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Huo LC, Liu NY, Wang CJ, Luo Y, Liu JX. Lonicera japonica protects Pelodiscus sinensis by inhibiting the biofilm formation of Aeromonas hydrophila. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:67. [PMID: 38183487 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture has suffered significant financial losses as a result of the infection of zoonotic Aeromonas hydrophila, which has a high level of resistance to classic antibiotics. In this study, we isolated an A. hydrophila strain B3 from diseased soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), which is one of the most commercially significant freshwater farmed reptiles in East Asia, and found that A. hydrophila was its dominant pathogen. To better understand the inhibition effect and action mechanism of Chinese herbs on A. hydrophila, we conducted Chinese herbs screening and found that Lonicera japonica had a significant antibacterial effect on A. hydrophila B3. Experimental therapeutics of L. japonica on soft-shelled turtle showed that the supplement of 1% L. japonica to diet could significantly upregulate the immunity-related gene expression of soft-shelled turtle and protect soft-shelled turtle against A. hydrophila infection. Histopathological section results validated the protective effect of L. japonica. As the major effective component of L. japonica, chlorogenic acid demonstrated significant inhibitory effect on the growth of A. hydrophila with MIC at 6.4 mg/mL. The in vitro assay suggested that chlorogenic acid could inhibit the hemolysin/protease production and biofilm formation of A. hydrophila and significantly decrease the expression of quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and hemolysin-related genes in A. hydrophila. Our results showed that the Chinese herb L. japonica would be a promising candidate for the treatment of A. hydrophila infections in aquaculture, and it not only improves the immune response of aquatic animals but also inhibits the virulence factor (such as biofilm formation) expression of A. hydrophila. KEY POINTS: • A. hydrophila was the dominant pathogen of the diseased soft-shelled turtle. • L. japonica can protect soft-shelled turtle against A. hydrophila infection. • Chlorogenic acid inhibits the growth and biofilm formation of A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chao Huo
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Nai-Yu Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chao-Jie Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Luo
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang M, Gao F, Zhao Y, Kong X. Selective autophagy receptor p62 promotes antibacterial and antiviral immunity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109719. [PMID: 38914181 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) is a selective autophagy adapter protein that participates in antiviral and bacterial immune responses and plays an important regulatory role in clearing the proteins to be degraded and maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. In this study, two p62 genes were cloned from common carp (Cyprinus carpio), namely Ccp62-1 and Ccp62-2, and conducted bioinformatics analysis on them. The results showed that Ccp62s had the same structural domain (Phox and Bem1 domain, ZZ-type zinc finger domain, and ubiquitin-associated domain) as p62 from other species. Ccp62s were widely expressed in various tissues of fish, and highly expressed in immune organs such as gills, spleen, head kidney, etc. Subcellular localization study showed that they were mainly distributed in punctate aggregates in the cytoplasm. After stimulation with Aeromonas hydrophila and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), the expression level of Ccp62s was generally up-regulated. Overexpression of Ccp62s in EPC cells could inhibit SVCV replication. Upon A. hydrophila challenge, the bacterial load in Ccp62s-overexpressing group was significantly reduced, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon factors were increased, and the survival rate of the fish was improved. These results indicated that Ccp62s were involved in the immune response of common carp to bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Chen Li
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.
| | - Mengxi Zhang
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yanjing Zhao
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xianghui Kong
- Engineering Lab of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Henan Province, PR China.
