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TeSlaa T, Ralser M, Fan J, Rabinowitz JD. The pentose phosphate pathway in health and disease. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1275-1289. [PMID: 37612403 PMCID: PMC11251397 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a glucose-oxidizing pathway that runs in parallel to upper glycolysis to produce ribose 5-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Ribose 5-phosphate is used for nucleotide synthesis, while NADPH is involved in redox homoeostasis as well as in promoting biosynthetic processes, such as the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, deoxyribonucleotides, proline, fatty acids and cholesterol. Through NADPH, the PPP plays a critical role in suppressing oxidative stress, including in certain cancers, in which PPP inhibition may be therapeutically useful. Conversely, PPP-derived NADPH also supports purposeful cellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) for signalling and pathogen killing. Genetic deficiencies in the PPP occur relatively commonly in the committed pathway enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). G6PD deficiency typically manifests as haemolytic anaemia due to red cell oxidative damage but, in severe cases, also results in infections due to lack of leucocyte oxidative burst, highlighting the dual redox roles of the pathway in free radical production and detoxification. This Review discusses the PPP in mammals, covering its roles in biochemistry, physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara TeSlaa
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Fan
- Morgride Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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2
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Cheung AHK, Hui CHL, Wong KY, Liu X, Chen B, Kang W, To KF. Out of the cycle: Impact of cell cycle aberrations on cancer metabolism and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1510-1525. [PMID: 36093588 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of cell cycle inhibitors has necessitated a better understanding of the cell cycle in tumor biology to optimize the therapeutic approach. Cell cycle aberrations are common in cancers, and it is increasingly acknowledged that these aberrations exert oncogenic effects beyond the cell cycle. Multiple facets such as cancer metabolism, immunity and metastasis are also affected, all of which are beyond the effect of cell proliferation alone. This review comprehensively summarized the important recent findings and advances in these interrelated processes. In cancer metabolism, cell cycle regulators can modulate various pathways in aerobic glycolysis, glucose uptake and gluconeogenesis, mainly through transcriptional regulation and kinase activities. Amino acid metabolism is also regulated through cell cycle progression. On cancer metastasis, metabolic plasticity, immune evasion, tumor microenvironment adaptation and metastatic site colonization are intricately related to the cell cycle, with distinct regulatory mechanisms at each step of invasion and dissemination. Throughout the synthesis of current understanding, knowledge gaps and limitations in the literature are also highlighted, as are new therapeutic approaches such as combinational therapy and challenges in tackling emerging targeted therapy resistance. A greater understanding of how the cell cycle modulates diverse aspects of cancer biology can hopefully shed light on identifying new molecular targets by harnessing the vast potential of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Ho-Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris Ho-Lam Hui
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kit Yee Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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3
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Non-Invasive Characterization of Experimental Bone Metastasis in Obesity Using Multiparametric MRI and PET/CT. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102482. [PMID: 35626085 PMCID: PMC9139574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of primary tumors and metastases is associated with excess body fat. In bone metastasis formation, the bone marrow microenvironment, and particularly adipocytes, play a pivotal role as growth mediators of disseminated tumor cells in the bone marrow. The aim of the present study is to non-invasively characterize the pathophysiologic processes in experimental bone metastasis resulting from accelerated tumor progression within adipocyte-rich bone marrow using multimodal imaging from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). To achieve this, we have employed small animal models after the administration of MDA-MB 231 breast cancer and B16F10 melanoma cells into the bone of nude rats or C57BL/6 mice, respectively. After tumor cell inoculation, ultra-high field MRI and µPET/CT were used to assess functional and metabolic parameters in the bone marrow of control animals (normal diet, ND), following a high-fat diet (HFD), and/or treated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) antagonist bisphenol-A-diglycidylether (BADGE), respectively. In the bone marrow of nude rats, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), as well as [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-PET/CT([18F]FDG-PET/CT), was performed 10, 20, and 30 days after tumor cell inoculation, followed by immunohistochemistry. DCE-MRI parameters associated with blood volume, such as area under the curve (AUC), were significantly increased in bone metastases in the HFD group 30 days after tumor cell inoculation as compared to controls (p < 0.05), while the DWI parameter apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was not significantly different between the groups. [18F]FDG-PET/CT showed an enhanced glucose metabolism due to increased standardized uptake value (SUV) at day 30 after tumor cell inoculation in animals that received HFD (p < 0.05). BADGE treatment resulted in the inversion of quantitative DCE-MRI and [18F]FDG-PET/CT data, namely a significant decrease in AUC and SUV in HFD-fed animals as compared to ND-fed controls (p < 0.05). Finally, immunohistochemistry and qPCR confirmed the HFD-induced stimulation in vascularization and glucose activity in murine bone metastases. In conclusion, multimodal and multiparametric MRI and [18F]FDG-PET/CT were able to derive quantitative parameters in bone metastases, revealing an increase in vascularization and glucose metabolism following HFD. Thus, non-invasive imaging may serve as a biomarker for assessing the pathophysiology of bone metastasis in obesity, opening novel options for therapy and treatment monitoring by MRI and [18F]FDG-PET/CT.
