1
|
Eker F, Bolat E, Pekdemir B, Duman H, Karav S. Lactoferrin: neuroprotection against Parkinson's disease and secondary molecule for potential treatment. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1204149. [PMID: 37731953 PMCID: PMC10508234 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1204149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease and is largely caused by the death of dopaminergic (DA) cells. Dopamine loss occurs in the substantia nigra pars compacta and leads to dysfunctions in motor functions. Death of DA cells can occur with oxidative stress and dysfunction of glial cells caused by Parkinson-related gene mutations. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is usually known for its presence in milk, but recent research shows that Lf is also found in the brain regions. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is a known mitochondrial toxin that disturbs the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) system and increases the rate of reactive oxygen species. Lf's high affinity for metals decreases the required iron for the Fenton reaction, reduces the oxidative damage to DA cells caused by MPTP, and increases their surveillance rate. Several studies also investigated Lf's effect on neurons that are treated with MPTP. The results pointed out that Lf's protective effect can also be observed without the presence of oxidative stress; thus, several potential mechanisms are currently being researched, starting with a potential HSPG-Lf interaction in the cellular membrane of DA cells. The presence of Lf activity in the brain region also showed that lactoferrin initiates receptor-mediated transcytosis in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with the existence of lactoferrin receptors in the endothelial cells. The existence of Lf receptors both in endothelial cells and DA cells created the idea of using Lf as a secondary molecule in the transport of therapeutic agents across the BBB, especially in nanoparticle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sercan Karav
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amo-Aparicio J, Daly J, Højen JF, Dinarello CA. Pharmacologic inhibition of NLRP3 reduces the levels of α-synuclein and protects dopaminergic neurons in a model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:147. [PMID: 37349821 PMCID: PMC10286423 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which leads to irreversible loss of peripheral motor functions. Death of dopaminergic neurons induces an inflammatory response in microglial cells, which further exacerbates neuronal loss. Reducing inflammation is expected to ameliorate neuronal loss and arrest motor dysfunctions. Because of the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome to the inflammatory response in PD, we targeted NLRP3 using the specific inhibitor OLT1177®. METHODS We evaluated the effectiveness of OLT1177® in reducing the inflammatory response in an MPTP neurotoxic model of PD. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies, we analyzed the effects of NLRP3 inhibition on pro-inflammatory markers in the brain, α-synuclein aggregation, and dopaminergic neuron survival. We also determined the effects of OLT1177® on locomotor deficits associated with MPTP and brain penetrance. RESULTS Treatment with OLT1177® prevented the loss of motor function, reduced the levels of α-synuclein, modulated pro-inflammatory markers in the nigrostriatal areas of the brain, and protected dopaminergic neurons from degeneration in the MPTP model of PD. We also demonstrated that OLT1177® crosses the blood-brain barrier and reaches therapeutic concentrations in the brain. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome by OLT1177® may be a safe and novel therapeutic approach to arrest neuroinflammation and protect against neurological deficits of Parkinson's disease in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Amo-Aparicio
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jesper Falkesgaard Højen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, 12700 E 19th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rani L, Ghosh B, Ahmad MH, Mondal AC. Evaluation of Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Vanillin Against MPP +/MPTP-Induced Dysregulation of Dopaminergic Regulatory Mechanisms in SH-SY5Y Cells and a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03358-z. [PMID: 37145378 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03358-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. The pathogenesis of PD is still unknown, and drugs available for PD treatment either have side effects or have suboptimal efficacy. Flavonoids are potent antioxidants having little toxicity with extended use, suggesting they might hold promising therapeutic potential against PD. Vanillin (Van) is a phenolic compound that has exhibited neuroprotective properties in various neurological disorders, including PD. However, the neuroprotective role of Van in PD and its underlying mechanisms are scarce and therefore need more exploration. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of Van and its associated mechanisms against MPP+/MPTP-induced neuronal loss in differentiated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells and the mouse model of PD. In the present study, Van treatment significantly enhanced the cell viability and alleviated oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis in MPP+-intoxicated SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, Van significantly ameliorated the MPP+-induced dysregulations in protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and mRNA expressions of GSK-3β, PARP1, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes in SH-SY5Y cells. Similar to our in vitro results, Van significantly alleviated MPTP-induced neurobehavioral dysregulations, oxidative stress, aberrant TH protein expressions, and immunoreactivity in SNpc of mice brains. Treatment of Van also prevented MPTP-mediated loss of TH-positive intrinsic dopaminergic neurons to SNpc and TH-fibers projecting to the striatum of mice. Thus, Van exhibited promising neuroprotective properties in the current study against MPP+/MPTP-intoxicated SH-SY5Y cells and mice, indicating its potential therapeutic properties against PD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linchi Rani
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Midnapore Medical College and Hospital, West Medinipur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mir Hilal Ahmad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Xu SY, Ye ZY, Sun ZN, Zhang JQ, Qi C, Liu R, Gao X, He C, You WY, Gao J. The deficiency of Maged1 attenuates Parkinson's disease progression in mice. Mol Brain 2023; 16:22. [PMID: 36774489 PMCID: PMC9921624 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma-associated antigen D1 (Maged1) has critical functions in the central nervous system in both developmental and adult stages. Loss of Maged1 in mice has been linked to depression, cognitive disorder, and drug addiction. However, the role of Maged1 in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. In this study, we observed that Maged1 was expressed in the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra in mice and humans, which could be upregulated by the in vivo or in vitro treatment with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP+). Genetic ablation of Maged1 in mice attenuated motor deficits, the loss of DA neurons, and disease progression induced by MPTP. Moreover, Maged1 deficiency protected DA neurons against MPP+-induced toxicity in primary cultured cells. Mechanistically, loss of Maged1 upregulated the Akt signaling pathway and downregulated the mTOR signaling pathway in SH-SY5Y cells, which may in turn attenuate the cell apoptosis and impairment of autophagy. Consistent with it, the degeneration of midbrain and striatum among elderly Maged1 knockout mice was relatively mild compared to those in wild-type mice under physiological conditions. Taken together, this study suggested that Maged1 deficiency inhibited apoptosis and enhanced autophagy, which may provide a new potential target for the therapy of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Ye Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Ye
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou-Na Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Qi
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- SKL of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wei-Yan You
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Jiangsu Shengze Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santoro M, Fadda P, Klephan KJ, Hull C, Teismann P, Platt B, Riedel G. Neurochemical, histological, and behavioral profiling of the acute, sub-acute, and chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2023; 164:121-142. [PMID: 36184945 PMCID: PMC10098710 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous multi-systemic disorder unique to humans characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Preclinical experimental models of PD present limitations and inconsistent neurochemical, histological, and behavioral readouts. The 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD is the most common in vivo screening platform for novel drug therapies; nonetheless, behavioral endpoints yielded amongst laboratories are often discordant and inconclusive. In this study, we characterized neurochemically, histologically, and behaviorally three different MPTP mouse models of PD to identify translational traits reminiscent of PD symptomatology. MPTP was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered in three different regimens: (i) acute-four injections of 20 mg/kg of MPTP every 2 h; (ii) sub-acute-one daily injection of 30 mg/kg of MPTP for 5 consecutive days; and (iii) chronic-one daily injection of 4 mg/kg of MPTP for 28 consecutive days. A series of behavioral tests were conducted to assess motor and non-motor behavioral changes including anxiety, endurance, gait, motor deficits, cognitive impairment, circadian rhythm and food consumption. Impairments in balance and gait were confirmed in the chronic and acute models, respectively, with the latter showing significant correlation with lesion size. The sub-acute model, by contrast, presented with generalized hyperactivity. Both, motor and non-motor changes were identified in the acute and sub-acute regime where habituation to a novel environment was significantly reduced. Moreover, we report increased water and food intake across all three models. Overall, the acute model displayed the most severe lesion size, while across the three models striatal dopamine content (DA) did not correlate with the behavioral performance. The present study demonstrates that detection of behavioral changes following MPTP exposure is challenging and does not correlate with the dopaminergic lesion extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoro
