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Mshelbwala PP, Wangdi K, Bunting-Graden JA, Bamayange S, Adamu AM, Gupta SD, Suluku R, Adamu CS, Weese JS, Rupprecht CE, Clark NJ. Insights into canine rabies vaccination Disparities in Sierra Leone: A cross-sectional household study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012332. [PMID: 39028761 PMCID: PMC11290662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Annually, Sierra Leone records an estimated 301 human fatalities due to rabies. Canine vaccination is crucial for rabies prevention and control efforts. However, considerable variability exists in vaccination rates. Reasons for this variation remain unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study across 2,558 dog-owning households (HHs) to provide insights into factors influencing canine vaccination for targeted prevention and control towards elimination by 2030. First, we described dog ownership practices, then built a probabilistic model to understand factors associated with dog vaccination, and finally used a spatial scan statistic to identify spatial clusters where vaccination rates were low. Our results indicated that only 14% (358/2,558) of participating HHs had fully vaccinated their dogs against rabies. The probability of dog vaccination increased when comparing civil servants to private workers/artisans, with an Odds Ratio(OR) of 1.14 (95% credible interval (Crl) of 0.82-1.56), residing in locations with a veterinary establishment vs. none (OR = 6.43, 95% Crl (4.97-8.35), providing care to dogs vs. allowing dogs to roam freely (OR = 2.38, 95% Crl(1.80-3.17) and owning a single dog vs multiple dogs (OR = 1.20, 95 Crl (0.92-1.56). Conversely, there was a decrease in the estimated probability of vaccination when comparing dog owners located in rural vs. urban areas (OR = 0.58, CrI 95% (0.43-0.78). Latent understanding, a measure of overall understanding of rabies virus, which we estimated using participant education levels and responses to questions about rabies epidemiology, was also an important predictor of vaccination probability (OR = 1.44, 95% Crl (1.04-2.07). The spatial analysis identified high-risk clusters for low vaccination in the cities of Moyamba, with a radius of 40 km, a relative risk (RR) of 1.10, and Bo, with a radius of 19.9 km with RR of 1.11. These data do not support Sierra Leone reaching the 2030 goal of human rabies elimination caused by dogs. Our study highlights a critical need for public outreach and education, improved vaccination rates, increased accessibility to veterinary services, and targeted interventions in Bo and Moyamba to support rabies prevention and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Kinley Wangdi
- HEAL Global Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Bunting-Graden
- Directorate of Health Security and Emergencies, Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Saidu Bamayange
- Livestock & Veterinary Services Division Ministry of Agriculture & Food Security, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Andrew M. Adamu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Suman D. Gupta
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | - Charles E. Rupprecht
- College of Forestry, Wildlife & Environment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Clark
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
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Aboulfidaa N, Cliquet F, Robardet E, Darkaoui S, Wasniewski M, Kaiser C, Bobe K, Vos A, Fihri OF. Evaluation of Bait Acceptance and Immune Response in Local Dogs during an Oral Rabies Vaccination Field Study in Morocco. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:142. [PMID: 39058184 PMCID: PMC11281351 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the bait preference of three selected bait types by local dogs and the induced immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in Morocco. The vaccine strain, combined with different bait types, has been tested in many different settings, but not yet in northern Africa. Overall, bait consumption and preference were similar in other studies using the same materials (bait type and sachet). The intestine bait had the highest acceptance rate (97.6%, 95%CI: 87.4-99.9), followed by the egg bait (83.0%, 95%CI: 69.2-92.4). Only 52% (95%CI: 37.4-66.3) of the dogs showed an interest in the fish meal bait. However, considering the successful release of the contents of the sachet (blue-dyed water) into the oral cavity, the egg bait (65.7%, 95%CI: 47.8-80.9) scored better than the intestine bait (51.7%, 95%CI: 32.5-70.6). The dogs selected for the immunogenicity study were offered the egg bait containing a sachet filled with SPBN GASGAS (3.0 mL, 107.5 FFU/mL) or were given the same dose by direct oral administration (d.o.a.). In addition, several dogs were vaccinated by the parenteral route (s.c.) using a commercially available inactivated rabies vaccine. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent travel restrictions, it was not possible to collect blood samples directly after vaccination. The blood samples were collected pre-vaccination and on five occasions between 450 and 1088 days post vaccination. The seroconversion rate, as determined for rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies by the FAVN test, was significantly lower than that found for binding antibodies, as determined by ELISA, for all blood samples collected post vaccination. No treatment effect (bait, d.o.a., s.c.) could be seen in the seroconversion rate. At 15 months post vaccination, 84.2% of the dogs offered vaccine bait still tested sero-positive in ELISA. Only after 3 years was a clear drop in the seroconversion rate observed in all three treatment groups. This study confirms the long-term immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in dogs under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco; (N.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Sami Darkaoui