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Sebestyén A, Dankó T, Sztankovics D, Moldvai D, Raffay R, Cervi C, Krencz I, Zsiros V, Jeney A, Petővári G. The role of metabolic ecosystem in cancer progression — metabolic plasticity and mTOR hyperactivity in tumor tissues. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 40:989-1033. [PMID: 35029792 PMCID: PMC8825419 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in cancer management, tumor relapse and metastasis are associated with poor outcomes in many cancers. Over the past decade, oncogene-driven carcinogenesis, dysregulated cellular signaling networks, dynamic changes in the tissue microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, protein expression within regulatory pathways, and their part in tumor progression are described in several studies. However, the complexity of metabolic enzyme expression is considerably under evaluated. Alterations in cellular metabolism determine the individual phenotype and behavior of cells, which is a well-recognized hallmark of cancer progression, especially in the adaptation mechanisms underlying therapy resistance. In metabolic symbiosis, cells compete, communicate, and even feed each other, supervised by tumor cells. Metabolic reprogramming forms a unique fingerprint for each tumor tissue, depending on the cellular content and genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental alterations of the developing cancer. Based on its sensing and effector functions, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is considered the master regulator of metabolic adaptation. Moreover, mTOR kinase hyperactivity is associated with poor prognosis in various tumor types. In situ metabolic phenotyping in recent studies highlights the importance of metabolic plasticity, mTOR hyperactivity, and their role in tumor progression. In this review, we update recent developments in metabolic phenotyping of the cancer ecosystem, metabolic symbiosis, and plasticity which could provide new research directions in tumor biology. In addition, we suggest pathomorphological and analytical studies relating to metabolic alterations, mTOR activity, and their associations which are necessary to improve understanding of tumor heterogeneity and expand the therapeutic management of cancer.
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Yuan X, Xiao Y, Luo Y, Wei C, Wang J, Huang J, Liao W, Song S, Jiang Z. Identification and validation of PGLS as a metabolic target for early screening and prognostic monitoring of gastric cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 36:e24189. [PMID: 34953081 PMCID: PMC8841181 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of 6-phosphogluconolactonase (PGLS) in gastric cancer. METHODS The protein extracted from a panel of four pairs of gastric cancer tissues and adjacent tissues, labeled with iTRAQ (8-plex) reagents, and followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The expressions of proteins were further validated by immunohistochemistry analysis. The expression levels of mRNA were analyzed and validated in the Oncomine database. The correlations of PGLS with prognostic outcomes were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier plotter database. RESULTS The present study found that PGLS was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer by using iTRAQ-based proteomics and immunohistochemistry analysis. The sensitivity of PGLS in gastric cancer was 72.9%. The high expression of PGLS was significantly correlated with TNM staging in gastric cancer (p = 0.02). The overexpression of PGLS predicts worse overall survival (OS) and post-progression survival (PPS) for gastric cancer (OS, HR = 1.48, p = 2.1e-05; PPS, HR = 1.35, p = 0.015). Specifically, the high PGLS expression predicts poor OS, PPS in male gastric cancer patients, in patients with lymph node metastasis and in patients with Her-2 (-). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that PGLS was aberrantly expressed in gastric cancer and predicts poor overall survival, post-progression survival for gastric cancer patients. The present study collectively supported that PGLS is an important target for early determining and follow-up monitoring for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yaomin Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jinglin Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Weiliang Liao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Shenjie Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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6
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Kobayashi M, Yonezawa A, Takasawa H, Nagao Y, Iguchi K, Endo S, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Development of cisplatin resistance in breast cancer MCF7 cells by up-regulating aldo-keto reductase 1C3 expression, glutathione synthesis, and proteasomal proteolysis. J Biochem 2021; 171:97-108. [PMID: 34676395 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely prescribed for the treatment of various cancers including bladder cancers, whereas its clinical use for breast cancer chemotherapy is restricted owing to easy acquisition of the chemoresistance. Here, we established a highly CDDP-resistant variant of human breast cancer MCF7 cells and found that procuring the resistance aberrantly elevates the expression of aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1C3. Additionally, MCF7 cell sensitivity to CDDP was decreased and increased by overexpression and knockdown, respectively, of AKR1C3, clearly inferring that the enzyme plays a crucial role in acquiring the CDDP resistance. The CDDP-resistant cells suppressed the formation of cytotoxic reactive aldehydes by CDDP treatment, and the suppressive effects were almost completely abolished by pretreating with AKR1C3 inhibitor. The resistant cells also exhibited the elevated glutathione amount and 26S proteasomal proteolytic activities, and their CDDP sensitivity was significantly augmented by pretreatment with an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis or proteasomal proteolysis. Moreover, the combined treatment with inhibitors of AKR1C3, glutathione synthesis, and/or proteasomal proteolysis potently overcame the CDDP resistance and docetaxel cross-resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the combination of inhibitors of AKR1C3, glutathione synthesis, and/or proteasomal proteolysis is effective as an adjuvant therapy to enhance CDDP sensitivity of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Ayano Yonezawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takasawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yukino Nagao