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
- Present address:
Department of Neurosurgery, School of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CagliariCagliariItaly
| | - Katie J. Klephan
- Newcastle UniversitySchool of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport SciencesNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Present address:
AccuRXLondonLondonUK
| | - Claire Hull
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Peter Teismann
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Gernot Riedel
- Institute of Medical SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhattacharjee R, Dubey AK, Ganguly A, Bhattacharya B, Mishra YK, Mostafavi E, Kaushik A. State-of-art high-performance Nano-systems for mutated coronavirus infection management: From Lab to Clinic. OPENNANO 2022. [PMCID: PMC9463543 DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants made emerging novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) pandemic/endemic/or both more severe and difficult to manage due to increased worry about the efficacy and efficiency of present preventative, therapeutic, and sensing measures. To deal with these unexpected circumstances, the development of novel nano-systems with tuneable optical, electrical, magnetic, and morphological properties can lead to novel research needed for (1) COVID-19 infection (anti-microbial systems against SARS-CoV-2), (2) early detection of mutated SARS-CoV-2, and (3) targeted delivery of therapeutics using nano-systems, i.e., nanomedicine. However, there is a knowledge gap in understanding all these nano-biotechnology potentials for managing mutated SARS-CoV-2 on a single platform. To bring up the aspects of nanotechnology to tackle SARS-CoV-2 variants related COVID-19 pandemic, this article emphasizes improvements in the high-performance of nano-systems to combat SARS-CoV-2 strains/variants with a goal of managing COVID-19 infection via trapping, eradication, detection/sensing, and treatment of virus. The potential of state-of-the-art nano-assisted approaches has been demonstrated as an efficient drug delivery systems, viral disinfectants, vaccine productive cargos, anti-viral activity, and biosensors suitable for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Furthermore, the process linked with the efficacy of nanosystems to neutralize and eliminate SARS-CoV-2 is extensively highligthed in this report. The challenges and opportunities associated with managing COVID-19 using nanotechnology as part of regulations are also well-covered. The outcomes of this review will help researchers to design, investigate, and develop an appropriate nano system to manage COVID-19 infection, with a focus on the detection and eradication of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. This article is unique in that it discusses every aspect of high-performance nanotechnology for ideal COVID pandemic management.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu RC, Miao WT, Xu JY, Xu WX, Liu MR, Ding ST, Jian YX, Lei YH, Yan N, Liu HD. Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate and Monomethyl Fumarate Treatment through GPR109A Modulation and Intestinal Barrier Restoration on PD Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194163. [PMID: 36235813 PMCID: PMC9571500 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has connected Parkinson's disease (PD) with impaired intestinal barrier. The activation of G-protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) protects the intestinal barrier by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Sodium butyrate (NaB), which is a GPR109A ligand, may have anti-PD effects. The current study's objective is to demonstrate that NaB or monomethyl fumarate (MMF, an agonist of the GPR109A) can treat PD mice induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) via repairing the intestinal barrier. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups randomly: control, MPTP + vehicle, MPTP + NaB, and MPTP + MMF. Modeling mice received MPTP (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a week, while control mice received sterile PBS. Then, four groups each received two weeks of sterile PBS (10 mL/kg/day, i.g.), sterile PBS (10 mL/kg/day, i.g.), NaB (600 mg/kg/day, i.g.), or MMF (100 mg/kg/day, i.g.). We assessed the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (occludin and claudin-1), GPR109A, and p65 in the colon, performed microscopic examination via HE staining, quantified markers of intestinal permeability and proinflammatory cytokines in serum, and evaluated motor symptoms and pathological changes in the substantia nigra (SN) or striatum. According to our results, MPTP-induced defected motor function, decreased dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the striatum, decreased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons and increased activated microglia in the SN, and systemic inflammation were ameliorated by NaB or MMF treatment. Additionally, the ruined intestinal barrier was also rebuilt and NF-κB was suppressed after the treatment, with higher levels of TJ proteins, GPR109A, and decreased intestinal permeability. These results show that NaB or MMF can remedy motor symptoms and pathological alterations in PD mice by restoring the intestinal barrier with activated GPR109A. We demonstrate the potential for repairing the compromised intestinal barrier and activating GPR109A as promising treatments for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Chen Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Teng Miao
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing-Yi Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wen-Xin Xu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ming-Ran Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Song-Tao Ding
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu-Xin Jian
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi-Han Lei
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- College of First Clinical, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Neurology, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Han-Deng Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-65712090
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bai X, Wang J, Zhang X, Tang Y, He Y, Zhao J, Han L, Fang R, Liu Z, Dong H, Li Q, Ge J, Ma Y, Yu M, Sun R, Wang J, Fei J, Huang F. Deficiency of miR-29a/b1 leads to premature aging and dopaminergic neuroprotection in mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:978191. [PMID: 36277485 PMCID: PMC9582353 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.978191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. The miR-29s family, including miR-29a and miR-29b1 as well as miR-29b2 and miR-29c, are implicated in aging, metabolism, neuronal survival, and neurological disorders. In this study, the roles of miR-29a/b1 in aging and PD were investigated. miR-29a/b1 knockout mice (named as 29a KO hereafter) and their wild-type (WT) controls were used to analyze aging-related phenotypes. After challenged with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), dopaminergic injuries, glial activation, and mouse behaviors were evaluated. Primary glial cells were further cultured to explore the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the levels of miR-29s in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of PD patients (n = 18) and healthy subjects (n = 17) were quantified. 29a KO mice showed dramatic weight loss, kyphosis, and along with increased and deepened wrinkles in skins, when compared with WT mice. Moreover, both abdominal and brown adipose tissues reduced in 29a KO mice, compared to their WT counterpart. However, in MPTP-induced PD mouse model, the deficiency of miR-29a/b1 led to less severe damages of dopaminergic system and mitigated glial activation in the nigrostriatal pathway, and subsequently alleviated the motor impairments in 3-month-old mice. Eight-month-old mutant mice maintained such a resistance to MPTP intoxication. Mechanistically, the deficiency of miR-29a/b-1 promoted the expression of neurotrophic factors in 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated primary mixed glia and primary astrocytes. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary microglia, knockout of miR-29a/b-1 inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors, and promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory factors and neurotrophic factors. Knockout of miR-29a/b1 increased the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and repressed NF-κB/p65 signaling in glial cells. Moreover, we found miR-29a level was increased in the CSF of patients with PD. Our results suggest that 29a KO mice display the peripheral premature senility. The combined effects of less activated glial cells might contribute to the mitigated inflammatory responses and elicit resistance to MPTP intoxication in miR-29a/b1 KO mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Tang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao He
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linlin Han
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Fang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolin Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongtian Dong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu Ge
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Jian Wang,
| | - Jian Fei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Fei,
