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Shi L, Xu Y, Zhao C, Qu G, Hao M. Liraglutide ameliorates high glucose-induced vascular endothelial injury through TRIB3/NF-κB signaling pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00947-7. [PMID: 39039329 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most commonly used antidiabetic medications clinically, liraglutide is involved in the protection of vascular endothelium, and whether it can relieve high glucose-induced vascular endothelial damage was unknown. This study aims to address the response of liraglutide (LIRA) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as well as to elucidate its possible underlying mechanism. We established a vascular endothelial cell injury model by exposing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to high glucose, and used LIRA pretreatment before HG treatment to address the endothelial protective effect of LIRA. Our results suggest that LIRA prevented HG-induced HUVEC apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, silencing of tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) could markedly reduce HG-induced HUVEC apoptosis, ROS level, the expressions of TXNIP, cleaved caspase3, NLRP3, and caspase1, indicating TRIB3 inhibition protected HUVECs against HG-induced vascular endothelial injury. In addition, LIRA restrained NF-κB/IκB-α signaling pathway activation in HUVECs. Thus, LIRA appears to mitigate HG-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis in HUVECs via regulating the TRIB3/NF-κB/IκB-α signaling pathway. Our study provides new insight into the mechanisms underlying the protective activity of LIRA against the vascular endothelial injury in diabetic vascular complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shi
- Department of Cadre Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Cadre Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Cadre Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guangjin Qu
- Department of Cadre Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Alexander M, Cho E, Gliozheni E, Salem Y, Cheung J, Ichii H. Pathology of Diabetes-Induced Immune Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7105. [PMID: 39000211 PMCID: PMC11241249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with numerous comorbidities, one of which is increased vulnerability to infections. This review will focus on how diabetes mellitus (DM) affects the immune system and its various components, leading to the impaired proliferation of immune cells and the induction of senescence. We will explore how the pathology of diabetes-induced immune dysfunction may have similarities to the pathways of "inflammaging", a persistent low-grade inflammation common in the elderly. Inflammaging may increase the likelihood of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis at a younger age. Diabetes affects bone marrow composition and cellular senescence, and in combination with advanced age also affects lymphopoiesis by increasing myeloid differentiation and reducing lymphoid differentiation. Consequently, this leads to a reduced immune system response in both the innate and adaptive phases, resulting in higher infection rates, reduced vaccine response, and increased immune cells' senescence in diabetics. We will also explore how some diabetes drugs induce immune senescence despite their benefits on glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Alexander
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Eric Cho
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Eiger Gliozheni
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Yusuf Salem
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Joshua Cheung
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
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Chen Y, Zhao W, Hu A, Lin S, Chen P, Yang B, Fan Z, Qi J, Zhang W, Gao H, Yu X, Chen H, Chen L, Wang H. Type 2 diabetic mellitus related osteoporosis: focusing on ferroptosis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:409. [PMID: 38693581 PMCID: PMC11064363 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
With the aging global population, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and osteoporosis(OP) are becoming increasingly prevalent. Diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) is a metabolic bone disorder characterized by abnormal bone tissue structure and reduced bone strength in patients with diabetes. Studies have revealed a close association among diabetes, increased fracture risk, and disturbances in iron metabolism. This review explores the concept of ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death process dependent on intracellular iron, focusing on its role in DOP. Iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, particularly impacting pancreatic β-cells, osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs), contributes to DOP. The intricate interplay between iron dysregulation, which comprises deficiency and overload, and DOP has been discussed, emphasizing how excessive iron accumulation triggers ferroptosis in DOP. This concise overview highlights the need to understand the complex relationship between T2DM and OP, particularly ferroptosis. This review aimed to elucidate the pathogenesis of ferroptosis in DOP and provide a prospective for future research targeting interventions in the field of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - An Hu
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shi Lin
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhirong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ji Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiubing Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Luyuan Chen
- Stomatology Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 510086, China.
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Yi M, Cruz Cisneros L, Cho EJ, Alexander M, Kimelman FA, Swentek L, Ferrey A, Tantisattamo E, Ichii H. Nrf2 Pathway and Oxidative Stress as a Common Target for Treatment of Diabetes and Its Comorbidities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:821. [PMID: 38255895 PMCID: PMC10815857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that induces many comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and liver damage. Many mechanisms have been suggested as to how diabetes leads to these comorbidities, of which increased oxidative stress in diabetic patients has been strongly implicated. Limited knowledge of antioxidative antidiabetic drugs and substances that can address diabetic comorbidities through the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway calls for detailed investigation. This review will describe how diabetes increases oxidative stress, the general impact of that oxidative stress, and how oxidative stress primarily contributes to diabetic comorbidities. It will also address how treatments for diabetes, especially focusing on their effects on the Nrf2 antioxidative pathway, have been shown to similarly affect the Nrf2 pathway of the heart, kidney, and liver systems. This review demonstrates that the Nrf2 pathway is a common pathogenic component of diabetes and its associated comorbidities, potentially identifying this pathway as a target to guide future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yi
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Leslie Cruz Cisneros
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Eric J. Cho
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Francesca A. Kimelman
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Antoney Ferrey
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (A.F.); (E.T.)
| | - Ekamol Tantisattamo
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (A.F.); (E.T.)
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (M.Y.); (L.C.C.); (E.J.C.); (M.A.); (F.A.K.); (L.S.)
