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Lv S, Yang N, Lu Y, Zhang G, Zhong X, Cui Y, Huang Y, Teng J, Sai Y. The therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine in depression: focused on the modulation of neuroplasticity. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1426769. [PMID: 39253375 PMCID: PMC11381291 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1426769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression, a mood disorder characterized by a persistent low mood and lack of enjoyment, is considered the leading cause of non-fatal health losses worldwide. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt to external or internal stimuli, resulting in functional and structural changes. This process plays a crucial role in the development of depression. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) shows significant potential as a complementary and alternative therapy for neurological diseases, including depression. However, there has been no systematic summary of the role of neuroplasticity in the pathological development of depression and TCM Interventions currently. This review systematically summarized recent literature on changes in neuroplasticity in depression and analyzed the regulatory mechanisms of active metabolites in TCM and TCM formulas on neuroplasticity in antidepressant treatment. Additionally, this review discussed the limitations of current research and the application prospects of TCM in regulating neuroplasticity in antidepressant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yitong Lu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangheng Zhang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Cui
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Sai
- University Town Hospital, Afiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Liu P, Wang P, Wang N, Sun X, Ding Y, Zhang G, Li M, Chen X. Establishment of a pMCAO model in SD rats and screening for behavioral indicators suitable for long-term monitoring. Brain Inj 2024; 38:716-726. [PMID: 38661324 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2346804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model in rats to simulate the pathological process of stroke patients with no reperfusion. And screen highly sensitive items that could be used to detect long-term behavioral abilities in rat of intraluminal suture models. METHOD Established the pMCAO model then tested the rats for the bilateral asymmetry, modified neurological severity score, grid-walking, cylinder, rotating, and water maze test from week 1 to week 16. RESULTS The infarct volume of the model rats was stable (26.72% ±1.86%). The sensorimotor test of bilateral asymmetry, grid-walking, cylinder, and mNSS test showed significant differences from week 1 to week 16 after injury. The water maze test at week 16 showed significant differences in spatial exploration and learning ability between the two groups. We confirmed that there was no significant difference between MRI and TTC staining in detecting the degree of brain injury, which facilitated the diversity of subsequent detection methods. We also confirmed that at multiple time points, grid, cylinder and water maze test were significantly positively correlated with rat brain infarct volume. CONCLUSION They are suitable for the long-term observation of behaviors in the sequela stage of stroke in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Pharmacology and Efficacy department for Neural Stem Cells drug research, Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Biological Engineering Technology Limited Liability Company, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Pharmacology and Efficacy department for Neural Stem Cells drug research, Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Biological Engineering Technology Limited Liability Company, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Pharmacology and Efficacy department for Neural Stem Cells drug research, Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Biological Engineering Technology Limited Liability Company, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Pharmacology and Efficacy department for Neural Stem Cells drug research, Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Biological Engineering Technology Limited Liability Company, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Ding
- Pharmacology and Efficacy department for Neural Stem Cells drug research, Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Biological Engineering Technology Limited Liability Company, Beijing, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- Department of R & D of New Drugs for Neural Stem Cells, Yinfeng Biological Group. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of R & D of New Drugs for Neural Stem Cells, Yinfeng Biological Group. LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Pharmacology and Efficacy department for Neural Stem Cells drug research, Beijing Yinfeng Dingcheng Biological Engineering Technology Limited Liability Company, Beijing, China
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Yi L, Lin X, She X, Gao W, Wu M. Chronic stress as an emerging risk factor for the development and progression of glioma. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:394-407. [PMID: 38238191 PMCID: PMC10876262 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Gliomas tend to have a poor prognosis and are the most common primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system. Compared with patients with other cancers, glioma patients often suffer from increased levels of psychological stress, such as anxiety and fear. Chronic stress (CS) is thought to impact glioma profoundly. However, because of the complex mechanisms underlying CS and variability in individual tolerance, the role of CS in glioma remains unclear. This review suggests a new proposal to redivide the stress system into two parts. Neuronal activity is dominant upstream. Stress-signaling molecules produced by the neuroendocrine system are dominant downstream. We discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms by which CS impacts glioma. Potential pharmacological treatments are also summarized from the therapeutic perspective of CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yi
