Amelioration of Single Clove Black Garlic Aqueous Extract on Dyslipidemia and Hepatitis in Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Intoxicated Swiss Albino Mice

A Comprehensive Review of Moroccan Medicinal Plants for Diabetes Management

Moroccan flora, renowned for its diverse medicinal plant species, has long been used in traditional medicine to manage diabetes. This review synthesizes ethnobotanical surveys conducted during the last two decades. Among these plants, 10 prominent Moroccan medicinal plants are evaluated for their phytochemical composition and antidiabetic properties through both in vitro and in vivo studies. The review encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the bioactive compounds identified in these plants, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Phytochemical investigations revealed a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites contributing to their therapeutic efficacy. In vitro assays demonstrated the significant inhibition of key enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while in vivo studies highlighted their potential in reducing blood glucose levels and enhancing insulin secretion. Among the ten plants, notable examples include Trigonella foenum-graecum, Nigella Sativa, and Artemisia herba-alba, each showcasing distinct mechanisms of action, such as enzymatic inhibition and the modulation of glucose metabolism pathways. This review underscores the necessity for further chemical, pharmacological, and clinical research to validate the antidiabetic efficacy of these plants and their active compounds, with a view toward their potential integration into therapeutic practices.

Black solo garlic protects hepatic and renal cell function in streptozotocin-induced rats

Black solo garlic (BSG) has been evaluated for its ability to reduce free radicals; however, the safety test on kidney and liver function has not been evaluated. This study aimed to examine the effect of brewed BSG on the liver (total protein, albumin, glutathione S-transferase/GST) and kidney (urea, creatinine, and β 2 -microglobulin) function in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced white rats. The experimental animals were randomly divided into six groups, each including five animals. The groups consist of the normal control group, the STZ-induced control group, the BSG treatment group with doses 6.5, 13.5, and 26 g/kg body weight, and metformin positive control. After STZ induction, the serum levels of GST, total protein, and albumin are decreased. After treatment with BSG, the serum level of GST, total protein, and albumin increased significantly (p < 0.05). The levels of urea, creatinine, and β2-microglobulin increased after STZ induction. After treatment of BSG, levels of urea, creatinine, and β2-microglobulin are decreased significantly (p < 0.05). These results suggest that BSG use is safe for the liver and kidneys of STZ-induced rats.

Oudemansiella raphanipies Polysaccharides Improve Lipid Metabolism Disorders in Murine High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Oudemansiella raphanipies, also called “Edible Queen,” is a mushroom that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor and immunity-enhancing properties. The present study aimed to assess the effect of O. raphanipies-derived polysaccharide (ORPS) on the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. We studied the structure of ORPS-1 by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). ORPS-1 mainly comprised galactose, fucose, glucose, mannose, and xylose, following an 18:6:6:4:1 molar ratio. In addition, the therapeutic effect as well as a potential mechanism of ORPS-1 in the treatment of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD were investigated. The results showed that ORPS-1 improved liver function, ameliorated liver steatosis, and reduced lipid droplet accumulation in HFD mice. A metabolomics approach with GC-MS was utilized to evaluate liver improvement by ORPS-1 treatment. Principal component analysis showed that liver metabolic profiling was significantly altered by HFD feeding or treatment with an intermediate dose of ORPS-1 in mice compared with that of control mice. By investigating the metabolic pathways with identified biomarkers, various pathways such as steroid biosynthesis, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, glycerol phospholipid metabolism, glyceride metabolism, and arginine and proline metabolism in HFD mice were observed to be significantly influenced by ORPS-1 treatment. The results indicate ORPS-1 metabolic effects on liver tissues, provide methods for assessing the molecular impact of ORPS-1 on NAFLD, and suggest the potential mechanism underlying its health benefits.

Revealing the Therapeutic Uses of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Potential for Drug Discovery

Background

Garlic is a common bulb vegetable that is used to flavor and flavor food. The plant contains biologically active components that contribute to its pharmacological properties. This paper attempts to examine the therapeutic uses and potential role in the drug development of garlic for various human diseases.

Methods

To obtain crucial data and scientific knowledge about the therapeutic uses of garlic, systematic literature searches were conducted using key terms on well-known indexed platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Embase, and popular search engines.

Results

Garlic, which is utilized as a spice and flavoring ingredient, is found to have fundamental nutritional components. Carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, water, and vitamins are all found in abundance in this plant. The plant also has a high medicinal value and is used to cure a variety of human diseases. It has anti-inflammatory, rheumatological, ulcer inhibiting, anticholinergic, analgesic, antimicrobial, antistress, antidiabetes, anticancer, liver protection, anthelmintics, antioxidants, antifungal, and wound healing properties, as well as properties that help with asthma, arthritis, chronic fever, tuberculosis, runny nose, malaria, leprosy, skin discoloration, and itching, indigestion, colic, enlarged spleen, hemorrhoids, fistula, bone fracture, gout, urinary tract disease, diabetes, kidney stones, anemia, jaundice, epilepsy, cataract, and night blindness.