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco; (N.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Christian Kaiser
- TEW Servicegesellschaft GmbH, Am Pharmapark (formerly at Ceva Innovation Center), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat BP 6202, Morocco;
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Nasiry Z, Mazlan M, Noordin MM, Mohd Lila MA. Evaluation of Dynamics, Demography and Estimation of Free-Roaming Dog Population in Herat City, Afghanistan. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071126. [PMID: 37048382 PMCID: PMC10093563 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
FRDs pose a serious challenge in countries where dog-bite-related rabies is endemic. Understanding the size and core demographic characteristics of FRD populations is essential for the planning and implementation of effective dog-population and canine-rabies-control programmes. The photographic sight-resight method was used to estimate the FRD population and evaluate its demographic characteristics in Herat city. A total of 928 free-roaming dogs (FRD) were identified through 3172 sightings, and the total free-roaming population was estimated to amount to 1821 (95% CI: 1565-2077), which led to the estimation of 10 dogs/km2 and the human-to-FRD ratio of 315:1. The male-to-female ratio was 2.85:1. The majority of them were healthy, with an ideal body score. Although the FRD density is considered low, it is still a concern and significant, since the majority of the people are unaware of the importance of canine populations in the transmission of zoonotic diseases such as rabies, and there were no specific measures for managing and controlling FRD populations. The information gained can be useful in animal health planning to design effective dog-population-control programmes, and for the planning of national rabies-prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabihullah Nasiry
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Paraclinic, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Herat University, Herat 3001, Afghanistan
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Idrissi H, Khatat SEH, Duchateau L, Kachani M, Daminet S, El Asatey S, Tazi N, Azrib R, Sahibi H. Prevalence, risk factors and zoonotic potential of intestinal parasites in dogs from four locations in Morocco. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100775. [PMID: 36041810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dogs can harbor various intestinal parasites that have serious clinical, economic, and zoonotic impact. In Morocco, the epidemiological status of those parasites is largely unknown. This study aimed to obtain data on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in various Moroccan dog populations, to identify associated risk factors, to evaluate people's knowledge regarding zoonotic parasites and to estimate the risk of human infection. A total of 291 fecal samples were analyzed using a 33% Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4) centrifugal flotation and a sheather's sugar simple flotation techniques. In addition, 100 dog owners were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their knowledge regarding canine zoonotic intestinal parasites. Overall, 58% of sampled dogs were positive for at least one parasite species. Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp. (31.9%), Toxascaris leonina (27.4%), Toxocara canis (27.1%), Cystoisospora spp. (13.4%) and Giardia spp. (7.2%) were the most frequently isolated parasites. The overall prevalence was associated with the dogs' activity, and feces consistency. More specifically, the prevalence of Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp., Toxascaris leonina and Cystoisospora spp. was associated with dogs' activity and feces consistency and, additionally with age for Cystoisosporaspp.Toxocara canis prevalence was associated with age and feces consistency, while Giardia spp. prevalence was associated with dogs' activity. A weak awareness among dog owners regarding the zoonotic potential of canine intestinal parasites was noticed (33%) especially when their knowledge was compared to another endemic zoonotic disease, i.e. rabies (85%). Furthermore, the rate of respecting the vaccination protocol (82%) was significantly higher than the rate of respecting the deworming protocol (47%). We conclude that intestinal parasites, including the zoonotic ones, were highly prevalent in the dogs sampled in this study whereas people's knowledge about those parasites was very limited. These findings suggest that the risk of human infection is very likely, which highlights the need for effective control programs and health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Idrissi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Sarah El Hamiani Khatat
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Malika Kachani
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, United States of America.
