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Devi K, Paulraj J, Shanmugam R, Maiti S. Miswak-Infused Glass Ionomer Cement: A Comparative In Vitro Analysis of Antibacterial Efficacy and Compressive Strength. Cureus 2024; 16:e53484. [PMID: 38440002 PMCID: PMC10910250 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glass ionomer cement (GIC) restorations are commonly used in primary dentition, due to their aesthetic appeal, self-adhesive nature, and biocompatibility. However, the material's limited antibacterial activity and inadequate mechanical strength highlight the necessity for modifying the material. AIM The study aims to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial potency and compressive strength of GIC-incorporated Miswak extract with that of conventional GIC. MATERIALS AND METHODS After obtaining the Miswak extract, a modified GIC was formulated by combining the extract with the conventional GIC powder and liquid components, in three different ratios (Powder: Extract and Liquid), Group I (2:1:1), Group II (3:1:2), Group III (3:2:1), and the Group IV as control, which consist of unmodified/conventional GIC. To evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of the modified and unmodified GIC, standard strains of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus were utilized. For each group, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was tested. For the evaluation of compressive strength, cylindrical moulds were utilized in compliance with ISO 9917-1:2007 standards and tested using the universal testing machine (Instron, ElectroPuls®, Bangalore, IND). The highest force exerted at the point of specimen fracture was recorded to calculate the compressive strength values in MPa. The data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 24.0, Armonk, NY) software. The statistical analysis was conducted utilizing repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to calculate the mean MIC values and compressive strength, with pairwise comparisons assessed using Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS The results proved that the antimicrobial properties of Miswak containing GIC performed better against S. mutans and Lactobacillus with a statistically significant difference when compared with group IV (p<0.05), it has been found that an increase in the concentration of extract increased the antimicrobial potency. Significant results were obtained in compressive strength where Group II (41.49±3.6) and Group III (15.23±4.96) proved to be weaker than the control (62.69±2.58), while Group I showed no differences from the control group (p>0.05). CONCLUSION It can be concluded that Group I was found to be better in terms of both antimicrobial properties and compressive strength, where no significant difference in compressive strength was identified when comparing Group I with Group IV. Thus, the overall study depicts that a lesser concentration of extract can be the best option in terms of good antimicrobial properties without altering its strength. Hence, the Miswak containing GIC could be a promising restorative material; further studies should include considering intraoral variables such as masticatory stress, moisture levels and in-vivo tests of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Devi
- Pediatric Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Jessy Paulraj
- Pediatric Dentistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar Shanmugam
- Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Subhabrata Maiti
- Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Mosaddad SA, Hussain A, Tebyaniyan H. Green Alternatives as Antimicrobial Agents in Mitigating Periodontal Diseases: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1269. [PMCID: PMC10220622 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases and dental caries are the most common infectious oral diseases impacting oral health globally. Oral cavity health is crucial for enhancing life quality since it serves as the entranceway to general health. The oral microbiome and oral infectious diseases are strongly correlated. Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria have been associated with periodontal diseases. Due to the shortcomings of several antimicrobial medications frequently applied in dentistry, the lack of resources in developing countries, the prevalence of oral inflammatory conditions, and the rise in bacterial antibiotic resistance, there is a need for reliable, efficient, and affordable alternative solutions for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Several accessible chemical agents can alter the oral microbiota, although these substances also have unfavorable symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and tooth discoloration. Natural phytochemicals generated from plants that have historically been used as medicines are categorized as prospective alternatives due to the ongoing quest for substitute products. This review concentrated on phytochemicals or herbal extracts that impact periodontal diseases by decreasing the formation of dental biofilms and plaques, preventing the proliferation of oral pathogens, and inhibiting bacterial adhesion to surfaces. Investigations examining the effectiveness and safety of plant-based medicines have also been presented, including those conducted over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran;
| | - Ahmed Hussain
- School of Dentistry, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Science and Research Branch, Islimic Azade University, Tehran 14878-92855, Iran
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Mohany M, Al-zharani M, Nasr FA, El-Wetidy MS, Farag M, Abdel-Mageed WM, El-Gamal A, Al-Rejaie SS, Noman OM, Qurtam AA, Rudayni HA, Aleissa MS. Persicaline, an alkaloid from Salvadora persica, inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. OPEN CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer is the second largest cause of mortality worldwide. Many natural bioactive chemicals generated from plants have favorable impacts on health, including cancer chemoprevention, compared to their manufactured counterparts. Persicaline, a novel sulfur-containing imidazoline alkaloid derived from Salvadora persica, has been shown to display promising antioxidant activity. In this study, the antiproliferative activity of persicaline was tested against different cancer cells using (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The cell death mode and cell-cycle arrest were examined using flow cytometry analysis. In addition, the proapoptotic and molecular mechanism effects of persicaline against mammary MCF-7 cell line were explored. Furthermore, the impact of persicaline on apoptotic genes markers, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential were monitored. It was found that persicaline inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Persicaline-treated MCF-7 cells also showed initiation of apoptotic events and G1 cell-cycle arrest. In addition, persicaline treatment led to an increase in ROS generation, Bax and caspase upregulation while the Bcl-2 was downregulated. Hence, for the first time, this study showed that persicaline causes G1 phase arrest and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. Increased proapoptotic genes and ROS levels were required for the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of persicaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 55760 , Riyadh – 1145 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-zharani