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Community Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Education Center of Green Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan
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7
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Shin E, Koo JS. Glucose Metabolism and Glucose Transporters in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728759. [PMID: 34552932 PMCID: PMC8450384 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates despite the continuously advancing treatment strategies. Glucose is essential for cancer cell metabolism owing to the Warburg effect. During the process of glucose metabolism, various glycolytic metabolites, such as serine and glycine metabolites, are produced and other metabolic pathways, such as the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), are associated with the process. Glucose is transported into the cell by glucose transporters, such as GLUT. Breast cancer shows high expressions of glucose metabolism-related enzymes and GLUT, which are also related to breast cancer prognosis. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is a high-grade breast cancer, is especially dependent on glucose metabolism. Breast cancer also harbors various stromal cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells as tumor microenvironment, and there exists a metabolic interaction between these stromal cells and breast cancer cells as explained by the reverse Warburg effect. Breast cancer is heterogeneous, and, consequently, its metabolic status is also diverse, which is especially affected by the molecular subtype, progression stage, and metastatic site. In this review, we will focus on glucose metabolism and glucose transporters in breast cancer, and we will additionally discuss their potential applications as cancer imaging tracers and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Samec M, Liskova A, Koklesova L, Zhai K, Varghese E, Samuel SM, Šudomová M, Lucansky V, Kassayova M, Pec M, Biringer K, Brockmueller A, Kajo K, Hassan STS, Shakibaei M, Golubnitschaja O, Büsselberg D, Kubatka P. Metabolic Anti-Cancer Effects of Melatonin: Clinically Relevant Prospects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3018. [PMID: 34208645 PMCID: PMC8234897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming characterized by alterations in nutrient uptake and critical molecular pathways associated with cancer cell metabolism represents a fundamental process of malignant transformation. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland. Melatonin primarily regulates circadian rhythms but also exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. Concerning cancer metabolism, melatonin displays significant anticancer effects via the regulation of key components of aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and lipid metabolism. Melatonin treatment affects glucose transporter (GLUT) expression, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, lactate production and other metabolic contributors. Moreover, melatonin modulates critical players in cancer development, such as HIF-1 and p53. Taken together, melatonin has notable anti-cancer effects at malignancy initiation, progression and metastasing. Further investigations of melatonin impacts relevant for cancer metabolism are expected to create innovative approaches supportive for the effective prevention and targeted therapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klašter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Kassayova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafarik University, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, 81250 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium;
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium;
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9
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Hipólito A, Martins F, Mendes C, Lopes-Coelho F, Serpa J. Molecular and Metabolic Reprogramming: Pulling the Strings Toward Tumor Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:656851. [PMID: 34150624 PMCID: PMC8209414 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.656851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major hurdle to the efficient treatment of cancer, accounting for the great majority of cancer-related deaths. Although several studies have disclosed the detailed mechanisms underlying primary tumor formation, the emergence of metastatic disease remains poorly understood. This multistep process encompasses the dissemination of cancer cells to distant organs, followed by their adaptation to foreign microenvironments and establishment in secondary tumors. During the last decades, it was discovered that these events may be favored by particular metabolic patterns, which are dependent on reprogrammed signaling pathways in cancer cells while they acquire metastatic traits. In this review, we present current knowledge of molecular mechanisms that coordinate the crosstalk between metastatic signaling and cellular metabolism. The recent findings involving the contribution of crucial metabolic pathways involved in the bioenergetics and biosynthesis control in metastatic cells are summarized. Finally, we highlight new promising metabolism-based therapeutic strategies as a putative way of impairing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hipólito
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cindy Mendes
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa Lopes-Coelho