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Liu R, Yang J, Li Y, Xie J, Wang J. Heme oxygenase-1: The roles of both good and evil in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2023; 167:347-361. [PMID: 37746863 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the only way for cells to decompose heme. It can cleave heme to produce carbon monoxide (CO), ferrous iron (Fe2+ ), and biliverdin (BV). BV is reduced to bilirubin (BR) by biliverdin reductase(BVR). In previous studies, HO-1 was considered to have protective effects because of its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and antiproliferation functions. However, emerging experimental studies have found that the metabolites derived from HO-1 can cause increase iin intracellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, iron death, and autophagy. Because of its particularity, it is very meaningful to understand its exact mechanism. In this review, we summarized the protective and toxic effects of HO-1, its potential mechanism, its role in neurodegenerative diseases and related drug research. This knowledge may be beneficial to the development of new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases and is crucial to the development of new therapeutic strategies and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahua Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Li J, Wang R, Chen H, Yang Y, Yang X, Wang W. Propofol Pretreatment Inhibits Liver Damage in Mice with Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Protects Human Hepatocyte in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation. THE TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TURKISH SOCIETY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 34:1171-1179. [PMID: 37768306 PMCID: PMC10724719 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2023.21218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The major complication of liver resection is hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Propofol appears to have organprotective effects. Our study aimed to study the protective role of propofol against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury and the potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice and human hepatocytes (LO2) were used to establish 2 models: the ischemia/reperfusion injury model in vivo and the hypoxia/reoxygenation model in vitro, respectively. Alanine and aspartate aminotransferase serum levels were detected to evaluate the extent of hepatic cellular injury. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase expression levels were measured to evaluate the oxidative damage in mice liver. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were detected for hepatocyte cytotoxicity severity. Nuclear factor, erythroid-like 2 and heme oxygenase 1 expression levels were detected. RESULTS In the ischemia/reperfusion model, propofol pretreatment significantly reduced the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase expression levels, alleviating the hepatic cellular injury. Propofol also protected the mice liver from oxidative damage. In the hypoxia/reoxygenation model, propofol pretreatment reduced lactate dehydrogenase expression levels, suggesting its protective effects in LO2 cells. Furthermore, propofol increased the nuclear factor, erythroid-like 2 and heme oxygenase 1 expression levels both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Propofol acts through the nuclear factor, erythroid-like 2, and heme oxygenase 1 pathway to protect the mice liver against ischemia/reperfusion injury and hepatocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Propofol should be used as an effective therapeutic drug for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - He Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi’an Jiaotong University Medical College First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Jagomäe T, Gaur N, Seppa K, Reimets R, Pastak M, Plaas M, Kaasik A, Vasar E, Plaas M. Treatment with the dual-incretin agonist DA-CH5 demonstrates potent therapeutic effect in a rat model of Wolfram Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1234925. [PMID: 37900147 PMCID: PMC10611518 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Wolfram Syndrome (WS) is a rare condition caused by mutations in Wfs1, with a poor prognosis and no cure. Mono-agonists targeting the incretin glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) have demonstrated disease-modifying potential in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Dual agonists that target GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP-1) are reportedly more efficacious; hence, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of dual incretin agonism in a loss-of-function rat model of WS. Methods Eight-month-old Wfs1 knock-out (KO) and wild-type control rats were continuously treated with either the dual agonist DA-CH5 or saline for four months. Glycemic profile, visual acuity and hearing sensitivity were longitudinally monitored pre-treatment, and then at 10.5 and 12 months. Pancreata and retina were harvested for immunohistological analysis. Results DA-CH5 therapy reversed glucose intolerance in KO rats and provided lasting anti-diabetogenic protection. Treatment also reversed intra-islet alterations, including reduced endocrine islet area and β-cell density, indicating its regenerative potential. Although no rescue effect was noted for hearing loss, visual acuity and retinal ganglion cell density were better preserved in DA-CH5-treated rats. Conclusion We present preclinical evidence for the pleiotropic therapeutic effects of long-term dual incretin agonist treatment; effects were seen despite treatment beginning after symptom-onset, indicating reversal of disease progression. Dual incretins represent a promising therapeutic avenue for WS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Jagomäe
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nayana Gaur
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riin Reimets
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marko Pastak
- Eye Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Plaas
- Ear Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Xiao J, Zhang Q, Shan Y, Ye F, Zhang X, Cheng J, Wang X, Zhao Y, Dan G, Chen M, Sai Y. The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide (MOTS-c) Interacted with Nrf2 to Defend the Antioxidant System to Protect Dopaminergic Neurons Against Rotenone Exposure. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5915-5930. [PMID: 37380822 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide reported to be involved in regulating energy metabolism. However, few studies have reported the role of MOTS-c on neuron degeneration. In this study, it was aimed to explore the action of MOTS-c in rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In an in vitro study, it was observed that rotenone could influence the expression and localization of MOTS-c significantly in PC12 cells, with more MOTS-c translocating into the nucleus from mitochondria. Further study showed that the translocation of MOTS-c from the mitochondria into the nucleus could directly interact with Nrf2 to regulate HO-1 and NQO1 expression in PC12 cells exposed to rotenone, which had been suggested to be involved in the antioxidant defense system. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that exogenous MOTS-c pretreatment could protect PC12 cells and rats from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by rotenone. Moreover, MOTS-c pretreatment significantly decreased the loss of TH, PSD95, and SYP protein expression in the striatum of rats exposed to rotenone. In addition, MOTS-c pretreatment could clearly alleviate the downregulated expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, as well as the upregulated Keap1 protein expression in the striatum of rotenone-treated rats. Taken together, these findings suggested that MOTS-c could directly interact with Nrf2 to activate the Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 signal pathway to defend the antioxidant system to prevent dopaminergic neurons from rotenone-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Xiao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qifu Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yaohui Shan
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanpeng Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guorong Dan