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Tekedar HC, Patel F, Blom J, Griffin MJ, Waldbieser GC, Kumru S, Abdelhamed H, Dharan V, Hanson LA, Lawrence ML. Tad pili contribute to the virulence and biofilm formation of virulent Aeromonas hydrophila. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1425624. [PMID: 39145307 PMCID: PMC11322086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1425624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are versatile proteinaceous protrusions that mediate diverse bacterial processes, including adhesion, motility, and biofilm formation. Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gram-negative facultative anaerobe, causes disease in a wide range of hosts. Previously, we reported the presence of a unique Type IV class C pilus, known as tight adherence (Tad), in virulent Aeromonas hydrophila (vAh). In the present study, we sought to functionalize the role of Tad pili in the pathogenicity of A. hydrophila ML09-119. Through a comprehensive comparative genomics analysis of 170 A. hydrophila genomes, the conserved presence of the Tad operon in vAh isolates was confirmed, suggesting its potential contribution to pathogenicity. Herein, the entire Tad operon was knocked out from A. hydrophila ML09-119 to elucidate its specific role in A. hydrophila virulence. The absence of the Tad operon did not affect growth kinetics but significantly reduced virulence in catfish fingerlings, highlighting the essential role of the Tad operon during infection. Biofilm formation of A. hydrophila ML09-119 was significantly decreased in the Tad operon deletant. Absence of the Tad operon had no effect on sensitivity to other environmental stressors, including hydrogen peroxide, osmolarity, alkalinity, and temperature; however, it was more sensitive to low pH conditions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Tad mutant had a rougher surface structure during log phase growth than the wildtype strain, indicating the absence of Tad impacts the outer surface of vAh during cell division, of which the biological consequences are unknown. These findings highlight the role of Tad in vAh pathogenesis and biofilm formation, signifying the importance of T4P in bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan C. Tekedar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Fenny Patel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matt J. Griffin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
- Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS, United States
| | | | - Salih Kumru
- Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Türkiye
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Vandana Dharan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Larry A. Hanson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Mark L. Lawrence
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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Tammas I, Bitchava K, Gelasakis AI. Transforming Aquaculture through Vaccination: A Review on Recent Developments and Milestones. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:732. [PMID: 39066370 PMCID: PMC11281524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture has rapidly emerged as one of the fastest growing industries, expanding both on global and on national fronts. With the ever-increasing demand for proteins with a high biological value, the aquaculture industry has established itself as one of the most efficient forms of animal production, proving to be a vital component of global food production by supplying nearly half of aquatic food products intended for human consumption. As in classic animal production, the prevention of diseases constitutes an enduring challenge associated with severe economic and environmental repercussions. Nevertheless, remarkable strides in the development of aquaculture vaccines have been recently witnessed, offering sustainable solutions to persistent health-related issues challenging resilient aquaculture production. These advancements are characterized by breakthroughs in increased species-specific precision, improved vaccine-delivery systems, and innovations in vaccine development, following the recent advent of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and artificial intelligence in the -omics era. The objective of this paper was to assess recent developments and milestones revolving around aquaculture vaccinology and provide an updated overview of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the sector, by incorporating and comparatively discussing various diffuse advances that span across a wide range of topics, including emerging vaccine technologies, innovative delivery methods, insights on novel adjuvants, and parasite vaccine development for the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iosif Tammas
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantina Bitchava
- Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios I. Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy & Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Urgesa G, Lu L, Gao J, Guo L, Qin T, Liu B, Xie J, Xi B. Natural Sunlight-Mediated Emodin Photoinactivation of Aeromonas hydrophila. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5444. [PMID: 38791482 PMCID: PMC11121522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila can be a substantial concern, as it causes various diseases in aquaculture. An effective and green method for inhibiting A. hydrophila is urgently required. Emodin, a naturally occurring anthraquinone compound, was exploited as a photo-antimicrobial agent against A. hydrophila. At the minimum inhibitory concentration of emodin (256 mg/L) to inactivate A. hydrophilia in 30 min, an 11.32% survival rate was observed under 45 W white compact fluorescent light irradiation. In addition, the antibacterial activity under natural sunlight (0.78%) indicated its potential for practical application. Morphological observations demonstrated that the cell walls and membranes of A. hydrophila were susceptible to damage by emodin when exposed to light irradiation. More importantly, the photoinactivation of A. hydrophila was predominantly attributed to the hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals produced by emodin, according to the trapping experiment and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Finally, a light-dependent reactive oxygen species punching mechanism of emodin to photoinactivate A. hydrophila was proposed. This study highlights the potential use of emodin in sunlight-mediated applications for bacterial control, thereby providing new possibilities for the use of Chinese herbal medicine in aquatic diseases prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelana Urgesa
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (G.U.); (J.G.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Liushen Lu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jinwei Gao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (G.U.); (J.G.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Lichun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Ting Qin
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Bo Liu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Jun Xie
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (G.U.); (J.G.)
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (T.Q.); (B.L.); (J.X.)