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sabrine El Asatey
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Noureddine Tazi
- Veterinary Clinic of the 1st kennel of the Royal Armed Forces, 13000 Benslimane, Morocco
| | - Rahma Azrib
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat-Instituts, Madinat Al Irfane, PO Box 6202, Rabat, Morocco
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Kalthoum S, Ben Salah C, Rzeigui H, Gharbi R, Guesmi K, Ben Salem A, Ferchichi S, Zammel F, Fatnassi N, Bahloul C, Seghaier C. Owned and free-roaming dogs in the North West of Tunisia: estimation, characteristics and application for the control of dog rabies. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08347. [PMID: 34816041 PMCID: PMC8593464 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure of dog population and the evaluation of the accessibility of dogs to vaccination is essential to succeed in the fight against dog rabies and to adapt the strategy of its control. We studied the characteristics of the unowned and owned dogs using the beck method during a rabies vaccination campaign in randomly selected sectors (urban and rural sites) in the North West of Tunisia. During a door-to-door investigation of households, data on owned dogs were collected to describe the owned population dog. A photographic-recapture method was used to characterize and estimate the size of the unowned dogs. A total of 1432 households accounting for 5403 inhabitants were interviewed during the survey (1298 (90.6%) in the urban site and 134 (9.3%) in the rural site). The dog-owning households were significantly higher in the rural site (76.1% (102/134)) compared to the urban site (17.8% (231/1298)) (P < 0.000000). Of the 17.8% dog-owning households in urban site, 58.4% owned one dog and 9% between 4 and 8 dogs. While, of the 76.1% dog-owning households in rural site, 24.5% owned one dog and 32.3% owned between 4 and 10 dogs. The dog: human ratio was 1:11 in the urban site and 1:1.6 in the rural site. The dog population density was estimated at 16 dogs/km2 and 4 dogs/km2 in the urban and rural sites, respectively. The confinement practices varied significantly among the urban and rural sites (P < 0.000000). The percentage of free-roaming owned dogs was 51.1% in the rural site and 31.4% in the urban site. More than 60.0% of the owned dogs in the urban site were confined. The majority of dogs in the rural site were born in the house, although, a high percentage (56.7%) of owned dogs in the urban site was adopted from neighbours, others sectors, or countries. The vaccination coverage findings indicated that 77.8% and 84.2% of the owned dog were vaccinated in the urban and rural sites, respectively. The estimated size of the free-roaming dogs was 72 dogs in the urban site (Kalaat Senan) and 16 dogs in the rural site (Sod el Khir).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kalthoum
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C. Ben Salah
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - H. Rzeigui
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - R. Gharbi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - K. Guesmi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A. Ben Salem
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S. Ferchichi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - F. Zammel
- Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole du Kef, Avenue de la liberté, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
| | - N. Fatnassi
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C. Bahloul
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13, Place Pasteur, B.P. 741002, Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
| | - C. Seghaier
- Centre National de Veille Zoosanitaire, 38 avenue Charles Nicolle, Cité el Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
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Canine Leishmaniasis in Morocco: A Descriptive Prospective Clinical Study. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6304127. [PMID: 34531968 PMCID: PMC8440073 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6304127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease that is endemic in the Mediterranean Basin including Morocco. Dogs play a major epidemiological role in this zoonosis as reservoir hosts. This study investigated the clinical manifestations of CanL in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. A total of 96 dogs presented to the Small Animal Clinic of the Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV Hassan II) of Rabat, Morocco, and were tested by RT-PCR and/or serology. Among them, 32 (33.3%) were positive to Leishmania infantum infection. The majority of the positive dogs (93.7%) came from urban areas. Most of them were male (62.5%) and purebreds (65.6%), were aged between 3 and 7 years (71.8%), and had outside activities (guarding, hunting, livestock guarding, and service