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Komai M, Takeno D, Fujii C, Nakano J, Ohsaki Y, Shirakawa H. Nailfold Capillaroscopy: A Comprehensive Review on Its Usefulness in Both Clinical Diagnosis and Improving Unhealthy Dietary Lifestyles. Nutrients 2024; 16:1914. [PMID: 38931269 PMCID: PMC11206784 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, the utility of nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) in diagnosing rheumatological disorders such as systemic sclerosis has been well established. Further studies have also shown that NFC can detect non-rheumatic diseases such as diabetes, glaucoma, dermatitis, and Alzheimer disease. In the past decade, nailfold capillary morphological changes have also been reported as symptoms of unhealthy lifestyle habits such as poor diet, smoking, sleep deprivation, and even psychological stress, all of which contribute to slow blood flow. Therefore, studying the relationships between the morphology of nailfold capillaries and lifestyle habits has a high potential to indicate unhealthy states or even pre-disease conditions. Simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive methods such as NFC are important and useful for routine medical examinations. The present study began with a systematic literature search of the PubMed database followed by a summary of studies reporting the assessment of morphological changes detected by NFC, and a comprehensive review of NFC's utility in clinical diagnosis and improving unhealthy dietary lifestyles. It culminates in a summary of dietary and lifestyle health promotion strategy, assessed based on NFC and other related measurements that indicate healthy microvascular blood flow and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
| | - Dan Takeno
- At Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-0042, Japan; (D.T.); (C.F.); (J.N.)
| | - Chiharu Fujii
- At Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-0042, Japan; (D.T.); (C.F.); (J.N.)
| | - Joe Nakano
- At Co., Ltd., Osaka 541-0042, Japan; (D.T.); (C.F.); (J.N.)
| | - Yusuke Ohsaki
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (Y.O.); (H.S.)
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Harahap U, Syahputra RA, Ahmed A, Nasution A, Wisely W, Sirait ML, Dalimunthe A, Zainalabidin S, Taslim NA, Nurkolis F, Kim B. Current insights and future perspectives of flavonoids: A promising antihypertensive approach. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3146-3168. [PMID: 38616386 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension, or high blood pressure (BP), is a complex disease influenced by various risk factors. It is characterized by persistent elevation of BP levels, typically exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability play crucial roles in hypertension development. L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an analog of L-arginine, inhibits endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) enzymes, leading to decreased NO production and increased BP. Animal models exposed to L-NAME manifest hypertension, making it a useful design for studying the hypertension condition. Natural products have gained interest as alternative approaches for managing hypertension. Flavonoids, abundant in fruits, vegetables, and other plant sources, have potential cardiovascular benefits, including antihypertensive effects. Flavonoids have been extensively studied in cell cultures, animal models, and, to lesser extent, in human trials to evaluate their effectiveness against L-NAME-induced hypertension. This comprehensive review summarizes the antihypertensive activity of specific flavonoids, including quercetin, luteolin, rutin, troxerutin, apigenin, and chrysin, in L-NAME-induced hypertension models. Flavonoids possess antioxidant properties that mitigate oxidative stress, a major contributor to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. They enhance endothelial function by promoting NO bioavailability, vasodilation, and the preservation of vascular homeostasis. Flavonoids also modulate vasoactive factors involved in BP regulation, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1. Moreover, they exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, attenuating inflammation-mediated hypertension. This review provides compelling evidence for the antihypertensive potential of flavonoids against L-NAME-induced hypertension. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action suggest their ability to target multiple pathways involved in hypertension development. Nonetheless, the reviewed studies contribute to the evidence supporting the useful of flavonoids for hypertension prevention and treatment. In conclusion, flavonoids represent a promising class of natural compounds for combating hypertension. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource summarizing the current knowledge on the antihypertensive effects of specific flavonoids, facilitating further investigation and guiding the development of novel therapeutic strategies for hypertension management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urip Harahap
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Rony Abdi Syahputra
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Azhari Nasution
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Wenny Wisely
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Maureen Lazurit Sirait
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Aminah Dalimunthe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Satirah Zainalabidin
- Biomedical Science, Centre of Toxicology and Health Risk Study, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurpudji Astuti Taslim
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Department of Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Connolly K, Batacan R, Jackson D, Fenning AS. Effects of epicatechin on cardiovascular function in middle-aged diet-induced obese rat models of metabolic syndrome. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:593-605. [PMID: 37732427 PMCID: PMC10803822 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452300209x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the cardiovascular effects of epicatechin, a flavonoid found in green tea and cocoa, in attenuating complications associated with metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese rats. Male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats aged 16 weeks were fed either standard rat chow or given a high-fat-high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet for 20 weeks. Epicatechin treatment (5 mg/kg/d) was administered to a subset of WKY rats commencing at week 8 of the 20 week HFHC feeding period. Body weights, food, water and energy intakes, blood pressure, heart rate and glucose tolerance were measured throughout the treatment period. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, lipid levels, cardiac collagen deposition, cardiac electrical function, aortic and mesenteric vessel reactivity were examined after the treatment. Twenty weeks of HFHC feeding in WKY rats resulted in the development of metabolic syndrome indicated by the presence of abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and increased blood pressure. Epicatechin treatment was found to enhance the oxidative stress status in HFHC groups through an increase in serum nitric oxide levels and a decrease in 8-isoprostane concentrations. Furthermore, WKY-HFHC rats displayed a decrease in IL-6 levels. The lipid profiles in HFHC groups showed improvement, with a decrease in LDL-cholesterol and TAG and an increase in HDL-cholesterol levels observed in WKY-HFHC rats. However, epicatechin was not effective in preventing weight gain, glucose intolerance or hypertension in HFHC fed rats. Overall, the results of this study suggest that epicatechin has the potential to improve the underlying mechanisms associated with metabolic syndrome in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Connolly
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD4701, Australia
| | - Romeo Batacan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD4701, Australia
| | - Douglas Jackson
- Australian Catholic University, 40 Edward St, North Sydney, NSW2060, Australia
| | - Andrew Stuart Fenning