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mingliang Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yan Sai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Tu XK, Chen PP, Chen JY, Ding YH, Chen Q, Shi SS. GLP-1R knockdown abrogates the protective effects of liraglutide on ischaemic stroke via inhibition of M2 polarisation and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by reducing Nrf2 activation. Neuropharmacology 2023:109603. [PMID: 37236529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Liraglutide has been recently discovered to penetrate the blood-brain barrier to exert neuroprotective effects. However, relevant mechanisms of the protective effects of liraglutide on ischaemic stroke remain to be elucidated. This study examined the mechanism of GLP-1R in regulating the protective effect of liraglutide against ischaemic stroke. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) male Sprague-Dawley rat model with/without GLP-1R or Nrf2 knockdown was established and subjected to liraglutide treatment. Then neurological deficit and brain oedema of rats was evaluated and brain tissues were subjected to TTC, Nissl, TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining. Rat primary microglial cells firstly underwent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment, then GLP-1R or Nrf2 knockdown treatment, and finally Liraglutide treatment to research the NLRP3 activation. As a result, Liraglutide protected rats' brain tissues after MCAO, which attenuated brain oedema, infarct volume, neurological deficit score, neuronal apoptosis and Iba1 expression but enhanced live neurons. However, GLP-1R knockdown abrogated these protective effects of liraglutide on MCAO rats. According to in vitro experiments, Liraglutide promoted M2 polarisation, activated Nrf2 and inhibited NLRP3 activation in LPS-induced microglial cells, but GLP-1R or Nrf2 knockdown reversed these effects of Liraglutide on LPS-induced microglial cells. Further, Nrf2 knockdown counteracted the protection of liraglutide on MCAO rats, whereas sulforaphane (agonist of Nrf2) counteracted the effect of Nrf2 knockdown on liraglutide-treated MCAO rats. Collectively, GLP-1R knockdown abrogated the protection of liraglutide on MCAO rats by activating NLRP3 via inactivating Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Jing-Yi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Yi-Hang Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Song-Sheng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Neurosurgical Institute of Fujian Province, 29# Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
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10
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Dergunova LV, Filippenkov IB, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF. Neuroprotective Peptides and New Strategies for Ischemic Stroke Drug Discoveries. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050953. [PMID: 37239313 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke continues to be one of the leading causes of death and disability in the adult population worldwide. The currently used pharmacological methods for the treatment of ischemic stroke are not effective enough and require the search for new tools and approaches to identify therapeutic targets and potential neuroprotectors. Today, in the development of neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of stroke, special attention is paid to peptides. Namely, peptide action is aimed at blocking the cascade of pathological processes caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain tissues. Different groups of peptides have therapeutic potential in ischemia. Among them are small interfering peptides that block protein-protein interactions, cationic arginine-rich peptides with a combination of various neuroprotective properties, shuttle peptides that ensure the permeability of neuroprotectors through the blood-brain barrier, and synthetic peptides that mimic natural regulatory peptides and hormones. In this review, we consider the latest achievements and trends in the development of new biologically active peptides, as well as the role of transcriptomic analysis in identifying the molecular mechanisms of action of potential drugs aimed at the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Dergunova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan B Filippenkov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Limborska
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay F Myasoedov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Kurchatov Sq. 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Nrf2 Regulates Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122377. [PMID: 36552584 PMCID: PMC9774301 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is characterized by acute ischemia in a certain part of the brain, which leads to brain cells necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc. At present, there are limited effective clinical treatments for cerebral ischemic stroke, and the recovery of cerebral blood circulation will lead to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Cerebral ischemic stroke involves many pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as one of the most critical antioxidant transcription factors in cells, can coordinate various cytoprotective factors to inhibit oxidative stress. Targeting Nrf2 is considered as a potential strategy to prevent and treat cerebral ischemia injury. During cerebral ischemia, Nrf2 participates in signaling pathways such as Keap1, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, and HO-1, and then alleviates cerebral ischemia injury or CIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and inhibiting ferroptosis. In this review, we have discussed the structure of Nrf2, the mechanisms of Nrf2 in cerebral ischemic stroke, the related research on the treatment of cerebral ischemia through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in recent years, and expounded the important role and future potential of the Nrf2 pathway in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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12
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The effect of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist on behavioral despair and anxiety-like behavior in ovariectomized rats: Modulation of BDNF/CREB, Nrf2 and lipocalin 2. Behav Brain Res 2022; 435:114053. [PMID: 35961539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ovariectomized (OVX) rodents show behavioral despair and anxiety-like behaviors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) possess neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, thereby preventing synaptic loss. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of GLP-1RA, namely liraglutide, on emotional behaviors, and to identify the level of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and BDNF signaling in the hippocampus of OVX rats. Forty female young Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: Control, Control+liraglutide treated, OVX, OVX+fluoxetine, and OVX+liraglutide (150 µg/kg for 15 days, sc). Open field test and elevated plus-maze test were used to evaluate behaviors that are suggestive of anxiety. A forced swimming test was used to evaluate behavioral despair. At the end of the experiments, blood glucose level and body weight gain were measured. The levels of BDNF, CREB, Nrf2, and lipocalin 2 in the hippocampal tissue were measured by ELISA. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione levels were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted through ANOVA and Bonferroni tests. Seven weeks post-OVX rats exhibited high anxiety related behavior and behavioral despair in comparison with the control groups. These behavioral changes were associated with increased lipocalin 2 and MDA levels in rats. Moreover, BDNF, CREB, and Nrf2 levels decreased significantly in the hippocampus of OVX rats. Liraglutide treatment limited the reduction of BDNF and Nrf2 levels in the hippocampus, maintaining them at the control levels. Liraglutide treatment also prevented the symptoms of behavioral despair and anxiety related behavior. As the main finding of the study GLP-1RA reduced behavioral despair and anxiety level and this may be related to the preservation of BDNF/Nrf2 levels and the decrease in oxidative stress and lipocalin 2 levels in the hippocampus.
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13
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Targeting NRF2 in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression: Efficacy of natural and synthetic compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:174993. [PMID: 35513015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports a strong bidirectional association between depression and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The harmful impact of oxidative stress and chronic inflammation on the development of both disorders is widely accepted. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a pertinent target in disease management owing to its reputation as the master regulator of antioxidant responses. NRF2 influences the expression of various cytoprotective phase 2 antioxidant genes, which is hampered in both depression and T2DM. Through interaction and crosstalk with several signaling pathways, NRF2 endeavors to contain the widespread oxidative damage and persistent inflammation involved in the pathophysiology of depression and T2DM. NRF2 promotes the neuroprotective and insulin-sensitizing properties of its upstream and downstream targets, thereby interrupting and preventing disease advancement. Standard antidepressant and antidiabetic drugs may be powerful against these disorders, but unfortunately, they come bearing distressing side effects. Therefore, exploiting the therapeutic potential of NRF2 activators presents an exciting opportunity to manage such bidirectional and comorbid conditions.