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Jing’an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Fang Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parekh P, Serra M, Allaw M, Perra M, Marongiu J, Tolle G, Pinna A, Casu MA, Manconi M, Caboni P, Manzoni OJJ, Morelli M. Characterization of Nasco grape pomace-loaded nutriosomes and their neuroprotective effects in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:935784. [PMID: 36059998 PMCID: PMC9428270 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.935784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape pomaces have recently received great attention for their richness in polyphenols, compounds known to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These pomaces, however, have low brain bioavailability when administered orally due to their extensive degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. To overcome this problem, Nasco pomace extract was incorporated into a novel nanovesicle system called nutriosomes, composed of phospholipids (S75) and water-soluble maltodextrin (Nutriose® FM06). Nutriosomes were small, homogeneously dispersed, had negative zeta potential, and were biocompatible with intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Nasco pomace extract resulted rich in antioxidant polyphenols (gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, and quercetin). To investigate the neuroprotective effect of Nasco pomace in the subacute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Nasco nutriosomes or Nasco suspension was administered intragastrically and their neuroprotective effects were evaluated. Degeneration of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons induced by subacute MPTP treatment, the pathological hallmark of PD, was assessed through immunohistochemical evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and the dopamine transporter (DAT) in CPu. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Nasco nutriosomes significantly prevented the reduction in TH- and DAT-positive fibres in CPu, and the number of TH-positive cells in SNc following subacute MPTP treatment, while Nasco suspension counteracted MPTP toxicity exclusively in SNc. Overall, these results highlight the therapeutic effects of Nasco pomace extract when administered in a nutriosome formulation in the subacute MPTP mouse model of PD and validate the effectiveness of the nutriosome preparation over suspension as an innovative nano-drug delivery system for in vivo administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pathik Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marcello Serra,
| | - Mohamad Allaw
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matteo Perra
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jacopo Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Tolle
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu Z, Qin G, Ge Z, Li W. Beneficial effect of transient desflurane inhalation on relieving inflammation and reducing signaling induced by MPTP in mice. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221115388. [PMID: 35915871 PMCID: PMC9350528 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine if the beneficial effects of transient desflurane application
mitigates inflammation and decrease associated signaling induced by
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice. Methods Mice were induced to develop Parkinson’s disease (PD) by intraperitoneal
injection with MPTP for 20 consecutive days, and validated mice were
randomly allocated to four groups. Collected samples from euthanized mice
were designated for the following analyses: 1) immunohistochemical staining
for positive dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, 2)
immunofluorescence staining for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1
(Iba1) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and 3) western blotting for
p38, p-p38, toll-like receptor 4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Results The inhalation of desflurane for 1 hour ameliorated locomotory dysfunctions
of PD mice by recovering the loss of Iba1- and GFAP-positive dopaminergic
neurons, deactivating microglial cells and astrocytes, and decreasing the
amounts of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α). Conclusions These findings suggest that transient desflurane inhalation may provide some
benefits for PD through ameliorating inflammation and enhancing locomotor
activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Ge
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Weiyan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Prevention of L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesias by MPEP Blockade of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Is Associated with Reduced Inflammation in the Brain of Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040691. [PMID: 35203338 PMCID: PMC8870609 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory markers were found in brains of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. After years of L-Dopa symptomatic treatment, most PD patients develop dyskinesias. The relationship between inflammation and L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) is still unclear. We previously reported that MPEP (a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist) reduced the development of LID in de novo MPTP-lesioned monkeys. We thus investigated if MPEP reduced the brain inflammatory response in these MPTP-lesioned monkeys and the relationship to LID. The panmacrophage/microglia marker Iba1, the phagocytosis-related receptor CD68, and the astroglial protein GFAP were measured by Western blots. The L-Dopa-treated dyskinetic MPTP monkeys had increased Iba1 content in the putamen, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus, which was prevented by MPEP cotreatment; similar findings were observed for CD68 contents in the putamen and globus pallidus. There was a strong positive correlation between dyskinesia scores and microglial markers in these regions. GFAP contents were elevated in MPTP + L-Dopa-treated monkeys among these brain regions and prevented by MPEP in the putamen and subthalamic nucleus. In conclusion, these results showed increased inflammatory markers in the basal ganglia associated with LID and revealed that MPEP inhibition of glutamate activity reduced LID and levels of inflammatory markers.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gao A, McCoy HM, Zaman V, Shields DC, Banik NL, Haque A. Calpain activation and progression of inflammatory cycles in Parkinson's disease. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2022; 27:20. [PMID: 35090325 PMCID: PMC9723550 DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2701020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative condition of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting 6.3 million people worldwide with no curative treatments. Current therapies aim to mitigate PD's effects and offer symptomatic relief for patients. Multiple pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of PD, leading to neuroinflammation and the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. This review focuses on PD pathology and the role of calpain, a neutral protease, as a regulator of various immune cells such as T-cells, microglia and astrocytes which lead to persistent neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal loss in both the brain and spinal cord (SC). Calpain plays a significant role in the cleavage and aggregation of toxic α-synuclein (α-syn), a presynaptic neural protein, and other organelles, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. α-Syn aggregation results in the formation of Lewy bodies (LB) that further contribute to neuronal damage through lipid bilayer penetration, calcium ion (Ca2+) influx, oxidative stress and damage to the blood brain barrier (BBB). Dysfunctional mitochondria destabilize cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, raising intracellular Ca2+; this leads to excessive calpain activation and persistent inflammatory responses. α-Syn aggregation also results in the disruption of dopamine synthesis through phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a key enzyme involved in the conversion of tyrosine to levodopa (L-DOPA), the amino acid precursor to dopamine. Decreased dopamine levels result in altered dopamine receptor (DR) signaling, ultimately activating pro-inflammatory T-cells to further contribute to the inflammatory response. All of these processes, together, result in neuroinflammation, degeneration and ultimately neuronal death seen in PD. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP-a prodrug to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)), rotenone (an environmental neurotoxin), and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA - a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound) induce PD-like conditions when injected into rodents. All three agents work through similar mechanisms and lead to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and more recently discovered in motor neurons of the spinal cord (SC). These neurotoxins also increase calpain activity, furthering the neuroinflammatory response. Hence, calpain inhibitors have been posited as potential therapeutics for PD to prevent calpain-related inflammation and neurodegenerative responses in not only the SN but the SC as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Hannah M. McCoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Vandana Zaman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Donald C. Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mechanistic Insights Expatiating the Redox-Active-Metal-Mediated Neuronal Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020678. [PMID: 35054862 PMCID: PMC8776156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complicated and incapacitating neurodegenerative malady that emanates following the dopaminergic (DArgic) nerve cell deprivation in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN-PC). The etiopathogenesis of PD is still abstruse. Howbeit, PD is hypothesized to be precipitated by an amalgamation of genetic mutations and exposure to environmental toxins. The aggregation of α-synucelin within the Lewy bodies (LBs), escalated oxidative stress (OS), autophagy-lysosome system impairment, ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) impairment, mitochondrial abnormality, programmed cell death, and neuroinflammation are regarded as imperative events that actively participate in PD pathogenesis. The central nervous system (CNS) relies heavily on redox-active metals, particularly iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), in order to modulate pivotal operations, for instance, myelin generation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, synaptic signaling, and conveyance of oxygen (O2). The duo, namely, Fe and Cu, following their inordinate exposure, are viable of permeating across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and moving inside the brain, thereby culminating in the escalated OS (through a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-reliant pathway), α-synuclein aggregation within the LBs, and lipid peroxidation, which consequently results in the destruction of DArgic nerve cells and facilitates PD emanation. This review delineates the metabolism of Fe and Cu in the CNS, their role and disrupted balance in PD. An in-depth investigation was carried out by utilizing the existing publications obtained from prestigious medical databases employing particular keywords mentioned in the current paper. Moreover, we also focus on decoding the role of metal complexes and chelators in PD treatment. Conclusively, metal chelators hold the aptitude to elicit the scavenging of mobile/fluctuating metal ions, which in turn culminates in the suppression of ROS generation, and thereby prelude the evolution of PD.