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S. El-Wetidy
- College of Medicine, Research Center, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2925 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Farag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael M. Abdel-Mageed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali El-Gamal
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S. Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 55760 , Riyadh – 1145 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , P.O. Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Rudayni
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Aleissa
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU) , Riyadh 11623 , Saudi Arabia
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Wajdan N, Aslam K, Amin R, Khan S, Ahmed N, Lal A, AlHamdan EM, Vohra F, Abduljabbar T, Heboyan A. Anti-fungal efficacy of Miswak Extract (Salvadora Persica) and commercial cleaner against Candida albicans on heat cured polymethylmethacrylate denture base. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2023; 21:22808000231165666. [PMID: 37128650 DOI: 10.1177/22808000231165666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to compare the antifungal efficacy between commercial cleaner (Corega) and Miswak extract (Salvadora persica) against Candida albicans on heat cured Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic denture base resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-eight samples of heat cured PMMA acrylic denture base resin were fabircated in the study. The sterile acrylic resin specimens were immersed in standardized cell suspension of Candida albicans and incubated for 60 min at 370°C for cell adhesion and 2 h at 370°C for biofilm formation. After 24 h biofilm was evaluated by cell viability (CFUs) on SDA and cell counting of Candida albicans under light microscope at 400× magnification. The fungicidal effect of commercial cleaner and Miswak extract on Candida albicans biofilm was then evaluated by colony-forming units on SDA and cell counting under light microscope at 400× magnification. RESULTS Screening test agar disk-diffusion assay showed mean inhibitory zone of 3 mm for commercial cleaner as compared to Miswak extract, which showed mean inhibitory zone of 2 and 1 mm for different concentrations. Broth microdilution method showed 31 mg/ml MIC and 62.5 mg/ml Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values for commercial cleaner as compared to Miswak extract that showed 125 mg/ml MIC and 250 mg/ml MFC values against Candida albicans. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between pre and post treatment of both commercial cleaner and Miswak extract, for CFUs and cell count for Candida albicans. CONCLUSION Commercial denture cleaner (Corega) showed better antifungal (C albicans) activity than Miswak extract (Salvadora persica) on heat cured PMMA acrylic denture base resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Wajdan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Aslam
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rafat Amin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Khan
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abhishek Lal
- Department of Prosthodontics, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Eman M AlHamdan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahim Vohra
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Abduljabbar
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
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El-Bestawy EM, Tolba AM, Rashad WA. Morphological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes induced by sodium fluoride in the tongue of adult male albino rat and the ameliorative effect of resveratrol. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:483-496. [PMID: 36168808 PMCID: PMC9747341 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little knowledge is available about the effects of fluoride exposure on the tongue. This study evaluated the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the tongue ultrastructure and detected the ameliorative effects of resveratrol. Forty adult albino rats were separated into 4 groups: the control group was given a balanced diet and purified water. The NaF treated group: received 10 mg/kg/d dissolved in 2.5 ml distilled water once daily for 30 days orally. The NaF+resveratrol group: received NaF 10 mg/kg/d orally together with resveratrol in a dose of 30 mg/kg daily for 30 days. The resveratrol group was subjected to resveratrol in a dose of 30 mg/kg/d by oral gavage for 30 days. Sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and Masson's trichrome. Tumor necrosis factor α immunohistochemical study and electron microscopic examinations were done. The oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde, antioxidant reduced glutathione, and the total antioxidant capacity were measured. The NaF group revealed ulceration, necrotic muscle fibers, distorted papillae and a significant increase in malondialdehyde level, and a significant decrease in glutathione and the total antioxidant levels. In the NaF+resveratrol group, pathological changes were less, and the oxidant levels were decreased by the administration of resveratrol with NaF. In conclusion, NaF adversely affects the ultrastructure of the adult rat tongue and resveratrol can ameliorate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emtethal M. El-Bestawy
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Tolba
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt,Corresponding author: Asmaa M. Tolba, Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharqia Governorate 44519, Egypt, E-mail:
| | - Walaa A. Rashad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharqia Governorate, Egypt