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14
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The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084334. [PMID: 35457152 PMCID: PMC9029608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is documented in clamp studies in 75% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Although it is not included in the diagnostic criteria of PCOS, there is a crucial role of this metabolic impairment, which along with hormonal abnormalities, increase each other in a vicious circle of PCOS pathogenesis. Insulin resistance in this group of patients results from defects at the molecular level, including impaired insulin receptor-related signaling pathways enhanced by obesity and its features: Excess visceral fat, chronic inflammation, and reactive oxygen species. While lifestyle intervention has a first-line role in the prevention and management of excess weight in PCOS, the role of anti-obesity pharmacological agents in achieving and maintaining weight loss is being increasingly recognized. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) not only act by reducing body weight but also can affect the mechanisms involved in insulin resistance, like an increasing expression of glucose transporters in insulin-dependent tissues, decreasing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and modulating lipid metabolism. They also tend to improve fertility either by increasing LH surge in hypothalamus-pituitary inhibition due to estrogen excess connected with obesity or decreasing too high LH levels accompanying hyperinsulinemia. GLP1-RAs seem promising for effective treatment of obese PCOS patients, acting on one of the primary causes of PCOS at the molecular level.
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15
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Yang X, Qiang Q, Li N, Feng P, Wei W, Hölscher C. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1-Based Therapies in Ischemic Stroke: An Update Based on Preclinical Research. Front Neurol 2022; 13:844697. [PMID: 35370875 PMCID: PMC8964641 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.844697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The public and social health burdens of ischemic stroke have been increasing worldwide. Hyperglycemia leads to a greater risk of stroke. This increased risk is commonly seen among patients with diabetes and is in connection with worsened clinical conditions and higher mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Therapy for stroke focuses mainly on restoring cerebral blood flow (CBF) and ameliorating neurological impairment caused by stroke. Although choices of stroke treatment remain limited, much advance have been achieved in assisting patients in recovering from ischemic stroke, along with progress of recanalization therapy through pharmacological and mechanical thrombolysis. However, it is still necessary to develop neuroprotective therapies for AIS to protect the brain against injury before and during reperfusion, prolong the time window for intervention, and consequently improve neurological prognosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are broadly regarded as effective drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Preclinical data on GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs have displayed an impressive neuroprotective efficacy in stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and other neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the preclinical studies in the past decade, we review recent progress in the biological roles of GLP-1 and GLP-1 RAs in ischemic stroke. Emphasis will be placed on their neuroprotective effects in experimental models of cerebral ischemia stroke at cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Qiang
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Feng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenshi Wei
- Department of Neurology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Song JX, An JR, Chen Q, Yang XY, Jia CL, Xu S, Zhao YS, Ji ES. Liraglutide attenuates hepatic iron levels and ferroptosis in db/db mice. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8334-8348. [PMID: 35311455 PMCID: PMC9161873 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2051858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver pathological changes are as high as 21%-78% in diabetic patients, and treatment options are lacking. Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor that is widely used in the clinic and is approved to treat obesity and diabetes. However, the specific protection mechanism needs to be clarified. In the present study, db/db mice were used to simulate Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and they were intraperitoneally injected daily with liraglutide (200 μg/kg/d) for 5 weeks. Hepatic function, pathologic changes, oxidative stress, iron levels, and ferroptosis were evaluated. First, liraglutide decreased serum AST and ALT levels, and suppressed liver fibrosis in db/db mice. Second, liraglutide inhibited the ROS production by upregulating SOD, GSH-PX, and GSH activity as well as by downregulating MDA, 4-HNE, and NOX4 expression in db/db mice. Furthermore, liraglutide attenuated iron deposition by decreasing TfR1 expression and increasing FPN1 expression. At the same time, liraglutide decreased ferroptosis by elevating the expression of SLC7A11 and the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling pathway in the livers of db/db mice. In addition, liraglutide decreased the high level of labile iron pools (LIPs) and intracellular lipid ROS induced by high glucose in vitro. Therefore, we speculated that liraglutide played a crucial role in reducing iron accumulation, oxidative damage and ferroptosis in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xian Song
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ji-Ren An
- Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,First Clinical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Lioaning, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xin-Yue Yang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cui-Ling Jia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ya-Shuo Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - En-Sheng Ji
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Hebei Technology Innovation Center of TCM Combined Hydrogen Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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17
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Song S, Guo R, Mehmood A, Zhang L, Yin B, Yuan C, Zhang H, Guo L, Li B. Liraglutide attenuate central nervous inflammation and demyelination through AMPK and pyroptosis-related NLRP3 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:422-434. [PMID: 34985189 PMCID: PMC8841291 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Multiple sclerosis (MS) still maintains increasing prevalence and poor prognosis, while glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) agonists show excellent neuroprotective capacities recently. Thus, we aim to evaluate whether the GLP‐1R agonist liraglutide (Lira) could ameliorate central nervous system demyelination and inflammation. Methods The therapeutic effect of Lira was tested on experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in vivo and a microglia cell line BV2 in vitro. Results Lira administration could ameliorate the disease score of EAE mice, delay the disease onset, ameliorate pathological demyelination and inflammation score in lumbar spinal cord, reduce pathogenic T helper cell transcription in spleen, restore phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (pAMPK) level, autophagy level, and inhibit pyroptosis‐related NLR family, pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway in lumbar spinal cord. Additionally, cell viability test, lactate dehydrogenase release test, and dead/live cell staining test for BV2 cells showed Lira could not salvage BV2 from nigericin‐induced pyroptosis significantly. Conclusion Lira has anti‐inflammation and anti‐demyelination effect on EAE mice, and the protective effect of Lira in the EAE model may be related to regulation of pAMPK pathway, autophagy, and NLRP3 pathway. However, Lira treatment cannot significantly inhibit pyroptosis of BV2 cells in vitro. Our study provides Lira as a potential candidate for Multiple Sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Song
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruoyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bowen Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Congcong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Huining Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
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18
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Upadhayay S, Mehan S. Targeting Nrf2/HO-1 anti-oxidant signaling pathway in the progression of multiple sclerosis and influences on neurological dysfunctions. BRAIN DISORDERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dscb.2021.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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19
