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Luponosov YN, Solodukhin AN, Aseyev NA, Rokitskaya TI, Kolotova DE, Kotova EA, Kurkin TS, Poletavkina LA, Isaeva YA, Antonenko YN, Balaban PM, Ponomarenko SA. Nanoparticles of Push-Pull Triphenylamine-Based Molecules for Light-Controlled Stimulation of Neuronal Activity. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:1139-1152. [PMID: 38241460 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials with a unique set of properties are very attractive for interfacing biological objects and can be used for noninvasive therapy or detection of biological signals. Here, we describe the synthesis and investigation of a novel series of organic push-pull conjugated molecules with the star-shaped architecture, consisting of triphenylamine as a branching electron donor core linked through the thiophene π-spacer to electron-withdrawing alkyl-dicyanovinyl groups. The molecules could form stable aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles (NPs) without the addition of any surfactants or amphiphilic polymer matrixes with the average size distribution varying from 40 to 120 nm and absorption spectra very similar to those of human eye retina pigments such as rods and green cones. Variation of the terminal alkyl chain length of the molecules forming NPs from 1 to 12 carbon atoms was found to be an efficient tool to modulate their lipophilic and biological properties. Possibilities of using the NPs as light nanoactuators in biological systems or as artificial pigments for therapy of degenerative retinal diseases were studied both on the model planar bilayer lipid membranes and on the rat cortical neurons. In the planar bilayer system, the photodynamic activity of these NPs led to photoinactivation of ion channels formed by pentadecapeptide gramicidin A. Treatment of rat cortical neurons with the NPs caused depolarization of cell membranes upon light irradiation, which could also be due to the photodynamic activity of the NPs. The results of the work gave more insight into the mechanisms of light-controlled stimulation of neuronal activity and for the first time showed that fine-tuning of the lipophilic affinity of NPs based on organic conjugated molecules is of high importance for creating a bioelectronic interface for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy N Luponosov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Alexander N Solodukhin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Aseyev
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Darya E Kolotova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Tikhon S Kurkin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Liya A Poletavkina
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Yulia A Isaeva
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel M Balaban
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Butlerova 5A, Moscow 117485, Russia
| | - Sergey A Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya st. 70, Moscow 117393, Russia
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2
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Ronchi C, Galli C, Tullii G, Marzuoli C, Mazzola M, Malferrari M, Crasto S, Rapino S, Di Pasquale E, Antognazza MR. Nongenetic Optical Modulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Cardiomyocytes Function in the Red Spectral Range. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304303. [PMID: 37948328 PMCID: PMC10797444 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical stimulation in the red/near infrared range recently gained increasing interest, as a not-invasive tool to control cardiac cell activity and repair in disease conditions. Translation of this approach to therapy is hampered by scarce efficacy and selectivity. The use of smart biocompatible materials, capable to act as local, NIR-sensitive interfaces with cardiac cells, may represent a valuable solution, capable to overcome these limitations. In this work, a far red-responsive conjugated polymer, namely poly[2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl[4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl]] (PCPDTBT) is proposed for the realization of photoactive interfaces with cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs). Optical excitation of the polymer turns into effective ionic and electrical modulation of hPSC-CMs, in particular by fastening Ca2+ dynamics, inducing action potential shortening, accelerating the spontaneous beating frequency. The involvement in the phototransduction pathway of Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) and Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is proven by pharmacological assays and is correlated with physical/chemical processes occurring at the polymer surface upon photoexcitation. Very interestingly, an antiarrhythmogenic effect, unequivocally triggered by polymer photoexcitation, is also observed. Overall, red-light excitation of conjugated polymers may represent an unprecedented opportunity for fine control of hPSC-CMs functionality and can be considered as a perspective, noninvasive approach to treat arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Ronchi
- Center for Nano Science and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilano20133Italy
| | - Camilla Galli
- Humanitas Cardio CenterIRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalVia Manzoni 56RozzanoMilan20089Italy
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center for Nano Science and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilano20133Italy
| | - Camilla Marzuoli
- Center for Nano Science and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilano20133Italy
- Politecnico di MilanoPhysics Dept.P.zza L. Da Vinci 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Marta Mazzola
- Humanitas Cardio CenterIRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalVia Manzoni 56RozzanoMilan20089Italy
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna‘‘Giacomo Ciamician,’’via Francesco Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Silvia Crasto