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chetia Phukan B, Dutta A, Deb S, Saikia R, Mazumder MK, Paul R, Bhattacharya P, Sandhir R, Borah A. Garcinol blocks motor behavioural deficits by providing dopaminergic neuroprotection in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease: involvement of anti-inflammatory response. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:113-122. [PMID: 34633467 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is poorly understood, studies in animal models revealed loss of dopamine and the dopaminergic neurons harbouring the neurotransmitter to be the principal cause behind this neuro-motor disorder. Neuroinflammation with glial cell activation is suggested to play a significant role in dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Several biomolecules have been reported to confer dopaminergic neuroprotection in different animal models of PD, owing to their anti-inflammatory potentials. Garcinol is a tri-isoprenylated benzophenone isolated from Garcinia sp. and accumulating evidences suggest that this molecule could provide neuroprotection by modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. However, direct evidence of dopaminergic neuroprotection by garcinol in the pre-clinical model of PD is not yet reported. The present study aims to investigate whether administration of garcinol in the MPTP mouse model of PD may ameliorate the cardinal motor behavioural deficits and prevent the loss of dopaminergic neurons. As expected, garcinol blocked the parkinsonian motor behavioural deficits which include akinesia, catalepsy, and rearing anomalies in the mice model. Most importantly, the degeneration of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra region was significantly prevented by garcinol. Furthermore, garcinol reduced the inflammatory marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, in the substantia nigra region. Since glial hyperactivation-mediated inflammation is inevitably associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons, our study suggests the anti-inflammatory role of garcinol in facilitating dopaminergic neuroprotection in PD mice. Hence, in the light of the present study, it is suggested that garcinol is an effective anti-parkinsonian agent to block motor behavioural deficits and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banashree Chetia Phukan
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Ankumoni Dutta
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.,Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Bishwanath Chariali, Assam, India
| | - Satarupa Deb
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Rubul Saikia
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | | | - Rajib Paul
- Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Eraligool, Karimganj, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bai X, Zhang X, Fang R, Wang J, Ma Y, Liu Z, Dong H, Li Q, Ge J, Yu M, Fei J, Sun R, Huang F. Deficiency of miR-29b2/c leads to accelerated aging and neuroprotection in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22390-22411. [PMID: 34543233 PMCID: PMC8507277 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies reveal a linkage of miR-29s in aging and Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we show that the serum levels of miR-29s in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice exhibited dynamic changes. The role of miR-29b2/c in aging and PD was studied utilizing miR-29b2/c gene knockout mice (miR-29b2/c KO). miR-29b2/c KO mice were characterized by a markedly lighter weight, kyphosis, muscle weakness and abnormal gait, when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The WT also developed apparent dermis thickening and adipose tissue reduction. However, deficiency of miR-29b2/c alleviated MPTP-induced damages of the dopaminergic system and glial activation in the nigrostriatal pathway and consequently improved the motor function of MPTP-treated KO mice. Knockout of miR-29b2/c inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated primary cultures of mixed glia, primary astrocytes, or LPS-treated primary microglia. Moreover, miR-29b2/c deficiency enhanced the activity of AMPK but repressed the NF-κB p65 signaling in glial cells. Our results show that miR-29b2/c KO mice display the progeria-like phenotype. Less activated glial cells and repressed neuroinflammation might bring forth dopaminergic neuroprotection in miR-29b2/c KO mice. Conclusively, miR-29b2/c is involved in the regulation of aging and plays a detrimental role in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Bai
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rong Fang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhaolin Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtian Dong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingyu Ge
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, INC, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, INC, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gibson R, Dalvi SP, Dalvi PS. DJ-1 and Parkinson's disease. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
17
|
Li Q, Shen C, Liu Z, Ma Y, Wang J, Dong H, Zhang X, Wang Z, Yu M, Ci L, Sun R, Shen R, Fei J, Huang F. Partial depletion and repopulation of microglia have different effects in the acute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13094. [PMID: 34312932 PMCID: PMC8349650 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive and selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation are associated with the pathogenesis of PD. However, the relationship between microglial activation and PD pathology remains to be explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS An acute regimen of MPTP was administered to adult C57BL/6J mice with normal, much reduced or repopulated microglial population. Damages of the dopaminergic system were comprehensively assessed. Inflammation-related factors were assessed by quantitative PCR and Multiplex immunoassay. Behavioural tests were carried out to evaluate the motor deficits in MPTP-challenged mice. RESULTS The receptor for colony-stimulating factor 1 inhibitor PLX3397 could effectively deplete microglia in the nigrostriatal pathway of mice via feeding a PLX3397-formulated diet for 21 days. Microglial depletion downregulated both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory molecule expression at baseline and after MPTP administration. At 1d post-MPTP injection, dopaminergic neurons showed a significant reduction in PLX3397-fed mice, but not in control diet (CD)-fed mice. However, partial microglial depletion in mice exerted little effect on MPTP-induced dopaminergic injuries compared with CD mice at later time points. Interestingly, microglial repopulation brought about apparent resistance to MPTP intoxication. CONCLUSIONS Microglia can inhibit PD development at a very early stage; partial microglial depletion has little effect in terms of the whole process of the disease; and microglial replenishment elicits neuroprotection in PD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, INC, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenye Shen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaolin Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongtian Dong
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zishan Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ci
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, INC, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, INC, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruling Shen
- Joint Laboratory for Technology of Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center and School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University.,Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Fei
- Joint Laboratory for Technology of Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center and School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University.,Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cuenca-Bermejo L, Pizzichini E, Gonçalves VC, Guillén-Díaz M, Aguilar-Moñino E, Sánchez-Rodrigo C, González-Cuello AM, Fernández-Villalba E, Herrero MT. A New Tool to Study Parkinsonism in the Context of Aging: MPTP Intoxication in a Natural Model of Multimorbidity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4341. [PMID: 33919373 PMCID: PMC8122583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diurnal rodent Octodon degus (O. degus) is considered an attractive natural model for Alzheimer's disease and other human age-related features. However, it has not been explored so far if the O. degus could be used as a model to study Parkinson's disease. To test this idea, 10 adult male O. degus were divided into control group and MPTP-intoxicated animals. Motor condition and cognition were examined. Dopaminergic degeneration was studied in the ventral mesencephalon and in the striatum. Neuroinflammation was also evaluated in the ventral mesencephalon, in the striatum and in the dorsal hippocampus. MPTP animals showed significant alterations in motor activity and in visuospatial memory. Postmortem analysis revealed a significant decrease in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral mesencephalon of MPTP animals, although no differences were found in their striatal terminals. We observed a significant increase in neuroinflammatory responses in the mesencephalon, in the striatum and in the hippocampus of MPTP-intoxicated animals. Additionally, changes in the subcellular expression of the calcium-binding protein S100β were found in the astrocytes in the nigrostriatal pathway. These findings prove for the first time that O. degus are sensitive to MPTP intoxication and, therefore, is a suitable model for experimental Parkinsonism in the context of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Cuenca-Bermejo
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Pizzichini
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin” (BBCD), Sapienza, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria C. Gonçalves
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Departamento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil
| | - María Guillén-Díaz
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
| | - Elena Aguilar-Moñino
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Rodrigo
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana-María González-Cuello
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Emiliano Fernández-Villalba
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience (NiCE), Institute for Aging Research (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (L.C.-B.); (E.P.); (V.C.G.); (M.G.-D.); (E.A.-M.); (C.S.-R.); (A.-M.G.-C.)