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El-Sherbiny GM, Gazelly AM, Sharaf MH, Moghannemm SA, E SM, Ismail MK, El-Hawary AS. Exploitation of the Antibacterial, Antibiofilm and Antioxidant Activities of Salvadora Persica (Miswak) Extract. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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GC/MS Profiling and Ex Vivo Antibacterial Activity of Salvadora persica (Siwak) against Enterococcus faecalis as Intracanal Medicament. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2021:6333867. [PMID: 34987597 PMCID: PMC8723863 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6333867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salvadora persica L. (S. persica, Siwak) has been used for many centuries as oral hygiene tools, particularly in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of S. persica petroleum ether extract (SPE) as an intracanal bactericidal for endodontic treatment against Enterococcus faecalis. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gold standard intracanal medicament was used for comparison. METHODS The gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was carried out to identify the components of SPE. First, the consistency of SPE was accomplished according to ANSI/ADA specification no 57. Forty-five single-rooted mandibular premolars were infected with that of E. faecalis suspension. Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted before the medicaments' application (CFU-1) and after seven days of their applications (CFU-2). Group I: SPE, Group II: positive control Ca(OH)2, and Group III: saline solution negative control. The microdilution method was applied to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SPE. RESULTS Thirty-two compounds were identified (89.09%), with main components of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) (33.32%) and steroids (34%). CFU before and after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 recorded a statistically significant reduction in bacterial count (P=0.006) and (P=0.01), respectively. There was an insignificant difference between CFU after using SPE and Ca(OH)2 (P=0.210). On the contrary, comparing both medicaments with the negative control saline group resulted in significant differences, (P=0.001) and (P=0.007), respectively. Moreover, the equality of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SPE is recorded. CONCLUSION This finding could be referred to the high content of bactericidal BITC in synergism with other antimicrobial components, representing 70.71% of SPE. Thus, SPE is a good candidate as an intracanal medicament, which warrants further investigation.
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Rashki S, Shakour N, Yousefi Z, Rezaei M, Homayoonfal M, Khabazian E, Atyabi F, Aslanbeigi F, Safaei Lapavandani R, Mazaheri S, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Cellulose-Based Nanofibril Composite Materials as a New Approach to Fight Bacterial Infections. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:732461. [PMID: 34858953 PMCID: PMC8631928 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.732461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant microorganisms have become an enormous global challenge, and are predicted to cause hundreds of millions of deaths. Therefore, the search for novel/alternative antimicrobial agents is a grand global challenge. Cellulose is an abundant biopolymer with the advantages of low cost, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. With the recent growth of nanotechnology and nanomedicine, numerous researchers have investigated nanofibril cellulose to try to develop an anti-bacterial biomaterial. However, nanofibril cellulose has no inherent antibacterial activity, and therefore cannot be used on its own. To empower cellulose with anti-bacterial properties, new efficient nanomaterials have been designed based on cellulose-based nanofibrils as potential wound dressings, food packaging, and for other antibacterial applications. In this review we summarize reports concerning the therapeutic potential of cellulose-based nanofibrils against various bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Rashki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Neda Shakour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Yousefi
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Homayoonfal
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khabazian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aslanbeigi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Samaneh Mazaheri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Borgio JF, Rasdan AS, Sonbol B, Alhamid G, Almandil NB, AbdulAzeez S. Emerging Status of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Fungi in the Arabian Peninsula. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111144. [PMID: 34827138 PMCID: PMC8614875 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The incidence and developing status of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi, as well as their related mortality, is reviewed by a systematic published literature search from nine countries in the Arabian Peninsula. In order to analyse the emerging status and mortality, a total of 382 research articles were selected from a comprehensive screening of 1705 papers. More than 850 deaths reported since 2010 in the Arabian Peninsula due to the infection of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi. Multidrug-resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungi Candida auris are the most prevalent and causing high deaths. To control these infections and associated deaths in the Arabian Peninsula, continuous preventive measures, accurate methods for early diagnosis of infection, active surveillance, constant monitoring, developing vaccines, eradicating multidrug resistance modulators, and data sharing among countries are required. Abstract We aimed to identify the prevalence and emerging status of multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi and their associated mortality in nine countries in the Arabian Peninsula. Original research articles and case studies regarding multidrug-resistant bacteria and fungi in the Arabian Peninsula, published during the last 10 years, were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus. A total of 382 studies were included as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as the PRISMA guidelines, from a thorough screening of 1705 articles, in order to analyse the emerging status and mortality. The emerging nature of >120 multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi in the Arabian Peninsula is a serious concern that requires continuous monitoring and immediate preventive measures. More than 50% (n = 453) of multidrug-resistant, microbe-associated mortality (n = 871) in the Arabian Peninsula was due to MDR Acinetobacter baumannii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Overall, a 16.51% mortality was reported among MDR-infected patients in the Arabian Peninsula from the 382 articles of this registered systematic review. MDR A. baumannii (5600 isolates) prevailed in all the nine countries of the Arabian Peninsula and was one of the fastest emerging MDR bacteria with the highest mortality (n = 210). A total of 13,087 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were reported in the region. Candida auris (580 strains) is the most prevalent among the MDR fungal pathogen in the Arabian Peninsula, having caused 54 mortalities. Active surveillance, constant monitoring, the development of a candidate vaccine, an early diagnosis of MDR infection, the elimination of multidrug resistance modulators and uninterrupted preventive measures with enhanced data sharing are mandatory to control MDR infection and associated diseases of the Arabian Peninsula. Accurate and rapid detection methods are needed to differentiate MDR strain from other strains of the species. This review summarises the logical relation, prevalence, emerging status and associated mortality of MDR microbes in the Arabian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Francis Borgio
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.R.); (B.S.); (G.A.)