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaoling She
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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4
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Zeng T, Li J, Xie L, Dong Z, Chen Q, Huang S, Xie S, Lai Y, Li J, Yan W, Wang Y, Xie Z, Hu C, Zhang J, Kuang S, Song Y, Gao L, Lv Z. Nrf2 regulates iron-dependent hippocampal synapses and functional connectivity damage in depression. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:212. [PMID: 37735410 PMCID: PMC10512501 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02875-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal iron overload contributes to synaptic damage and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying iron deposition in depression remain largely unexplored. Our study aims to investigate how nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) ameliorates hippocampal synaptic dysfunction and reduces brain functional connectivity (FC) associated with excessive iron in depression. We treated mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) and a high-iron diet (2.5% carbonyl iron) to examine the role of iron overload in synaptic plasticity. The involvement of Nrf2 in iron metabolism and brain function was assessed using molecular biological techniques and in vivo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) through genetic deletion or pharmacologic activation of Nrf2. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between elevated serum iron levels and impaired hippocampal functional connectivity (FC), which contributed to the development of depression-induced CUMS. Iron overload plays a crucial role in CUMS-induced depression and synaptic dysfunction, as evidenced by the therapeutic effects of a high-iron diet and DFOM. The observed iron overload in this study was associated with decreased Nrf2 levels and increased expression of transferrin receptors (TfR). Notably, inhibition of iron accumulation effectively attenuated CUMS-induced synaptic damage mediated by downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Nrf2-/- mice exhibited compromised FC within the limbic system and the basal ganglia, particularly in the hippocampus, and inhibition of iron accumulation effectively attenuated CUMS-induced synaptic damage mediated by downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Activation of Nrf2 restored iron homeostasis and reversed vulnerability to depression. Mechanistically, we further identified that Nrf2 deletion promoted iron overload via upregulation of TfR and downregulation of ferritin light chain (FtL), leading to BDNF-mediated synapse damage in the hippocampus. Therefore, our findings unveil a novel role for Nrf2 in regulating iron homeostasis while providing mechanistic insights into poststress susceptibility to depression. Targeting Nrf2-mediated iron metabolism may offer promising strategies for developing more effective antidepressant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- Department of Brain Diseases, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingpeng Xie
- Department of Hepatology, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, China
| | - Zhaoyang Dong
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuwen Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqi Lai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - YuHua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeping Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Changlei Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanshan Kuang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhong Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhiping Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University (SMU), Sha Tai Nan Road No. 1063, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Brand J, McDonald SJ, Gawryluk JR, Christie BR, Shultz SR. Stress and traumatic brain injury: An inherent bi-directional relationship with temporal and synergistic complexities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105242. [PMID: 37225064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stress are prevalent worldwide and can both result in life-altering health problems. While stress often occurs in the absence of TBI, TBI inherently involves some element of stress. Furthermore, because there is pathophysiological overlap between stress and TBI, it is likely that stress influences TBI outcomes. However, there are temporal complexities in this relationship (e.g., when the stress occurs) that have been understudied despite their potential importance. This paper begins by introducing TBI and stress and highlighting some of their possible synergistic mechanisms including inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. We next describe different temporal scenarios involving TBI and stress and review the available literature on this topic. In doing so we find initial evidence that in some contexts stress is a highly influential factor in TBI pathophysiology and recovery, and vice versa. We also identify important knowledge gaps and suggest future research avenues that will increase our understanding of this inherent bidirectional relationship and could one day result in improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Brand
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jodie R Gawryluk
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sandy R Shultz
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada.