- Humanitas Cardio CenterIRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalVia Manzoni 56RozzanoMilan20089Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna‘‘Giacomo Ciamician,’’via Francesco Selmi 2Bologna40126Italy
| | - Elisa Di Pasquale
- Humanitas Cardio CenterIRCCS Humanitas Research HospitalVia Manzoni 56RozzanoMilan20089Italy
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB)UOS of Milan—National Research Council of Italy (CNR)Milan20138Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and TechnologyIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaMilano20133Italy
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3
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Savva A, Hama A, Herrera‐López G, Schmidt T, Migliaccio L, Steiner N, Kawan M, Fiumelli H, Magistretti PJ, McCulloch I, Baran D, Gasparini N, Schindl R, Głowacki ED, Inal S. Photo-Chemical Stimulation of Neurons with Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300473. [PMID: 37661572 PMCID: PMC10625067 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in light-responsive materials enabled the development of devices that can wirelessly activate tissue with light. Here it is shown that solution-processed organic heterojunctions can stimulate the activity of primary neurons at low intensities of light via photochemical reactions. The p-type semiconducting polymer PDCBT and the n-type semiconducting small molecule ITIC (a non-fullerene acceptor) are coated on glass supports, forming a p-n junction with high photosensitivity. Patch clamp measurements show that low-intensity white light is converted into a cue that triggers action potentials in primary cortical neurons. The study shows that neat organic semiconducting p-n bilayers can exchange photogenerated charges with oxygen and other chemical compounds in cell culture conditions. Through several controlled experimental conditions, photo-capacitive, photo-thermal, and direct hydrogen peroxide effects on neural function are excluded, with photochemical delivery being the possible mechanism. The profound advantages of low-intensity photo-chemical intervention with neuron electrophysiology pave the way for developing wireless light-based therapy based on emerging organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Savva
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30ASUK
| | - Adel Hama
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Gabriel Herrera‐López
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Tony Schmidt
- Gottfried Schatz Research CenterChair of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazNeue Stiftingtalstraße 6Graz8010Austria
| | - Ludovico Migliaccio
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
| | - Nadia Steiner
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Kawan
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Hubert Fiumelli
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre J. Magistretti
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering (PSE)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Derya Baran
- Physical Science and Engineering (PSE)KAUST Solar Center (KSC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research CenterChair of BiophysicsMedical University of GrazNeue Stiftingtalstraße 6Graz8010Austria
| | - Eric D. Głowacki
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LaboratoryCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
| | - Sahika Inal
- Biological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
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Almasri RM, Ladouceur F, Mawad D, Esrafilzadeh D, Firth J, Lehmann T, Poole-Warren LA, Lovell NH, Al Abed A. Emerging trends in the development of flexible optrode arrays for electrophysiology. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:031503. [PMID: 37692375 PMCID: PMC10491464 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical-electrode (optrode) arrays use light to modulate excitable biological tissues and/or transduce bioelectrical signals into the optical domain. Light offers several advantages over electrical wiring, including the ability to encode multiple data channels within a single beam. This approach is at the forefront of innovation aimed at increasing spatial resolution and channel count in multichannel electrophysiology systems. This review presents an overview of devices and material systems that utilize light for electrophysiology recording and stimulation. The work focuses on the current and emerging methods and their applications, and provides a detailed discussion of the design and fabrication of flexible arrayed devices. Optrode arrays feature components non-existent in conventional multi-electrode arrays, such as waveguides, optical circuitry, light-emitting diodes, and optoelectronic and light-sensitive functional materials, packaged in planar, penetrating, or endoscopic forms. Often these are combined with dielectric and conductive structures and, less frequently, with multi-functional sensors. While creating flexible optrode arrays is feasible and necessary to minimize tissue-device mechanical mismatch, key factors must be considered for regulatory approval and clinical use. These include the biocompatibility of optical and photonic components. Additionally, material selection should match the operating wavelength of the specific electrophysiology application, minimizing light scattering and optical losses under physiologically induced stresses and strains. Flexible and soft variants of traditionally rigid photonic circuitry for passive optical multiplexing should be developed to advance the field. We evaluate fabrication techniques against these requirements. We foresee a future whereby established telecommunications techniques are engineered into flexible optrode arrays to enable unprecedented large-scale high-resolution electrophysiology systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Almasri
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Damia Mawad