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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The Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Yeasts-More Than a Poor Cousin of Glycolysis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050725. [PMID: 34065948 PMCID: PMC8151747 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a route that can work in parallel to glycolysis in glucose degradation in most living cells. It has a unidirectional oxidative part with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as a key enzyme generating NADPH, and a non-oxidative part involving the reversible transketolase and transaldolase reactions, which interchange PPP metabolites with glycolysis. While the oxidative branch is vital to cope with oxidative stress, the non-oxidative branch provides precursors for the synthesis of nucleic, fatty and aromatic amino acids. For glucose catabolism in the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where its components were first discovered and extensively studied, the PPP plays only a minor role. In contrast, PPP and glycolysis contribute almost equally to glucose degradation in other yeasts. We here summarize the data available for the PPP enzymes focusing on S. cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis, and describe the phenotypes of gene deletions and the benefits of their overproduction and modification. Reference to other yeasts and to the importance of the PPP in their biotechnological and medical applications is briefly being included. We propose future studies on the PPP in K. lactis to be of special interest for basic science and as a host for the expression of human disease genes.
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11
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Lin J, Wu S, Ye S, Papa APD, Yang J, Huang S, Arthur G, Zhuge Q, Zhang Y. Oridonin interrupts cellular bioenergetics to suppress glioma cell growth by down-regulating PCK2. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2624-2638. [PMID: 33438793 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We aim to evaluate the tumor metabolic suppressive activity of Oridonin (extract of Rabdosia rubescens) in glioma and elucidate its potential mechanism. Effects of Oridonin on U251/U87 cells were determined by CCK8, RTCA, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell assay. Xenograft tumor model to evaluate the effect of Oridonin on glioma cells in vivo. Cellular bioenergetics were measured by Seahorse. RNA-seq was performed to screen potential biological pathways in Oridonin treated cells. Bioinformatics analysis of PCK2 in glioma was performed based on TCGA/CGGA. Endogenous PCK2 was knocked-down by lentivirus packaged shRNA. We found Oridonin significantly inhibited cell growth in U251/U87 in vitro and in vivo. Both oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) were decreased in Oridonin-treated U251/U87 cells. Oridonin treatment led to PCK2 down-regulation. Additionally, PCK2 was up-regulated in higher grade glioma and correlated with poor outcomes. Furthermore, PCK2 depletion significantly inhibited cell growth and decreased OCR/ECAR in U251/U87 which coincided with the effects of Oridonin. Therefore, we evaluated the potent anti-tumor property of Oridonin in glioma. Importantly, we demonstrated that PCK2 might be a novel target of Oridonin on glioma by inducing energy crisis and increasing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhu Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sisi Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Akuetteh Percy David Papa
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengwei Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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12
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Tarragó-Celada J, Cascante M. Targeting the Metabolic Adaptation of Metastatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071641. [PMID: 33915900 PMCID: PMC8036928 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The search for new therapeutic opportunities to target cancer metastasis is crucial for the improvement of cancer treatment. One of the characteristics of tumoral and metastatic cells is the capacity to reorganize their metabolism, together with the ability to grow faster, migrate and form new tumours in distant sites. Therefore, the pharmaceutical inhibition of metabolic pathways represents a promising strategy to specifically target metastatic cells, especially in colorectal cancer metastasis. Abstract Metabolic adaptation is emerging as an important hallmark of cancer and metastasis. In the last decade, increasing evidence has shown the importance of metabolic alterations underlying the metastatic process, especially in breast cancer metastasis but also in colorectal cancer metastasis. Being the main cause of cancer-related deaths, it is of great importance to developing new therapeutic strategies that specifically target metastatic cells. In this regard, targeting metabolic pathways of metastatic cells is one of the more promising windows for new therapies of metastatic colorectal cancer, where still there are no approved inhibitors against metabolic targets. In this study, we review the recent advances in the field of metabolic adaptation of cancer metastasis, focusing our attention on colorectal cancer. In addition, we also review the current status of metabolic inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Tarragó-Celada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28020 Madrid, Spain
- Metabolomics Node at Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute (INB-ISCIII-ES-ELIXIR), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-593
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13
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Clézardin P, Coleman R, Puppo M, Ottewell P, Bonnelye E, Paycha F, Confavreux CB, Holen I. Bone metastasis: mechanisms, therapies, and biomarkers. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:797-855. [PMID: 33356915 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal metastases are frequent complications of many cancers, causing bone complications (fractures, bone pain, disability) that negatively affect the patient's quality of life. Here, we first discuss the burden of skeletal complications in cancer bone metastasis. We then describe the pathophysiology of bone metastasis. Bone metastasis is a multistage process: long before the development of clinically detectable metastases, circulating tumor cells settle and enter a dormant state in normal vascular and endosteal niches present in the bone marrow, which provide immediate attachment and shelter, and only become active years later as they proliferate and alter the functions of bone-resorbing (osteoclasts) and bone-forming (osteoblasts) cells, promoting skeletal destruction. The molecular mechanisms involved in mediating each of these steps are described, and we also explain how tumor cells interact with a myriad of interconnected cell populations in the bone marrow, including a rich vascular network, immune cells, adipocytes, and nerves. We discuss metabolic programs that tumor cells could engage with to specifically grow in bone. We also describe the progress and future directions of existing bone-targeted agents and report emerging therapies that have arisen from recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Finally, we discuss the value of bone turnover biomarkers in detection and monitoring of progression and therapeutic effects in patients with bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Coleman