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD4701, Australia
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Ibrahim BMM, Elbaset MA, Abou Baker DH, Zikri EN, El Gengaihi S, Abdel Salam M. A pharmacological and toxicological biochemical study of cardiovascular regulatory effects of hibiscus, corn silk, marjoram, and chamomile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e22659. [PMID: 38226236 PMCID: PMC10788201 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most typical causes of morbidity and mortality. The present study investigated the possible antihypertensive cardiovascular effects of an herbal mixture extract of Hibiscus, Corn silk, Marjoram, and Chamomile. HPLC analysis of the water extract prepared from the aerial parts of four plants and their mixture was done to detect the most predominant compounds. A safety study was done prior to the efficacy study to determine the dose and ensure the extract's safety in female rats. Hypertension was induced in ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized rats by oral administration of 50 mg/kg of LName for 30 days; the hypertensive rats were classified into non-ovariectomized and ovariectomized untreated groups, treated groups with high and low doses of the mixture(150,300 mg/kg) given to ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized hypertensive groups and a standard group treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. The untreated group showed significant elevation of blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, angiotensin-converting enzyme, C-reactive protein, and significantly lowered reduced glutathione, high-density lipoprotein, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Treatment significantly counteracted the effects of L Name. The mixture provides a promising natural cardiovascular regulating supplement owing to its high contents of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassant MM. Ibrahim
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
| | - Marawan A. Elbaset
- Pharmacology Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
| | - Doha H. Abou Baker
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, PO: 12622
| | - Emad N. Zikri
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
| | - Souad El Gengaihi
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, PO: 12622
| | - Mouchira Abdel Salam
- Alternative and Complementary Medicine Department, Medicine and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki Giza, PO:12622, Egypt
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Gou Q, Zhao Q, Dong M, Liang L, You H. Diagnostic potential of energy metabolism-related genes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1296547. [PMID: 38089628 PMCID: PMC10711684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1296547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is associated with changes in cardiac metabolism that affect energy supply in the heart. However, there is limited research on energy metabolism-related genes (EMRGs) in HFpEF. Methods The HFpEF mouse dataset (GSE180065, containing heart tissues from 10 HFpEF and five control samples) was sourced from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Gene expression profiles in HFpEF and control groups were compared to identify differentially expressed EMRGs (DE-EMRGs), and the diagnostic biomarkers with diagnostic value were screened using machine learning algorithms. Meanwhile, we constructed a biomarker-based nomogram model for its predictive power, and functionality of diagnostic biomarkers were conducted using single-gene gene set enrichment analysis, drug prediction, and regulatory network analysis. Additionally, consensus clustering analysis based on the expression of diagnostic biomarkers was utilized to identify differential HFpEF-related genes (HFpEF-RGs). Immune microenvironment analysis in HFpEF and subtypes were performed for analyzing correlations between immune cells and diagnostic biomarkers as well as HFpEF-RGs. Finally, qRT-PCR analysis on the HFpEF mouse model was used to validate the expression levels of diagnostic biomarkers. Results We selected 5 biomarkers (Chrna2, Gnb3, Gng7, Ddit4l, and Prss55) that showed excellent diagnostic performance. The nomogram model we constructed demonstrated high predictive power. Single-gene gene set enrichment analysis revealed enrichment in aerobic respiration and energy derivation. Further, various miRNAs and TFs were predicted by Gng7, such as Gng7-mmu-miR-6921-5p, ETS1-Gng7. A lot of potential therapeutic targets were predicted as well. Consensus clustering identified two distinct subtypes of HFpEF. Functional enrichment analysis highlighted the involvement of DEGs-cluster in protein amino acid modification and so on. Additionally, we identified five HFpEF-RGs (Kcnt1, Acot1, Kcnc4, Scn3a, and Gpam). Immune analysis revealed correlations between Macrophage M2, T cell CD4+ Th1 and diagnostic biomarkers, as well as an association between Macrophage and HFpEF-RGs. We further validated the expression trends of the selected biomarkers through experimental validation. Conclusion Our study identified 5 diagnostic biomarkers and provided insights into the prediction and treatment of HFpEF through drug predictions and network analysis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of HFpEF and may guide future research and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiling Gou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital-Rehabilitation Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengya Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongjun You
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Liskova S, Cacanyiova S, Cebova M, Berenyiova A, Kluknavsky M, Micurova A, Valachova K, Soltes L, Bernatova I. Taxifolin Reduces Blood Pressure via Improvement of Vascular Function and Mitigating the Vascular Inflammatory Response in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12616. [PMID: 37628795 PMCID: PMC10454553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of a 10-day-long treatment with taxifolin (TAX, 20 mg/kg/day p.o.) was investigated on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with a focus on the vascular functions of isolated femoral arteries and thoracic aortas. TAX reduced blood pressure in SHRs. In femoral arteries, TAX increased acetylcholine-induced relaxation, reduced the maximal NA-induced contraction, and reduced acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent contraction (EDC); however, TAX had no effect on the vascular reactivity of isolated thoracic aortas. In addition, TAX elevated the total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and iNOS protein expression but reduced cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) protein expression in the tissue of the abdominal aorta without changes in Nos2 and Ptgs2 gene expressions. TAX also increased the gene expression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 (Il10). In addition, in vitro studies showed that TAX has both electron donor and H atom donor properties. However, TAX failed to reduce superoxide production in the tissue of the abdominal aorta after oral administration. In conclusion, our results show that a decrease in the blood pressure in TAX-treated SHRs might be attributed to improved endothelium-dependent relaxation and reduced endothelium-dependent contraction. In addition, the results suggest that the effect of TAX on blood pressure regulation also involves the attenuation of COX2-mediated pro-inflammation and elevation of anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Liskova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sona Cacanyiova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Martina Cebova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Berenyiova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Michal Kluknavsky
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Micurova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Katarina Valachova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Ladislav Soltes
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.V.); (L.S.)
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (S.L.); (S.C.); (M.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.); (A.M.)
