID: 33815972 PMCID: PMC8007123 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the upcoming trend in cancer treatment. Traditional cancer treatment methods include surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, small molecule targeted drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Surgical resection is useful for early-stage patients but not for metastatic cancer cells; radiotherapy and chemotherapy are more common but produce substantial damage to normal tissues and have poor selectivity. Targeted drugs, including monoclonal antibodies, have better comprehensive efficacy but can also encourage gene mutation of tumor cells and drug tolerance. HSCT is effective, but choosing a donor is often difficult, and the graft is also prone to rejection. Thus, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, a form of cellular/adoptive immunotherapy, is at the forefront of cancer therapy treatments due to its sustained remission, fewer side effects, and a better quality of life. CAR-T cell therapy involves genetically modifying the T cells and multiplying their numbers to kill cancer cells. This review article gives an insight into how the CAR-T cells have evolved from simple T cells with modest immune function to genetically engineered robust counterparts that brought great hope in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Much research has been undertaken during the past decade to design and deliver CAR-T cells. This has led to successful outcomes in leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma, paving the way for expanding CAR therapy. Despite tremendous progress, CAR-T cell therapies are faced with many challenges. Areas for improvement include limited T cell persistence, tumor escape, immunosuppressive components in the tumor microenvironment, cancer relapse rate, manufacturing time, and production cost. In this manuscript, we summarize the innovations in the design and delivery of CAR technologies, their applications in hematological malignancies, limitations to its widespread application, latest developments, and the future scope of research to counter the challenges and improve its effectiveness and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Rohit Reddy
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Adiona Llukmani
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ayat Hashim
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Dana R Haddad
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Dutt S Patel
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Farrukh Ahmad
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Majdi Abu Sneineh
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Domonick K Gordon
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Internal Medicine, Scarborough General Hospital, Scarborough, TTO
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Seyedmirzaei H, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Razi S, Gity M, Rezaei N. Recent progress in immunotherapy of breast cancer targeting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). J Oncol Pharm Pract 2021; 27:1235-1244. [PMID: 33530866 DOI: 10.1177/1078155221991636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer is responsible for most of the cancer-induced deaths in women around the world. The current review will discuss different approaches of targeting HER2, an epidermal growth factor overexpressed in 30% of breast cancer cases. DATA SOURCES We conducted a search on Pubmed and Scopus databases to find studies relevant to HER2+ breast cancers and targeting HER2 as means of immunotherapy. Out of 1043 articles, 105 studies were included in this review. DATA SUMMARY As well as the introduction of HER2 and breast cancer subtypes, we discussed various aspects of HER2-targeting immunotherapy including monoclonal antibodies, Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cells and vaccines. CONCLUSIONS Despite several ways of controlling breast cancer, the need to investigate new drugs and approaches seems to be much significant as this cancer still has a heavy burden on people's health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Seyedmirzaei
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Breast Cancer Association (BrCA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Gity
- Breast Cancer Association (BrCA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Advanced Imaging Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kim HR, Park JS, Fatima Y, Kausar M, Park JH, Jun CD. Potentiating the Antitumor Activity of Cytotoxic T Cells via the Transmembrane Domain of IGSF4 That Increases TCR Avidity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:591054. [PMID: 33597944 PMCID: PMC7882689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A robust T-cell response is an important component of sustained antitumor immunity. In this respect, the avidity of TCR in the antigen-targeting of tumors is crucial for the quality of the T-cell response. This study reports that the transmembrane (TM) domain of immunoglobulin superfamily member 4 (IGSF4) binds to the TM of the CD3 ζ-chain through an interaction between His177 and Asp36, which results in IGSF4-CD3 ζ dimers. IGSF4 also forms homo-dimers through the GxxVA motif in the TM domain, thereby constituting large TCR clusters. Overexpression of IGSF4 lacking the extracellular (IG4ΔEXT) domain potentiates the OTI CD8+ T cells to release IFN-γ and TNF-α and to kill OVA+-B16F10 melanoma cells. In animal models, IG4ΔEXT significantly reduces B16F10 tumor metastasis as well as tumor growth. Collectively, the results indicate that the TM domain of IGSF4 can regulate TCR avidity, and they further demonstrate that TCR avidity regulation is critical for improving the antitumor activity of cytotoxic T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yasmin Fatima
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Maiza Kausar
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hwa Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chang-Duk Jun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
- Immune Synapse and Cell Therapy Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
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Chen J, Wang Y, Hu H, Xiong Y, Wang S, Yang J. Adipose-derived cellular therapies prolong graft survival in an allogenic hind limb transplantation model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:94. [PMID: 33514430 PMCID: PMC7847016 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The long-term survival after vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is often limited by systemic rejection as well as the adverse effects of immunosuppressants. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) can be expanded to produce adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) which represents a combination of endothelial cells, preadipocytes, immune cells, and ADSC. It has been demonstrated that ADSC possess consistently reliable clinical results. However, literature is scarce regarding SVF in VCA. This study seeks to determine the impact of ex vivo allograft pretreatment in combination with SVF cells in the ability to promote composite tissue allotransplantation immunotolerance. Methods A rat hind limb allotransplant model was used to investigate the influence of ex vivo pretreatment of SVF and ADSC on VCA survival. Intravascular cell-free saline, ADSC, or SVF was infused into the models with immunosuppressants. The histopathological examination and duration that the allografts went without displaying symptoms of rejection was documented. Peripheral T lymphocytes and Tregs were quantified with flow cytometry while allotissue expressions of CD31 were quantified with immunohistochemical staining (IHC). ELISA was used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A as well as anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results We demonstrated that ex vivo treatment of allografts with SVF or ADSC prolonged allograft survival in contrast to medium control cohorts. There were also enhanced levels of immunomodulatory cytokines and increased VEGF-A and CD31 expression as well as reduced infiltration and proliferation of T lymphocytes along with raised Treg expressions. Conclusion These studies demonstrated that adipose-derived cellular therapies prolong graft survival in an allogenic hind limb transplantation model and have the potential to establish immunotolerance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02162-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinmin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Basic Medical School , Jining Medical University , Jining, 272000, China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shoubao Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Si Y, Xu Y, Guan J, Chen K, Kim S, Yang ES, Zhou L, Liu XM. Anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugate for triple-negative breast cancer therapy. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:37-44. [PMID: 33531889 PMCID: PMC7837297 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive, metastatic and recurrent. Cytotoxic chemotherapies with limited clinical benefits and severe side effects are the standard therapeutic strategies, but, to date, there is no efficacious targeted therapy. Literature and our data showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed on TNBC cell surface and is a promising oncological target. The objective of this study was to develop an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to target EGFR+ TNBC and deliver high-potency drug. First, we constructed an ADC by conjugating anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody with mertansine which inhibits microtubule assembly via linker Sulfo-SMCC. Second, we confirmed the TNBC-targeting specificity of anti-EGFR ADC by evaluating its surface binding and internalization in MDA-MB-468 cells and targeting to TNBC xenograft in subcutaneous mouse mode. The live-cell and live-animal imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy and In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) confirmed the TNBC-targeting. Finally, both in vitro toxicity assay and in vivo anti-cancer efficacy study in TNBC xenograft models showed that the constructed ADC significantly inhibited TNBC growth, and the pharmacokinetics study indicated its high circulation stability. This study indicated that the anti-EGFR ADC has a great potential to against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
| | | | - Kai Chen
- Department of MedicineUABBirminghamALUSA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation OncologyO'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UABBirminghamALUSA
| | | | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
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