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Watanuki S, Shoji K, Izawa M, Okami M, Ye Y, Bao A, Liu Y, Saitou E, Sugiyama K, Endo M, Matsumoto Y, Aida Y. Development of Dry and Liquid Duplex Reagent Mix-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays as Novel Tools for the Rapid and Easy Quantification of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) Proviral Loads. Viruses 2024; 16:1016. [PMID: 39066179 PMCID: PMC11281531 DOI: 10.3390/v16071016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is prevalent worldwide, causing serious problems in the cattle industry. The BLV proviral load (PVL) is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk. We previously developed a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to measure the PVL using the coordination of common motif (CoCoMo) degenerate primers. Here, we constructed a novel duplex BLV-CoCoMo qPCR assay that can amplify two genes simultaneously using a FAM-labeled MGB probe for the BLV LTR gene and a VIC-labeled MGB probe for the BoLA-DRA gene. This liquid duplex assay maintained its original sensitivity and reproducibility in field samples. Furthermore, we developed a dry duplex assay composed of PCR reagents necessary for the optimized liquid duplex assay. We observed a strong positive correlation between the PVLs measured using the dry and liquid duplex assays. Validation analyses showed that the sensitivity of the dry duplex assay was slightly lower than that of the other methods for the detection of a BLV molecular clone, but it showed similar sensitivity to the singleplex assay and slightly higher sensitivity than the liquid duplex assay for the PVL quantification of 82 field samples. Thus, our liquid and dry duplex assays are useful for measuring the BLV PVL in field samples, similar to the original singleplex assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Watanuki
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Kazuyuki Shoji
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Masaki Izawa
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Okami
- Molecular Diagnosis Division, Nippon Gene Co., Ltd., 2-8-16 Toiya-machi, Toyama 930-0834, Japan
| | - Yingbao Ye
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Aronggaowa Bao
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Yulin Liu
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
| | - Etsuko Saitou
- Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Meat Inspection Center, 49-18 Shitoorinagata, Minamiawaji 656-0152, Japan
| | | | - Michiru Endo
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya 360-0813, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
- Laboratory of Global Animal Resource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (S.W.)
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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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3
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Brito B, Hick P. Milk as a diagnostic fluid to monitor viral diseases in dairy cattle. Aust Vet J 2024; 102:11-18. [PMID: 37814548 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious viral diseases in dairy cattle have substantial implications for milk production, quality and overall animal health. Diagnostic tools providing reliable results are crucial for effective disease control at the farm and industry level. Pooled or bulk tank milk (BTM) can be used as a cost-effective aggregate sample to assess herd disease status in dairy farms. FINDINGS Detection of pathogens or specific antibodies in milk can be used for monitoring endemic diseases within-farm, region or country-level disease surveillance and to make informed decisions on farm management. The suitability of assays applied to pooled milk samples relies on validation data of fit-for-purpose tests to design an optimal testing strategy. Diverse approaches and variable scope of studies determining test accuracy need to be critically appraised before sourcing the parameters to design sampling strategies and interpreting surveys. Determining if BTM or pooled milk is the best approach for a disease management programme should carefully consider several aspects that will impact the accuracy and interpretation, for example, the size of the lactating herd, the risk of infection in the lactating and non-lactating groups, the expected within-herd prevalence, the duration of infection, the duration and concentration of antibodies in milk and use of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS There are examples of tests on BTM samples providing efficient assessments of the herd disease status and supporting disease control programmes for viral diseases. However, challenges arise in pooled milk testing due to the need for accurate estimates of the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the assays. Integration of new biotechnologies could enhance multiplexing and data interpretation for comprehensive surveillance. The development of highly sensitive assays is necessary to meet the demands of larger dairy herds and improve disease detection and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Brito
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
- Dairy UP, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Hick
