1
|
Ponzetto E, Delhez Q, Hoppenbrouwers M, De Schryver N, Serck N, Dugernier T, Duray MC, Gressens B, Vinetti M, Sips GJ, van Kampen J, GeurtsvanKessel CH, van Boheemen S. Case Report: Late Reactivation of Herpes B Virus After a Monkey Bite: A Case of Severe Meningoencephalitis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:1277-1281. [PMID: 37972322 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1, also known as herpes B virus (BV), is an alphaherpesvirus endemic to several macaque species, capable of causing zoonotic infections in humans, with high mortality rates. Evidence of reactivation in humans has rarely been reported. Here we depict a case of BV reactivation after 54 years, leading to severe meningoencephalitis. This case supports the use of antiviral prophylaxis in patients surviving a confirmed BV central nervous system infection. We sequenced DNA from BV obtained from the patient's cerebrospinal fluid. Phylogenetic analysis showed significant divergence in the clustering of this particular BV strain compared with other known BVs. Therefore, additional efforts are needed to obtain a broader sequence landscape from BVs circulating in monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Ponzetto
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinique Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Quentin Delhez
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinique Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nicolas Serck
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinique Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Marco Vinetti
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinique Saint-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Gregorius J Sips
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu J, Long Y, Sun J, Gong L. Towards a comprehensive view of the herpes B virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281384. [PMID: 38035092 PMCID: PMC10687423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yiru Long
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Likun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Review on Zoonotic Pathogens Associated with Non-Human Primates: Understanding the Potential Threats to Humans. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020246. [PMID: 36838210 PMCID: PMC9964884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) share a close relationship with humans due to a genetic homology of 75-98.5%. NHP and humans have highly similar tissue structures, immunity, physiology, and metabolism and thus often can act as hosts to the same pathogens. Agriculture, meat consumption habits, tourism development, religious beliefs, and biological research have led to more extensive and frequent contact between NHPs and humans. Deadly viruses, such as rabies virus, herpes B virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and monkeypox virus can be transferred from NHP to humans. Similarly, herpes simplex virus, influenza virus, and yellow fever virus can be transmitted to NHP from humans. Infectious pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, can affect the health of both primates and humans. A vast number of NHP-carrying pathogens exhibit a risk of transmission to humans. Therefore, zoonotic infectious diseases should be evaluated in future research. This article reviews the research evidence, diagnostic methods, prevention, and treatment measures that may be useful in limiting the spread of several common viral pathogens via NHP and providing ideas for preventing zoonotic diseases with epidemic potential.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mozzi A, Cagliani R, Pontremoli C, Forni D, Saulle I, Saresella M, Pozzoli U, Cappelletti G, Vantaggiato C, Clerici M, Biasin M, Sironi M. Simplexviruses successfully adapt to their host by fine-tuning immune responses. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6613336. [PMID: 35731846 PMCID: PMC9250107 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate herpes simplex viruses are species-specific and relatively harmless to their natural hosts. However, cross-species transmission is often associated with severe disease, as exemplified by the virulence of macacine herpesvirus 1 (B virus) in humans. We performed a genome-wide scan for signals of adaptation of simplexviruses to their hominin hosts. Among core genes, we found evidence of episodic positive selection in three glycoproteins, with several selected sites located in antigenic determinants. Positively selected noncore genes were found to be involved in different immune-escape mechanisms. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1/HSV-2 encoded product (ICP47) of one of these genes is known to down-modulate major histocompatibility complex class I expression. This feature is not shared with B virus, which instead up-regulates Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G, an immunomodulatory molecule. By in vitro expression of different ICP47 mutants, we functionally characterized the selection signals. Results indicated that the selected sites do not represent the sole determinants of binding to the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). Conversely, the amino acid status at these sites was sufficient to determine HLA-G up-regulation. In fact, both HSV-1 and HSV-2 ICP47 induced HLA-G when mutated to recapitulate residues in B virus, whereas the mutated version of B virus ICP47 failed to determine HLA-G expression. These differences might contribute to the severity of B virus infection in humans. Importantly, they indicate that the evolution of ICP47 in HSV-1/HSV-2 led to the loss of an immunosuppressive effect. Thus, related simplexviruses finely tune the balance between immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory pathways to promote successful co-existence with their primate hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mozzi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Pontremoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Gioia Cappelletti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Vantaggiato