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Margherita Puppo
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Ottewell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Paycha
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Cyrille B Confavreux
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Service de Rhumatologie Sud, CEMOS-Centre Expert des Métastases Osseuses, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Bouzidi A, Magnifico MC, Paiardini A, Macone A, Boumis G, Giardina G, Rinaldo S, Liberati FR, Lauro C, Limatola C, Lanzillotta C, Tramutola A, Perluigi M, Sgarbi G, Solaini G, Baracca A, Paone A, Cutruzzolà F. Cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase controls lung adenocarcinoma cells migratory ability by modulating AMP kinase activity. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1012. [PMID: 33243973 PMCID: PMC7691363 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient utilization and reshaping of metabolism in cancer cells is a well-known driver of malignant transformation. Less clear is the influence of the local microenvironment on metastasis formation and choice of the final organ to invade. Here we show that the level of the amino acid serine in the cytosol affects the migratory properties of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. Inhibition of serine or glycine uptake from the extracellular milieu, as well as knockdown of the cytosolic one-carbon metabolism enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT1), abolishes migration. Using rescue experiments with a brain extracellular extract, and direct measurements, we demonstrate that cytosolic serine starvation controls cell movement by increasing reactive oxygen species formation and decreasing ATP levels, thereby promoting activation of the AMP sensor kinase (AMPK) by phosphorylation. Activation of AMPK induces remodeling of the cytoskeleton and finally controls cell motility. These results highlight that cytosolic serine metabolism plays a key role in controlling motility, suggesting that cells are able to dynamically exploit the compartmentalization of this metabolism to adapt their metabolic needs to different cell functions (movement vs. proliferation). We propose a model to explain the relevance of serine/glycine metabolism in the preferential colonization of the brain by LUAD cells and suggest that the inhibition of serine/glycine uptake and/or cytosolic SHMT1 might represent a successful strategy to limit the formation of brain metastasis from primary tumors, a major cause of death in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Bouzidi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Magnifico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paiardini
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boumis
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giardina
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Rinaldo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Liberati
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Clotilde Lauro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Lanzillotta
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sgarbi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Paone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cutruzzolà
- Department of Biochemical Sciences A. Rossi Fanelli, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Kreuzaler P, Panina Y, Segal J, Yuneva M. Adapt and conquer: Metabolic flexibility in cancer growth, invasion and evasion. Mol Metab 2020; 33:83-101. [PMID: 31668988 PMCID: PMC7056924 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been known for close to a century that, on average, tumors have a metabolism that is different from those found in healthy tissues. Typically, tumors show a biosynthetic metabolism that distinguishes itself by engaging in large scale aerobic glycolysis, heightened flux through the pentose phosphate pathway, and increased glutaminolysis among other means. However, it is becoming equally clear that non tumorous tissues at times can engage in similar metabolism, while tumors show a high degree of metabolic flexibility reacting to cues, and stresses in their local environment. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW In this review, we want to scrutinize historic and recent research on metabolism, comparing and contrasting oncogenic and physiological metabolic states. This will allow us to better define states of bona fide tumor metabolism. We will further contextualize the stress response and the metabolic evolutionary trajectory seen in tumors, and how these contribute to tumor progression. Lastly, we will analyze the implications of these characteristics with respect to therapy response. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In our review, we argue that there is not one single oncogenic state, but rather a diverse set of oncogenic states. These are grounded on a physiological proliferative/wound healing program but distinguish themselves due to their large scale of proliferation, mutations, and transcriptional changes in key metabolic pathways, and the adaptations to widespread stress signals within tumors. We find evidence for the necessity of metabolic flexibility and stress responses in tumor progression and how these responses in turn shape oncogenic progression. Lastly, we find evidence for the notion that the metabolic adaptability of tumors frequently frustrates therapeutic interventions.