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6
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Zhang B, Zhang P, L T, Cao Y, Chen T, Chen C, Zhang Z, Zhong Q. P2X7 Receptor in microglia contributes to propofol-induced unconsciousness by regulating synaptic plasticity in mice. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00223-3. [PMID: 37211083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Propofol infusion is processed through the wake-sleep cycle in neural connections, and the ionotropic purine type 2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a nonspecific cation channel implicated in sleep regulation and synaptic plasticity through its regulation of electric activity in the brain. Here, we explored the potential roles of P2X7R of microglia in propofol-induced unconsciousness. Propofol induced loss of the righting reflex in male C57BL/6 wild-type mice and increased spectral power of the slow wave and delta wave of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), all of which were reversed with P2X7R antagonist A-740003 and strengthened with P2X7R agonist Bz-ATP. Propofol increased the P2X7R expression level and P2X7R immunoreactivity with microglia in the mPFC, induced mild synaptic injury and increased GABA release in the mPFC, and these changes were less severe when treated with A-740003 and were more obvious when treated with Bz-ATP. Electrophysiological approaches showed that propofol induced a decreased frequency of sEPSCs and an increased frequency of sIPSCs, A-740003 decrease frequency of sEPSCs and sIPSCs and Bz-ATP increase frequency of sEPSCs and sIPSCs under propofol anesthesia. These findings indicated that P2X7R in microglia regulates synaptic plasticity and may contribute to propofol-mediated unconsciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430022
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071; Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430022
| | - Tingting L
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071.
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China, 430071.
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Jiang C, Wang H, Qi J, Li J, He Q, Wang C, Gao Y. Antidepressant effects of cherry leaf decoction on a chronic unpredictable mild stress rat model based on the Glu/GABA-Gln metabolic loop. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2883-2901. [PMID: 36181653 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cherry leaves (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl. [Rosaceae]), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, can regulate the factors closely related to depression including inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and blood glucose level. However, the antidepressant effects of cherry leaves and underlying neuromodulatory mechanisms remain relatively have not been elucidated explicitly. The present study investigated the antidepressant effects of cherry leaf decoction (CLD). The underlying neuromodulatory mechanism was explored by examining the glutamate (Glu)/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-glutamine (Gln) metabolic loop. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rodent model was used in this study. The main flavonoids components of CLD were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antidepressant effects of CLD were assessed throughout behavioural tests including the bodyweight, sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swimming test (FPT) and tail suspension test (TST). Moreover, The baseline levels of serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) were quantified. The expression of proteins integrally involved in the Glu/GABA-Gln metabolic loop were observed and quantified by Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. This study found that CLD ameliorated depressive-like behaviours induced by CUMS. The increase of serum ACTH and CORT baseline levels induced by CUMS was also reversed after CLD intervention. Furthermore, CUMS reduced the expression of GAD65, GAD67, GLT-1, GS and GABAA and increased NMDAR1 levels in the rat hippocampus, which was normalized by CLD treatment. The findings demonstrated that CLD could ameliorate the depression-like behaviours induced by CUMS, potentially through the inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity and the regulation of Glu/GABA-Gln metabolic loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian He
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonggang Gao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Research On Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, 050200, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Liu Y, Yang G, Cui W, Zhang Y, Liang X. Regulatory mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on central nervous system diseases: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:948600. [PMID: 36133805 PMCID: PMC9483103 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.948600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can lead to motor, sensory, speech, cognitive dysfunction, and sometimes even death. These diseases are recognized to cause a substantial socio-economic impact on a global scale. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is one of the main active ingredients extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum striatum DC. (Chuan Xiong). Many in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that TMP has a certain role in the treatment of CNS diseases through inhibiting calcium ion overload and glutamate excitotoxicity, anti-oxidative/nitrification stress, mitigating inflammatory response, anti-apoptosis, protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and facilitating synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarize the roles and mechanisms of action of TMP on ischemic cerebrovascular disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cognitive impairments, migraine, and depression. Our review will provide new insights into the clinical applications of TMP and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yunling Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
| | - Xiao Liang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Xiao Liang,
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Hodebourg R, Kalivas PW, Kruyer A. Extrasynaptic therapeutic targets in substance use and stress disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:56-68. [PMID: 34753604 PMCID: PMC8688303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for substance use and stress disorders are based on ameliorating behavioral symptoms, not on reversing the synaptic pathology that has the potential to cure disorders. This failing arises in part from a research focus on how pre- and postsynaptic physiology is changed even though key neuropathology exists in the perisynaptic neuropil that homeostatically regulates synaptic transmission. We explore recent findings from the substance use and stress disorder literature pointing to a key role for perisynaptic astroglia and signaling in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating synaptic pathology. We conclude that drugs and stress initiate long-lasting changes in brain synapses via enduring neuroadaptations in astroglia and the ECM, and that modulating extrasynaptic regulators may be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchy Hodebourg
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29464, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29464, USA.