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Li Y, Gong M. Analysis of the neuroprotective effect of GLP-1 receptor agonist peptide on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by Quantitative Proteomics Mass Spectrometry. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02190. [PMID: 34018701 PMCID: PMC8213929 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathological characteristics of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) are complex, and the mechanism involved remains unknown. The treatment for CIRI has become an increasingly important challenge in the clinic, prompting us to explore the mechanism of CIRI. It was reported that GLP-1 receptor agonist, Liraglutide, exhibited alleviating effects on CIRI. The previous findings suggested that the administration of Liraglutide in rodents results in the attenuation of the infarct volume following ischemia-reperfusion injury by mediating the reactive oxygen species, apoptotic and necroptotic pathways. METHODS Here, a proteomic study was performed aiming to clarify the physiological protection role of GLP-1 receptor agonist during the development of CIRI in MCAO mice. This proteomic investigations is contributed to reveal the mechanism associated with the treatment of GLP-1 receptor agonist in MCAO mice. RESULTS The results indicated that the occurrence of ischemia-reperfusion led to complex pathological processes, including inflammation, necroptosis and apoptosis. The treatment of Liraglutide significantly reduced the infract volume resulted from ischemia reperfusion injury. The proteomic data revealed that the administration of Liraglutide in MCAO mice induced the various effects on proteins expression level and phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study was beneficial for identifying the novel therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemia reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China
| | - Min Gong
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Antioxidative Potentials of Incretin-Based Medications: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9959320. [PMID: 34007411 PMCID: PMC8099522 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9959320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors are medications used for managing diabetes, mimicking the metabolic effects of incretin hormones. Recent evidence suggests that these medications have antioxidative potentials in the diabetic milieu. The pathophysiology of most diabetic complications involves oxidative stress. Therefore, if incretin-based antidiabetic medications can alleviate the free radicals involved in oxidative stress, they can potentially provide further therapeutic effects against diabetic complications. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these medications protect against oxidative stress are not fully understood. In the current review, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms behind these pharmacologic agents' antioxidative properties.
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21
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Mazur A, Fangman M, Ashouri R, Arcenas A, Doré S. Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in ischemic stroke. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:163-166. [PMID: 33648411 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1890716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Wang L, Tang Y, He H, Wei W. Liraglutide restores late cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning in diabetic rats via activation of hydrogen sulfide and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling pathway. Acta Cir Bras 2021; 36:e360207. [PMID: 33656046 PMCID: PMC7909944 DOI: 10.1590/acb360207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study explored the influence of liraglutide on remote preconditioning-mediated cardioprotection in diabetes mellitus along with the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). METHODS Streptozotocin was given to rats to induce diabetes mellitus and rats were kept for eight weeks. Four cycles of ischemia and reperfusion were given to hind limb to induce remote preconditioning. After 24 h, hearts were isolated and subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion on Langendorff system. Liraglutide was administered along with remote preconditioning. Cardiac injury was assessed by measuring the release of creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac troponin (cTnT) and development of left ventricular developed pressure. After ischemia-reperfusion, hearts were homogenized to measure the nuclear cytoplasmic ratio of Nrf2, H2S and HIF-1α levels. RESULTS In diabetic rats, there was more pronounced injury and the cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning were not observed. Administration of liraglutide restored the cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, liraglutide increased the Nrf2, H2S and HIF-1α levels in remote preconditioning-subjected diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS Liraglutide restores the lost cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning in diabetes by increasing the expression of Nrf2, H2S and HIF-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinyan Tang
- The Forth People’s Hospital of Yongzhou, China
| | - Huimin He
- The Forth People’s Hospital of Yongzhou, China
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23
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Maskery MP, Holscher C, Jones SP, Price CI, Strain WD, Watkins CL, Werring DJ, Emsley HCA. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke: a systematic scoping review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:14-30. [PMID: 32954901 PMCID: PMC7747170 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20952011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke mortality and morbidity is expected to rise. Despite considerable recent advances within acute ischemic stroke treatment, scope remains for development of widely applicable neuroprotective agents. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), originally licensed for the management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, have demonstrated pre-clinical neuroprotective efficacy in a range of neurodegenerative conditions. This systematic scoping review reports the pre-clinical basis of GLP-1RAs as neuroprotective agents in acute ischemic stroke and their translation into clinical trials. We included 35 pre-clinical studies, 11 retrospective database studies, 7 cardiovascular outcome trials and 4 prospective clinical studies. Pre-clinical neuroprotection was demonstrated in normoglycemic models when administration was delayed by up to 24 h following stroke induction. Outcomes included reduced infarct volume, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation alongside increased neurogenesis, angiogenesis and cerebral blood flow. Improved neurological function and a trend towards increased survival were also reported. Cardiovascular outcomes trials reported a significant reduction in stroke incidence with semaglutide and dulaglutide. Retrospective database studies show a trend towards neuroprotection. Prospective interventional clinical trials are on-going, but initial indicators of safety and tolerability are favourable. Ultimately, we propose that repurposing GLP-1RAs is potentially advantageous but appropriately designed trials are needed to determine clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Maskery
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
| | - Christian Holscher
- Research and Experimental Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Stephanie P Jones
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Christopher I Price
- Institute of Neuroscience, Stroke Research Group, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - W David Strain
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility and Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Caroline L Watkins
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Hedley CA Emsley
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, UK
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24
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Yang X, Ma X, Don O, Song Y, Chen X, Liu J, Qu J, Feng Y. Mesenchymal stem cells combined with liraglutide relieve acute lung injury through apoptotic signaling restrained by PKA/β-catenin. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:182. [PMID: 32429994 PMCID: PMC7238586 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ARDS and ALI are life-threatening diseases with extremely high mortality in patients. Different sources of MSCs could mitigate the symptoms of ALI from diverse mechanisms. Liraglutide is an activator of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) that activates anti-apoptotic pathways and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. We mainly compared the effects of human chorionic villus-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hCMSCs), human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), and human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) on the treatment of ALI and explored the apoptosis mechanism of combination MSCs of liraglutide. Methods The proliferation of MSCs was detected by MTT assay. Western blot and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of GLP-1R, SPC, Ang-1, and KGF in MSCs stimulated by LPS and liraglutide. By using flow cytometry and TUNEL assay to compare the apoptosis of three MSCs under the action of LPS and liraglutide, we selected hCMSCs as the target cells to study the expression of apoptotic protein through the PKA/β-catenin pathway. In ALI animal models, we observed the effects of liraglutide alone, MSCs alone, and MSCs combined with liraglutide by H&E staining, cell counting, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA assay. Results We demonstrated that LPS attenuates the proliferation of the three MSCs and the expression of GLP-1R. Liraglutide could reverse the effects of LPS; increase the expression of SPC, Ang-1, and KGF; and can reduce the apoptosis of three MSCs through the PKA/β-catenin pathway. In the LPS-induced ALI model, MSCs combined with liraglutide showed a significant therapeutic effect, and hCMSCs combined with liraglutide have advantages in the treatment of ALI. Conclusions The therapeutic effect of combination MSCs of liraglutide on ALI was higher than that of MSCs alone or liraglutide alone, and liraglutide could alleviate the symptoms of ALI by reducing MSCs apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ocholi Don
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China
| | - Yuanlin Song
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 20003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China.