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Radosinska J, Kollarova M, Jasenovec T, Radosinska D, Vrbjar N, Balis P, Puzserova A. Aging in Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats: Focus on Erythrocyte Properties. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1030. [PMID: 37508459 PMCID: PMC10376635 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte deformability, crucial for oxygen delivery to tissues, plays an important role in the etiology of various diseases. As the factor maintaining the erythrocyte deformability, nitric oxide (NO) has been identified. Reduced NO bioavailability also plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Our aim was to determine whether aging and hypertension affect erythrocyte deformability and NO production by erythrocytes in experimental animals divided into six groups according to age (7, 20 and 52 weeks), labeled WKY-7, WKY-20 and WKY-52 for normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and SHR-7, SHR-20 and SHR-52 for spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The filtration method for the determination of erythrocyte deformability and the fluorescent probe DAF-2 DA for NO production were applied. Deformability and NO production by erythrocytes increased at a younger age, while a decrease in both parameters was observed at an older age. Strain-related differences in deformability were observed at 7 and 52 weeks of age. SHR-7 had reduced deformability and SHR-52 had increased deformability compared with age-matched WKY. Changes in NO production under hypertensive conditions are an unlikely primary factor affecting erythrocyte deformability, whereas age-related changes in deformability are at least partially associated with changes in NO production. However, an interpretation of data obtained in erythrocyte parameters observed in SHRs of human hypertension requires precaution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Radosinska
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Kollarova
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Premedix Academy, Medená 18, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Jasenovec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Radosinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Vrbjar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Balis
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Angelika Puzserova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Fraga CG, Trostchansky A, Rocha BS, Laranjinha J, Rubbo H, Galleano M. (Poly)phenols and nitrolipids: Relevant participants in nitric oxide metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101158. [PMID: 36517273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (•NO) is an essential molecule able to control and regulate many biological functions. Additionally, •NO bears a potential toxicity or damaging effects under conditions of uncontrolled production, and because of its participation in redox-sensitive pathways and oxidizing reactions. Several plant (poly)phenols present in the diet are able to regulate the enzymes producing •NO (NOSs). In addition, (poly)phenols are implicated in defining •NO bioavailability, especially by regulating NADPH oxidases (NOXs), and the subsequent generation of superoxide and •NO depletion. Nitrolipids are compounds that are present in animal tissues because of dietary consumption, e.g. of olive oil, and/or as result of endogenous production. This endogenous production of nitrolipids is dependent on the nitrate/nitrite presence in the diet. Select nitrolipids, e.g. the nitroalkenes, are able to exert •NO-like signaling actions, and act as •NO reservoirs, becoming relevant for systemic •NO bioavailability. Furthermore, the presence of (poly)phenols in the stomach reduces dietary nitrite to •NO favoring nitrolipids formation. In this review we focus on the capacity of molecules representing these two groups of bioactives, i.e. (poly)phenols and nitrolipids, as relevant participants in •NO metabolism and bioavailability. This participation acquires especial relevance when human homeostasis is lost, for example under inflammatory conditions, in which the protective actions of (poly)phenols and/or nitrolipids have been associated with local and systemic •NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G Fraga
- Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Barbara S Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Monica Galleano
- Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular-Dr. Alberto Boveris (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kluknavsky M, Micurova A, Cebova M, Şaman E, Cacanyiova S, Bernatova I. MLN-4760 Induces Oxidative Stress without Blood Pressure and Behavioural Alterations in SHRs: Roles of Nfe2l2 Gene, Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122385. [PMID: 36552591 PMCID: PMC9774314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced angiotensin 1-7 bioavailability due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may contribute to increased mortality in hypertensive individuals during COVID-19. However, effects of ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 in brain functions remain unknown. We investigated the selected behavioural and hemodynamic parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) after a 2-week s.c. infusion of MLN-4760 (dose 1 mg/kg/day). The biochemical and molecular effects of MLN-4760 were investigated in the brainstem and blood plasma. MLN-4760 had no effects on hemodynamic and behavioural parameters. However, MLN-4760 increased plasma hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level and total nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and conjugated dienes in the brainstem. Increased NO synthase activity correlated positively with gene expression of Nos3 while plasma H2S levels correlated positively with gene expressions of H2S-producing enzymes Mpst, Cth and Cbs. MLN-4760 administration increased gene expression of Ace2, Sod1, Sod2, Gpx4 and Hmox1, which positively correlated with expression of Nfe2l2 gene encoding the redox-sensitive transcription factor NRF2. Collectively, MLN-4760 did not exacerbate pre-existing hypertension and behavioural hyperactivity/anxiety in SHRs. However, MLN-4760-induced oxidative damage in brainstem was associated with activation of NO- and H2S-mediated compensatory mechanisms and with increased gene expression of antioxidant, NO- and H2S-producing enzymes that all correlated positively with elevated Nfe2l2 expression.
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Del Seppia C, Federighi G, Lapi D, Gerosolimo F, Scuri R. Effects of a catechins-enriched diet associated with moderate physical exercise in the prevention of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17303. [PMID: 36243879 PMCID: PMC9569358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension represents the main risk factor for the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacological treatments to control hypertension have been associated with new treatments involving physical activity and/or the intake of natural components (nutraceuticals). We here report the effects produced by a combination of a natural component (catechins) and a moderate exercise program on the development of hypertension in spontaneous hypertensive rats compared with those of each individual treatment. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured with a non-invasive method in 28 rats randomly assigned to four groups: rats subjected to moderate physical exercise; rats with a catechins-enriched diet; rats subjected to moderate physical exercise combined with a catechins-enriched diet; control, untreated-rats left to age. All treatments were applied for 6 weeks. The statistical analysis revealed that the three treatments significantly reduced the weekly increase in arterial blood pressure observed in control rats (SBP, P < 0.0001; DBP, P = 0.005). However, the reduction of arterial blood pressure induced by combined treatments was not higher than that induced by the single treatment, but more prolonged. All treatments showed strong antioxidative properties. Our data show that physical activity and a diet enriched with catechins individually have an important hypotensive effect, while the association did not produce a higher hypotensive effect than the single treatment, even if it was able to decrease blood pressure for a longer time. These findings have important implications for developing a protocol to apply in novel hypertension prevention procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Del Seppia
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research (CNR), Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Federighi
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Dosminga Lapi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Gerosolimo
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Scuri
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Amoah I, Lim JJ, Osei EO, Arthur M, Tawiah P, Oduro IN, Aduama-Larbi MS, Lowor ST, Rush E. Effect of Cocoa Beverage and Dark Chocolate Consumption on Blood Pressure in Those with Normal and Elevated Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131962. [PMID: 35804776 PMCID: PMC9265772 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a major dietary source of polyphenols, including flavanols, which have been associated with reduced blood pressure (BP). While earlier systematic reviews and meta-analyses have shown significant effects of cocoa consumption on systolic BP, limitations include small sample sizes and study heterogeneity. Questions regarding food matrix and dose of polyphenols, flavanols, or epicatechins remain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of ≥2 weeks of cocoa consumption as a beverage or dark chocolate in those with normal or elevated (< or ≥130 mmHg) systolic BP measured in the fasted state or over 24-h. A systematic search conducted on PubMed and Cochrane Library databases up to 26 February 2022 yielded 31 suitable articles. Independent of baseline BP, cocoa consumption for ≥2 weeks was associated with reductions in systolic and diastolic BP (p < 0.05, all). Compared with cocoa, chocolate lowered the weighted mean of resting systolic BP (−3.94 mmHg, 95% CI [−5.71, −2.18]) more than cocoa beverage (−1.54 mmHg, 95% CI [−3.08, 0.01]). When the daily dose of flavanols was ≥900 mg or of epicatechin ≥100 mg, the effect was greater. Future, adequately powered studies are required to determine the optimal dose for a clinically significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Amoah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; (E.O.O.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: or (I.A.); (J.J.L.); Tel.: +233-24-918-3185 (I.A.); +64-21-029-95729 (J.J.L.)