| | - Anna Kruyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29464, USA
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Singer T, Ding S, Ding S. Astroglia Abnormalities in Post-stroke Mood Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2021; 26:115-138. [PMID: 34888833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77375-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of human death and disability. After a stroke, many patients may have some physical disability, including difficulties in moving, speaking, and seeing, but patients may also exhibit changes in mood manifested by depression, anxiety, and cognitive changes which we call post-stroke mood disorders (PSMDs). Astrocytes are the most diverse and numerous glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They provide structural, nutritional, and metabolic support to neurons and regulate synaptic activity under normal conditions. Astrocytes are also critically involved in focal ischemic stroke (FIS). They undergo many changes after FIS. These changes may affect acute neuronal death and brain damage as well as brain recovery and PSMD in the chronic phase after FIS. Studies using postmortem brain specimens and animal models of FIS suggest that astrocytes/reactive astrocytes are involved in PSMD. This chapter provides an overview of recent advances in the molecular base of astrocyte in PSMD. As astrocytes exhibit high plasticity after FIS, we suggest that targeting local astrocytes may be a promising strategy for PSMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Singer
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sarah Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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11
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Jia J, Zhang H, Liang X, Dai Y, Liu L, Tan K, Ma R, Luo J, Ding Y, Ke C. Application of Metabolomics to the Discovery of Biomarkers for Ischemic Stroke in the Murine Model: a Comparison with the Clinical Results. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6415-6426. [PMID: 34532786 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of mortality and disability worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of IS remains unknown, and methods for early prediction and diagnosis of IS are lacking. Metabolomics can be applied to biomarker discovery and mechanism exploration of IS by exploring metabolic alterations. In this review, 62 IS metabolomics studies in the murine model published from January 2006 to December 2020 in the PubMed and Web of Science databases were systematically reviewed. Twenty metabolites (e.g., lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, leucine, lactate, serine, N-acetyl-aspartic acid, and glutathione) were reported consistently in more than two-third murine studies. The disturbance of metabolic pathways, such as arginine biosynthesis; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; and citrate cycle, may be implicated in the development of IS by influencing the biological processes such as energy failure, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and glutamate toxicity. The transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model exhibit both common and distinct metabolic patterns. Furthermore, five metabolites (proline, serine, LysoPC (16:0), uric acid, glutamate) in the blood sample and 7 metabolic pathways (e.g., alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism) are shared in animal and clinical studies. The potential biomarkers and related pathways of IS in the murine model may facilitate the biomarker discovery for early diagnosis of IS and the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Jia
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangyao Zhang
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Liang
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuning Dai
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihe Liu
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiwen Tan
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruohan Ma
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahuan Luo
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofu Ke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Ketamine Induces Lasting Antidepressant Effects by Modulating the NMDAR/CaMKII-Mediated Synaptic Plasticity of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus in Depressive Stroke Model. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6635084. [PMID: 33981335 PMCID: PMC8088363 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6635084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketamine has been shown to possess lasting antidepressant properties. However, studies of the mechanisms involved in its effects on poststroke depression are nonexistent. Methods To investigate these mechanisms, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with a single local dose of ketamine after middle cerebral artery occlusion and chronic unpredicted mild stress. The effects on the hippocampal dentate gyrus were analyzed through assessment of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (NMDAR/CaMKII) pathway, synaptic plasticity, and behavioral tests. Results Ketamine administration rapidly exerted significant and lasting improvements of depressive symptoms. The biochemical analysis showed rapid, selective upregulation and downregulation of the NMDAR2-β and NMDAR2-α subtypes as well as their downstream signaling proteins β-CaMKII and α-phosphorylation in the dentate gyrus, respectively. Furthermore, the colocalization analysis indicated a significant and selectively increased conjunction of β-CaMKII and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) coupled with a notable decrease in NMDAR2-β association with PSD95 after ketamine treatment. These changes translated into significant and extended synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. Conclusions These findings not only suggest that ketamine represents a viable candidate for the treatment of poststroke depression but also that ketamine's lasting antidepressant effects might be achieved through modulation of NMDAR/CaMKII-induced synaptic plasticity in key brain regions.