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Josiah Firth
- Australian National Fabrication Facility, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Torsten Lehmann
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | | | - Amr Al Abed
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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5
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Criado-Gonzalez M, Bondi L, Marzuoli C, Gutierrez-Fernandez E, Tullii G, Ronchi C, Gabirondo E, Sardon H, Rapino S, Malferrari M, Cramer T, Antognazza MR, Mecerreyes D. Semiconducting Polymer Nanoporous Thin Films as a Tool to Regulate Intracellular ROS Balance in Endothelial Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37467460 PMCID: PMC10401575 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The design of soft and nanometer-scale photoelectrodes able to stimulate and promote the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is searched for redox medicine applications. In this work, we show semiconducting polymer porous thin films with an enhanced photoelectrochemical generation of ROS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To achieve that aim, we synthesized graft copolymers, made of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and degradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) segments, P3HT-g-PLA. In a second step, the hydrolysis of sacrificial PLA leads to nanometer-scale porous P3HT thin films. The pore sizes in the nm regime (220-1200 nm) were controlled by the copolymer composition and the structural arrangement of the copolymers during the film formation, as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The porous P3HT thin films showed enhanced photofaradaic behavior, generating a higher concentration of ROS in comparison to non-porous P3HT films, as determined by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurements. The exogenous ROS production was able to modulate the intracellular ROS concentration in HUVECs at non-toxic levels, thus affecting the physiological functions of cells. Results presented in this work provide an important step forward in the development of new tools for precise, on-demand, and non-invasive modulation of intracellular ROS species and may be potentially extended to many other physiological or pathological cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luca Bondi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Marzuoli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Edgar Gutierrez-Fernandez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- XMaS/BM28-ESRF, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ronchi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Gabirondo
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Raffaele Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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6
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Wang H, Tian J, Jiang Y, Liu S, Zheng J, Li N, Wang G, Dong F, Chen J, Xie Y, Huang Y, Cai X, Wang X, Xiong W, Qi H, Yin L, Wang Y, Sheng X. A 3D biomimetic optoelectronic scaffold repairs cranial defects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq7750. [PMID: 36791200 PMCID: PMC9931229 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone fractures and defects pose serious health-related issues on patients. For clinical therapeutics, synthetic scaffolds have been actively explored to promote critical-sized bone regeneration, and electrical stimulations are recognized as an effective auxiliary to facilitate the process. Here, we develop a three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffold integrated with thin-film silicon (Si)-based microstructures. This Si-based hybrid scaffold not only provides a 3D hierarchical structure for guiding cell growth but also regulates cell behaviors via photo-induced electrical signals. Remotely controlled by infrared illumination, these Si structures electrically modulate membrane potentials and intracellular calcium dynamics of stem cells and potentiate cell proliferation and differentiation. In a rodent model, the Si-integrated scaffold demonstrates improved osteogenesis under optical stimulations. Such a wirelessly powered optoelectronic scaffold eliminates tethered electrical implants and fully degrades in a biological environment. The Si-based 3D scaffold combines topographical and optoelectronic stimuli for effective biological modulations, offering broad potential for biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingjing Tian
- Department of Medical Science Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuxi Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingchuan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ningyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Guiyan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Fan Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunxiang Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Beijing Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Feyen PLC, Matarèse BFE, Urbano L, Abelha TF, Rahmoune H, Green M, Dailey LA, de Mello JC, Benfenati F. Photosensitized and Photothermal Stimulation of Cellular Membranes by Organic Thin Films and Nanoparticles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:932877. [PMID: 35875499 PMCID: PMC9302485 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.932877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are increasingly exploited for biomedical applications. In this work, we explored the optical characteristics of conjugated polymers of variable chemical structures at multiple levels relevant to biological interfacing, from fluorescence yield to their influence on cellular membrane potential. We systematically compared the performance of conjugated polymer as cast thin films and as nanoparticles stabilized with amphiphilic polyethylene glycol-poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PEG-PLGA). We assessed in both the dark and under illumination the stability of key optoelectronic properties in various environments, including air and biologically relevant physiological saline solutions. We found that photoreduction of oxygen correlates with nanoparticle and film degradation in physiologically relevant media. Using patch-clamp recordings in cell lines and primary neurons, we identified two broad classes of membrane potential response, which correspond to photosensitizer- and photothermal-mediated effects. Last, we introduced a metric named OED50 (optical energy for 50% depolarization), which conveys the phototoxic potency of a given agent and thereby its operational photo-safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. C. Feyen