| | - Jia Jiet Lim
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1024, New Zealand
- Correspondence: or (I.A.); (J.J.L.); Tel.: +233-24-918-3185 (I.A.); +64-21-029-95729 (J.J.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Ofori Osei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; (E.O.O.); (M.A.)
| | - Michael Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana; (E.O.O.); (M.A.)
| | - Phyllis Tawiah
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
| | - Ibok Nsa Oduro
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ghana;
| | | | - Samuel Tetteh Lowor
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Akim-Tafo P.O. Box 8, Ghana; (M.S.A.-L.); (S.T.L.)
| | - Elaine Rush
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Riddet Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North 0632, New Zealand
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12
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Zhang P, Fang H, Lou C, Ye S, Shen G, Chen S, Amin N, Botchway BOA, Fang M. Enhanced Glial Reaction and Altered Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase are Implicated in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:901093. [PMID: 35800894 PMCID: PMC9255429 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.901093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a complex etiology, and its specific causal factors remain to be elucidated. Aberration of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inflammation, together with astrocytic and microglial cells have been continually associated with several neurological disorders, including ADHD. Using spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), we investigated the changes in nNOS, inflammatory, microglial and astrocytic markers in the frontal cortex and hippocampus at three different ages: onset of hypertension stage (i.e., 6 weeks after birth of SHR), established hypertension stage (i.e., 12 weeks after birth of SHR) and senescent stage (i.e., 12 months after birth of SHR), and compared with its age-matched normotensive control, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. A significant upregulation of Iba-1 expression in the senescent stage of SHR was observed. Further, we observed an upregulated nNOS expression in both onset and established stages of SHR, and a downregulated nNOS in the senescent stage. Our study showed an age-related increment of astrogliosis in the cortex and hippocampi of aged SHR. On the basis of our results, alterations in the nNOS and Iba-1 expressions, as well as age-related astrogliosis, may contribute to ADHD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huyue Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengjian Lou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Shan Ye
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanghong Shen
- The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijia Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nashwa Amin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Marong Fang,
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13
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Micurova A, Kluknavsky M, Liskova S, Balis P, Skratek M, Okruhlicova L, Manka J, Bernatova I. Differences in Distribution and Biological Effects of F 3O 4@PEG Nanoparticles in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats-Focus on Vascular Function and Liver. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1855. [PMID: 34944671 PMCID: PMC8698428 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the distribution and biological effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated magnetite (Fe3O4@PEG) nanoparticles (~30 nm core size, ~51 nm hydrodynamic size, 2 mg Fe/kg/day, intravenously, for two days) in the aorta and liver of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Fe3O4@PEG had no effect on open-field behaviour but reduced the blood pressure (BP) of Fe3O4@PEG-treated SHR (SHRu) significantly, compared to both Fe3O4@PEG-treated WKY (WKYu) and saline-treated control SHR (SHRc). The Fe3O4@PEG content was significantly elevated in the aorta and liver of SHRu vs. WKYu. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was unaltered in the aorta, but significantly increased in the liver of SHRu vs. SHRc. In the aorta, Fe3O4@PEG treatment increased eNOS, iNOS, NRF2, and DMT1 gene expression (considered main effects). In the liver, Fe3O4@PEG significantly elevated eNOS and iNOS gene expression in SHRu vs. SHRc, as well as DMT1 and FTH1 gene expression (considered main effects). Noradrenaline-induced contractions of the femoral arteries were elevated, while endothelium-dependent contractions were reduced in SHRu vs. SHRc. No differences were found in these parameters in WKY rats. In conclusion, the results indicated that the altered haemodynamics in SHR affect the tissue distribution and selected biological effects of Fe3O4@PEG in the vasculature and liver, suggesting that caution should be taken when using iron oxide nanoparticles in hypertensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Micurova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Michal Kluknavsky
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Silvia Liskova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.L.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Balis
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.L.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Skratek
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Ludmila Okruhlicova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Manka
- Institute of Measurement Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.M.); (M.K.); (S.L.); (P.B.)
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14
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( -)-Epicatechin and cardiometabolic risk factors: a focus on potential mechanisms of action. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:99-115. [PMID: 34812946 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of ( -)-epicatechin (EC) attenuating major cardiometabolic risk factors, i.e., dyslipidemias, obesity (adipose tissue dysfunction), hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), and hypertension (endothelial dysfunction). Studies in humans are revised and complemented with experiments in animal models, and cultured cells, aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in EC-mediated effects. Firstly, an assessment of EC metabolism gives relevance to both conjugated-EC metabolites product of host metabolism and microbiota-derived species. Integration and analysis of results stress the maintenance of redox homeostasis and mitigation of inflammation as relevant processes associated with cardiometabolic diseases. In these processes, EC appears having significant effects regulating NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent oxidant production, nitric oxide (NO) production, and energy homeostasis (mitochondrial biogenesis and function). The potential participation of cell membranes and membrane-bound receptors is also discussed in terms of direct molecular action of EC and EC metabolites reaching cells and tissues.