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Neissi A, Majidi Zahed H, Roshan R. Probiotic performance of B. subtilis MS. 45 improves aquaculture of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during acute hypoxia stress. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3720. [PMID: 38355704 PMCID: PMC10866961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54380-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce mutant strains of Bacillus subtilis with high probiotic performance for use in the aquaculture of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The main strain of B. subtilis (MS) was irradiated with gamma rays (5.3 KGy). Subsequently, the B. subtilis mutant strain no. 45 (MS. 45) was selected for bacterial growth performance, resistance to acidic conditions, resistance to bile salts and antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. After 60 days, the rainbow trout (70.25 ± 3.89 g) fed with MS. 45 and MS were exposed to hypoxia stress (dissolved oxygen = 2 ppm). Subsequently, immune indices (lysozyme, bacterial activity and complement activity), hematological indices [hematocrit, hemoglobin, WBC, RBC, mean corpuscular volume (MCV)] and antioxidant factors (T-AOC, SOD and MDA)) were analyzed after and before hypoxia exposure. The expression of immunological genes (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8) in the intestine and the expression of hypoxia-related genes (HIF-1α, HIF-2α, FIH1) in the liver were compared between the different groups under hypoxia and normoxia conditions. Growth, immunological and antioxidant indices improved in group MS. 45 compared to the other groups. Stress indices and associated immunologic and hypoxia expressions under hypoxia and normoxia conditions improved in MS. 45 compared to the other groups. This resulted in improved growth, immunity and stress responses in fish fed with the microbial supplement of MS. 45 (P < 0.05) under hypoxia and normoxia conditions, (P < 0.05), resulting in a significant improvement in trout aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Neissi
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, 31465-1498, Iran.
| | - Hamed Majidi Zahed
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, 31465-1498, Iran
| | - Reza Roshan
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Karaj, 31465-1498, Iran
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Malik MS, Elahi I, Sameeullah M, Ijaz F, Batool N, Khalid F, Gurel E, Saba K, Waheed MT. In silico designing and characterization of outer membrane protein K (OmpK) from Vibrio anguillarum and its expression in Nicotiana tabacum for the development of a plant-based vaccine against fish vibriosis. J Biotechnol 2024; 380:51-63. [PMID: 38151110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis is caused by Vibrio anguillarum in various species of aquaculture. A novel, secure, and stable vaccine is needed to eradicate vibriosis. Here, for reverse vaccinology and plant-based expression, the outer membrane protein K (OmpK) of V. anguillarum was chosen due to its conserved nature in all Vibrio species. OmpK, an ideal vaccine candidate against vibriosis, demonstrated immunogenic, non-allergic, and non-toxic behavior by using various bioinformatics tools. Docking showed the interaction of the OmpK model with TLR-5. In comparison to costly platforms, plants can be used as alternative and economic bio-factories to produce vaccine antigens. We expressed OmpK antigen in Nicotiana tabacum using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression vector was constructed using Gateway® cloning. Transgene integration was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the copy number via qRT-PCR, which showed two copies of transgenes. Western blotting detected monomeric form of OmpK protein. The total soluble protein (TSP) fraction of OmpK was equivalent to 0.38% as detected by ELISA. Mice and fish were immunized with plant-derived OmpK antigen, which showed a significantly high level of anti-OmpK antibodies. The present study is the first report of OmpK antigen expression in higher plants for the potential use as vaccine in aquaculture against vibriosis, which could provide protection against multiple Vibrio species due to the conserved nature OmpK antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Elahi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sameeullah
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye; Centre for Innovative Food Technologies Development, Application and Research, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Fatima Ijaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Neelam Batool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ekrem Gurel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Kiran Saba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Tahir Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Razali SA, Shamsir MS, Ishak NF, Low CF, Azemin WA. Riding the wave of innovation: immunoinformatics in fish disease control. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16419. [PMID: 38089909 PMCID: PMC10712311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infectious illnesses has been a significant factor restricting aquaculture production. To maximise aquatic animal health, vaccination tactics are very successful and cost-efficient for protecting fish and aquaculture animals against many disease pathogens. However, due to the increasing number of immunological cases and their complexity, it is impossible to manage, analyse, visualise, and interpret such data without the assistance of advanced computational techniques. Hence, the use of immunoinformatics tools is crucial, as they not only facilitate the management of massive amounts of data but also greatly contribute to the creation of fresh hypotheses regarding immune responses. In recent years, advances in biotechnology and immunoinformatics have opened up new research avenues for generating novel vaccines and enhancing existing vaccinations against outbreaks of infectious illnesses, thereby reducing aquaculture losses. This review focuses on understanding in silico epitope-based vaccine design, the creation of multi-epitope vaccines, the molecular interaction of immunogenic vaccines, and the application of immunoinformatics in fish disease based on the frequency of their application and reliable results. It is believed that it can bridge the gap between experimental and computational approaches and reduce the need for experimental research, so that only wet laboratory testing integrated with in silico techniques may yield highly promising results and be useful for the development of vaccines for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Aisyah Razali