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- DZNE—German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Bruno F. E. Matarèse
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Heamatology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Urbano
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Thais F. Abelha
- King’s College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, London, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Optics and Photonics, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Green
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lea A. Dailey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - John C. de Mello
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Organic Electronic Materials, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- *Correspondence: John C. de Mello, ; Fabio Benfenati,
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: John C. de Mello, ; Fabio Benfenati,
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8
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Berggren M, Głowacki ED, Simon DT, Stavrinidou E, Tybrandt K. In Vivo Organic Bioelectronics for Neuromodulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4826-4846. [PMID: 35050623 PMCID: PMC8874920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The nervous system
poses a grand challenge for integration with
modern electronics and the subsequent advances in neurobiology, neuroprosthetics,
and therapy which would become possible upon such integration. Due
to its extreme complexity, multifaceted signaling pathways, and ∼1
kHz operating frequency, modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) based electronics appear to be the only technology platform
at hand for such integration. However, conventional CMOS-based electronics
rely exclusively on electronic signaling and therefore require an
additional technology platform to translate electronic signals into
the language of neurobiology. Organic electronics are just such a
technology platform, capable of converting electronic addressing into
a variety of signals matching the endogenous signaling of the nervous
system while simultaneously possessing favorable material similarities
with nervous tissue. In this review, we introduce a variety of organic
material platforms and signaling modalities specifically designed
for this role as “translator”, focusing especially on
recent implementation in in vivo neuromodulation.
We hope that this review serves both as an informational resource
and as an encouragement and challenge to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eric D Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden.,Bioelectronics Materials and Devices, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 601 74 Norrköping, Sweden
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9
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Abdullaeva OS, Sahalianov I, Silverå Ejneby M, Jakešová M, Zozoulenko I, Liin SI, Głowacki ED. Faradaic Pixels for Precise Hydrogen Peroxide Delivery to Control M-Type Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103132. [PMID: 34825522 PMCID: PMC8787424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
H2 O2 plays a significant role in a range of physiological processes where it performs vital tasks in redox signaling. The sensitivity of many biological pathways to H2 O2 opens up a unique direction in the development of bioelectronics devices to control levels of reactive-oxygen species (ROS). Here a microfabricated ROS modulation device that relies on controlled faradaic reactions is presented. A concentric pixel arrangement of a peroxide-evolving cathode surrounded by an anode ring which decomposes the peroxide, resulting in localized peroxide delivery is reported. The conducting polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), is exploited as the cathode. PEDOT selectively catalyzes the oxygen reduction reaction resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ). Using electrochemical and optical assays, combined with modeling, the performance of the devices is benchmarked. The concentric pixels generate tunable gradients of peroxide and oxygen concentrations. The faradaic devices are prototyped by modulating human H2 O2 -sensitive Kv7.2/7.3 (M-type) channels expressed in a single-cell model (Xenopus laevis oocytes). The Kv7 ion channel family is responsible for regulating neuronal excitability in the heart, brain, and smooth muscles, making it an ideal platform for faradaic ROS stimulation. The results demonstrate the potential of PEDOT to act as an H2 O2 delivery system, paving the way to ROS-based organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliya S. Abdullaeva
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Malin Silverå Ejneby
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Marie Jakešová
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LabCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
| | - Sara I. Liin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical SciencesLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic ElectronicsITN Campus NorrköpingLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐60174Sweden
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSE‐58185Sweden
- Bioelectronics Materials and Devices LabCentral European Institute of TechnologyBrno University of TechnologyPurkyňova 123Brno61200Czech Republic