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20025, China.
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Han X, Ding C, Zhang G, Pan R, Liu Y, Huang N, Hou N, Han F, Xu W, Sun X. Liraglutide ameliorates obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating Sestrin2-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:895-901. [PMID: 32171530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue, could reverse NAFLD-induced liver damage by improving metabolic profiles, but the exact molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. Sestrin2 is a novel antioxidant protein, essential for regulating metabolic homeostasis. However, whether sestrin2-mediated redox balance participated in the protective effects of liraglutide against NAFLD is still elusive. The aim of the study was to determine whether liraglutide could ameliorate NAFLD by increasing Sestrin2-mediated signaling in obese mice. Following a normal diet or high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks, male C57BL/6 mice were treated with or without liraglutide for 4 weeks. Function and histopathology of liver were conducted to evaluate liver injury. Sestrin2-related AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway were examined. Antioxidative and inflammatory genes and were determined. HFD mice displayed significantly increased body weight, fat mass, lipids levels and impaired glucose homeostasis with reduced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Metabolic profiles, hepatic injury, and hepatic lipid accumulation from HFD mice were improved by liraglutide treatment. Liraglutide enhanced Sestrin2, phosphorylated AMPK, Nrf2, and HO-1 protein levels. Additionally, Liraglutide treatment increased mRNA levels of Sestrin2, Nrf2, HO-1 and down-stream genes catalase, GCLM and NQO1, but reduced malondialdehyde and TNF-α levels. Our findings indicated that liraglutide ameliorated obesity-related NAFLD through upregulating Sestrin2-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Chuanhua Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - RuiYan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Na Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Ningning Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Fang Han
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261031, China.
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AlAsmari AF, Ali N, AlAsmari F, AlAnazi WA, AlShammari MA, Al-Harbi NO, Alhoshani A, As Sobeai HM, AlSwayyed M, AlAnazi MM, AlGhamdi NS. Liraglutide attenuates gefitinib-induced cardiotoxicity and promotes cardioprotection through the regulation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:509-518. [PMID: 32273812 PMCID: PMC7132601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib is an effective treatment for patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, it is associated with cardiotoxicity that can limit its clinical use. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, showed potent cardioprotective effects with the mechanism is yet to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the efficiency of liraglutide in protecting the heart from damage induced by gefitinib. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, liraglutide group (200 µg/kg by i.p. injection), gefitinib group (30 mg/kg orally) and liraglutide plus gefitinib group. After 28 days, blood and tissue samples were collected for histopathological, biochemical, gene and protein analysis. We demonstrated that gefitinib treatment (30 mg/kg) resulted in cardiac damage as evidenced by histopathological studies. Furthermore, serum Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac Troponin-I (cTnI) were markedly elevated in gefitinib group. Pretreatment with liraglutide (200 µg/kg), however, restored the elevation in serum markers and diminished gefitinib-induced cardiac damage. Moreover, liraglutide improved the gene and protein levels of anti-oxidant (superoxide dismutase) and decreased the oxidative stress marker (NF-κB). Mechanistically, liraglutide offered protection through upregulation of the survival kinases (ERK1/2 and Akt) and downregulation of stress-activated kinases (JNK and P38). In this study, we provide evidence that liraglutide protects the heart from gefitinib-induced cardiac damage through its anti-oxidant property and through the activation of survival kinases.
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Key Words
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- Antioxidant
- CK-MB, Creatine kinase-MB
- Cardioprotection
- Cardiotoxicity
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2
- GEF, Gefitinib
- GLP-1, Glucagon-like peptide-1
- Gefitinib
- JNK, C-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- LIRA, Liraglutide
- Liraglutide
- MAPK
- MAPK, Mitogen activated protein kinase
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide
- RTKIs, Receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitors
- RTKs, Receptor tyrosine kinases
- cTnI, cardiac Troponin-I
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A AlAnazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad A AlShammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M As Sobeai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlSwayyed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M AlAnazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader S AlGhamdi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh 14214, Saudi Arabia
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Liraglutide Protects Against Brain Amyloid-β 1-42 Accumulation in Female Mice with Early Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology by Partially Rescuing Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051746. [PMID: 32143329 PMCID: PMC7084254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, being characterized by the deposition of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (enriched in the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), respectively) and memory loss. Aging, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and female sex (especially after menopause) are risk factors for AD, but their crosslinking mechanisms remain unclear. Most clinical trials targeting AD neuropathology failed and it remains incurable. However, evidence suggests that effective anti-T2D drugs, such as the GLP-1 mimetic and neuroprotector liraglutide, can be also efficient against AD. Thus, we aimed to study the benefits of a peripheral liraglutide treatment in AD female mice. We used blood and brain cortical lysates from 10-month-old 3xTg-AD female mice, treated for 28 days with liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, once/day) to evaluate parameters affected in AD (e.g., Aβ and p-tau, motor and cognitive function, glucose metabolism, inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress). Despite the limited signs of cognitive changes in mature female mice, liraglutide only reduced their cortical Aβ1–42 levels. Liraglutide partially attenuated brain estradiol and GLP-1 and activated PKA levels, oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in these AD female mice. Our results support the earlier use of liraglutide as a potential preventive/therapeutic agent against the accumulation of the first neuropathological features of AD in females.