activities) (71.8%) and all of them were living exclusively outdoor or had free access to the outdoor environment. Lymphadenomegaly (81.2%), dermatological disorders (65.6%) (mostly exfoliative dermatitis), weight loss (59.3%), exercise intolerance (56.2%), anorexia (28.1%), hyporexia (15.6%), and ocular lesions (28.1%) were the most frequent clinical signs and complaints recorded. Anemia and hyperproteinemia due to hyperglobulinemia were observed in 68.7% and 72.7% of the cases, respectively. These results suggest that CanL leads to various nonspecific clinical signs as described previously, making the diagnosis challenging. Since CanL is endemic in Morocco, it should be recommended to systematically test dogs displaying clinical signs compatible with this disease and to regularly screen asymptomatic at-risk dogs. It is also crucial to educate dog owners about the zoonotic aspect of the disease and to encourage intersectorial collaboration following the “One Health” concept, in order to contribute to a more effective control/prevention of human and canine leishmaniasis.
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Mshelbwala PP, Weese JS, Sanni-Adeniyi OA, Chakma S, Okeme SS, Mamun AA, Rupprecht CE, Magalhaes RJS. Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009617. [PMID: 34398902 PMCID: PMC8389847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human rabies remains a significant public health problem in Africa with outbreaks reported in most countries. In Nigeria–the most populous country in Africa–rabies causes a significant public health burden partly due to perennial obstacles to implementing a national prevention and control program. Methods We conducted a scoping review using standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and select published articles from Nigeria during 1978–2020 reporting on rabies virus infections (human, canine, livestock, and wildlife), canine bites, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys on rabies and canine ecology studies. We extracted information on study location, year and additional details of each study such as rabies prevalence, general characteristics of offending dogs, dog vaccination status and health-seeking behaviours. Findings Between 1978 and 2020, 90 published articles met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of rabies virus antigen detection varied between 3% and 28%, with more studies in the north. Most bites were unprovoked from dog bite studies (36.4%-97%), by dogs with low vaccination rates (12–38%). A more significant proportion of biting dogs were owned (31–90%). Laboratory confirmation for biting was available for only a small proportion of studies (6%; n = 2/32). Of the dogs surveyed during ecology studies, indigenous dogs accounted for the majority (62–98%), used mostly for security purposes (52–98%), with the vaccination rate between 15% and 38% in most states. Studies conducted in areas distant from rabies diagnostic facilities accounted for more human rabies cases and fewer dog rabies cases. Conclusion Significant improvements are necessary to achieve the elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030. Rabies remains one of the deadliest zoonoses known to humanity since antiquity, resulting in tens of thousands of human deaths each year, mostly in African and Asian countries. Mass dog vaccination, enhanced surveillance, improved access to Pre-exposure prophylaxis(PrE) and (Post-exposure prophylaxis(PEP) to at-risk groups, enforcement of responsible dog ownership and public education are keystones to rabies prevention and control. Since the first reported case in Nigeria during 1912, rabies has continued to take its toll on human and animal lives. However, gross underreporting due to a frail health care infrastructure, deficient reporting systems, and misdiagnosis with neurological diseases further complicated by socio-cultural practices have resulted in a lack of empirical data to support rabies prioritization, per the global target of 2030. We used the standard PRISMA guidelines to select Nigerian rabies studies between 1978 and 2020. Rabies risk, coupled with welfare concerns identified in this study, demonstrates the need for continued advocacy towards legislation prohibiting the dog trade in Nigeria and elsewhere. The high-risk community groups identified in this review (i.e., children, butchers, and adult males) need to be educated on response to dog bite exposure to reduce the impact of this invariable fatal but preventable disease. Moreover, there is a need for mandatory dog vaccination and implementation of a national rabies program to attain the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended vaccination coverage of at least 70%. We unravel the need to establish rabies diagnostic centres in the country’s six geopolitical zones. Local inclusion of dog bite occurrence by Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers (DSNOs), with related community surveillance tools, can help in rabies/dog surveillance. In addition, there is a need for investment into pathogen discovery by enhancing laboratory-based surveillance for wildlife rabies, understanding its potential role in Nigeria and the need for quantitative research to understand the various risk factors for disease perpetuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip P. Mshelbwala