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16
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Serrano-Carbajal EA, Espinal-Enríquez J, Hernández-Lemus E. Targeting Metabolic Deregulation Landscapes in Breast Cancer Subtypes. Front Oncol 2020; 10:97. [PMID: 32117749 PMCID: PMC7026677 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic deregulation is an emergent hallmark of cancer. Altered patterns of metabolic pathways result in exacerbated synthesis of macromolecules, increased proliferation, and resistance to treatment via alteration of drug processing. In addition, molecular heterogeneity creates a barrier to therapeutic options. In breast cancer, this broad variation in molecular metabolism constitutes, simultaneously, a source of prognostic and therapeutic challenges and a doorway to novel interventions. In this work, we investigated the metabolic deregulation landscapes in breast cancer molecular subtypes. Such landscapes are the regulatory signatures behind subtype-specific metabolic features. n = 735 breast cancer samples of the Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2+, and Basal subtypes, as well as n = 113 healthy breast tissue samples were analyzed. By means of a single-sample-based algorithm, deregulation for all metabolic pathways in every sample was determined. Deregulation levels match almost perfectly with the molecular classification, indicating that metabolic anomalies are closely associated with gene-expression signatures. Luminal B tumors are the most deregulated but are also the ones with higher within-subtype variance. We argued that this variation may underlie the fact that Luminal B tumors usually present the worst prognosis, a high rate of recurrence, and the lowest response to treatment in the long term. Finally, we designed a therapeutic scheme to regulate purine metabolism in breast cancer, independently of the molecular subtype. This scheme is founded on a computational tool that provides a set of FDA-approved drugs to target pathway-specific differentially expressed genes. By providing metabolic deregulation patterns at the single-sample level in breast cancer subtypes, we have been able to further characterize tumor behavior. This approach, together with targeted therapy, may open novel avenues for the design of personalized diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Ge T, Yang J, Zhou S, Wang Y, Li Y, Tong X. The Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Diabetes and Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:365. [PMID: 32582032 PMCID: PMC7296058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) branches from glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), produces NADPH and ribose 5-phosphate (R5P), and shunts carbons back to the glycolytic or gluconeogenic pathway. The PPP has been demonstrated to be a major regulator for cellular reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and biosynthesis. Enzymes in the PPP are reported to play important roles in many human diseases. In this review, we will discuss the role of the PPP in type 2 diabetes and cancer.
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18
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Kawaguchi T, Nakano D, Koga H, Torimura T. Effects of a DPP4 Inhibitor on Progression of NASH-related HCC and the p62/ Keap1/Nrf2-Pentose Phosphate Pathway in a Mouse Model. Liver Cancer 2019; 8:359-372. [PMID: 31768345 PMCID: PMC6873068 DOI: 10.1159/000491763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP4i), an antidiabetic agent, is reported to affect cell proliferation. We aimed to investigate the effects of DPP4i on the progression of NASH-related HCC and its metabolic pathway in a mouse model. METHODS A mouse model of NASH-related HCC was used in this study. Eight-week-old mice were administered either DPP4i (sitagliptin 30 mg/kg/day; DPP4i group; n = 8) or distilled water (control group; n = 8) for 10 weeks. Then, HCC progression was evaluated by computed tomography. Changes in metabolites of HCC tissue were analyzed by metabolomic analysis. The localization and expression of p62, Keap1, Nrf2, and MCM7 were evaluated by immunostaining and immunoblotting, respectively. RESULTS The number and volume of HCC were significantly lower in the DPP4i group than in the control group (1.8 ± 1.2 vs. 4.5 ± 1.7/liver, p < 0.01; 11.2 ± 20.8 vs. 37.5 ± 72.5 mm3/tumor, p < 0.05). Metabolome analysis revealed that DPP4i significantly increased 6-phosphogluconic acid and ribose 5-phosphate levels and decreased the AMP-to-adenine and GMP-to-guanine ratios (AMP-to-adenine ratio 0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 2.0 ± 1.2, p < 0.01; GMP-to-guanine ratio 0.6 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.7, p < 0.01). Immunostaining showed that p62 was localized in the cytoplasm of HCC in the DPP4i group, while p62 was localized in the nucleus of HCC in the control group. Keap1, Nrf2, and MCM7 expression decreased significantly in the DPP4i group compared to that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that DDP4i prevented the progression of NASH-related HCC in a mouse model. Furthermore, metabolome analysis revealed that DDP4i downregulated the pentose phosphate pathway with suppression of the p62/Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Thus, DDP4i may prevent tumor progression through inhibition of metabolic reprogramming in NASH-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan,*Takumi Kawaguchi, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011 (Japan), E-Mail