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-013-3330864
| | - Alia Saeed Rasdan
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.R.); (B.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Bayan Sonbol
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.R.); (B.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Galyah Alhamid
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.R.); (B.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Noor B. Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
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Wen SD, Sans-Serramitjana E, Santander JF, Sánchez MR, Salazar-Aguilar P, Zepeda AB, Alvarado SI, Miranda IB. Effects of natural extracts in the treatment of oral ulcers: A systematic review of evidence from experimental studies in animals. J Clin Exp Dent 2021; 13:e1038-e1048. [PMID: 34667500 PMCID: PMC8501866 DOI: 10.4317/jced.58567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the clinical and histopathological effects of natural extracts in the treatment of oral ulcers induced in animal experimental models.
Material and Methods We carried out a search in the Medline, Scopus, WoS and Embase databases from the start of the databases to December 2020, and also made a manual search of the references. The search and selection were carried out by two researchers independently. The inclusion criteria were: experimental studies in animal models, in english, which complied with the study object.
Results A total of 705 articles were identified. After selection by title, abstract and full text, 19 articles were finally included. Natural extracts of Jasminum grandiflorum, Ficus deltoidea, curcumin and Bixina orellana provoked a significantly greater reduction in the size of the ulcer. Extracts of Salvatora persica, Musa acuminate, Ganoderma lucidum mycelia and Bixina Orellana, as well as preparations of Kouyanqing Granule and curcumin, were able to reduce levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression and serum levels of growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Extracts of Piper sarmentosus, Cannabis sativa and Bletilla striata provoked a reduction in the severity of the histological inflammation. No significant differences were observed compared to controls in the treatments with extracts of Cannabis sativa, Aloe barbadensus Miller and Malva sylvestris in reducing the area of the oral ulcers.
Conclusions Most of the natural extracts described in this review presented a positive clinical and histological effect on the cicatrisation of oral ulcers induced in animal models. Key words:Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral ulcer, plants, herbs, extracts, medicine, treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schilin D Wen
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.,Doctoral Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eulàlia Sans-Serramitjana
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.,Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javiera F Santander
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Mariela R Sánchez
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Paulina Salazar-Aguilar
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Andrea B Zepeda
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.,Non-Governmental Organization for Technology and Science Development for Humanity, Chile
| | - Susana I Alvarado
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.,Non-Governmental Organization for Technology and Science Development for Humanity, Chile
| | - Ignacia B Miranda
- Grupo de investigación en Ciencias Aplicadas a la Odontología, Facultad Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile.,Non-Governmental Organization for Technology and Science Development for Humanity, Chile
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11
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Landu N, Sjattar EL, Massi MN, Yusuf S. The effectiveness of Salvadora persica stick on the colonization of oral pathogens in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU): A pilot study. ENFERMERIA CLINICA 2021. [PMID: 32204178 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.07.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of antibacterial Salvadora persica stick on the colonization of oral pathogens in patients with mechanical ventilation. METHOD This research is quasi-experimental research with pre-test-post-test design. Oral care was administered every 12h on patients who required mechanical ventilation for less than 24h. The colonization of oral pathogen assessment was conducted with swab oral treatment before and 48h after mechanical ventilation. The data obtained were analyzed with a paired t-test. RESULTS The results of this research showed that the antibacterial effect of S. persica stick was significant in preventing the increase in the amount of oral pathogen colonization in mechanically ventilated patients (p<0.05). The colonization of oral pathogens decreased from 48×106CFU/ml to 14×106CFU/ml. CONCLUSION Oral care with S. persica can serve as a complementary therapy for patients with mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saldy Yusuf
- Faculty of Nursing, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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12
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Mekhemar M, Geib M, Kumar M, Radha, Hassan Y, Dörfer C. Salvadora persica: Nature's Gift for Periodontal Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:712. [PMID: 33946353 PMCID: PMC8146554 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvadora persica (SP) extract, displays very valuable biotherapeutic capacities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous investigations have studied the pharmacologic actions of SP in oral disease therapies but its promising outcomes in periodontal health and treatment are not yet entirely described. The current study has been planned to analyze the reported effects of SP as a support to periodontal therapy to indorse regeneration and healing. In consort with clinical trials, in vitro investigations show the advantageous outcomes of SP adjunctive to periodontal treatment. Yet, comprehensive supplementary preclinical and clinical investigations at molecular and cellular levels are indispensable to reveal the exact therapeutic mechanisms of SP and its elements for periodontal health and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Mathias Geib
- Dr. Geib Private Dental Clinic, Frankfurter Landstraße 79, 61352 Bad Homburg, Germany;
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Yasmine Hassan
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
| | - Christof Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (Y.H.); (C.D.)