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Scarante FF, Ribeiro MA, Almeida-Santos AF, Guimarães FS, Campos AC. Glial Cells and Their Contribution to the Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:618065. [PMID: 33613284 PMCID: PMC7890128 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.618065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid with a broad-range of therapeutic potential in several conditions, including neurological (epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic and ischemic brain injuries) and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, addiction, major depressive disorder, and anxiety). The pharmacological mechanisms responsible for these effects are still unclear, and more than 60 potential molecular targets have been described. Regarding neuropsychiatric disorders, most studies investigating these mechanisms have focused on neuronal cells. However, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) also play a crucial role in keeping the homeostasis of the central nervous system. Changes in glial functions have been associated with neuropathological conditions, including those for which CBD is proposed to be useful. Mostly in vitro studies have indicated that CBD modulate the activation of proinflammatory pathways, energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and the proliferative rate of glial cells. Likewise, some of the molecular targets proposed for CBD actions are f expressed in glial cells, including pharmacological receptors such as CB1, CB2, PPAR-γ, and 5-HT1A. In the present review, we discuss the currently available evidence suggesting that part of the CBD effects are mediated by interference with glial cell function. We also propose additional studies that need to be performed to unveil the contribution of glial cells to CBD effects in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele F. Scarante
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Melissa A. Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana F. Almeida-Santos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alline C. Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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A Review of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Stroke: Pathology and Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4218-4231. [PMID: 32691303 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, survivors experience motor dysfunction and deterioration of memory and cognition. These symptoms are associated with the disruption of normal neuronal function, i.e., the secretion of neurotrophic factors, interhemispheric connections, and synaptic activity, and hence the disruption of the normal neural circuit. Exercise is considered an effective and feasible rehabilitation strategy for improving cognitive and motor recovery following ischemic stroke through the facilitation of neuroplasticity. In this review, our aim was to discuss the mechanisms by which exercise-induced neuroplasticity improves motor function and cognitive ability after ischemic stroke. The associated mechanisms include increases in neurotrophins, improvements in synaptic structure and function, the enhancement of interhemispheric connections, the promotion of neural regeneration, the acceleration of neural function reorganization, and the facilitation of compensation beyond the infarcted tissue. We also discuss some common exercise strategies and a novel exercise therapy, robot-assisted movement, which might be widely applied in the clinic to help stroke patients in the future.
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Long-Term Impact of Early-Life Stress on Hippocampal Plasticity: Spotlight on Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144999. [PMID: 32679826 PMCID: PMC7404101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse experiences during childhood are among the most prominent risk factors for developing mood and anxiety disorders later in life. Early-life stress interventions have been established as suitable models to study the neurobiological basis of childhood adversity in rodents. Different models such as maternal separation, impaired maternal care and juvenile stress during the postweaning/prepubertal life phase are utilized. Especially within the limbic system, they induce lasting alterations in neuronal circuits, neurotransmitter systems, neuronal architecture and plasticity that are further associated with emotional and cognitive information processing. Recent studies found that astrocytes, a special group of glial cells, have altered functions following early-life stress as well. As part of the tripartite synapse, astrocytes interact with neurons in multiple ways by affecting neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism, by providing gliotransmitters and by providing energy to neurons within local circuits. Thus, astrocytes comprise powerful modulators of neuronal plasticity and are well suited to mediate the long-term effects of early-life stress on neuronal circuits. In this review, we will summarize current findings on altered astrocyte function and hippocampal plasticity following early-life stress. Highlighting studies for astrocyte-related plasticity modulation as well as open questions, we will elucidate the potential of astrocytes as new targets for interventions against stress-induced neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Tao K, Cai Q, Zhang X, Zhu L, Liu Z, Li F, Wang Q, Liu L, Feng D. Astrocytic histone deacetylase 2 facilitates delayed depression and memory impairment after subarachnoid hemorrhage by negatively regulating glutamate transporter-1. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:691. [PMID: 32617311 PMCID: PMC7327310 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Delayed cognitive impairment (DCI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most common sequelae in patients. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of the course and glutamatergic pathogenesis of DCI after SAH in mice. Methods A SAH mouse model of internal carotid puncture was used. Depressive and cognitive behaviors were detected by forced swimming and sucrose preference tests and Morris water maze test, respectively. Microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to detect the interstitial glutamate. The expressions of histone deacetylases (HDACs), glutamate transporters, and glutamate receptors were examined. Primary astrocytes magnetically sorted from adult mice were cultured for glutamate uptake assay and protein and mRNA detection. Selective HDAC2 inhibitor and glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) inhibitor administered via were intraperitoneal injection to evaluate their effects on DCI in SAH mice. Results Depression and memory impairment lasted for more than 12 weeks and peaked at 8 weeks after SAH. Interstitial glutamate accumulation in the hippocampus and impaired glutamate uptake in astrocytes of the SAH mice were found during DCI, which could be explained by there being a significant decrease in GLT-1 expression but not in glutamate and aspartate transporter (GLAST) in hippocampal astrocytes. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation level of excitatory glutamate receptors (GluN2B and GluA1) in the hippocampus was significantly reduced, although there was no significant change in the expression of the receptors. Importantly, the expression of HDAC2 increased most significantly in astrocytes after SAH compared with that of other subtypes of HDACs. Inhibition of HDAC2 markedly rescued the decrease in GLT-1 expression after SAH through transcriptional regulation. Behavioral results showed that a selective HDAC2 inhibitor effectively improved DCI in SAH mice, but this effect could be weakened by GLT-1 inhibition. Conclusions In summary, our study suggests that the dysfunction of GLT-1-mediated glutamate uptake in astrocytes may be a key pathological mechanism of DCI after SAH, and that a specific inhibitor of HDAC2 may exert a potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- China-Nepal Friendship Medical Research Center of Rajiv Kumar Jha, School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenru Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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He L, Zeng L, Tian N, Li Y, He T, Tan D, Zhang Q, Tan Y. Optimization of food deprivation and sucrose preference test in SD rat model undergoing chronic unpredictable mild stress. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:69-78. [PMID: 32318662 PMCID: PMC7167236 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model has long been considered the best model for exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression. However, there are no widely recognised standards for strategies for modeling and for behavioral testing. The present study aimed to optimize the protocols for food deprivation and the sucrose preference test (SPT) for the CUMS model. METHODS We first evaluated the effects of different long periods of food deprivation on the body weight of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by testing food deprivation for 24 hours (8:00-8:00+), food deprivation for 12 hours during the daytime (8:00-20:00) and food deprivation for 12 hours at night (20:00-8:00+). Next, we established a SD rat CUMS model with 15 different stimulations, and used body weight measurement, SPT, forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) test to verify the success of the modeling. In the SPT, consumption of sucrose and pure water within 1 and 12 hours was measured. RESULTS Twelve hours of food deprivation during the daytime (8:00-20:00) had no effect on body weight, while 12 hours of food deprivation at night (20:00-8:00+) and 24 hours of food deprivation (8:00-8:00+) significantly reduced the mean body weight of the SD rats. When SPT was used to verify the successful establishment of the CUMS rat model, sucrose consumption measured within 12 hours was less variable than that measured within 1 hour. CONCLUSIONS Twelve hours of food deprivation in the daytime (8:00-20:00) may be considered a mild stimulus for the establishment of a CUMS rat model. Measuring sucrose consumption over 12 hours is recommended for SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Wen He
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Li Zeng
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Na Tian
- Pediatric Research InstituteChildren's Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tong He
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dong‐Mei Tan
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yi Tan
- Laboratory Animal CenterChongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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EphrinB/EphB Signaling Contributes to the Synaptic Plasticity of Chronic Migraine Through NR2B Phosphorylation. Neuroscience 2020; 428:178-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hamidi N, Nozad A, Sheikhkanloui Milan H, Salari AA, Amani M. Effect of ceftriaxone on paired-pulse response and long-term potentiation of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons in rats with Alzheimer-like disease. Life Sci 2019; 238:116969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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