| | - Dan Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan,Liver Cancer Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan,Liver Cancer Division, Research Center for Innovative Cancer Therapy, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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Investigating the Protein Signature of Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma Pediatric Brain Tumor Tissue: Towards the Comprehension of Its Aggressive Behavior. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:3609789. [PMID: 31191748 PMCID: PMC6525946 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3609789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although histologically benign, adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (AC) pediatric brain tumor is a locally aggressive disease that frequently determines symptoms and hormonal dysfunctions related to the mass effect on the surrounding structures. Another typical feature of this benign neoplasm is the presence of voluminous liquid cysts frequently associated with the solid component. Even if studies have been devoted to the proteomic characterization of the tumor intracystic fluid, poor explorations have been performed on its solid part, principally investigated by transcriptomics technologies. In the present study, seven specimens of AC whole tumor tissue have been analyzed by LC-MS for a preliminary assessment of the proteomic profile by a top-down/bottom-up integrated approach. Thymosin beta 4, ubiquitin, calmodulin, S100 proteins, prothymosin α isoform 2, alpha-defensins 1-4, and fragments largely belonging to vimentin, hemoglobin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein characterized the intact proteome. The identification of alpha-defensins, formerly characterized in AC intracystic fluid, reinforces the hypothesis of a role for inflammation in tumor pathogenesis. A total number of 1798 unique elements were identified by a bottom-up approach with a special focus on the 433 proteins commonly characterized in the 85.7% of the samples analyzed. Their gene ontology classification evidenced the involvement of the adherence system, intermediate filaments, and actin cytoskeleton in tumor pathogenesis and of elements part of the Wnt, FGF, and EGFR signaling pathways. In addition, proteins involved in calcium modulation, innate immunity, inflammation, CCKR and integrin signaling, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathways were also outlined. Further than confirming proteomic data previously obtained on AC intracystic fluid, these results offer a preliminary overview of the AC whole tissue protein phenotype, adding new hints towards the comprehension of this still obscure pediatric brain tumor.
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20
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Sousa B, Pereira J, Paredes J. The Crosstalk Between Cell Adhesion and Cancer Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1933. [PMID: 31010154 PMCID: PMC6515343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially use aerobic glycolysis over mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation for energy production, and this metabolic reprogramming is currently recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Oncogenic signaling frequently converges with this metabolic shift, increasing cancer cells' ability to produce building blocks and energy, as well as to maintain redox homeostasis. Alterations in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion promote cancer cell invasion, intravasation, anchorage-independent survival in circulation, and extravasation, as well as homing in a distant organ. Importantly, during this multi-step metastatic process, cells need to induce metabolic rewiring, in order to produce the energy needed, as well as to impair oxidative stress. Although the individual implications of adhesion molecules and metabolic reprogramming in cancer have been widely explored over the years, the crosstalk between cell adhesion molecular machinery and metabolic pathways is far from being clearly understood, in both normal and cancer contexts. This review summarizes our understanding about the influence of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in the metabolic behavior of cancer cells, with a special focus concerning the role of classical cadherins, such as Epithelial (E)-cadherin and Placental (P)-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Sousa
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Pereira
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Paredes
- Ipatimup-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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21
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Manatakis DV, Raghu VK, Benos PV. piMGM: incorporating multi-source priors in mixed graphical models for learning disease networks. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:i848-i856. [PMID: 30423087 PMCID: PMC6129280 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Learning probabilistic graphs over mixed data is an important way to combine gene expression and clinical disease data. Leveraging the existing, yet imperfect, information in pathway databases for mixed graphical model (MGM) learning is an understudied problem with tremendous potential applications in systems medicine, the problems of which often involve high-dimensional data. Results We present a new method, piMGM, which can learn with accuracy the structure of probabilistic graphs over mixed data by appropriately incorporating priors from multiple experts with different degrees of reliability. We show that piMGM accurately scores the reliability of prior information from a given expert even at low sample sizes. The reliability scores can be used to determine active pathways in healthy and disease samples. We tested piMGM on both simulated and real data from TCGA, and we found that its performance is not affected by unreliable priors. We demonstrate the applicability of piMGM by successfully using prior information to identify pathway components that are important in breast cancer and improve cancer subtype classification. Availability and implementation http://www.benoslab.pitt.edu/manatakisECCB2018.html. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris V Manatakis