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13
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Sogodogo E, Doumbo O, Kouriba B, Aboudharam G. Microbial biodiversity of natural toothbrushes in Mali. New Microbes New Infect 2021; 40:100844. [PMID: 33796319 PMCID: PMC7995651 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Different oral hygiene practices are used to overcome endemic diseases such as dental caries and oral infections. In Mali (Africa), natural plant-based toothbrushes are used for eliminating bacterial biofilm. The repertoire of microorganisms associated with natural toothbrushes is unknown. The aim of our study is to study microbial flora in particular the methanogenic archaea associated with natural toothbrushes recently recognized as responsible for periodontitis and peri-implantitis. We investigated the methanogens and bacteria associated with 15 different natural plant toothbrushes collected in Bamako local market (Mali). Microbiological investigations consisted in culturing the bacteria on agar plates and searching archaea using molecular techniques. No archaea were demonstrated by molecular biology but 50 bacterial species, including 33 aero-anaerobic and 17 aerobic species, were isolated from natural toothbrushes. We isolated Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which are acknowledged as opportunistic human pathogens. This study has highlighted the likely impact of the use of natural toothbrushes in the spread of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the human oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sogodogo
- Aix Marseille Université. IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - O Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - B Kouriba
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali.,Centre d'infectiologie Charles-Mérieux (CICM), Bamako, Mali
| | - G Aboudharam
- Aix Marseille Université. IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UFR Odontology, Marseille, France
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14
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Arshad H, Sami MA, Sadaf S, Hassan U. Salvadora persica mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial efficacy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5996. [PMID: 33727607 PMCID: PMC7966387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit strong antimicrobial properties against many pathogens. Traditionally employed chemical methods for AgNPs synthesis are toxic for the environment. Here, we report a quicker, simpler, and environmentally benign process to synthesize AgNPs by using an aqueous 'root extract' of Salvadora persica (Sp) plant as a reducing agent. The synthesized Salvadora persica nano particles (SpNPs) showed significantly higher antimicrobial efficacy compared to earlier reported studies. We characterized SpNPs using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and X-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD). UV-Vis spectrum showed the highest absorbance at 420 nm. FTIR analysis depicts presence of bond stretching including OH- (3300 cm-1), C=N- (2100 cm-1) and NH- (1630 cm-1) which are attributed in the involvement of phenolics, proteins or nitrogenous compounds in reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. TEM, FE-SEM and DLS analysis revealed the spherical and rod nature of SpNPs and an average size of particles as 37.5 nm. XRD analysis showed the presence of the cubic structure of Ag which confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. To demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy, we evaluated SpNPs antimicrobial activity against two bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228)). SpNPs showed a significantly high inhibition for both pathogens and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were found to be 0.39 µg/mL and 0.78 µg/mL for E. coli while 0.19 µg/mL and 0.39 µg/mL for S. epidermidis respectively. Further, Syto 16 staining of bacterial cells provided a supplemental confirmation of the antimicrobial efficacy as the bacterial cells treated with SpNPs stop to fluoresce compared to the untreated bacterial cells. Our highly potent SpNPs will likely have a great potential for many antimicrobial applications including wound healing, water purification, air filtering and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Arshad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A Sami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Saima Sadaf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Umer Hassan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Global Health Institute, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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15
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Kumar D, Sharma PK. Traditional Use, Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Activity of Salvadora persica: A Review. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200807205224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Salvadora persica L., also known as Miswak, Peelu and Arak, is used traditionally as a
source of food, cosmetics, fuel and medicine. The most common traditional use of Salvadora persica
sticks is tooth cleaning. Other traditional uses of Salvadora persica are in diabetes, arthritis,
constipation, fever, cold, malaria, viral infection, gonorrhea, worms, antidotes, stimulators, laxatives
and various veterinary problems, such as poor milk production, abdominal disorder, diarrhea,
etc. Now traditional uses of Salvadora persica have been scientifically proved in modern research.