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
El-Gamal M, Salama M, Collins-Praino LE, Baetu I, Fathalla AM, Soliman AM, Mohamed W, Moustafa AA. Neurotoxin-Induced Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease: Benefits and Drawbacks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:897-923. [PMID: 33765237 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by cardinal motor impairments, including akinesia and tremor, as well as by a host of non-motor symptoms, including both autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. PD is associated with a death of nigral dopaminergic neurons, as well as the pathological spread of Lewy bodies, consisting predominantly of the misfolded protein alpha-synuclein. To date, only symptomatic treatments, such as levodopa, are available, and trials aiming to cure the disease, or at least halt its progression, have not been successful. Wong et al. (2019) suggested that the lack of effective therapy against neurodegeneration in PD might be attributed to the fact that the molecular mechanisms standing behind the dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability are still a major scientific challenge. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is critical for developing effective therapy. Thirty-five years ago, Calne and William Langston (1983) raised the question of whether biological or environmental factors precipitate the development of PD. In spite of great advances in technology and medicine, this question still lacks a clear answer. Only 5-15% of PD cases are attributed to a genetic mutation, with the majority of cases classified as idiopathic, which could be linked to exposure to environmental contaminants. Rodent models play a crucial role in understanding the risk factors and pathogenesis of PD. Additionally, well-validated rodent models are critical for driving the preclinical development of clinically translatable treatment options. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, similarities and differences, as well as advantages and limitations of different neurotoxin-induced rat models of PD. In the second part of this review, we will discuss the potential future of neurotoxin-induced models of PD. Finally, we will briefly demonstrate the crucial role of gene-environment interactions in PD and discuss fusion or dual PD models. We argue that these models have the potential to significantly further our understanding of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Gamal
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. .,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Ahmed M Fathalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amira M Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The bile acid TUDCA and neurodegenerative disorders: An overview. Life Sci 2021; 272:119252. [PMID: 33636170 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bear bile has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years due to its therapeutic potential and clinical applications. The tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), one of the acids found in bear bile, is a hydrophilic bile acid and naturally produced in the liver by conjugation of taurine to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Several studies have shown that TUDCA has neuroprotective action in several models of neurodegenerative disorders (ND), including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, based on its potent ability to inhibit apoptosis, attenuate oxidative stress, and reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress in different experimental models of these illnesses. Our research extends the knowledge of the bile acid TUDCA actions in ND and the mechanisms and pathways involved in its cytoprotective effects on the brain, providing a novel perspective and opportunities for treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao J, Kumar M, Sharma J, Yuan Z. Arbutin effectively ameliorates the symptoms of Parkinson's disease: the role of adenosine receptors and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2030-2040. [PMID: 33642391 PMCID: PMC8343309 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.308102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An antagonistic communication exists between adenosinergic and dopaminergic signaling in the basal ganglia, which suggests that the suppression of adenosine A2A receptors-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway may be able to restore the disrupted dopamine transmission that results in motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Arbutin is a natural glycoside that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether arbutin could ameliorate the symptoms of PD and to examine the underlying mechanism. In this study, Swiss albino mouse models of PD were established by the intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine for 4 successive days, with the concurrent intraperitoneal administration of arbutin (50 and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days. The results showed that arbutin significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, total nitrite levels, and inflammation in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD mouse models. In addition, arbutin decreased the activity of endogenous antioxidants, reduced the levels of dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid, and minimized neurodegeneration in the striatum. Arbutin also reduced the abnormal performance of PD mouse models in the open field test, bar test, pole test, and rotarod test. The therapeutic efficacy of arbutin was similar to that of madopar. The intraperitoneal injection of the A2AR agonist CGS21680 (0.5 mg/kg) attenuated the therapeutic effects of arbutin, whereas the intraperitoneal injection of forskolin (3 mg/kg) enhanced arbutin-mediated improvements. These findings suggest that arbutin can improve the performance of PD mouse models by inhibiting the function of the A2AR and enhancing the effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (1616/PO/Re/S/12/CPCSEA) on November 17, 2019 (approval No. IAEC/2019/010).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura (Patiala), Punjab, India
| | - Jeevan Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Swift School of Pharmacy, Rajpura (Patiala), Punjab, India
| | - Zhihai Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pingale T, Gupta GL. Classic and evolving animal models in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173060. [PMID: 33091373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with motor and non-motor symptoms. PD is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and deficiency of dopamine in the striatal region. The primary objective in PD research is to understand the pathogenesis, targets, and development of therapeutic interventions to control the progress of the disease. The anatomical and physiological resemblances between humans and animals gathered the researcher's attention towards the use of animals in PD research. Due to varying age of onset, symptoms, and progression rate, PD becomes heterogeneous which demands the variety of animal models to study diverse features of the disease. Parkinson is a multifactorial disorder, selection of models become important as not a single model shows all the biochemical features of the disease. Currently, conventional pharmacological, neurotoxin-induced, genetically modified and cellular models are available for PD research, but none of them recapitulate all the biochemical characteristics of the disease. In this review, we included the updated knowledge on the main features of currently available in vivo and in vitro models as well as their strengths and weaknesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Pingale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400 056, India; School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tsai YJ, Jhong YC, Ching SH, Liao YC, Ching CH, Chuang JI. Cold Exposure After Exercise Impedes the Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Thermoregulation and UCP4 Expression in an MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mouse Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:573509. [PMID: 33041765 PMCID: PMC7522410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.573509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Moderate exercise and mild hypothermia have protective effects against brain injury and neurodegeneration. Running in a cold environment alters exercise-induced hyperthermia and outcomes; however, evaluations of post-exercise cold exposure related to exercise benefits for the brain are relatively rare. We investigated the effects of 4°C cold exposure after exercise on exercise-induced thermal responses and neuroprotection in an MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with MPTP for five consecutive days and follow-up treadmill exercise for 4 weeks. After 1-h running at a 22°C temperature, the mice were exposed to a 4°C environment for 2 h. An MPTP injection induced a transient drop in body and brain temperatures, while mild brain hypothermia was found to last for 4 weeks after MPTP treatment. Preventing brain hypothermia by exercise or 4°C exposure was associated with an improvement in MPTP-induced striatal uncoupling protein 4 (UCP4) downregulation and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, 4°C exposure after exercise abrogated the exercise-induced beneficial effects and thermal responses in MPTP-treated mice, including a low amplitude of exercise-induced brain hyperthermia and body temperature while at rest after exercise. Our findings elucidate that post-exercise thermoregulation and UCP4 expression are important in the neuroprotective effects of exercise against MPTP toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Cih Jhong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hong Ching
- The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Liao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Ching
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Ing Chuang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,The Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Huang D, Li Q, Wang Y, Liu Z, Wang Z, Li H, Wang J, Su J, Ma Y, Yu M, Fei J, Huang F. Brain-specific NRSF deficiency aggravates dopaminergic neurodegeneration and impairs neurogenesis in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:3280-3297. [PMID: 31147527 PMCID: PMC6555471 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the resultant dopamine depletion from the striatum are the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) and are responsible for the disease's cardinal motor symptoms. The transcriptional repressor Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF), also known as RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor (REST), was originally identified as a negative regulator of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells. Our previous study showed that mice deficient in neuronal NRSF/REST expression were more vulnerable to the noxious effects of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Here, we found that brain-specific deletion of NRSF/REST led to more severe damages to the nigrostriatal pathway and long-lasting behavioral impairments in mice challenged with MPTP. Moreover, compared to wild-type controls, these mice showed increased neurogenesis shortly after MPTP exposure, but reduced neurogenesis later on. These results suggest that NRSF/REST acts as a negative modulator of neurogenesis and a pro-survival factor of neural stem cells under both normal conditions and during the course of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhaolin Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zishan Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing' an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ablation of RIP3 protects from dopaminergic neurodegeneration in experimental Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31690718 PMCID: PMC6831575 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is driven by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and striatum. Although apoptosis is considered the main neurodegenerative mechanism, other cell death pathways may be involved. In this regard, necroptosis is a regulated form of cell death dependent on receptor interacting protein 3 (RIP3), a protein also implicated in apoptosis and inflammation independently of its pro-necroptotic activity. Here, we explored the role of RIP3 genetic deletion in in vivo and in vitro PD models. Firstly, wild-type (Wt) and RIP3 knockout (RIP3ko) mice were injected intraperitoneally with MPTP (40 mg/kg, i.p.), and sacrificed after either 6 or 30 days. RIP3ko protected from dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SN of MPTP-injected mice, but this effect was independent of necroptosis. In keeping with this, necrostatin-1s (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) did not afford full neuroprotection. Moreover, MPTP led to DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, lipid peroxidation and BAX expression in Wt mice, in the absence of caspase-8 cleavage, suggesting intrinsic apoptosis. This was mimicked in primary cortical neuronal cultures exposed to the active MPTP metabolite. RIP3 deficiency in cultured cells and in mouse brain abrogated all phenotypes. Curiously, astrogliosis was increased in the striatum of MPTP-injected Wt mice and further exacerbated in RIP3ko mice. This was accompanied by absence of microgliosis and reposition of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels in the striata of MPTP-injected RIP3ko mice when compared to MPTP-injected Wt mice, which in turn showed a massive GDNF decrease. RIP3ko primary mixed glial cultures also presented decreased expression of inflammation-related genes upon inflammatory stimulation. These findings hint at possible undescribed non-necroptotic roles for RIP3 in inflammation and MPTP-driven cell death, which can contribute to PD progression.