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20090 Milan, Italy.,Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang TP. Fatal progressive ascending encephalomyelitis caused by herpes B virus infection: first case from China. World J Emerg Med 2022; 13:330-333. [DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
6
|
Wang W, Qi W, Liu J, Du H, Zhao L, Zheng Y, Wang G, Pan Y, Huang B, Feng Z, Zhang D, Yang P, Han J, Wang Q, Tan W. First Human Infection Case of Monkey B Virus Identified in China, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:632-633. [PMID: 34594951 PMCID: PMC8393052 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Qi
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijun Du
- Viral Center of National Pathogen Resource Center, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaomin Feng
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- Viral Center of National Pathogen Resource Center, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
[B virus]. Uirusu 2021; 71:125-136. [PMID: 37245975 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.71.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
B virus is a herpes virus that natutaly infects macaque monkeys. It is extremely neuropathogenic when infection occurs in humans. B virus infection has been reported only in laboratory workers and breeders of macaque monkeys in North America and the United Kingdom, and it is therefore recognized as a rare infectious disease. The first cases of B virus disease were reported in Japan in 2019 and in China in 2021, although no cases had been reported since 1997. Although B virus disease has not been reported for more than 20 years, the potential threat has always existed. The viral factors responsible for the strong neuropathogenicity of B virus to humans has not been identified. There are no reports of infection by contact with wild macaque monkeys, but the possibility can not been ruled out. In this paper, we describe its virological properties, findings from B virus disease from patient-reported cases, and the genotype of B virus.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kolb AW, Brandt CR. Genomic nucleotide-based distance analysis for delimiting old world monkey derived herpes simplex virus species. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:436. [PMID: 32590937 PMCID: PMC7318535 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex viruses form a genus within the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, with three identified viral species isolated from Old World monkeys (OWM); Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (McHV-1; herpes B), Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 (SA8), and Papiine alphaherpesvirus 2 (PaHV-2; herpes papio). Herpes B is endemic to macaques, while PaHV-2 and SA8 appear endemic to baboons. All three viruses are genetically and antigenically similar, with SA8 and PaHV-2 thought to be avirulent in humans, while herpes B is a biosafety level 4 pathogen. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has resulted in an increased number of published OWM herpes simplex genomes, allowing an encompassing phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS In this study, phylogenetic networks, in conjunction with a genome-based genetic distance cutoff method were used to examine 27 OWM monkey herpes simplex isolates. Genome-based genetic distances were calculated, resulting in distances between lion and pig-tailed simplex viruses themselves, and versus herpes B core strains that were higher than those between PaHV-2 and SA8 (approximately 14 and 10% respectively). The species distance cutoff was determined to be 8.94%, with the method recovering separate species status for PaHV-2 and SA8 and showed that lion and pig-tailed simplex viruses (vs core herpes B strains) were well over the distance species cutoff. CONCLUSIONS We propose designating lion and pig-tailed simplex viruses as separate, individual viral species, and that this may be the first identification of viral cryptic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 Bardeen Laboratories, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Curtis R Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 Bardeen Laboratories, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mody PH, Pathak S, Hanson LK, Spencer JV. Herpes Simplex Virus: A Versatile Tool for Insights Into Evolution, Gene Delivery, and Tumor Immunotherapy. Virology (Auckl) 2020; 11:1178122X20913274. [PMID: 34093008 PMCID: PMC8142529 DOI: 10.1177/1178122x20913274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are prevalent throughout the animal kingdom, and they have coexisted and coevolved along with their host species for millions of years. Herpesviruses carry a large (120-230 kb) double-stranded DNA genome surrounded by a protein capsid, a tegument layer consisting of viral and host proteins, and a lipid bilayer envelope with surface glycoproteins. A key characteristic of these viruses is their ability to enter a latent state following primary infection, allowing them to evade the host's immune system and persist permanently. Herpesviruses can reactivate from their dormant state, usually during times of stress or when