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Biological Security and Sustainability Research Interest Group (BIOSES), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahir Shamsir
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Farahin Ishak
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Chen-Fei Low
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan-Atirah Azemin
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Dayana Senthamarai M, Rajan MR, Bharathi PV. Current risks of microbial infections in fish and their prevention methods: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106400. [PMID: 37863271 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
A fast-expanding sector of agriculture worldwide is aquaculture. The production of fish internationally accounts for around 44 % of the total. Even though the aquaculture environment presents several difficulties, the current development in aquaculture production comes with an increase in infectious diseases, which significantly impacts the production, profitability, and sustainability of the worldwide aquaculture business. Many infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites are causative agents for fish infections. Most infectious diseases found in all types of fish like marine water, freshwater and ornamental fishes are caused by bacteria, with many of them serving as secondary opportunistic invaders that attack sick animals by affecting their natural host immunity. To overcome this, addressing health issues based on methods that have been scientifically verified and advised will help lessen the effects of fish disease. This review aims to highlight some of the common microbial-infecting agents of fish in all types of aquatic systems and their effective methods for preventing infections in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugeswaran Dayana Senthamarai
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Muthuswami Ruby Rajan
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Palanichamy Vidhya Bharathi
- Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, Dindigul (Dt)-624 302, Tamilnadu, India
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10
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Wang T, Jin S, Lv R, Meng Y, Li G, Han Y, Zhang Q. Development of an indirect ELISA for detection of the adaptive immune response of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus). J Immunol Methods 2023; 521:113550. [PMID: 37661050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is an important fishery resource and the main breeding target in China. Due to the lack of an assay of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in black carp, there is no effective method to evaluate adaptive immune response, which limits immunological studies and vaccine development. The present study used mAbs (monoclonal antibodies) against serum IgM of grass carp as capture antibodies. The results of Western blot analysis indicated that these antibodies had strong affinity and specificity to IgM heavy chain in black carp serum and were used to detect the antibody titer, optimize the conditions, perform a sensitivity test, and develop an indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect specific IgM antibodies in the serum. This detection method has good specificity and is effective only for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and black carp and not for crucian carp (Carassius aumtus), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis), mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi), black bream (Megalobrama skolkovii), or yellow catfish (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco). The lowest antigen detection level was 0.05 μg/ml. The error of experimental repetition in the same sample was 1.61-4.61%. The levels of specific IgM in black carp serum were steadily increased after immunization, peaked on day 28, and then slowly decreased. Indirect ELISA can be applied to detect the changes in specific antibodies in black carp serum. Moreover, indirect ELISA provides a convenient and reliable serological detection method for immunological research and evaluation of immune effects of a vaccine in black carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruoxuan Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuting Meng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guozhong Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuxing Han