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vineet K Raghu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Panayiotis V Benos
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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22
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Elia I, Doglioni G, Fendt SM. Metabolic Hallmarks of Metastasis Formation. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:673-684. [PMID: 29747903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to distant organs is a predictor of poor prognosis. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the mechanisms that impinge on the different steps of the metastatic cascade. Recent work has revealed that particular metabolic pathways are rewired in cancer cells to support their transition through the metastatic cascade, resulting in the formation of secondary tumors in distant organs. Indeed, metabolic rewiring induces signaling pathways during initial cancer invasion, circulating cancer cells depend on enhanced antioxidant defenses, and cancer cells colonizing a distant organ require increased ATP production. Moreover, the local environment of the metastatic niche dictates the metabolic pathways secondary tumors rely on. Here we describe mechanisms of metabolic rewiring associated with distinct steps of metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Elia
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ginevra Doglioni
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah-Maria Fendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism and Metabolic Regulation, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven and Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Wei J, Xiang L, Yuan Z, Li S, Yang C, Liu H, Jiang Y, Cai Z. Metabolic profiling on the effect of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in MCF-7 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:297-304. [PMID: 29117588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly used to prevent the development of fire in various factory products. Due to the adverse effects on human health and the bio-accumulation capacity, PBDEs are considered as one kind of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). BDE-47 is one of the most frequently detected PBDEs congeners in human samples. Although numerous studies have shown the close connection between BDE-47 and human health, few reports were related to breast carcinoma. In the present study, the toxicity mechanism of BDE-47 was investigated by using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Metabolomics analysis was conducted by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Results showed that the toxicity to MCF-7 cells gradually increased when the concentration of BDE-47 exceeded 1 μM in the medium with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS). It was found that pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) were the most influenced metabolic pathways, and the metabolites in the three metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated. Moreover, the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining method. The obtained results suggested that the BDE-47 induced oxidative stress by downregulating the NADPH generation in PPP. The pyrimidine metabolism and purine metabolism might be downregulated by the downregulation of mRNA transcripts. Therefore, BDE-47 could induce oxidative stress by inhibiting PPP and disorder the metabolism of the entire cell subsequently. This research provided evidence for investigating mechanism of the adverse effect of BDE-47 on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zigao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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24
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NRF2 facilitates breast cancer cell growth via HIF1ɑ-mediated metabolic reprogramming. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:85-92. [PMID: 29275212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High aerobic glycolysis not only provides energy to breast cancer cells, but also supports their anabolic growth. The redox sensitive transcription factor NRF2 is over-expressed in multiple cancers, including breast cancer. It is unclear whether NRF2 could promote breast cancer cell growth through enhancing glycolysis. In this study, we found that NRF2 and HIF1α mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells as compared to MCF-10A benign breast epithelial cells. Down-regulation of NRF2 decreased MCF7 and MBA-DA-231 breast cell proliferation, while it reversed by hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). Knockdown of NRF2 inhibited glycolysis by decreasing the expression of genes participated in glucose metabolism, including HK2, PFKFB3, PKM2 and LDHA. Our results further indicated that the AKT activation and AMPK inhibition were required for NRF2-mediated up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes. Consistent with these results, a positive correlation existed between NRF2 or HIF1α and several key glycolytic genes in human breast cancer cell samples and breast cancer patients with high NRF2 or HIF1α expression had poorer overall survival. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that NRF2 promotes breast cancer progression by enhancing glycolysis through coactivation of HIF1α, implicating that NRF2 is a potential molecular target for breast cancer treatment.
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25
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Teoh ST, Lunt SY. Metabolism in cancer metastasis: bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 10. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shao Thing Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
| | - Sophia Y. Lunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University; East Lansing MI USA
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