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10
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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11
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Negri S, Faris P, Tullii G, Vismara M, Pellegata AF, Lodola F, Guidetti G, Rosti V, Antognazza MR, Moccia F. Conjugated polymers mediate intracellular Ca 2+ signals in circulating endothelial colony forming cells through the reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Cell Calcium 2021; 101:102502. [PMID: 34896699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) represent the most suitable cellular substrate to induce revascularization of ischemic tissues. Recently, optical excitation of the light-sensitive conjugated polymer, regioregular Poly (3-hexyl-thiophene), rr-P3HT, was found to stimulate ECFC proliferation and tube formation by activating the non-selective cation channel, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Herein, we adopted a multidisciplinary approach, ranging from intracellular Ca2+ imaging to pharmacological manipulation and genetic suppression of TRPV1 expression, to investigate the effects of photoexcitation on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in circulating ECFCs plated on rr-P3HT thin films. Polymer-mediated optical excitation induced a long-lasting increase in [Ca2+]i that could display an oscillatory pattern at shorter light stimuli. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation revealed that the Ca2+ response to light was triggered by extracellular Ca2+ entry through TRPV1, whose activation required the production of reactive oxygen species at the interface between rr-P3HT and the cell membrane. Light-induced TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ entry was able to evoke intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum through inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, followed by store-operated Ca2+ entry on the plasma membrane. These data show that TRPV1 may serve as a decoder at the interface between rr-P3HT thin films and ECFCs to translate optical excitation in pro-angiogenic Ca2+ signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pawan Faris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Vismara
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro F Pellegata
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni Guidetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Advanced Diagnosis, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Modeling Cardiomyopathies in a Dish: State-of-the-Art and Novel Perspectives on hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Maturation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080730. [PMID: 34439963 PMCID: PMC8389603 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stem cell technology and the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) production represent an excellent alternative tool to study cardiomyopathies, which overcome the limitations associated with primary cardiomyocytes (CMs) access and manipulation. CMs from human iPSCs (hiPSC-CMs) are genetically identical to patient primary cells of origin, with the main electrophysiological and mechanical features of CMs. The key issue to be solved is to achieve a degree of structural and functional maturity typical of adult CMs. In this perspective, we will focus on the main differences between fetal-like hiPSC-CMs and adult CMs. A viewpoint is given on the different approaches used to improve hiPSC-CMs maturity, spanning from long-term culture to complex engineered heart tissue. Further, we outline limitations and future developments needed in cardiomyopathy disease modeling.
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13
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Tariq R, Khalid UA, Kanwal S, Adnan F, Qasim M. Photodynamic Therapy: A Rational Approach Toward COVID-19 Management. JOURNAL OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 000:000-000. [DOI: 10.14218/jerp.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Negri S, Faris P, Rosti V, Antognazza MR, Lodola F, Moccia F. Endothelial TRPV1 as an Emerging Molecular Target to Promote Therapeutic Angiogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061341. [PMID: 32471282 PMCID: PMC7349285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an emerging strategy to treat ischemic diseases by stimulating blood vessel growth to rescue local blood perfusion. Therefore, injured microvasculature may be repaired by stimulating resident endothelial cells or circulating endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) or by autologous cell-based therapy. Endothelial Ca2+ signals represent a crucial player in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis; indeed, several angiogenic stimuli induce neovessel formation through an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Several members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel superfamily are expressed and mediate Ca2+-dependent functions in vascular endothelial cells and in ECFCs, the only known truly endothelial precursor. TRP Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a polymodal cation channel, is emerging as an important player in endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and tubulogenesis, through the integration of several chemical stimuli. Herein, we first summarize TRPV1 structure and gating mechanisms. Next, we illustrate the physiological roles of TRPV1 in vascular endothelium, focusing our attention on how endothelial TRPV1 promotes angiogenesis. In particular, we describe a recent strategy to stimulate TRPV1-mediated pro-angiogenic activity in ECFCs, in the presence of a photosensitive conjugated polymer. Taken together, these observations suggest that TRPV1 represents a useful target in the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Negri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Pawan Faris
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.N.); (P.F.)