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiusheng Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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Zhang T, Zhang M, Xu Z, He Y, Zhao X, Cheng H, Chen X, Xu J, Ding Z. The Screening of the Protective Antigens of Aeromonas hydrophila Using the Reverse Vaccinology Approach: Potential Candidates for Subunit Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1266. [PMID: 37515081 PMCID: PMC10383140 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The threat of bacterial septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection to aquaculture growth can be prevented through vaccination, but differences among A. hydrophila strains may affect the effectiveness of non-conserved subunit vaccines or non-inactivated A. hydrophila vaccines, making the identification and development of conserved antigens crucial. In this study, a bioinformatics analysis of 4268 protein sequences encoded by the A. hydrophila J-1 strain whole genome was performed based on reverse vaccinology. The specific analysis included signal peptide prediction, transmembrane helical structure prediction, subcellular localization prediction, and antigenicity and adhesion evaluation, as well as interspecific and intraspecific homology comparison, thereby screening the 39 conserved proteins as candidate antigens for A. hydrophila vaccine. The 9 isolated A. hydrophila strains from diseased fish were categorized into 6 different molecular subtypes via enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR technology, and the coding regions of 39 identified candidate proteins were amplified via PCR and sequenced to verify their conservation in different subtypes of A. hydrophila and other Aeromonas species. In this way, conserved proteins were screened out according to the comparison results. Briefly, 16 proteins were highly conserved in different A. hydrophila subtypes, of which 2 proteins were highly conserved in Aeromonas species, which could be selected as candidate antigens for vaccines development, including type IV pilus secretin PilQ (AJE35401.1) and TolC family outer membrane protein (AJE35877.1). The present study screened the conserved antigens of A. hydrophila by using reverse vaccinology, which provided basic foundations for developing broad-spectrum protective vaccines of A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zehua Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yang He
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianhe Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhujin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Lianyungang 222005, China
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12
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Irshath AA, Rajan AP, Vimal S, Prabhakaran VS, Ganesan R. Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020470. [PMID: 36851346 PMCID: PMC9968037 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Ahmed Irshath
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Prem Rajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Sugumar Vimal
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Vasantha-Srinivasan Prabhakaran
- Department of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (A.P.R.); (R.G.)
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13
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Bartie KL, Ngô TPH, Bekaert M, Hoang Oanh DT, Hoare R, Adams A, Desbois AP. Aeromonas hydrophila ST251 and Aeromonas dhakensis are major emerging pathogens of striped catfish in Vietnam. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1067235. [PMID: 36794008 PMCID: PMC9924233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aeromonads are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and several species are opportunistic pathogens of fish. Disease losses caused by motile Aeromonas species, particularly Aeromonas hydrophila, can be challenging in intensive aquaculture, such as at striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farms in Vietnam. Outbreaks require antibiotic treatments, but their application is undesirable due to risks posed by resistance. Vaccines are an attractive prophylactic and they must protect against the prevalent strains responsible for ongoing outbreaks. Methods This present study aimed to characterize A. hydrophila strains associated with mortalities in striped catfish culture in the Mekong Delta by a polyphasic genotyping approach, with a view to developing more effective vaccines. Results During 2013-2019, 345 presumptive Aeromonas spp. isolates were collected at farms in eight provinces. Repetitive element sequence-based PCR, multi-locus sequence typing and whole-genome sequencing revealed most of the suspected 202 A. hydrophila isolates to belong to ST656 (n = 151), which corresponds to the closely-related species Aeromonas dhakensis, with a lesser proportion belonging to ST251 (n = 51), a hypervirulent lineage (vAh) of A. hydrophila already causing concern in global aquaculture. The A. dhakensis ST656 and vAh ST251 isolates from outbreaks possessed unique gene sets compared to published A. dhakensis and vAh ST251 genomes, including antibiotic-resistance genes. The sharing of resistance determinants to sulphonamides (sul1) and trimethoprim (dfrA1) suggests similar selection pressures acting on A. dhakensis ST656 and vAh ST251 lineages. The earliest isolate (a vAh ST251 from 2013) lacked most resistance genes, suggesting relatively recent acquisition and selection, and this underscores the need to reduce antibiotics use where possible to prolong their effectiveness. A novel PCR assay was designed and validated to distinguish A. dhakensis and vAh ST251 strains. Discussion This present study highlights for the first time A. dhakensis, a zoonotic species that can cause fatal human infection, to be an emerging pathogen in aquaculture in Vietnam, with widespread distribution in recent outbreaks of motile Aeromonas septicaemia in striped catfish. It also confirms vAh ST251 to have been present in the Mekong Delta since at least 2013. Appropriate isolates of A. dhakensis and vAh should be included in vaccines to prevent outbreaks and reduce the threat posed by antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L. Bartie
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thao P. H. Ngô
- Aquacultural Biotechnology Division, Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michaël Bekaert