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15
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Atucha NM, Romecín P, Vargas F, García-Estañ J. Effects of flavonoids in experimental models of arterial hypertension. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:735-745. [PMID: 34749613 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211105100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of substances of a vegetal origin with many interesting actions from the point of view of human disease. Interest in flavonoids in the diet has increased in recent years due to the publication of basic, clinical and epidemiological studies that have shown a whole array of salutory effects related to intake of flavonols and flavones as well as a lower morbility and mortality of cardiovascular diseases. Since arterial hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, this review will focus mainly on the effects of flavonoids on the cardiovascular system with relation to the elevation of blood pressure. Its antihypertensive effects as well as the many investigations performed in experimental models of arterial hypertension are reviewed in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi M Atucha
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, and Granada. Spain
| | - Paola Romecín
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, and Granada. Spain
| | - Felix Vargas
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, and Granada. Spain
| | - Joaquin García-Estañ
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, and Granada. Spain
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16
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Pharmacology of Catechins in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Heart. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091390. [PMID: 34573022 PMCID: PMC8465198 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechins represent a group of polyphenols that possesses various beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system, including protective effects in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, a major pathophysiology associated with ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, as well as with cardioplegic arrest during heart surgery. In particular, catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) have been reported to prevent cardiac myocytes from I/R-induced cell damage and I/R-associated molecular changes, finally, resulting in improved cell viability, reduced infarct size, and improved recovery of cardiac function after ischemic insult, which has been widely documented in experimental animal studies and cardiac-derived cell lines. Cardioprotective effects of catechins in I/R injury were mediated via multiple molecular mechanisms, including inhibition of apoptosis; activation of cardioprotective pathways, such as PI3K/Akt (RISK) pathway; and inhibition of stress-associated pathways, including JNK/p38-MAPK; preserving mitochondrial function; and/or modulating autophagy. Moreover, regulatory roles of several microRNAs, including miR-145, miR-384-5p, miR-30a, miR-92a, as well as lncRNA MIAT, were documented in effects of catechins in cardiac I/R. On the other hand, the majority of results come from cell-based experiments and healthy small animals, while studies in large animals and studies including comorbidities or co-medications are rare. Human studies are lacking completely. The dosages of compounds also vary in a broad scale, thus, pharmacological aspects of catechins usage in cardiac I/R are inconclusive so far. Therefore, the aim of this focused review is to summarize the most recent knowledge on the effects of catechins in cardiac I/R injury and bring deep insight into the molecular mechanisms involved and dosage-dependency of these effects, as well as to outline potential gaps for translation of catechin-based treatments into clinical practice.
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17
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Altered Properties of Neurons and Astrocytes and the Effects of Food Components in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:718-727. [PMID: 34001721 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP), stroke induces neuronal vulnerability and neuronal death, while astrocytes show a weakened support function toward neurons. Moreover, certain food components have been demonstrated to prevent the occurrence of stroke. This review aims to explain the stroke-related properties of SHRSP-derived neurons and astrocytes. In addition, it describes the effects of particular dietary phytochemicals on SHRSP. In this study, we obtained information using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. We searched for the functions of neurons and astrocytes and the molecular mechanism of ischemic stroke induction. We summarized the recent literature on the underlying mechanisms of stroke onset in SHRSP and the alleviating effects of typical food-derived phytochemical components. Neuronal death in SHRSP is induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the production of lactate, l-serine, and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in SHRSP-derived astrocytes was reduced compared with that in control Wistar-Kyoto rats. Vitamin E exerts an inhibitory effect on hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced neuronal death in SHRSP. Curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, and carotenoids can prevent the development of stroke in SHRSP. In particular, the properties of SHRSP-derived neurons and astrocytes affect stroke-induced neuronal death. This review suggests the potential and therapeutic applications of dietary phytochemicals in reducing stroke risk and lowering blood pressure in SHRSP, respectively, by targeting various processes, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Thus, future research on SHRSP brain cells with a genetic predisposition to stroke can consider using these food ingredients to develop approaches for stroke prevention.
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18
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Frosini M, Marcolongo P, Gamberucci A, Tamasi G, Pardini A, Giunti R, Fiorenzani P, Aloisi AM, Rossi C, Pessina F. Effects of Aqueous Extract of Lycopersicum esculentum L. var. “Camone” Tomato on Blood Pressure, Behavior and Brain Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:189-201. [PMID: 35366276 PMCID: PMC8830475 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Hypertension contributes to both the development and progression of brain damage and cognitive dysfunction and could represent the most powerful modifiable risk factor for cerebral vessel dysfunction and consequent behavioral impairment. Tomato contains antioxidants and bioactive molecules that might play an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular and brain diseases. The effects of the combined gel and serum from Lycopersicum esculentum L. var. “Camone” tomatoes and those of purified tomato glycoalkaloids (tomatine) and an antihypertensive drug (captopril) were investigated in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and compared with normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Body weight, systolic blood pressure, behavioral parameters, as well as brain susceptibility to oxidative stress and brain cytokine contents, were assessed. Treating hypertensive rats with tomato gel/serum or captopril for four weeks caused a significant reduction in blood pressure, decreased locomotor activity and increased grooming behavior; the last two parameters were also significantly affected by tomatine treatment. Brain slices obtained from hypertensive rats treated with tomato gel/serum were more resistant to oxidative stress and contained lower levels of inflammatory cytokines than vehicle-treated ones. In contrast, tomatine treatment had no effect. In conclusion, the tomato-derived gel/serum can be considered a dietary supplement able to drive in vivo blood pressure towards healthier values and also control some central effects such as behavior and brain oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Frosini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.G.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (F.P.); Tel.: +39-0577-232296 (P.M.); +39-0577-234449 (F.P.)
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Gabriella Tamasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Alessio Pardini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Roberta Giunti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.F.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.F.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Claudio Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.T.); (A.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Federica Pessina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.G.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.M.); (F.P.); Tel.: +39-0577-232296 (P.M.); +39-0577-234449 (F.P.)