Collapse
|
26
|
Photobiomodulation Mitigates Cerebrovascular Leakage Induced by the Parkinsonian Neurotoxin MPTP. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100564. [PMID: 31590236 PMCID: PMC6843129 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is commonly used to model Parkinson’s disease (PD) as it specifically damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Recent studies in mice have, however, provided evidence that MPTP also compromises the integrity of the brain’s vasculature. Photobiomodulation (PBM), the irradiation of tissue with low-intensity red light, mitigates MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, but whether PBM also mitigates MPTP-induced damage to the cerebrovasculature has not been investigated. This study aimed to characterize the time course of cerebrovascular disruption following MPTP exposure and to determine whether PBM can mitigate this disruption. Young adult male C57BL/6 mice were injected with 80 mg/kg MPTP or isotonic saline and perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate FITC-labelled albumin at various time points post-injection. By 7 days post-injection, there was substantial and significant leakage of FITC-labelled albumin into both the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc; p < 0.0001) and the caudate-putamen complex (CPu; p ≤ 0.0003); this leakage partly subsided by 14 days post-injection. Mice that were injected with MPTP and treated with daily transcranial PBM (670 nm, 50 mW/cm2, 3 min/day), commencing 24 h after MPTP injection, showed significantly less leakage of FITC-labelled albumin in both the SNc (p < 0.0001) and CPu (p = 0.0003) than sham-treated MPTP mice, with levels of leakage that were not significantly different from saline-injected controls. In summary, this study confirms that MPTP damages the brain’s vasculature, delineates the time course of leakage induced by MPTP out to 14 days post-injection, and provides the first direct evidence that PBM can mitigate this leakage. These findings provide new understanding of the use of the MPTP mouse model as an experimental tool and highlight the potential of PBM as a therapeutic tool for reducing vascular dysfunction in neurological conditions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Vaccari C, El Dib R, Gomaa H, Lopes LC, de Camargo JL. Paraquat and Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:172-202. [PMID: 31476981 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1659197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This investigation aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis to determine whether exposure to the herbicide paraquat was associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Observational studies that enrolled adults exposed to paraquat with PD as the outcome of interest were searched in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, TOXNET, and Web of Science databases up to May 2019. Two authors independently selected relevant studies, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality. The evidence certainty was assessed by the GRADE approach, which served as basis for a tentative causality assessment, supplemented by the Bradford Hill criteria when necessary. Results from nine case-control studies indicated that PD occurrence was 25% higher in participants exposed to paraquat. The only cohort investigation included demonstrated a non-significant OR of 1.08. Results from subgroup analyses also indicated higher PD frequency in participants that were exposed to paraquat for longer periods or individuals co-exposed with paraquat and any other dithiocarbamate. Data indicate apositive association between exposure to paraquat and PD occurrence, but the weight-of-evidence does not enable one to assume an indisputable cause-effect relationship between these two conditions. Better designed studies are needed to increase confidence in results. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017069994.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vaccari
- Department of Pathology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Regina El Dib
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , São Paulo , Brazil
- McMaster Institute of Urology, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University , Halifax , Canada
| | - Huda Gomaa
- Department of Bio-statistics, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
- Drug Information Center, Tanta Chest Hospital, Ministry of Health , Tanta , Egypt
| | - Luciane C Lopes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sorocaba (UNISO) , Sorocaba , Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Balke D, Tatenhorst L, Dambeck V, Ribas VT, Vahsen BF, Michel U, Bähr M, Lingor P. AAV-Mediated Expression of Dominant-Negative ULK1 Increases Neuronal Survival and Enhances Motor Performance in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:685-697. [PMID: 31446549 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Loss of nigrostriatal projections by axonal degeneration is a key early event in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology, being accountable for the lack of dopamine in the nigrostriatal system and resulting in motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Since autophagy is an important mechanism contributing to axonal degeneration, we aimed to evaluate the effects of competitive autophagy inhibition in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of PD in vivo. Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-mediated overexpression of a dominant-negative form of the unc-51 like autophagy-initiating kinase (ULK1.DN) in the substantia nigra was induced 3 weeks before MPTP treatment. Analysis of motor behavior demonstrated a significant improvement of ULK1.DN expressing mice after MPTP treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses of dopaminergic nigral neurons and nigrostriatal projections revealed a significant protection from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity after ULK1.DN expression. Western blot analysis linked these findings to an activation of mTOR signaling. Taken together, our results indicate that expression of ULK1.DN can attenuate MPTP-induced axonal neurodegeneration, suggesting that ULK1 could be a promising novel target in the treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Balke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars Tatenhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vivian Dambeck
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Toledo Ribas
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Björn F Vahsen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paul Lingor
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- DFG Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81679, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Guzman-Ruiz MA, de La Mora MB, Torres X, Meza C, Garcia E, Chavarria A. Oral Silica Nanoparticles Lack of Neurotoxic Effects in a Parkinson's Disease Model: A Possible Nanocarrier? IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2019; 18:535-541. [PMID: 31398128 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2019.2934074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiO2-NP) are an option as drug carriers due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and capacity to bind themselves to other compounds. However, until now, the effect of these particles on the brain when neurodegeneration occurs is unknown. Hence, this work focused on the in vivo evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of SiO2-NP when oxidative and inflammation are present during the development of Parkinson's disease. To determine whether SiO2-NP may act as a non-neurotoxic carrier we evaluated if the intragastric administration (ig) of SiO2-NP of 150 nm (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg administered for five consecutive days) increased neuronal damage induced with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration. SiO2-NP administration did not further decrease cell viability assessed by MTT reduction, nor increased lipid peroxidation measured by TBARS or TNF α levels in the striatum and the substantia nigra in the MPTP model. Furthermore, we observed no additional reduction in striatal dopamine levels. The present results suggest that SiO2-NP of 150 nm are suitable nanocarrier for Parkinson's disease drugs without generating any additional damage.