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rowena Hoare
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Desbois
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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14
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Pan C, Zhu Y, Cao K, Li J, Wang S, Zhu J, Zeng X, Zhang H, Qin Z. Transcriptome, intestinal microbiome and histomorphology profiling of differences in the response of Chinese sea bass ( Lateolabrax maculatus) to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1103412. [PMID: 36910190 PMCID: PMC9998533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) is an important aquaculture fish, but diseases caused by Aeromonas hydrophila have led to severe economic losses to the aquaculture industry in recent years. To date, only a few studies have focused on the relationship between the intestinal immune response and changes in intestinal microbes by A. hydrophila infection. Here, we report the transcriptome and intestinal changes in infected sea bass. Histopathological results showed that severe steatosis and vacuolation occurred in the liver and that the intestinal villi and mesentery were seriously affected after infection. By extracting total RNA from intestinal tissue and studying the transcriptome profile, 1,678 genes (1,013 upregulated and 665 downregulated) were identified as significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These genes are involved in many immune-related signalling pathways, such as the NOD-like receptor, C-type lectin receptor, and Toll-like receptor signalling pathways. Moreover, the intestinal microbes of sea bass changed significantly after infection. Interestingly, at the genus level, there was an increase in Serratia, Candida arthromitus and Faecalibacterium as well as a decrease in Akkermansia and Parabacteroides after infection. The results also indicated that some of the DEGs involved in the immune response were related to the genus level of intestinal microbiota. Finally, there was a relationship between gene expression patterns and the bacterial structure in the host intestine. Our study provides a reference for the study of the immune response and particular functions of intestinal microbes of sea bass after pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pan
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanran Zhu
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kaixin Cao
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Juexian Li
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,Faculty of Art and Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,Faculty of Art and Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoman Zeng
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Heqian Zhang
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China.,College of Education for the Future, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.,Faculty of Art and Science, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
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15
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Jose Priya TA, Kappalli S. Modern biotechnological strategies for vaccine development in aquaculture - Prospects and challenges. Vaccine 2022; 40:5873-5881. [PMID: 36088192 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomics and the gradual reduction of cost for technologies like whole-genome sequencing have provided exciting opportunities for developing modern biotechnological-based vaccines in aquaculture. This systemic review describes the prospects and challenges of implementing these high-tech vaccines in fish species. The majority of the commercial vaccines in aquaculture utilize conventional procedures for which cost of administration, protective immunity and safety issues are the major challenges. In recent years, more efficient vaccines are being developed by adopting the advances in vaccine technology. Vaccines based on surface antigens, protein/peptide/polysaccharide subunits, recombinant DNA/mRNA/plasmids, novel antigen expression and delivery systems (bacteriophage particles, virus like particles/VLPs, recombinant yeast, mucosal vaccines), novel molecular adjuvants (IL-8, IL-12, HSPs), and encapsulation polymers and polysaccharides like chitosan nanoparticles and PLGA microcapsule were successfully developed. These biotechnology-based vaccines have proved to be very efficient in field trials, but are always in the research pipeline or as patents. Only very few of them are licensed for use, that too, in high-valued fishes like salmonids. Currently, commercial aquaculture vaccines are available for Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, Vibrio anguillarum, Edwardsiella ictalurid, and for certain Betanodaviruses. Nevertheless, no registered vaccines are available for other major infectious diseases/pathogens such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), viral nervous necrosis virus (VNN) and certain other betanodaviruses, channel catfish virus (CCV), gill disease bacteria, mycobacteria, flavobacterium, Edwardsiella tarda, and certain streptococci. Despite the important economic losses that the pathogens cause to aquaculture worldwide, the commercialization of vaccines remains limited due to immunological pitfalls in aquatic species, large-scale vaccination issues, unregulated use of antibiotics and chemicals, gene-based vaccine regulations and commercial viability. If attempts are to be made to develop novel delivery methods, cost-effective procedures, and relaxations in DNA vaccine regulations, biotechnology-based vaccination could circumvent the emerging disease challenges in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Jose Priya
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671 316, India.
| | - Sudha Kappalli
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala 671 316, India.