Conclusions

The nutritional content of the plant is significant, and it has incredible therapeutic potential. The findings of this study are needed to investigate the therapeutic potential, as it may be a promising option for drug development.

Garlic: A systematic review of the effects on cardiovascular diseases

Allium sativum (garlic) certainly is one of the oldest horticultural crops in the world and presents bioactive compounds that are related to the garlic's effects on human health. Several authors have shown beneficial effects on diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which are among the most relevant causes of mortality in the world. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of garlic in the risk factors of CVD and evaluate its economic importance. MEDLINE-PubMed, COCHRANE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched. The included studies showed that the use of garlic can reduce blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index, LDL-c, non-HDL-c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and inflammatory markers. It also can increase the levels of HDL-c and can improve cardiovascular parameters such as coronary artery calcium, microcirculation, epicardial and periaortic adipose tissue, post occlusive reactive hyperemia, low attenuation plaque, carotid intima-media thickness; and carotid intima-media thickness. Due to these reasons, garlic can be considered in the prevention and treatment of CVD risk factors.

Immunomodulatory effects of black solo garlic (Allium sativum L.) on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that leads to different complications. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of the black solo garlic on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The Wistar rats were grouped into six groups of: normal control, negative control, treatment dose of 6.5 g/kg, 13.5 g/kg, and 26 g/kg body weight, and positive control glibenclamide. In addition to normal control, rats were induced with STZ on day 8–11. Also, steeping black solo garlic or glibenclamide was administered on the day 12–19. The experimental animals were sacrificed on day 20 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were measured using ELISA. The results showed that the administration of steeping black solo garlic significantly decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α as well as increased IFN-γ with the immunity of STZ-induced rats.

Garlic Extract Alleviates Trastuzumab-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats Through Its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antihyperlipidemic Effects

Background

Trastuzumab is a new biological drug that has been used to treat breast and gastric cancer; however, its cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity limit its use. Garlic has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, and anticancer effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of garlic on trastuzumab-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model.

Methods

Twenty rats were divided into four equal groups as vehicle control (G1), garlic (G2), trastuzumab (G3), and trastuzumab+garlic (G4). All rats were sacrificed after eight weeks of treatment, followed by blood collection and excision of liver tissues for further analyses. The liver specimens were processed for histopathological (HP), immunohistochemical (expression of TNF-α and PCNA), immunofluorescent expression of Chk2 and p53, biochemical, and flow cytometry investigations to evaluate the extent of hepatocyte injury. The biochemical analysis was conducted for the activity of tissue antioxidants (GPX1, CAT, and SOD2), serum lipid profile, and liver enzymes, whereas ROS was performed by flow cytometry.

Results

The results revealed remarkable structural changes in hepatocytes of G3 with significant increases in the numbers of inflammatory cells and positive PCNA cells, area % of collagen fibers, and immuno-expression of TNF-α, as well as a significant reduction in the nuclear expression of Chk2. In addition, significant reductions were noticed in the antioxidant enzymes (SOD2, CAT, and GPX1) activity of G3. In contrast, the levels of lipid profile tests (triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDLC, and HDLC), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), and ROS revealed significant increases in rats of G3. Likewise, garlic administration in G4 restored all mentioned changes to their average levels deviated by trastuzumab.

Conclusion

Based on the current results, garlic demonstrates hepatoprotective effects against trastuzumab-induced toxicity in rats. The study suggested for the first time that the coadministration of garlic with trastuzumab for treating breast or gastric cancer can augment their efficacy with minimal toxicity.

The effect of single clove Black garlic on the hemostasis status and lipid profile in male Sprague Dawley rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients have alteration in hemostasis components. Thus, including excess expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), causing fibrinolysis disorders; the majority of these patients are hypercoagulable state prone to thrombosis. Some evidence suggests that garlic and garlic supplements have antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Besides, garlic stimulates fibrinolytic activity and normalizes plasma lipid imbalances. Black garlic is processed garlic that is produced through natural aging at a controlled temperature (70 °C) and high humidity (90%) for several days, without other additives. This study aimed to prove the effect of single clove black garlic (SCBG) (Allium sativum Linn) on PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles of NAFLD rats induced by a high-fat fructose diet (HFFD) containing 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid.The rats were then divided into healthy control group (K1+); NAFLD control group without treatment (K2+); 0.9 mg simvastatin treatment group (K1-); 45 mg metformin treatment group (K2-); SCBG 450 mg per 200g BW (X1); 900 mg per 200 g BW (X2); and 1350 mg per 200 g BW (X3). All treatments were administered for 4 weeks via oral gavage. As a result, significant differences in PAI-1 levels and lipid profiles between groups after the administration (p = 0.001) were noted and also by simvastatin and metformin, respectively. There was a correlation between PAI-1 and lipid profile of SCBG treatment. In conclusion, the administration of SCBG (1350 mg per 200 g BB per day) for 4 weeks had a significant effect on PAI-1 levels, and the lipid profiles in Sprague Dawley rats modeled NAFLD (p = 0.001). SCBG has provided benefits that can be useful in the management of NAFLD but it’s not equivalent to medicine.