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19
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Bernatova I, Liskova S. Mechanisms Modified by (-)-Epicatechin and Taxifolin Relevant for the Treatment of Hypertension and Viral Infection: Knowledge from Preclinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:467. [PMID: 33809620 PMCID: PMC8002320 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies have shown that certain flavonoids, flavonoid-containing plant extracts, and foods can improve human health. Experimental studies showed that flavonoids have the capacity to alter physiological processes as well as cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with their antioxidant properties. An important function of flavonoids was determined in the cardiovascular system, namely their capacity to lower blood pressure and to improve endothelial function. (-)-Epicatechin and taxifolin are two flavonoids with notable antihypertensive effects and multiple beneficial actions in the cardiovascular system, but they also possess antiviral effects, which may be of particular importance in the ongoing pandemic situation. Thus, this review is focused on the current knowledge of (-)-epicatechin as well as (+)-taxifolin and/or (-)-taxifolin-modified biological action and underlining molecular mechanisms determined in preclinical studies, which are relevant not only to the treatment of hypertension per se but may provide additional antiviral benefits that could be relevant to the treatment of hypertensive subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Bernatova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Silvia Liskova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
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20
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Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Galleano M. Linking biomarkers of oxidative stress and disease with flavonoid consumption: From experimental models to humans. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101914. [PMID: 33750648 PMCID: PMC8113027 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the links among flavonoid consumption, mitigation of oxidative stress and improvement of disease in humans has significantly advanced in the last decades. This review used (−)-epicatechin (EC) as an example of dietary flavonoids, and inflammation, endothelial dysfunction/hypertension and insulin resistance/diabetes as paradigms of human disease. In these pathologies, oxidative stress is part of their development and/or their perpetuation. Evidence from both, rodent studies and characterization of mechanisms in cell cultures are encouraging and mostly support indirect antioxidant actions of EC and EC metabolites in endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. Human studies also show beneficial effects of EC on these pathologies based on biomarkers of disease. However, there is limited available information on oxidative stress biomarkers and flavonoid consumption to allow establishing conclusive associations. The evolving discovery of metabolites that could serve as reliable markers of intake of specific flavonoids constitutes a powerful tool to link flavonoid consumption to disease and prevention of oxidative stress in human populations. Flavonoid’s metabolism and concentration determine their antioxidant mechanisms. Except for the GI tract, flavonoids are relevant indirect antioxidants in organs and tissues. Flavonoid's health effects are not always linked to biomarkers of oxidative stress. (‒)-Epicatechin mitigates the redox deregulation involved in hypertension/T2D pathogenesis. More human studies will strength links among flavonoids, oxidative stress, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Garate-Carrillo A, Navarrete-Yañez V, Ortiz-Vilchis P, Guevara G, Castillo C, Mendoza-Lorenzo P, Ceballos G, Ortiz-Flores M, Najera N, Bustamante-Pozo MM, Rubio-Gayosso I, Villarreal F, Ramirez-Sanchez I. Arginase inhibition by (-)-Epicatechin reverses endothelial cell aging. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173442. [PMID: 32795514 PMCID: PMC7418791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction (EnD) occurs with aging and endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production by NO synthase (NOS) can be impaired. Low NO levels have been linked to increased arginase (Ar) activity as Ar competes with NOS for L-arginine. The inhibition of Ar activity can reverse EnD and (-)-epicatechin (Epi) inhibits myocardial Ar activity. In this study, through in silico modeling we demonstrate that Epi interacts with Ar similarly to its inhibitor Norvaline (Norv). Using in vitro and in vivo models of aging, we examined Epi and Norv-inhibition of Ar activity and its endothelium-protective effects. Bovine coronary artery endothelial cells (BCAEC) were treated with Norv (10 μM), Epi (1 μM) or the combination (Epi + Norv) for 48 h. Ar activity increased in aged BCAEC, with decreased NO generation. Treatment decreased Ar activity to levels seen in young cells. Epi and Epi + Norv decreased nitrosylated Ar levels by ~25% in aged cells with lower oxidative stress (~25%) (dihydroethidium) levels. In aged cells, Epi and Epi + Norv restored the eNOS monomer/dimer ratio, protein expression levels and NO production to those of young cells. Furthermore, using 18 month old rats 15 days of treatment with either Epi (1 mg/kg), Norv (10 mg/kg) or combo, decreased hypertension and improved aorta vasorelaxation to acetylcholine, blood NO levels and tetra/dihydribiopterin ratios in cultured rat aortic endothelial cells. In conclusion, results provide evidence that inhibiting Ar with Epi reverses aged-related loss of eNOS function and improves vascular function through the modulation of Ar and eNOS protein levels and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Garate-Carrillo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Viridiana Navarrete-Yañez
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Pilar Ortiz-Vilchis
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Guevara
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Carmen Castillo
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mendoza-Lorenzo
- División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Unidad Chontalpa, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ortiz-Flores
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Najera
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Moises Muratt Bustamante-Pozo
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Ivan Rubio-Gayosso
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; VA San Diego Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico.
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Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.: a comprehensive review from traditional usage to pharmacological evidence. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-020-00489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Fanton S, Cardozo LFMF, Combet E, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P, Vieira IO, Narciso HR, Schmitz J, Mafra D. The sweet side of dark chocolate for chronic kidney disease patients. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:15-26. [PMID: 32718711 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chocolate is a widely appreciated foodstuff with historical appreciation as a food from the gods. In addition to its highly palatable taste, it is a rich source of (poly)phenolics, which have several proposed salutogenic effects, including neuroprotective anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and cardioprotective capabilities. Despite the known benefits of this ancient foodstuff, there is a paucity of information on the effects of chocolate in the context of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review focusses on the potential salutogenic contribution of chocolate intake, to mitigate inflammatory and oxidative burden in CKD, its potential, for cardiovascular protection and on the maintenance of diversity in gut microbiota, as well as clinical perspectives, on regular chocolate intake by CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susane Fanton
- Renal Vida Association, Blumenau, SC, Brazil; Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ludmila F M F Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
| | - Emilie Combet
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska Instituted, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói-Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil.