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16
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Yu M, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Wang Q, Wang G, Elsadek M, Yao Q, Chen Y, Guo Z. The effect of adding Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LSG2-8 in diets on the growth, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance of Rhynchocypris lagowskii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:258-265. [PMID: 35580796 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LSG2-8 on the growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance of Rhynchocypris lagowskii. Fish were fed with the feed containing five levels such as 0, 1.0 × 106, 1.0 × 107, 1.0 × 108, and 1.0 × 109 CFU/g of the B. amyloliquefaciens LSG2-8 for 56 days. After 56 days of feeding, twenty four fish were randomly selected to test various growth, immune and antioxidant parameters. Ten fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila for 14 days; the mortality rate was recorded 14 days after infection. The results showed that B. amyloliquefaciens LSG2-8 could significantly increase the growth parameters of R. lagowskii's, such as final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency (p < 0.05). Further examination revealed the activity of antioxidant enzymes, Nrf-2 mRNA, and Keap-1 mRNA gene expression in the intestine and liver, and the serum immune index of R. lagowskii in the 1.0 × 108 CFU/g were all significantly higher compared to the other groups. Furthermore, fish fed a diet supplemented with B. amyloliquefaciens LSG2-8 had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) post-challenge mortality rate than the control fish. In summary, the research results showed that B. amyloliquefaciens LSG2-8 could improve the growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance of R. lagowskii and be used in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yurou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuju Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mahmound Elsadek
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Qi Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuke Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhixin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China; Tonghua Normal University, College of Life Science, Jilin, Tonghua, 134001, China.
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17
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Smyrli M, Anka IZ, Koutsoni O, Dotsika E, Kyriazis ID, Pavlidis M, Katharios P. Development of autogenous vaccines for farmed European seabass against Aeromonas veronii using zebrafish as a model for efficacy assessment. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:381-387. [PMID: 35318138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii bv. sobria is an emerging pathogen for the European seabass cultured in the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean) causing significant problems in the Greek and Turkish aquaculture industry since no licensed vaccine is currently available for the disease. A bivalent vaccine was developed based on two phenotypically distinct strains of the pathogen, PDB (motile, pigment-producing strain) and NS (non-motile, non-pigment-producing). The two strains comprising the bivalent vaccine were evaluated as monovalent products in zebrafish before the seabass trials. Challenges using the homologous or the heterologous strain showed that both vaccines were protective with RPS values ranging between 66 and 100% in zebrafish. The bivalent vaccine was then tested in European seabass following dip or intraperitoneal administration. Efficacy was evaluated separately against both strains comprising the bivalent vaccine. Dip vaccination applied to juvenile seabass of 2.5 g average weight provided protection following challenge tests 30 days post vaccination only in one of the two strains tested (strain PDB, RPS: 88%). This was also the case in the injection vaccination of adult seabass of 60 g average weight where the vaccine was effective only against the PDB strain (RPS: 63%). High antibody titers against both strains were found at 30 and 60 days after intraperitoneal vaccination in the adult seabass. The use of zebrafish as a model for vaccine development for aquaculture species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Smyrli
- University of Crete, Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion, 71500, Greece
| | - Ishrat Zahan Anka
- University of Crete, Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece; Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Olga Koutsoni
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Greece
| | - Eleni Dotsika
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Kyriazis
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Greece; University of Thessaly, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Greece
| | - Michail Pavlidis
- University of Crete, Department of Biology, Voutes University Campus, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Pantelis Katharios
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Former American Base of Gournes, Heraklion, 71500, Greece.
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18
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Effects of dietary Gracilaria persica on the intestinal microflora, thyroid hormones, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Persian sturgeon ( Acipenser persicus). ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Red seaweeds have several biomedical derivatives making them healthy additives for the aquaculture industry. Previously we reported enhanced growth performance, feed utilization, and immunity of Persian sturgeon treated with Gracilaria gracilis. Herein, we investigated the effects of G. gracilis on the intestinal microflora, thyroid hormones, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Persian sturgeon. Fish fed G. gracilis at 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg for eight weeks, then challenged with A. hydrophila for ten days. The results showed that the total bacterial count in the fish intestines had no meaningful differences among the groups of fish fed varying levels of G. persica (P˃0.05). Fish fed 10 g/kg of G. persica had a higher lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count than fish fed 0, 2.5, and 5 g/kg (P<0.05). Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) showed higher levels in fish treated with 2.5 and 5 g/kg of G. persica than the other groups (P<0.05). Besides, fish fed 2.5 g/kg G. persica had higher thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels than the other groups (P<0.05). At the end of the challenge test, the highest mortality was seen in the fish fed the G. persica free diet. In summary, Persian sturgeon treated G. gracilis had improved intestinal microflora, thyroid hormones, and resistance against A. hydrophila.