| | - Vittorio Rosti
- Center for the Study of Myelofibrosis, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Advanced Diagnosis, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.R.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy; (M.R.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (S.N.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Abdel Aziz I, Malferrari M, Roggiani F, Tullii G, Rapino S, Antognazza MR. Light-Triggered Electron Transfer between a Conjugated Polymer and Cytochrome C for Optical Modulation of Redox Signaling. iScience 2020; 23:101091. [PMID: 32438318 PMCID: PMC7240120 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein reduction/oxidation processes trigger and finely regulate a myriad of physiological and pathological cellular functions. Many biochemical and biophysical stimuli have been recently explored to precisely and effectively modulate intracellular redox signaling, due to the considerable therapeutic potential. Here, we propose a first step toward an approach based on visible light excitation of a thiophene-based semiconducting polymer (P3HT), demonstrating the realization of a hybrid interface with the Cytochrome c protein (CytC), in an extracellular environment. By means of scanning electrochemical microscopy and spectro-electrochemistry measurements, we demonstrate that, upon optical stimulation, a functional interaction between P3HT and CytC is established. Polymer optical excitation locally triggers photoelectrochemical reactions, leading to modulation of CytC redox activity, either through an intermediate step, involving reactive oxygen species formation, or via a direct photoreduction process. Both processes are triggered by light, thus allowing excellent spatiotemporal resolution, paving the way to precise modulation of protein redox signaling. Conjugated polymers and light modulate the redox state of cytochrome c protein Phototransduction processes are clarified by electrochemical microscopy The approach opens the way to selective optical triggering of protein redox state
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Abdel Aziz
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy; Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Malferrari
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Roggiani
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy; Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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16
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Ðerek V, Rand D, Migliaccio L, Hanein Y, Głowacki ED. Untangling Photofaradaic and Photocapacitive Effects in Organic Optoelectronic Stimulation Devices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:284. [PMID: 32363183 PMCID: PMC7180391 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light, as a versatile and non-invasive means to elicit a physiological response, offers solutions to problems in basic research as well as in biomedical technologies. The complexity and limitations of optogenetic methods motivate research and development of optoelectronic alternatives. A recently growing subset of approaches relies on organic semiconductors as the active light absorber. Organic semiconductors stand out due to their high optical absorbance coefficients, mechanical flexibility, ability to operate in a wet environment, and potential biocompatibility. They could enable ultrathin and minimally invasive form factors not accessible with traditional inorganic materials. Organic semiconductors, upon photoexcitation in an aqueous medium, can transduce light into (1) photothermal heating, (2) photochemical/photocatalytic redox reactions, (3) photocapacitive charging of electrolytic double layers, and (4) photofaradaic reactions. In realistic conditions, different effects may coexist, and understanding their role in observed physiological phenomena is an area of critical interest. This article serves to evaluate the emerging picture of photofaradaic vs. photocapacitive effects in the context of our group’s research efforts and that of others over the past few years. We present simple experiments which can be used to benchmark organic optoelectronic stimulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Ðerek
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Rand
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Electrical Engineering Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ludovico Migliaccio
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yael Hanein
- Tel Aviv University Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Electrical Engineering Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Gryszel M, Głowacki ED. Organic thin film photofaradaic pixels for on-demand electrochemistry in physiological conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1705-1708. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09215c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic photofaradaic pixels operate in physiological conditions transducing deep red irradiation into O2 reduction to H2O2, with simultaneous oxidation of glucose as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gryszel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN Campus Norrköping
- Linköping University
- Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN Campus Norrköping
- Linköping University
- Norrköping
- Sweden
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