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24
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Qu Z, Liu A, Li P, Liu C, Xiao W, Huang J, Liu Z, Zhang S. Advances in physiological functions and mechanisms of (-)-epicatechin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:211-233. [PMID: 32090598 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1723057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is a flavanol easily obtained through the diet and is present in tea, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Recent studies have shown that EC protects human health and exhibits prominent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, enhances muscle performance, improves symptoms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, prevents diabetes, and protects the nervous system. With the development of modern medical and biotechnology research, the mechanisms of action associated with EC toward various chronic diseases are becoming more apparent, and the pharmacological development and utilization of EC has been increasingly clarified. Currently, there is no comprehensive systematic introduction to the effects of EC and its mechanisms of action. This review presents the latest research progress and the role of EC in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases and its protective health effects and provides a theoretical basis for future research on EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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25
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Kluknavsky M, Balis P, Skratek M, Manka J, Bernatova I. (-)-Epicatechin Reduces the Blood Pressure of Young Borderline Hypertensive Rats During the Post-Treatment Period. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020096. [PMID: 31979210 PMCID: PMC7071046 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of (–)-epicatechin (Epi) in young male borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) during two weeks of treatment (Epi group, 100 mg/kg/day p.o.) and two weeks post treatment (PE group). Epi reduced blood pressure (BP), which persisted for two weeks post treatment. This was associated with delayed reduction of anxiety-like behaviour. Epi significantly increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in the aorta and left heart ventricle (LHV) vs. the age-matched controls without affecting the brainstem and frontal neocortex. Furthermore, Epi significantly reduced the superoxide production in the aorta and relative content of iron-containing compounds in blood. Two weeks post treatment, the NOS activities and superoxide productions in the heart and aorta did not differ from the age-matched controls. The gene expressions of the NOSs (nNOS, iNOS, eNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) remained unaltered in the aorta and LHV of the Epi and PE groups. In conclusion, while Epi-induced a decrease of the rats’ BP persisted for two weeks post treatment, continuous Epi treatments seem to be necessary for maintaining elevated NO production as well as redox balance in the heart and aorta without changes in the NOSs, Nrf2, and PPAR-γ gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kluknavsky
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Balis
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Skratek
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Measurement Science, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Manka
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Measurement Science, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Regecova V, Jurkovicova J, Babjakova J, Bernatova I. The Effect of a Single Dose of Dark Chocolate on Cardiovascular Parameters and Their Reactivity to Mental Stress. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:414-421. [PMID: 31526307 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1662341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the effect of a single administration of dark or milk chocolate on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and double product (DP) in young healthy women at rest and during acute mental stress.Method: Measurements consisted of anthropometry, BP, and HR. Mean arterial BP (MAP) and DP were computed. The relative reactivity of individual variables was quantified as to their percentage change during the rest or test of mental arithmetic (MA) with respect to the respective baseline value. All subjects underwent two tests of MA-one before chocolate administration and the second one 2 hours after chocolate (1 mg/g of body weight) ingestion.Results: Two hours after ingestion at rest, dark chocolate administration resulted in a significant increase in relative values of systolic BP and DP by 5.1% ± 1.4% and 13.7% ± 3.2%, respectively, compared to the responses in the milk chocolate group (-2.4% ± 1.6% and 0.6% ± 3.4%, respectively, p < 0.04 for both comparisons) without changes in diastolic BP, HR, and MAP. During MA-induced acute stress, the relative magnitude of the reactivity of diastolic BP, HR, MAP, and DP decreased by about 10, 16, 8, and 23 percentage points, respectively, 2 hours after ingestion of dark chocolate compared to the relative reactivity determined before dark chocolate ingestion. Milk chocolate failed to affect any of the above-mentioned parameters at rest or during stress.Conclusions: The single oral intake of 85% dark chocolate increased relative values of systolic BP and DP at rest but buffered the reactivity of diastolic BP, HR, MAP, and DP during mental stress, which was not found after ingestion of milk chocolate. Thus, dark chocolate might have a beneficial effect during acute stress due to its ability to buffer cardiovascular reactivity in young healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Regecova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jurkovicova
- Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Babjakova
- Institute of Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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27
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28
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Maaliki D, Shaito AA, Pintus G, El-Yazbi A, Eid AH. Flavonoids in hypertension: a brief review of the underlying mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 45:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Kawamura H, Mitsubayashi H, Ikeda K, Kawakami K, Nabika T. Chronobiological characteristics of locomotor activity in congenic rats (SHRSPwch1.0) and their effects on arterial pressure. Clin Exp Hypertens 2019; 42:43-51. [PMID: 30724620 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2019.1571598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawamura
- MJG Cardiovascular Institute, Blood Pressure Center, Saitama-shi, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Ikeda
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya-shi, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Experimental Animals Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Toru Nabika
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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30
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Sánchez M, Romero M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaino F, Duarte J. Cardiovascular Effects of Flavonoids. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6991-7034. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181220094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the major cause of death worldwide, especially in Western
society. Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants, present
in a considerable amount in fruit and vegetable. Several epidemiological studies found an inverse association
between flavonoids intake and mortality by CVD. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids was
considered the main mechanism of action of flavonoids and other polyphenols. In recent years, the role
of modulation of signaling pathways by direct interaction of flavonoids with multiple protein targets,
namely kinases, has been increasingly recognized and involved in their cardiovascular protective effect.
There are strong evidence, in in vitro and animal experimental models, that some flavonoids induce
vasodilator effects, improve endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, exert platelet antiaggregant
and atheroprotective effects, and reduce blood pressure. Despite interacting with multiple targets, flavonoids
are surprisingly safe. This article reviews the recent evidence about cardiovascular effects that
support a beneficial role of flavonoids on CVD and the potential molecular targets involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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31
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De Los Santos S, Palma-Flores C, Zentella-Dehesa A, Canto P, Coral-Vázquez RM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits development of dilated cardiomyopathy in δ sarcoglycan null mouse. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:1188-1195. [PMID: 30143409 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies propose that (-)-epicatechin, a flavonol present in high concentration in the cocoa, has cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of (-)-epicatechin on the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in a δ sarcoglycan null mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS δ Sarcoglycan null mice were treated for 15 days with (-)-epicatechin. Histological and morphometric analysis of the hearts treated mutant mice showed significant reduction of the vasoconstrictions in the coronary arteries as well as fewer areas with fibrosis and a reduction in the loss of the ventricular wall. On the contrary, it was observed a thickening of this region. By Western blot analysis, it was shown, and increment in the phosphorylation level of eNOS and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K proteins in the heart of the (-)-epicatechin treated animals. On the other hand, we observed a significantly decreased level of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) heart failure markers. CONCLUSION All the results indicate that (-)-epicatechin has the potential to prevent the development of dilated cardiomyopathy of genetic origin and encourages the use of this flavonol as a pharmacological therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor/metabolism
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/prevention & control
- Catechin/pharmacology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/enzymology
- Coronary Vessels/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Natriuretic Peptide, Brain/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Sarcoglycans/deficiency
- Sarcoglycans/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Los Santos
- División de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Clínica de Obesidad, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C Palma-Flores
- División de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico; Catedrático CONACYT, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - A Zentella-Dehesa
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - P Canto
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Clínica de Obesidad, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R M Coral-Vázquez
- División de Investigación Biomédica, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City, Mexico; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Delegación Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico.