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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Borjigin L, Watanuki S, Hamada R, Bai L, Hirose T, Sato H, Yoneyama S, Yasui A, Yasuda S, Yamanaka R, Mimura M, Baba M, Inokuma M, Fujita K, Shinozaki Y, Tanaka N, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Effectiveness of integrated bovine leukemia virus eradication strategies utilizing cattle carrying resistant and susceptible major histocompatibility complex class II DRB3 alleles. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9393-9409. [PMID: 37641252 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has spread worldwide and causes serious problems in the cattle industry owing to the lack of effective treatments and vaccines. Bovine leukemia virus is transmitted via horizontal and vertical infection, and cattle with high BLV proviral load (PVL), which is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk, are considered major infectious sources within herds. The PVL strongly correlates with highly polymorphic bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 alleles. The BoLA-DRB3*015:01 and *012:01 alleles are known susceptibility-associated markers related to high PVL, and cattle with susceptible alleles may be at a high risk of BLV transmission via direct contact with healthy cows. In contrast, the BoLA-DRB3*009:02 and *014:01:01 alleles comprise resistant markers associated with the development of low PVL, and cattle with resistant alleles may be low-risk spreaders for BLV transmission and disrupt the BLV transmission chain. However, whether polymorphisms in BoLA-DRB3 are useful for BLV eradication in farms remains unknown. Here, we conducted a validation trial of the integrated BLV eradication strategy to prevent new infection by resistant cattle and actively eliminate susceptible cattle in addition to conventional BLV eradication strategies to maximally reduce the BLV prevalence and PVL using a total of 342 cattle at 4 stall-barn farms in Japan from 2017 to 2019. First, we placed the resistant milking cattle between the BLV-positive and BLV-negative milking cattle in a stall barn for 3 yr. Interestingly, the resistant cattle proved to be an effective biological barrier to successfully block the new BLV infections in the stall-barn system among all 4 farms. Concomitantly, we actively eliminated cattle with high PVL, especially susceptible cattle. Indeed, 39 of the 60 susceptible cattle (65%), 76 of the 140 neutral cattle (54%), and 20 of the 41 resistant cattle (48.8%) were culled on 4 farms for 3 years. Consequently, BLV prevalence and mean PVL decreased in all 4 farms. In particular, one farm achieved BLV-free status in May 2020. By decreasing the number of BLV-positive animals, the revenue-enhancing effect was estimated to be ¥5,839,262 ($39,292.39) for the 4 farms over 3 yr. Our results suggest that an integrated BLV eradication program utilization of resistant cattle as a biological barrier and the preferential elimination of susceptible cattle are useful for BLV infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rania Hamada
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lanlan Bai
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hirose
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shuji Yoneyama
- Kenou Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-0905, Japan
| | - Anna Yasui
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Sohei Yasuda
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Risa Yamanaka
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Munehito Mimura
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | - Miho Baba
- Kumagaya Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0813, Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Fujita
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Chiba 262-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Shinozaki
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-0033, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka
- Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kamogawa, Chiba 296-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition, Jumonji University, Niiza, Saitama 352-8510, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan..
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Ma H, Lippolis JD, Casas E. Expression Profiles and Interaction of MicroRNA and Transcripts in Response to Bovine Leukemia Virus Exposure. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:887560. [PMID: 35928115 PMCID: PMC9343836 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.887560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in cattle is omnipresent, which causes significantly economical losses worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine microRNA (miRNA) and transcript profiles and to establish their relationship in response to exposure to the virus. Small noncoding and messenger RNA were extracted and sequenced from serum and white blood cells (WBCs) derived from seven BLV seropositive and seven seronegative cows. Transcriptomic profiles were generated by sequencing RNA libraries from WBC. Bta-miR-206 and bta-miR-133a-3p were differentially expressed in serum (P < 0.05). In WBC, bta-miR-335-3p, bta-miR-375, and bta-novel-miR76-3p were differentially expressed (P < 0.03). There were 64 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs). Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the DETs overexpressed in the seropositive group with GOs of response to stimulus and immune system process predicted that the DETs could potentially negatively regulate viral life cycle and viral entry or release from host cells. In addition, the DETs depleted in the seropositive group could play a role in the downregulation of antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I. The differentially expressed miRNAs targeted 17 DETs, among which the expressions of bta-miR-133a-3p and bta-miR-335-3p were significantly negatively correlated with the expressions of ENSBTAT00000079143 and ENSBTAT00000066733, respectively. Under high prediction criteria, 90 targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs were all non-DETs. The most enriched biological process GO term of the targets was the RNA-dependent DNA biosynthetic process, which could be associated with virus replication. These results suggested that the differentially expressed miRNAs fine-tune most of the target genes in responding to BLV exposure. In addition, Bta-miR-206 interacted with BLV regulatory genes rex and tax by targeting their coding regions. A further study of the miRNAs and the genes may reveal the molecular mechanisms of BLV infection and uncover possible ways to prevent the infection.