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Li TT, Yang WC, Wang YZ, Sun T, Cao HL, Chen JF, Li WZ. Effects of a high concentration of hydrogen on neurological function after traumatic brain injury in diabetic rats. Brain Res 2020; 1730:146651. [PMID: 31926128 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species, inflammation, and apoptosis are major contributors to secondary injuries that follow traumatic brain injury (TBI) in diabetic patients. Hydrogen (H2) can selectively neutralize reactive oxygen species and downregulate inflammatory and apoptotic factors. Therefore, we investigated the effects of inhaled high and low concentrations of hydrogen on neurological function after TBI in diabetic rats and the potential mechanism. We found that the inhalation of high concentrations of H2 significantly improved outcomes following TBI in diabetic rats. The inhalation of 42% H2 for one hour per day for 48 h significantly reduced brain edema, decreased the extravasation of sodium fluorescein, and reduced oxidative stress markers (p < 0.05). In addition, the inhalation of a high concentration of H2 (42% for one hour per day for 7 days) improved neurological deficits (p < 0.05) and reduced the expression of apoptotic protein markers (p < 0.05). However, the inhalation of 3% H2 did not yield significant effects. These results showed that the inhalation of 42% H2 can alleviate nerve damage and improve neurological function after TBI in diabetic rats. Therefore, the inhalation of a high concentration of H2 may be associated with the treatment of traumatic brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Chao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue-Zhen Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ling Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 XueFu Road, NanGang District, Harbin 150086, People's Republic of China.
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Liraglutide protects against diabetes mellitus complicated with focal cerebral ischemic injury by activating mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Neuroreport 2019; 30:479-484. [PMID: 30889046 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral infarction is a common disease that threatens the health of humankind worldwide. Diabetes is one of the important causes of cerebral ischemic (CI) injury. CI complicated with diabetes has a worse prognosis and lacks effective treatment. Our preliminary study demonstrated that liraglutide mitigates CI injuries in diabetic rats. However, the essential mechanism underlying this effect remained to be fully investigated. Recent research has shown that damaged mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels (mitoKATP) play a critical role in diabetes-aggravated CI injury. Therefore, we hypothesized that liraglutide may confer therapeutic effects against CI with diabetes by activating mitoKATP channels. In this study, liraglutide, but not insulin, significantly improved ischemia-induced neurological deficits and decreased infarct volumes following CI in diabetic rats, down-regulated the expression of myeloperoxidase and up-regulated the expression of superoxide dismutase and two subunits of the mitoKATP channel (SUR1 and Kir6.2). However, these effects were weakened by the mitoKATP antagonist 5-hydroxydecanoic acid. Our study demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of liraglutide on CI injury with diabetes, which occurs by reducing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response, are associated with the activation of the mitoKATP channel.
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Relationship Between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091385. [PMID: 31487953 PMCID: PMC6780404 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in which oxidative stress is thought to be a primary cause. Considering that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, we have set out to provide a general overview on how oxidative stress is generated and related to T2D. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress occurs in mitochondria as a consequence of an overload of glucose and oxidative phosphorylation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in oxidative stress, as it is also a source of ROS. The tight interconnection between both organelles through mitochondrial-associated membranes (MAMs) means that the ROS generated in mitochondria promote ER stress. Therefore, a state of stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are consequences of this vicious cycle. The implication of mitochondria in insulin release and the exposure of pancreatic β-cells to hyperglycemia make them especially susceptible to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In fact, crosstalk between both mechanisms is related with alterations in glucose homeostasis and can lead to the diabetes-associated insulin-resistance status. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge of the relationship between oxidative stress, mitochondria, ER stress, inflammation, and lipotoxicity in T2D.
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Molecular mechanisms by which GLP-1 RA and DPP-4i induce insulin sensitivity. Life Sci 2019; 234:116776. [PMID: 31425698 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 is a peptide of incretin family which is used in the management of diabetes as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme metabolizes glucagon-like peptide-1 and various dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme inhibitors (DPP-4i) are also used in the management of diabetes. These antidiabetic agents provide anti-hyperglycemic effects via several molecular mechanisms including promoting insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon secretion and slowing the gastric emptying. There is some research suggesting that they can induce insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. In this study, we review the possible molecular mechanisms by which GLP-1RA and DPP-4i can improve insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity in insulin-dependent peripheral tissues.