Various pharmacological activities of Salvadora persica as reported in modern research were anti-
microbial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, antifertility,
wound healing, anthelmintic, antidepressant, anticancer, etc. These pharmacological activities are
due to the presence of many phytochemicals in Salvadora persica. Phytochemicals present in Salvadora
persica are alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, terpenoids and sterols. The
aim of this review is to provide various traditional use of Salvadora persica proved by modern research,
and highlight its pharmacological activity and phytochemicals. This review article may be
used to set a new research hypothesis with reference to traditional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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El-Bali MA, Abdulhakim A, Mohamed RT, El-Malky MA, Bakri RA, Al-Harthi SA. Antiprotozoal potential of Salvadora persica against three virulent subtypes of Blastocystis sp. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:694-701. [PMID: 33184536 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01247-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a group of anaerobic protozoa parasitizing the gastrointestinal tract of humans and a broad variety of animals. Evidences of Blastocystis parasites resistance development to antiprotozoal drugs urge the exploration of new therapeutics. Antiprotozoal potential of Salvadora persica, a medicinal plant traditionally used for oral hygiene, was evaluated in vitro against Blastocystis sp. human isolates. Until now, no study has described the effect of S. persica extracts on this parasitic protozoa. Blastocystis sp. positive stool samples collected from patients with gastrointestinal complaints and asymptomatic individuals diagnosed by microscopy were furthermore cultured in vitro and characterized by PCR and multiplex-PCR using sequence-tagged-site primers to determine their subtypes. Out of 21 Blastocystis sp. isolates, five were determined as ST1, 14 as ST3, and two as ST5 subtypes. Antiprotozoal activity of untreated and heat-treated S. persica roots aqueous extracts was evaluated in vitro by serial dilutions on three Blastocystis sp. subtypes; ST1, ST3, and ST5 isolated from symptomatic patients. A significant killing activity was observed with both, untreated and heat-treated aqueous extracts of S. persica at minimal concentration of 2.5 μl/ml compared to parasites' growth controls (P < 0.05). Maximal antiprotozoal effect was reached at a concentration of 20 µl/ml of S. persica aqueous extract. Means of growth inhibition effect obtained with untreated and heat-treated extracts at 40 µl/ml against the three subtypes of Blastocystis sp. were 80% (SD 2.3) and 82% (SD 1.1), respectively. No significant difference was observed in the inhibitory effect of S. persica extracts between the three Blastocystis sp. subtypes. Aqueous extract of S. persica roots contains therefore heat-stable components with significant antiprotozoal activity against Blastocystis sp. subtypes ST1, ST3, and ST5 in vitro. Further investigations are required to determine and characterize the active antiprotozoal components of S. persica roots and their evaluation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A El-Bali
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhafid Abdulhakim
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raafat T Mohamed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A El-Malky
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rowaida A Bakri
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed A Al-Harthi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Faruk EM, Nafea OE, Fouad H, Ebrahim UFA, Hasan RAA. Possible healing effects of Salvadora persica extract (MISWAK) and laser therapy in a rabbit model of a caustic-induced tongue ulcers: histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:341-352. [PMID: 32472334 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Caustic ingestion is a potentially detrimental event that can cause serious devastating damage on contact with tissues. Local exposure is associated with severe pain, swelling and ulceration. Caustics-induced oral ulcers can be painful enough to compromise the patient's quality of life. Treatment of oral ulcers is crucial in clinical practice. Albeit, some ulcers do not respond adequately to the conventional treatment. The current study was conducted to evaluate the potential healing effects of topical Salvadora persica (SP) extract, low-level laser (LLL) and high-level laser (HLL) therapies in a rabbit model of caustic-induced tongue ulcers and explore the underlying mechanisms. Fifty male rabbits with a caustic induced tongue ulcers were included in the study. Rabbits were equally divided into four groups: positive control (ulcer) group, SP, LLL and HLL groups in addition to the negative control (healthy) group. All treatments were given thrice weekly for 14 days. Results showed that acetic acid-induced tongue ulcers caused extensive structural tongue damage secondary to overexpression of apoptotic BAX, pathological angiogenesis indicated by VEGF overexpression, marked collagen fibers deposition as well as upregulation of tissue pro-inflammatory TNF-α and upregulation of tissue anti-inflammatory IL-10. The healing potential of topical SP, LLL and HLL therapy are mostly comparable. In conclusion, acetic acid-induced extensive tongue damage. Topical SP extract, LLL and HLL are equally effective therapies against caustics-induced tongue ulcers. However, we recommend SP extract, owing to its safety, non-invasiveness, availability and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohamed Faruk
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
| | - Ola Elsayed Nafea
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hanan Fouad
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Rehab Abd Allah Hasan
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls (AFMG), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Miswak and oral health: An evidence-based review. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1801-1810. [PMID: 32565699 PMCID: PMC7296476 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor oral health has been associated with several chronic and systemic disease. Currently, the most common method of teeth cleaning is the use of a toothbrush together with dentifrices. However, natural chewing stick such as S. persica miswak is still used in many developing countries due to their low cost and availability. The present review aims to summarize the evidences on effectiveness of miswak in promoting oral health. The search was performed using Medline via Ebscohost, Scopus and Google Scholar database to obtain relevant articles published between 2010 to May 2020 using the following set of keywords 1) Miswak OR Salvadora OR persica AND 2) dental OR caries OR plaque OR oral OR orthodontics. Isolated microbial inhibition studies were excluded from the review due to its well-established wealth of literature. Miswak was administered as ten different forms, namely mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing stick, essential oil, aqueous extract, ethanol extract, probiotic spray, dental varnish, dental cement or chewing gum. All studies reported a positive effect of miswak as an anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, promotion of gingival wound healing, whitening properties, orthodontic chain preservation, and biocompatibility with oral cells. Miswak in its different forms demonstrated positive effect towards oral health maintenance and management.