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De Brun ML, Cosme B, Petersen M, Alvarez I, Folgueras-Flatschart A, Flatschart R, Panei CJ, Puentes R. Development of a droplet digital PCR assay for quantification of the proviral load of bovine leukemia virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:439-447. [PMID: 35369822 PMCID: PMC9254064 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221085581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) is a highly sensitive tool developed for the detection and quantification of short-sequence variants—a tool that offers unparalleled precision enabling measurement of smaller-fold changes. We describe here the use of ddPCR for the detection of Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) DNA provirus. Serum samples and whole blood from experimentally infected sheep and naturally infected cattle were analyzed through ddPCR to detect the BLV gp51 gene, and then compared with serologic and molecular tests. The ddPCR assay was significantly more accurate and sensitive than AGID, ELISA, nested PCR, and quantitative PCR. The limit of detection of ddPCR was 3.3 copies/µL, detecting positive experimentally infected sheep beginning at 6 d post-infection. The ddPCR methodology offers a promising tool for evaluating the BLV proviral load, particularly for the detection of low viral loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L. De Brun
- Instituto de Patobiología, Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Veterinaria–Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Cosme
- Instituto Nacional de Metrología, Calidad y Tecnología (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Petersen
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Roberto Flatschart
- Instituto Nacional de Metrología, Calidad y Tecnología (Inmetro), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Javier Panei
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de la Plata (FCV-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Puentes
- Instituto de Patobiología, Unidad de Microbiología, Facultad de Veterinaria–Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Lohr CE, Sporer KRB, Brigham KA, Pavliscak LA, Mason MM, Borgman A, Ruggiero VJ, Taxis TM, Bartlett PC, Droscha CJ. Phenotypic Selection of Dairy Cattle Infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus Demonstrates Immunogenetic Resilience through NGS-Based Genotyping of BoLA MHC Class II Genes. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010104. [PMID: 35056052 PMCID: PMC8779071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3 gene has shown that specific alleles associate with susceptibility or resilience to the progression of bovine leukemia virus (BLV), measured by proviral load (PVL). Through surveillance of multi-farm BLV eradication field trials, we observed differential phenotypes within seropositive cows that persist from months to years. We sought to develop a multiplex next-generation sequencing workflow (NGS-SBT) capable of genotyping 384 samples per run to assess the relationship between BLV phenotype and two BoLA genes. We utilized longitudinal results from milk ELISA screening and subsequent blood collections on seropositive cows for PVL determination using a novel BLV proviral load multiplex qPCR assay to phenotype the cows. Repeated diagnostic observations defined two distinct phenotypes in our study population, ELISA-positive cows that do not harbor detectable levels of provirus and those who do have persistent proviral loads. In total, 565 cows from nine Midwest dairy farms were selected for NGS-SBT, with 558 cows: 168 BLV susceptible (ELISA-positive/PVL-positive) and 390 BLV resilient (ELISA-positive/PVL-negative) successfully genotyped. Three BoLA-DRB3 alleles, including one novel allele, were shown to associate with disease resilience, *009:02, *044:01, and *048:02 were found at rates of 97.5%, 86.5%, and 90.3%, respectively, within the phenotypically resilient population. Alternatively, DRB3*015:01 and *027:03, both known to associate with disease progression, were found at rates of 81.1% and 92.3%, respectively, within the susceptible population. This study helps solidify the immunogenetic relationship between BoLA-DRB3 alleles and BLV infection status of these two phenotypic groupings of US dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaelynne E. Lohr
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.E.L.); (K.R.B.S.); (K.A.B.); (L.A.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Kelly R. B. Sporer
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.E.L.); (K.R.B.S.); (K.A.B.); (L.A.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Kelsey A. Brigham
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.E.L.); (K.R.B.S.); (K.A.B.); (L.A.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Laura A. Pavliscak
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.E.L.); (K.R.B.S.); (K.A.B.); (L.A.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Matelyn M. Mason
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.E.L.); (K.R.B.S.); (K.A.B.); (L.A.P.); (M.M.M.)