the host's immune responses are impaired. While herpesviruses can cause complications with severe disease in immune-compromised people, most of the population experiences few ill effects from herpesvirus infections. Indeed, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) in particular has several features that make it an attractive tool for therapeutic gene delivery. Herpes simplex virus 1 targets and infects specific cell types, such as epithelial cells and neurons. The HSV-1 genome can also accommodate large insertions of up to 14 kb. The HSV-1-based vectors have already achieved success for the oncolytic treatment of melanoma. In addition to serving as a vehicle for therapeutic gene delivery and targeted cell lysis, comparative genomics of herpesviruses HSV-1 and 2 has revealed valuable information about the evolutionary history of both viruses and their hosts. This review focuses on the adaptability of HSV-1 as an instrument for gene delivery and an evolutionary marker. Overall, HSV-1 shows great promise as a tool for treating human disease and studying human migration patterns, disease outbreaks, and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prapti H Mody
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Sushila Pathak
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Laura K Hanson
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Juliet V Spencer
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gauthier P, Bellanger AP, Bozon F, Lepiller Q, Chirouze C, Marguet P. A survey investigating the current practice of French health professionals regarding infection risk after monkey bites. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 67:193-197. [PMID: 31828958 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
International tourism is steadily increasing, with 15% of travellers reporting health problems when they come back. Animal bites represent 2% of consulting causes, of which 20% are due to monkey bites. The Monkey B virus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1) is an alphaherpesvirus (Herpesviridae, genus Simplexvirus) enzootic in macaques (Genus Macaca). Zoonotic infections with the Monkey B virus following exposure to macaques are exceptionally rare, but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in humans. An observational survey was undertaken in 2018 to assess the practice of French health professionals regarding infection risk after monkey bites. French health professionals practicing in vaccination and rabies centres were specifically targeted for this study. Standardized questionnaires were sent by email to a sample of French health professionals. They were asked to participate on a voluntary and anonymous basis. The questionnaires requested epidemiological details and included multiple-choice questions about the infection management of monkey bites. The response rate was 33.5%. The frequency of monkey bites in 2017 was variable with a minority of centres managing more than 6 per year (12%), 46% managing 1-5 monkey bites and 42% none. Most of the monkey bites were described as occurring in South Asia at tourist sites, on naked upper limbs, shortly after the travellers arrived at their destination. Tetanus status verification, rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and antibiotic therapy were said to be prescribed in most cases. Knowledge about the Monkey B virus was reported as scarce for 38% of the participants. The number of monkey bites managed per year per centre varied greatly but practices regarding infectious risk after monkey bites were generally homogeneous. The risk of Monkey B virus transmission did not readily come to mind in the differential diagnosis of infection risk for many French health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gauthier
- Emergency Department, Regional Hospital of Pontarlier, Pontarlier, France
| | | | - Fabienne Bozon
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Virology Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France.,EA3181, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Catherine Chirouze
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Department, University Hospital of Besançon, Besancon, France
| | - Philippe Marguet
- Emergency Department, Regional Hospital of Pontarlier, Pontarlier, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Fosmid-Based System for the Generation of Recombinant Cercopithecine Alphaherpesvirus 2 Encoding Reporter Genes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111026. [PMID: 31694178 PMCID: PMC6893520 DOI: 10.3390/v11111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1 (McHV-1) from macaques, the natural host, to humans causes encephalitis. In contrast, human infection with Cercopithecine alphaherpesvirus 2 (CeHV-2), a closely related alphaherpesvirus from African vervet monkeys and baboons, has not been reported and it is believed that CeHV-2 is apathogenic in humans. The reasons for the differential neurovirulence of McHV-1 and CeHV-2 have not been explored on a molecular level, in part due to the absence of systems for the production of recombinant viruses. Here, we report the generation of a fosmid-based system for rescue of recombinant CeHV-2. Moreover, we show that, in this system, recombineering can be used to equip CeHV-2 with reporter genes. The recombinant CeHV-2 viruses replicated with the same efficiency as uncloned, wt virus and allowed the identification of cell lines that are highly susceptible to CeHV-2 infection. Collectively, we report a system that allows rescue and genetic modification of CeHV-2 and likely other alphaherpesviruses. This system should aid future analysis of CeHV-2 biology.