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19
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Saddiq AA, Alkinani MH. Fungicidal Impact of Salvadora Persica L. (Miswak) Extract on Growth of Foodborne Pathogens, Aspergillus Species. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819876218. [PMID: 31598116 PMCID: PMC6764059 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819876218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigations have focused on studying the suppressing influence of
Salvadora persica (miswak) on oral microbes; however,
studies regarding its fungicidal activity versus human aspergillosis-related
illness are still scarce. The current research was designed to evaluate the
fungicidal action of S persica aquatic root extract in terms of
radial growth rate and inhibition zone (IZO) versus 3 pathogenic
Aspergillus species, namely, A niger,
A flavus, and A fumigatus in vitro. The
results revealed that the plant extract (50 and 100 mg/mL) exhibited a
prohibiting influence on the growth of the tested fungal species. The high
concentration (100 mg/mL) of the plant extract was efficient in
prohibiting the growing rate of the tested Aspergillus species
after 6 days exposure period. Aspergillus niger and A
flavus showed the largest inhibition ratios (60% and 54.4%,
respectively) and IZO (33.00 ± 0.05 mm and 25.50 ± 0.18 mm, respectively) versus
the control counterparts. Aspergillus fumigatus showed the
minimum inhibition ratio (39%) and IZO (20.31 ± 0.05). The present data showed
that the extract of S persica possesses potential fungicidal
influence versus the tested pathogenic Aspergillus species and
this may support the utilization of this extract as a promising antifungal agent
versus aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Ali Saddiq
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monagi H Alkinani
- College of computer Science and Engineering, Department of computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Ahmadi R, Ghanbarzadeh B, Ayaseh A, Kafil HS, Özyurt H, Katourani A, Ostadrahimi A. The antimicrobial bio-nanocomposite containing non-hydrolyzed cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) extract. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 214:15-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Ahmadi R, Tanomand A, Kazeminava F, Kamounah FS, Ayaseh A, Ganbarov K, Yousefi M, Katourani A, Yousefi B, Kafil HS. Fabrication and characterization of a titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles reinforced bio-nanocomposite containing Miswak ( Salvadora persica L.) extract - the antimicrobial, thermo-physical and barrier properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3439-3454. [PMID: 31190802 PMCID: PMC6522844 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s201626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The microbial, physico-chemical and optical corruptions threaten a variety of foods and drugs and consequently the human biological safety and its accessible resources. The humanbeing's tendency towards bio-based materials and natural plant-extracts led to an increase in the usage of antimicrobial biocomposites based on medicinal herbs. Miswak (Salvadora persica L.) extract (SPE) has been proved effective for its antimicrobial and other biological activities. Therefore, in this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (TONP) and SPE were applied to fabricate antimicrobial carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) based bio-nanocomposites which would simultaneously promote some thermo-physical and barrier properties. Methods: CMC-neat film (C1), CMC/TONP-2% (C2) and CMC/TONP-2% with 150, 300 and 450 mg/mL SPE (SPE150, SPE30 and SPE450, respectively) were fabricated. The physical and mechanical properties; elemental mapping analysis (MAP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG); fourier transform infrared (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and UV-vis spectroscopies were done to further validate the results. Results: Addition of TONP (2%) improved the blocking of UV light at 280 nm while SPE-containing nanocomposites completely blocked it. FTIR, XRD and SEM confirmed the formation of homogeneous films and high miscibility of applied materials. TONP led to an increase in Young's modulus (YM) and stress at break (SB) while SPE decreased them and enhanced the elongation to break (EB) (flexibility) of the active nanocomposites. Compared to CMC-film, the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) showed a higher thermal stability for CMC/TONP and CMC/TONP/SPE nanocomposites. The EDX spectroscopy and elemental mapping analysis (MAP) proved the existence and well-distributedness of Na, K, Cl, S, Ti, F and N elements in SPE-activated nanocomposites. The pure SPE and SPE-activated nanocomposites showed a favorable antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Conclusion: The CMC-TiO2-SPE nanocomposites were homogeneously produced. Combination of TiO2 nanoparticles and dose-dependent SPE led to an improvement of thermal stability, and high potential in antimicrobial and UV-barrier properties. These results can generally highlight the role of the fabricated antimicrobial bio-nanocomposites as a based for different applications especially in food/drug packaging or coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Ahmadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asghar Tanomand
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Kazeminava
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK- 2100 Copenhagen. Denmark
| | - Ali Ayaseh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adib Katourani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Aumeeruddy MZ, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF. A review of the traditional and modern uses of Salvadora persica L. (Miswak): Toothbrush tree of Prophet Muhammad. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 213:409-444. [PMID: 29196134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvadora persica L., also known as Arak (in Arabic) and Peelu (in Urdu), is the most common traditional source of tooth or chewing stick (miswak) highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad. To date, extensive studies have probed primarily into the validation of its traditional uses in oral care. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and critical analysis of other potential ethnopharmacological properties of S. persica. This review therefore aims to provide an up-to-date detailed structured description of the traditional uses of S. persica and a critical analysis of its modern uses, highlighting its phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and bioapplications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various databases (Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar), books, and relevant primary sources were probed, surveyed, analysed, and included in this review. The literature cited in this review dated from 1979 to 2017. RESULTS S. persica was found to possess a plethora of bioactive compounds and broad pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activity, antiulcer, anticonvulsant, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antiosteoporosis, and antitumor activities. Studies also revealed the potential use of S. persica as a natural food preservative and a novel functional food ingredient. In addition, improvement in growth and reproductive performances have been observed by the introduction of S. persica in animal feed. Lastly, S. persica has also been used in the green synthesis of nanoparticles showing potential biotechnological applications. CONCLUSION S. persica showed a wide scope of application and its uses have been extended far beyond the initial traditional uses of its roots, stems, and twigs in oral care. We found a number of other ethnopharmacological uses and potential bioapplications of different parts of S. persica that warrants further investigations. Though widely studied using several in vitro and in vivo models, and tested clinically for oral hygiene mainly, several gaps and research priorities have been identified which needs to be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42250 Konya, Turkey
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Shaik MR, Albalawi GH, Khan ST, Khan M, Adil SF, Kuniyil M, Al-Warthan A, Siddiqui MRH, Alkhathlan HZ, Khan M. "Miswak" Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation and Comparison of Their Microbicidal Activities with the Chemical Synthesis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111478. [PMID: 27827968 PMCID: PMC6274424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbicidal potential of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) can be drastically improved by improving their solubility or wettability in the aqueous medium. In the present study, we report the synthesis of both green and chemical synthesis of Ag-NPs, and evaluate the effect of the dispersion qualities of as-prepared Ag-NPs from both methods on their antimicrobial activities. The green synthesis of Ag-NPs is carried out by using an aqueous solution of readily available Salvadora persica L. root extract (RE) as a bioreductant. The formation of highly crystalline Ag-NPs was established by various analytical and microscopic techniques. The rich phenolic contents of S. persica L. RE (Miswak) not only promoted the reduction and formation of NPs but they also facilitated the stabilization of the Ag-NPs, which was established by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Furthermore, the influence of the volume of the RE on the size and the dispersion qualities of the NPs was also evaluated. It was revealed that with increasing the volume of RE the size of the NPs was deteriorated, whereas at lower concentrations of RE smaller size and less aggregated NPs were obtained. During this study, the antimicrobial activities of both chemically and green synthesized Ag-NPs, along with the aqueous RE of S. persica L., were evaluated against various microorganisms. It was observed that the green synthesized Ag-NPs exhibit comparable or slightly higher antibacterial activities than the chemically obtained Ag-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rafi Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ghadeer H Albalawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, P.O. Box 741, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shams Tabrez Khan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Merajuddin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Farooq Adil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mufsir Kuniyil
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Warthan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Rafiq H Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamad Z Alkhathlan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mujeeb Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Luciardi MC, Pérez Hernández MV, Muruaga N, Bardón A, Arena ME, Cartagena E. Volatiles from Subtropical Convolvulaceae That Interfere with Bacterial Cell-to-Cell Communication as Potential Antipathogenic Drugs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:7890260. [PMID: 27313653 PMCID: PMC4893445 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7890260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Increasing chronic bacterial infections create an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents or strategies for their control. Targeting virulence is one of the alternative approaches to find new medicines to treat persistent infections due to bacteria with biofilm-phenotype which are more resistant to antibiotics than their planktonic counterparts having an extreme capacity for evading the host defences. A bioguided study of sixteen extracts from flowers and leaves of four subtropical Convolvulaceae species provided evidence of the occurrence of antipathogenic natural products active against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Particularly, volatile metabolites from Merremia dissecta creeper, a food and medicinal plant, were able to interfere with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing system by a strong decrease of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) biosynthesis (63-75%), which attenuated the virulence factor expression like biofilm (55%) and elastase activity (up to 27%), key factors that enable the colonization and dissemination of the infection in the host. Control of the P. aeruginosa biofilm and the QS process by phytochemicals, such as (+) spathulenol, isolated from a bioactive extract of M. dissecta leaves would be a good strategy for the development of new and effective antipathogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Luciardi
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María V. Pérez Hernández
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Nora Muruaga
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alicia Bardón
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mario E. Arena
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
- INQUINOA-CONICET, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Elena Cartagena
- Instituto de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Ayacucho 471, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina
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