Hepatoprotective Effects of Garlic Extract against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4)-Induced Liver Injury via Modulation of Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Hepatocyte Architecture

The current study aims to explore the hepatoprotective mechanisms of garlic extract through in vivo and in vitro assays. The in vitro investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential showed maximum 67.5% of free radical scavenging and 71.36% albumin denaturation inhibition by 600 μg/mL garlic extract. To explore the hepatoprotective activity by in vivo experiments, the animals were orally intoxicated with 150 μL of CCl4 (1:1 v/v in olive oil) and treated with garlic extract (75 mg/kg b.w.) 3 times/week, for eight successive weeks. The administration of garlic extract significantly ameliorated CCl4 induced increment in amounts of serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Aspartate transaminaseas (106.7, 116.3, 136.4 U/L) as compared to disease control which showed increased level (140.5, 156.2, 187.6 U/L). Besides, significant reduction of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and Glutathione (GSH) (29.3, 48.4, and 25.9 U/mg protein) was noticed in CCl4 induced animals, respectively. Likewise, garlic extract treatment facilitated a significant increment in all tested antioxidant enzymes levels (41.6, 63.3, and 32.5 U/mg protein), respectively. Additionally, Tumor necrosis factor⍺ (TNF-⍺), C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1) level (63.79, 580.2, 18.3, 63.74 and 148.4 pg/mL) were increased significantly in CCl4-induced group, while garlic extract treatment decreased these pro inflammatory marker levels (40.24, 460.4, 15.4, 45.14, and 125.3 pg/mL). The animals exposed to CCl4 showed various types of alterations like lymphocytes infiltration, edema and congestion, while the animals treated with garlic extract plus CCl4 showed amelioration of the hepatocytes architectures. Thus, our finding advocates that the consumption of garlic can be a potential therapeutic remedy in the inhibition of liver ailments.

Wasef L, Elewa YHA, A. Al-Sagan A, Abd El-Hack ME, Taha AE, M. Abd-Elhakim Y, Prasad Devkota H. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review

Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times for human healthcare as in the form of traditional medicines, spices, and other food components. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that is consumed worldwide as food and traditional remedy for various diseases. It has been reported to possess several biological properties including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihypertensive activities in traditional medicines. A. sativum is rich in several sulfur-containing phytoconstituents such as alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and flavonoids such as quercetin. Extracts and isolated compounds of A. sativum have been evaluated for various biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities among others. This review examines the phytochemical composition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of A. sativum extracts as well as its main active constituent, allicin.

Formation, nutritional value, and enhancement of characteristic components in black garlic: A review for maximizing the goodness to humans

Black garlic (BG) is essentially a processed food and obtained through the transformation of fresh garlic (FG) (Allium sativum L.) via a range of chemical reactions (including the Maillard reaction) and microbial fermentation. This review provides the up-to-date knowledge of the dynamic and complicated changes in major components during the conversion of FG to BG, including moisture, lipids, carbohydrates (such as sugars), proteins, organic acids, organic sulfur compounds, alkaloids, polyphenols, melanoidins, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and garlic endophytes. The obtained evidence confirms that BG has several advantages over FG in certain product attributes and biological properties (especially antioxidant activity), and the factors affecting the quality of BG include the type and characteristics of FG and processing technologies and methods (especially pretreatments, and processing temperature and humidity). The interactions among garlic components, and between garlic nutrients and microbes, as well as the interplay between pretreatment and main manufacturing process, all determine the sensory and nutritional qualities of BG. Before BG is marketed as a novel snack or functional food, more research is required to fill the knowledge gaps related to quantitative monitoring of the changes in metabolites (especially those taste-active and/or biological-active substances) during BG manufacturing to maximize BG's antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and oxidative stress-/hangover syndrome-reducing functions, and beneficial effects on memory/nervous systems. Assessments of the quality, efficacy, and safety of BG should be performed considering the impacts of BG production conditions, postproduction handling, and intake methods.