Collapse
|
12
|
Devaux CA, Mediannikov O, Medkour H, Raoult D. Infectious Disease Risk Across the Growing Human-Non Human Primate Interface: A Review of the Evidence. Front Public Health 2019; 7:305. [PMID: 31828053 PMCID: PMC6849485 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the human pandemics reported to date can be classified as zoonoses. Among these, there is a long history of infectious diseases that have spread from non-human primates (NHP) to humans. For millennia, indigenous groups that depend on wildlife for their survival were exposed to the risk of NHP pathogens' transmission through animal hunting and wild meat consumption. Usually, exposure is of no consequence or is limited to mild infections. In rare situations, it can be more severe or even become a real public health concern. Since the emergence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), nobody can ignore that an emerging infectious diseases (EID) might spread from NHP into the human population. In large parts of Central Africa and Asia, wildlife remains the primary source of meat and income for millions of people living in rural areas. However, in the past few decades the risk of exposure to an NHP pathogen has taken on a new dimension. Unprecedented breaking down of natural barriers between NHP and humans has increased exposure to health risks for a much larger population, including people living in urban areas. There are several reasons for this: (i) due to road development and massive destruction of ecosystems for agricultural needs, wildlife and humans come into contact more frequently; (ii) due to ecological awareness, many long distance travelers are in search of wildlife discovery, with a particular fascination for African great apes; (iii) due to the attraction for ancient temples and mystical practices, others travelers visit Asian places colonized by NHP. In each case, there is a risk of pathogen transmission through a bite or another route of infection. Beside the individual risk of contracting a pathogen, there is also the possibility of starting a new pandemic. This article reviews the known cases of NHP pathogens' transmission to humans whether they are hunters, travelers, ecotourists, veterinarians, or scientists working on NHP. Although pathogen transmission is supposed to be a rare outcome, Rabies virus, Herpes B virus, Monkeypox virus, Ebola virus, or Yellow fever virus infections are of greater concern and require quick countermeasures from public health professionals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hacene Medkour
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barkati S, Taher HB, Beauchamp E, Yansouni CP, Ward BJ, Libman MD. Decision Tool for Herpes B Virus Antiviral Prophylaxis after Macaque-Related Injuries in Research Laboratory Workers. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:e190045. [PMID: 31441751 PMCID: PMC6711206 DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.190045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque-related injuries among primate workers can lead to a potentially fatal B virus encephalomyelitis. We describe a decision tool for evaluating the need for antiviral postexposure prophylaxis and provide a retrospective review of the injuries assessed in our center after its implementation in 2010. Among the injuries studied (n = 251), 40.6% were categorized as high-risk (prophylaxis recommended), 44.2% moderate-risk (consider prophylaxis), and 15.1% low-risk (prophylaxis not recommended). Ten percent of low-risk and 98% of high-risk injuries received prophylaxis (p<0.001). Compared with using universal postexposure prophylaxis, using a decision tool can lead to a standardization of practice and a reduction in prescriptions for antiviral medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Beauchamp
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| | - Cédric P. Yansouni
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| | - Brian J. Ward
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| | - Michael D. Libman
- McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S. Barkati, C.P. Yansouni, B.J. Ward, M.D. Libman)
- Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman (H.B. Taher)
- Hôpital Pierre-Boucher, Longueuil, Quebec (E. Beauchamp)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kaul A, Schönmann U, Pöhlmann S. Seroprevalence of viral infections in captive rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Primate Biol 2019; 6:1-6. [PMID: 32110713 PMCID: PMC7041514 DOI: 10.5194/pb-6-1-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaques serve as important animal models for biomedical research. Viral infection of macaques can compromise animal health as well as the results of biomedical research, and infected animals constitute an occupational health risk. Therefore, monitoring macaque colonies for viral infection is an important task. We used a commercial chip-based assay to analyze sera of 231 macaques for the presence of antibody responses against nine animal and human viruses. We report high seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV), lymphocryptovirus (LCV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) antibodies in all age groups. In contrast, antibodies against simian retrovirus type D (SRV/D) and simian T cell leukemia virus (STLV) were detected only in 5 % and 10 % of animals, respectively, and were only found in adult or aged animals. Moreover, none of the animals had antibodies against herpes B virus (BV), in keeping with the results of in-house tests previously used for screening. Finally, an increased seroprevalence of measles virus antibodies in animals with extensive exposure to multiple humans for extended periods of time was observed. However, most of these animals were obtained from external sources, and a lack of information on the measles antibody status of the animals at the time of arrival precluded drawing reliable conclusions from the data. In sum, we show, that in the colony studied, CMV, LCV, RRV and SFV infection was ubiquitous and likely acquired early in life while SRV/D and STLV infection was rare and likely acquired during adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kaul
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for
Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Schönmann
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for
Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|