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32
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Fraga CG, Oteiza PI, Galleano M. Plant bioactives and redox signaling: (-)-Epicatechin as a paradigm. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:31-40. [PMID: 29421170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactives claimed to be responsible for some of the health benefits provided by fruit and vegetables. It is currently accepted that the bioactivities of polyphenols can be mostly ascribed to their interactions with proteins and lipids. Such interactions can affect cell oxidant production and cell signaling, and explain in part the ability of polyphenols to promote health. EC can modulate redox sensitive signaling by: i) defining the extent of oxidant levels that can modify cell signaling, function, and fate, e.g. regulating enzymes that generate superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide; or ii) regulating the activation of transcription factors sensible to oxidants. The latter includes the regulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) pathway, which in turn can promote the synthesis of antioxidant defenses, and of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway, which mediates the expression of oxidants generating enzymes, as well as proteins not involved in redox reactions. In summary, a significant amount of data vindicates the participation of EC in redox regulated signaling pathways. Progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in EC biological actions will help to define recommendations in terms of which fruit and vegetables are healthier and the amounts necessary to provide health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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33
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Biological activities of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin-containing foods: Focus on cardiovascular and neuropsychological health. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:666-681. [PMID: 29355598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that certain (-)-epicatechin-containing foods have a blood pressure-lowering capacity. The mechanisms underlying (-)-epicatechin action may help prevent oxidative damage and endothelial dysfunction, which have both been associated with hypertension and certain brain disorders. Moreover, (-)-epicatechin has been shown to modify metabolic profile, blood's rheological properties, and to cross the blood-brain barrier. Thus, (-)-epicatechin causes multiple actions that may provide unique synergy beneficial for cardiovascular and neuropsychological health. This review summarises the current knowledge on the biological actions of (-)-epicatechin, related to cardiovascular and brain functions, which may play a remarkable role in human health and longevity.
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Ludovici V, Barthelmes J, Nägele MP, Enseleit F, Ferri C, Flammer AJ, Ruschitzka F, Sudano I. Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function. Front Nutr 2017; 4:36. [PMID: 28824916 PMCID: PMC5539137 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the most common cause of death worldwide. The consumption of natural polyphenol-rich foods, and cocoa in particular, has been related to a reduced risk of CVD, including coronary heart disease and stroke. Intervention studies strongly suggest that cocoa exerts a beneficial impact on cardiovascular health, through the reduction of blood pressure (BP), improvement of vascular function, modulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, and reduction of platelet aggregation. These potentially beneficial effects have been shown in healthy subjects as well as in patients with risk factors (arterial hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) or established CVD (coronary heart disease or heart failure). Several potential mechanisms are supposed to be responsible for the positive effect of cocoa; among them activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, increased bioavailability of NO as well as antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is the aim of this review to summarize the findings of cocoa and chocolate on BP and vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ludovici
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jens Barthelmes
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Nägele
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Enseleit
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank Ruschitzka
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Sudano
- Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Corrigendum to "(-)-Epicatechin Prevents Blood Pressure Increase and Reduces Locomotor Hyperactivity in Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats". OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9483845. [PMID: 28593026 PMCID: PMC5448065 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9483845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gardenia jasminoides has therapeutic effects on L‑NNA‑induced hypertension in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4360-4373. [PMID: 28487985 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides is a plant that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has four key active components (genipin gentiobioside, geniposide, crocin 1 and crocin 2). The aim of the present study was to determine the anti‑hypertension effects of Gardenia jasminoidesin vivo. The chemical composition of Gardenia jasminoides was determined using liquid chromatography. The anti‑hypertensive effects of Gardenia jasminoides were determined by a L‑NG‑nitroarginine (L‑NNA)‑induced hypertension animal model. Both Gardenia jasminoides plants of the Jiangjin County variety (CJGJ) and the Lichuan City variety (HLGJ) were used. HLGJ contained more geniposide than CJGJ. L‑NNA was used to induce hypertension in mice, and the mice were subsequently treated with CJGJ and HLGJ. The Gardenia jasminoides‑treated mice exhibited lower systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) than the experimental control mice. Additionally, HLGL has a more potent effect on SBP, MBP and DBP than CJGJ. Following Gardenia jasminoides treatment, the nitric oxide contents in serum, heart, liver, kidney and stomach of mice were higher than the L‑NNA‑induced control mice, and the malondialdehyde contents were lower; the levels in HLGJ‑treated mice were closer to those normal mice than the levels in CJGJ‑treated mice were. Serum levels of endothelin‑1 and vascular endothelial growth factor were reduced by HLGJ treatment in hypertensive mice, whereas the calcitonin gene‑related peptide level was raised. Reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analysis of mouse heart and vessel tissue demonstrated that HLGJ‑treated mice exhibited higher heme oxygenase‑1, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial NOS, Bax, caspase‑3, caspase‑8, caspase‑9 mRNA expression levels and lower adrenomedullin, receptor activity modifying protein, interleukin‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α, inducible NOS, Bcl‑2, monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1, nuclear factor‑κB and matrix metalloproteinase‑2 and ‑9 mRNA expression compared with control hypertensive mice and CJGJ‑treated mice. In conclusion, Gardenia jasminoides has anti‑hypertensive effects, and these effects may be associated with the active component, geniposide.
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Radosinska J, Horvathova M, Frimmel K, Muchova J, Vidosovicova M, Vazan R, Bernatova I. Acute dark chocolate ingestion is beneficial for hemodynamics via enhancement of erythrocyte deformability in healthy humans. Nutr Res 2017; 39:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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