Collapse
|
30
|
The Ameliorative Effects of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Salicornia europaea L. and Its Bioactive Candidate, Irilin B, on LPS-Induced Microglial Inflammation and MPTP-Intoxicated PD-Like Mouse Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6764756. [PMID: 31379989 PMCID: PMC6652089 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6764756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivation of microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, exacerbates various neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkinson's disease is generally characterized by a severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway, with substantial neuroinflammation and motor deficits. This was experimentally replicated in animal models, using neurotoxins, i.e., LPS (lipopolysaccharides) and MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine). Salicornia europaea L. (SE) has been used as a dietary supplement in Korea and Europe for several years, due to its nutritional and therapeutic value. In this study, we intend to investigate the antineuroinflammatory and anti-PD-like effects of the bioactive fraction/candidate of the SE extract. Initially, we screened various fractions of SE extract using an in vitro antioxidant assay. The optimal fraction was investigated for its in vitro antineuroinflammatory potential in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells and in vivo anti-PD-like potential in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Subsequently, to identify the potential candidate responsible for the elite therapeutic potential of the optimal fraction, we conducted antioxidant activity-guided isolation and purification; the bioactive candidate was structurally characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chromatographic techniques and further investigated for its in vitro antioxidative and antineuroinflammatory potential. The results of our study indicate that SE-EA and its bioactive candidate, Irilin B, effectively alleviate the deleterious effect of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and promote antioxidative effects. Thus, they exhibit potential as therapeutic candidates against neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress-mediated PD-like neurodegenerative complications.
Collapse
|
31
|
Chang X, Wang J, Jiang H, Shi L, Xie J. Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels: An Emerging Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:141. [PMID: 31231190 PMCID: PMC6560157 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are chronic, progressive, and age-associated neurological disorders characterized by neuronal deterioration in specific brain regions. Although the specific pathological mechanisms underlying these disorders have remained elusive, ion channel dysfunction has become increasingly accepted as a potential mechanism for neurodegenerative diseases. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are encoded by the HCN1-4 gene family and conduct the hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih). These channels play important roles in modulating cellular excitability, rhythmic activity, dendritic integration, and synaptic transmission. In the present review, we first provide a comprehensive picture of the role of HCN channels in PD by summarizing their role in the regulation of neuronal activity in PD-related brain regions. Dysfunction of Ih may participate in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced toxicity and represent a pathogenic mechanism in PD. Given current reports of the critical role of HCN channels in neuroinflammation and depression, we also discussed the putative contribution of HCN channels in inflammatory processes and non-motor symptoms in PD. In the second section, we summarize how HCN channels regulate the formation of β-amyloid peptide in AD and the role of these channels in learning and memory. Finally, we briefly discuss the effects of HCN channels in ALS and SMA based on existing discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
1-Trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo) Induces the Apoptosis of Dopaminergic Neurons via Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1292891. [PMID: 30984332 PMCID: PMC6431519 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1292891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several in vitro studies have revealed the neurotoxicity of 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo). However, the underlying mechanism has not been completely elucidated, particularly in vivo. This study was designed to study the neurotoxicity of TaClo in vivo by stereotactically injecting TaClo into the striatum of Wistar rats. After the TaClo injections, rats were subjected to an open field test, and their distance travelled and tracks showed decreasing trends over time. The results of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the motor dysfunction of the TaClo-treated rats was accompanied by reduced dopamine levels in the striatum. Based on the diffusion tensor imaging data, the apparent diffusion coefficient of the nigrostriatal pathway was significantly increased, and subsequent histological staining revealed the demyelination of nigrostriatal fibres after the TaClo treatment. TaClo induced a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra compacta. Regarding the underlying mechanism, TaClo caused oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal system by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and reducing the mitochondria membrane potential. Meanwhile, the elevated expression of Iba-1, TNF-α, IL-6, Cox-2, and iNOS indicated microglial activation and a strong innate immune response in the nigrostriatal system. In addition, activated caspase-3 levels were increased. Thus, both mitochondrial impairments and the innate immune response are involved in TaClo-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gil-Martínez AL, Cuenca L, Estrada C, Sánchez-Rodrigo C, Fernández-Villalba E, Herrero MT. Unexpected Exacerbation of Neuroinflammatory Response After a Combined Therapy in Old Parkinsonian Mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:451. [PMID: 30559650 PMCID: PMC6284242 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of therapeutic strategies that focus on the repositioning of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs are a great bet to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite the fact that Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related pathology, almost all experimental studies are carried out in young animals. Here, we evaluated the possible neuroprotective effect of the combination of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the anti-inflammatory HA-1077 in aged 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice (C57BL/6 mice, 20 months old), whose individual treatment has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in this Parkinsonism model. Interestingly, NAC+HA-1077-based treatment produced a significant increase in dopaminergic neuronal death accompanied by an increase in microglial and astroglial activation in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatum of old-Parkinsonian mice compared to their control group. The astroglial response was also explored by co-immunostaining for GFAP and S100b together with p-JNK and it was found to be particularly exacerbated in the MPTP+NAC+HA-1077 group. The unexpected toxic effects found in the combined use of NAC and HA-1077 in old-Parkinsonian mice highlight the importance of taking into account that in elderly Parkinsonian patients the combination of some drugs (most of them used for other different age-related alterations) can have side effects that may result in the exacerbation of the neurodegenerative process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Gil-Martínez
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Cuenca
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez-Rodrigo
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emiliano Fernández-Villalba
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gil-Martínez AL, Cuenca L, Sánchez C, Estrada C, Fernández-Villalba E, Herrero MT. Effect of NAC treatment and physical activity on neuroinflammation in subchronic Parkinsonism; is physical activity essential? J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:328. [PMID: 30477535 PMCID: PMC6260767 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroprotective strategies are becoming relevant to slow down dopaminergic cell death and inflammatory processes related to the progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Interestingly, among others, physical activity (PA) or anti-oxidant agents (such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) are common therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this study aims to analyze if there is a synergistic effect of physical activity along with NAC treatment on dopaminergic degeneration and neuroinflammatory response in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism model after subchronic intoxication. METHODS To ascertain this possibility, 48 8-week-old male mice (C57BL/6 strain) were used. Twenty four of them were placed individually in cages where voluntary physical activity was automatically monitored during 30 days and were divided into groups: (i) control; (ii) NAC; (iii) MPTP, and (iv) MPTP+NAC. The other 24 mice were divided into the same four groups but without physical activity. RESULTS The data collected during the treatment period showed that there was an overall increase in the total running distance in all groups under physical activity, including Parkinsonian animals. However, the monitoring data per day showed that the activity routine by MPTP and MPTP+NAC groups was disrupted by alterations in the circardian rhythm because of MPTP intoxication. Results from post-mortem studies in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) showed significant decrease in the number of TH+ cells in all MPTP groups. Moreover, TH+ expression in the striatum was significantly decreased in all MPTP groups. Thus, PA + NAC treatment do not protect dopaminergic neurons against a subchronic intoxication of MPTP. Regarding glial response, the results obtained from microglial analysis do not show significant increase in the number of Iba-1+ cell in MPTP+NAC and MPTP+PA + NAC. In the striatum, a significant decrease is observed only in the MPTP+NAC group compared with that of the MPTP group. The microglial results are reinforced by those obtained from the analysis of astroglial response, in which a decrease in the expression of GFAP+ cells are observed in MPTP+NAC and MPTP+PA + NAC compared with MPTP groups both in the SNpc and in the striatum. Finally, from the study of the astroglial response by the co-localization of GFAP/S100b, we described some expression patterns observed based on the severity of the damage produced by the MPTP intoxication in the different treated groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the combination of physical activity with an anti-oxidant agent does not have a synergistic neuroprotective effect in the nigrostriatal pathway. Our results show a potential positive effect, only due to NAC treatment, on the neuroinflammatory response after subchronic MPTP intoxication. Thus, physical activity is not essential, under these conditions. However, we believe that physical activity, used for therapeutic purposes, has a beneficial long-term effect. In this line, these results open the door to design longer studies to demonstrate its promising effect as neuroprotective strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Luisa Gil-Martínez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Cuenca