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Li J, Zhao Y, Shi J, Ren Z, Chen F, Tang W. Histone deacetylase 6 interference protects mice against experimental stroke-induced brain injury via activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2019; 23:192-199. [PMID: 31231583 PMCID: PMC6566595 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2019.1601132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a fatal disease with increasing incidence. The study was to investigate the role and mechanism of Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) on experimental stroke-induced brain injury. The recombinant shRNA-HDAC6 or scramble shRNA lentivirus was transfected to ICR mice. Then, the ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) mice were constructed using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Brain TTC staining was used to determine infarct areas. Serum levels of oxidative stress-related factors were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbnent assay (ELISA). Realtime-qPCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot were used to respectively detect mRNA and protein levels. HDAC6 was up-regulated in brain I/RI mice (MCAO group), and down-regulated again in MCAO mice transfected with shRNA-HDAC6 (MCAO + shRNA group). The infarct area of the MCAO mice was increased, neurological scores were higher, and serum protein levels of 3-NT, 4-HNE and 8-OHdG were higher. HDAC6 interference attenuated above effects. Though protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in cytoplasm increased slightly in MCAO group, they increased significantly by HDAC6 interference. The protein levels of Nrf2 in cytoblast decreased significantly in MCAO group, and increased markedly by HDAC6 interference. HDAC6 interference protected mice against experimental stroke-induced brain injury via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University/Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University/Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University/Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Zhanyun Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University/Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University/Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Wuzhuang Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University/Affiliated Yixing Clinical School of Medical School of Yangzhou University, Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Peoples' Republic of China
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Li S, Fujino M, Takahara T, Li XK. Protective role of heme oxygenase-1 in fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Mol Morphol 2019; 52:61-72. [PMID: 30171344 PMCID: PMC6542780 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a kind of injury resulting from the restoration of the blood supply after blood vessel closure during liver transplantation and is the main cause of graft failure. The pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic IR include a variety of oxidative stress responses. Hepatic IR is characterized by ischemia and hypoxia inducing oxidative stress, immune response and apoptosis. Fat-denatured livers are also used as donors due to the lack of liver donors. Fatty liver is less tolerant to IR than normal liver. Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that breaks down hemoglobin to bilirubin, ferrous iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Inducible HO subtype HO-1 is an important protective molecule in mammalian cells used to improve acute and chronic liver injury owing to its characteristic anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic qualities. HO-1 degrades heme, and its reaction product CO has been shown to reduce hepatic IR injury and increase the survival rate of grafts. As an induced form of HO, HO-1 also exerts a protective effect against liver IR injury and may be useful as a new strategy of ameliorating this kind of damage. This review summarizes the protective effects of HO-1 in liver IR injury, especially in fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumi Takahara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
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Fang S, Cai Y, Li P, Wu C, Zou S, Zhang Y, Lin X, Guan M. [Exendin-4 alleviates oxidative stress and liver fibrosis by activating Nrf2/HO-1 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:464-470. [PMID: 31068291 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.04.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of exendin-4 on hepatic lipid metabolism, fibrosis and oxidative stress in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks and received intraperitoneal injections of 120 mg/kg STZ to induce diabetes. After successful modeling, the mice were randomized into diabetic control group and exendin-4 treatment group (DM+E4), and in the latter group, the mice were given a daily dose of 1 nmol/kg of exendin-4 for 8 weeks. The changes in the body weight (BW) and random blood glucose (RBG) in the mice were recorded. The mRNA expressions of the genes related with liver lipid metabolism, fibrosis and oxidative stress were analyzed using RT-PCR, and the structural changes of the liver tissues were observed with HE, Sirius red and oil red O staining; the expressions of TGF-β1, Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the liver tissues were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The diabetic mice showed significantly higher RBG levels and BW with obvious lipid deposition, fibrosis and oxidative stress in the liver as compared with the normal control mice (P < 0.001). Exendin-4 treatment of the diabetic mice did not significantly lessened liver lipid deposition but obviously reduced the levels of RBG and TG (P < 0.05), lowered the expression levels of liver fibrosis-related genes TGF-β, α-SMA and Col-Ⅰ (P < 0.05), increased the expression levels of the antioxidant genes Nrf2, HO-1 and GPX4 (P < 0.01), and enhanced the protein expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in the liver tissues (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Exendin-4 improves liver fibrosis and oxidative stress in diabetic mice by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway without significantly reducing liver lipid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingying Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shaozhou Zou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaochun Lin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Meiping Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Liraglutide and its Neuroprotective Properties-Focus on Possible Biochemical Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebral Ischemic Events. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051050. [PMID: 30823403 PMCID: PMC6429395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog (glucagon like peptide-1) used primarily in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and obesity. The literature starts to suggest that liraglutide may reduce the effects of ischemic stroke by activating anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as limiting the harmful effects of free radicals. The GLP-1R expression has been reported in the cerebral cortex, especially occipital and frontal lobes, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. Liraglutide reduced the area of ischemia caused by MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), limited neurological deficits, decreased hyperglycemia caused by stress, and presented anti-apoptotic effects by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins and reduction of Bax and Bad protein expression. The pharmaceutical managed to decrease concentrations of proapoptotic factors, such as NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa β), ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), caspase-3, and reduced the level of TUNEL-positive cells. Liraglutide was able to reduce the level of free radicals by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the superoxide dismutase level (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Liraglutide may affect the neurovascular unit causing its remodeling, which seems to be crucial for recovery after stroke. Liraglutide may stabilize atherosclerotic plaque, as well as counteract its early formation and further development. Liraglutide, through its binding to GLP-1R (glucagon like peptide-1 receptor) and consequent activation of PI3K/MAPK (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mitogen associated protein kinase) dependent pathways, may have a positive impact on Aβ (amyloid beta) trafficking and clearance by increasing the presence of Aβ transporters in cerebrospinal fluid. Liraglutide seems to affect tau pathology. It is possible that liraglutide may have some stem cell stimulating properties. The effects may be connected with PKA (phosphorylase kinase A) activation. This paper presents potential mechanisms of liraglutide activity in conditions connected with neuronal damage, with special emphasis on Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Yang Q, Lin J, Zhang H, Liu Y, Kan M, Xiu Z, Chen X, Lan X, Li X, Shi X, Li N, Qu X. Ginsenoside Compound K Regulates Amyloid β via the Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in Mice with Scopolamine Hydrobromide-Induced Memory Impairments. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 67:62-71. [PMID: 30535776 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) in a model of scopolamine hydrobromide-induced, memory-impaired mice. The role of CK in the regulation of amyloid β (Aβ) and its capacity to activate the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway were also studied due to their translational relevance to Alzheimer's disease. The Morris water maze was used to assess spatial memory functions. Levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde in brain tissues were tested. Cell morphology was detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to determine expression levels of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related factors and Aβ. Ginsenoside CK was found to enhance memory function, normalize neuronal morphology, decrease neuronal apoptosis, increase superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels, reduce malondialdehyde levels, inhibit Aβ expression, and activate the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in scopolamine-exposed animals. Based on these results, we conclude that CK may improve memory function in scopolamine-injured mice by regulating Aβ aggregation and promoting the transduction of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, thereby reducing oxidative damage to neurons and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. This study suggests that CK may serve as a future preventative agent or treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Jianan Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yingna Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Mo Kan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiru Xiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xijun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xingcheng Lan
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaozheng Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiaobo Qu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China.
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