| | | | - Vickie J. Ruggiero
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (P.C.B.)
| | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Animal Science, College of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Paul C. Bartlett
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (P.C.B.)
| | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (C.E.L.); (K.R.B.S.); (K.A.B.); (L.A.P.); (M.M.M.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (V.J.R.); (P.C.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Marawan MA, Alouffi A, El Tokhy S, Badawy S, Shirani I, Dawood A, Guo A, Almutairi MM, Alshammari FA, Selim A. Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112167. [PMID: 34834973 PMCID: PMC8618541 DOI: 10.3390/v13112167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia;
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suleiman El Tokhy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Sara Badawy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Natural Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad 2601, Afghanistan
| | - Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Infectious Diseases, Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City 32897, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China; (I.S.); (A.D.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- The Chair of Vaccines Research for Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 22334, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahdah Ayed Alshammari
- College of Sciences and Literature Microbiology, Nothern Border University, Arar 73211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.M.); (A.G.); (A.S.)
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9
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Kuczewski A, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Mason S, Erskine R, van der Meer F. Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6358-6375. [PMID: 33741150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed transmission routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, in utero, colostrum, and milk), there is still a lack of detailed information on other specific risks for transmission (e.g., contact transmission and hoof-trimming knives). Eradication of BLV has been achieved by combined management, segregation, and culling approaches. In contrast, although sole implementation of best management practices aimed at prevention of BLV transmission has decreased within-herd BLV prevalence, it has not eradicated BLV from a herd. Therefore, control and eradication of BLV by best management practices only should be further investigated. Additionally, the role of proviral load in infected cattle was investigated. Cattle with a high proviral load seem to be more likely to infect others, whereas those with a very low proviral load seem to have low risks of transmitting BLV. Information on proviral load could be taken into account when controlling BLV in high-prevalence herds. In conclusion, there is a need for detailed, large-scale studies investigating roles of specific transmission routes, knowing proviral load of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Steve Mason
- Agromedia International Inc., Calgary, AB T2L 0T6, Canada
| | - Ron Erskine
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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Buehring GC, Sans HM. Breast Cancer Gone Viral? Review of Possible Role of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Breast Cancer, and Related Opportunities for Cancer Prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010209. [PMID: 31892207 PMCID: PMC6982050 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is a literature review of research that explored the association of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in humans with breast cancer. It summarizes and evaluates these publications. This review does not provide absolute proof that BLV is a cause of breast cancer, but, based on well-respected epidemiologic criteria for causation, it does suggest that BLV infection could be a breast cancer risk factor. Any expansion of the current understanding of breast cancer risk factors may increase possibilities to implement primary prevention strategies. The environmental role that BLV-infected cattle may play as a reservoir for infectious BLV offers possibilities for reducing or eliminating potential transmission of BLV from cattle to humans, and/or eliminating the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude C. Buehring
- School of Public Health, 16 Barker Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Hannah M. Sans
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA;
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