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - J. Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Shovon Chakma
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Stephen S. Okeme
- Agriculture & Rural Development Secretariat, Federal Capital Territory Administration Abuja Nigeria
| | - Abdullah A. Mamun
- Institute of Social Science Research, the University of Queensland, Long Pocket, Australia
| | | | - R. J. Soares Magalhaes
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
- Children’s Health and Research Centre, Children’s Health and Environment Program, the University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
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Saadi A, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Sahibi H, Filali H, Marcotty T, Thys S. Feasibility and acceptability of a new integrated approach to control cystic echinococcosis in Morocco: Vaccination of sheep and anthelmintic treatment of dogs. Prev Vet Med 2021; 192:105373. [PMID: 33971556 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis is a common parasitic disease worldwide, especially in poor and developing countries. In Morocco, CE is a major zoonosis, despite the implementation of a national control program since 2007. Therefore, in 2016, a field trial that associates the EG95 vaccine (lambs) and anthelmintic treatment (dogs) was started in the Mid Atlas, the most endemic region in Morocco, with preliminary positive results. Here, a qualitative approach was used to analyze the feasibility and social acceptability of this strategy. Fifteen focus group discussions were separately conducted with breeders and with their wives, and forty-two individual interviews were performed with private-sector veterinarians and officers from structures responsible for the CE control program. Recordings were transcribed and analyzed with the R software, using the RQDA package. This qualitative research was validated using the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability criteria. This study showed that the professionals' views on sheep vaccination and anthelmintic treatment were divided between acceptability and concerns. Conversely, breeders and their wives highlighted the issue of the costs of procedures the utility of which was not immediately clear to them. All participants proposed solutions to improve this strategy, and also stressed the lack of education on CE. By bringing together the views of the communities and the professionals, this study traced the main lines (targeting the different aspects of CE and taking into account the local socio-cultural beliefs) that must be taken into account to ensure the short- and long-term CE control in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aouatif Saadi
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liege, Belgium; Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco.
| | | | - Hamid Sahibi
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Parasitological Unit, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hind Filali
- National School of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Séverine Thys
- Department of Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Rabies in El Jadida Region, Morocco. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010029. [PMID: 32121594 PMCID: PMC7157748 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding rabies in the El Jadida region, Morocco. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire among randomly selected residents across 24 study sites. In total, 407 respondents took part in the survey. The majority (367, 92%) were male and had no formal education (270, 66%). Some (118, 29%) believed that rabies does not affect humans. Most respondents (320, 79%) were aware that vaccination could prevent rabies, but nevertheless did not vaccinate their dogs (264, 64.9%) and allowed their dogs to roam freely in search of food. Some (52.8%) would visit traditional healers for treatment in the event of a dog bite incident. Age and educational level were found to be significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices (p < 0.05). Although respondents demonstrated some level of knowledge about rabies, overall this study reveals critical gaps in their attitudes and practices. These shortcomings may be associated with a low level of education. Therefore, decision-makers need a new approach to control rabies, with a special focus on public awareness and health education, in order to sustain rabies control programs.
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