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Sánchez
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emiliano Fernández-Villalba
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Group (NiCE-IMIB), Institute for Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Campus of Health Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Joshi AU, Mochly-Rosen D. Mortal engines: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:2-15. [PMID: 30144530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in ATP generation. However, studies over the past two decades have shown that mitochondria do much more than that. Mitochondria regulate both necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways, they store and therefore coordinate cellular Ca2+ signaling, they generate and metabolize important building blocks, by-products and signaling molecules, and they also generate and are targets of free radical species that modulate many aspects of cell physiology and pathology. Most estimates suggest that although the brain makes up only 2 percent of body weight, utilizes about 20 percent of the body's total ATP. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction greatly impacts brain functions and is indeed associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, a number of abnormal disease-associated proteins have been shown to interact directly with mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent neuronal cell death. Here, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dynamics impairment in the pathological processes associated with neurodegeneration and suggest that a therapy targeting mitochondrialdysfunction holds a great promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, 94305-5174, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, 94305-5174, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
PICK1 inhibits the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of Parkin and reduces its neuronal protective effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7193-E7201. [PMID: 29987020 PMCID: PMC6064985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716506115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin functions as a multipurpose E3 ubiquitin ligase, and Parkin loss of function is associated with both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). We report that the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of protein interacting with PRKCA1 (PICK1) bound to the really interesting new gene 1 (RING1) domain of Parkin and potently inhibited the E3 ligase activity of Parkin by disrupting its interaction with UbcH7. Parkin translocated to damaged mitochondria and led to their degradation in neurons, whereas PICK1 robustly inhibited this process. PICK1 also impaired the protective function of Parkin against stresses in SH-SY5Y cells and neurons. The protein levels of several Parkin substrates were reduced in young PICK1-knockout mice, and these mice were resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mediated toxicity. Taken together, the results indicate that PICK1 is a potent inhibitor of Parkin, and the reduction of PICK1 enhances the protective effect of Parkin.
Collapse
|
37
|
Johnson M, Salvatore M, Maiolo S, Bobrovskaya L. Tyrosine hydroxylase as a sentinel for central and peripheral tissue responses in Parkinson’s progression: Evidence from clinical studies and neurotoxin models. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
38
|
Badea A, Kamnaksh A, Anderson RJ, Calabrese E, Long JB, Agoston DV. Repeated mild blast exposure in young adult rats results in dynamic and persistent microstructural changes in the brain. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 18:60-73. [PMID: 29868442 PMCID: PMC5984602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), particularly repeated mTBI (rmTBI), has been identified as a risk factor for late-onset neurodegenerative conditions. The mild and transient nature of early symptoms often impedes diagnosis in young adults who are disproportionately affected by mTBIs. A proportion of the affected population will incur long-term behavioral and cognitive consequences but the underlying pathomechanism is currently unknown. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides sensitive and quantitative assessment of TBI-induced structural changes, including white matter injury, and may be used to predict long-term outcome. We used DTI in an animal model of blast rmTBI (rmbTBI) to quantify blast-induced structural changes at 7 and 90 days post-injury, and their evolution between the two time points. Young adult male rats (~P65 at injury) were exposed to repeated mild blast overpressure, or anesthetized as shams, and their fixed brains were imaged using high-field (7 T) MRI. We found that whole brain volumes similarly increased in injured and sham rats from 7 to 90 days. However, we detected localized volume increases in blast-exposed animals 7 days post-injury, mainly ipsilateral to incident blast waves. Affected regions included gray matter of the frontal association, cingulate, and motor cortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, and raphe nuclei (median and dorsal), as well as white matter of the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle. Conversely, we measured volume reductions in these and other regions, including the hippocampus and cerebellum, at 90 days post-injury. DTI also detected both transient and persistent microstructural changes following injury, with some changes showing distinct ipsilateral versus contralateral side differences relative to blast impact. Early changes in fractional anisotropy (FA) were subtle, becoming more prominent at 90 days in the cerebral and inferior cerebellar peduncles, and cerebellar white matter. Widespread increases in radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (primary eigenvalue or E1) at 7 days post-injury largely subsided by 90 days, although RD was more sensitive than E1 at detecting white matter changes. E1 effects in gray and white matter, which paralleled increases in apparent diffusion, were likely more indicative of dysregulated water homeostasis than pathologic structural changes. Importantly, we found evidence for a different developmental trajectory following rmbTBI, as indicated by significant injury x age interactions on volume. Our findings demonstrate that rmbTBI initiates dynamic pathobiological processes that may negatively alter the course of late-stage neurodevelopment and adversely affect long-term cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Young adult rats exposed to mild blast show lasting microstructural brain changes. The evolution of mTBI pathology was reflected by temporal changes in DTI measures. Regional volume changes captured significant injury × age interactions. DTI measures differentially captured injury effects in white and gray matter. Significant interaction effects suggest an altered developmental trajectory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Alaa Kamnaksh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Anderson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Evan Calabrese
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Denes V Agoston
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maiti P, Manna J, Dunbar GL. Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease: Targets for potential treatments. Transl Neurodegener 2017; 6:28. [PMID: 29090092 PMCID: PMC5655877 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-017-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gradual degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, pars compacta and subsequent reduction of dopamine levels in striatum are associated with motor deficits that characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD). In addition, half of the PD patients also exhibit frontostriatal-mediated executive dysfunction, including deficits in attention, short-term working memory, speed of mental processing, and impulsivity. The most commonly used treatments for PD are only partially or transiently effective and are available or applicable to a minority of patients. Because, these therapies neither restore the lost or degenerated dopaminergic neurons, nor prevent or delay the disease progression, the need for more effective therapeutics is critical. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the molecular signaling pathways involved in PD, particularly within the context of how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the initiation and progression of this disease. The involvement of molecular chaperones, autophagy-lysosomal pathways, and proteasome systems in PD are also highlighted. In addition, emerging therapies, including pharmacological manipulations, surgical procedures, stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, as well as complementary, supportive and rehabilitation therapies to prevent or delay the progression of this complex disease are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panchanan Maiti
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA.,Department of Biology, Saginaw Valley State University, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| | - Jayeeta Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38105 USA
| | - Gary L Dunbar
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859 USA.,Field Neurosciences Institute, St. Mary's of Michigan, Saginaw, MI 48604 USA
| |
Collapse
|