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19
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Shang N, Li P. Synergistic Inhibition of Plantaricin E/F and Lactic Acid Against Aeromonas hydrophila LPL-1 Reveals the Novel Potential of Class IIb Bacteriocin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:774184. [PMID: 35242114 PMCID: PMC8886044 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.774184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plantaricin E/F (PlnEF) is a pair of two-component class IIb bacteriocin produced by lactic acid bacteria. PlnEF commonly displays potent antimicrobial activity against certain Gram-positive organisms. In this study, we investigated the synergistic activity of PlnEF combined with lactic acid against Gram-negative food and aquaculture potential pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila LPL-1, which is naturally resistant to PlnEF. We applied SDS-PAGE, wavelength-scanning, laser confocal microscopy, flow cytometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and two-dimensional electrophoresis to investigate their synergistic inhibitory activities. The results showed that L-lactic acid drove the release of LPS from A. hydrophila, making it possible for PlnEF to contact the inner cell membrane of A. hydrophila. Besides, co-treatment of lactic acid and PlnEF caused severe morphological and intracellular changes of A. hydrophila, including blebs on the cell surface, abnormal cell elongation, inner membrane disruption, pore-forming through the outer and inner membrane, coagulation of the cytoplasm, and structural transformation of DNA. Protein profile analysis revealed that combined treatment of lactic acid and PlnEF inhibited the energy metabolism, protein synthesis, protein folding, and DNA replication in A. hydrophila. These findings proved that PlnEF combined with lactic acid was efficient against A. hydrophila and shed light on bacteriocin’s potential and a new inhibition mechanism against A. hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunlu Wei
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Nan Shang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pinglan Li
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Ridzuan MSM, Abdullah A, Ramly R, Mansor NN, Ramli N, Firdaus-Nawi M. Current status and advances of fish vaccines in Malaysia. Vet World 2022; 15:465-482. [PMID: 35400970 PMCID: PMC8980389 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.465-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish diseases have a significant negative influence on the Malaysian aquaculture industry. Since the 1980s, the sector has grown in size, which has resulted in a rise in the prevalence of infectious outbreaks affecting both freshwater and marine cultured fish species. Demand for commercially available fish vaccinations is predicted to increase as infectious disease outbreaks continue to occur. In Malaysia, aquaculture vaccine research and development (R&D) are still in its infancy, with most efforts concentrating on producing vaccines against bacterial infections, most notably streptococcosis, vibriosis, and motile Aeromonas septicemia. Despite several attempts, no homegrown vaccine has been effectively introduced into the manufacturing pipeline to date. At the moment, only three imported aquatic vaccines have received full permission, a far cry from the 314 and 60 vaccines licensed in the poultry and porcine industries, respectively. This review will describe recent findings regarding the development of aquaculture vaccines for certain fish species and diseases in Malaysia. In our opinion, R&D on fish vaccines is critical to the aquaculture industry's viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Syafiq Mohammad Ridzuan
- Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; National Fish Health Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Azila Abdullah
- National Fish Health Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rimatulhana Ramly
- National Fish Health Research Division, Fisheries Research Institute Batu Maung, Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 11960 Batu Maung, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Nazifah Mansor
- Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Norazsida Ramli
- Kulliyyah of Allied Health Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd. Firdaus-Nawi
- Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health, Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies, International Islamic University Malaysia, Cherok Paloh, 26060 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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21
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Kumar M, Gupta G, Varghese T, Srivastava PP, Gupta S. Preparation and characterization of glucose-conjugated super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (G-SPIONs) for removal of Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila from water. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:1768-1783. [PMID: 35038205 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present research was conducted to prepare efficient G-SPIONs by co-precipitation to remove Edwardsiella tarda and Aeromonas hydrophila from the aqueous solution. The synthesized G-SPIONs were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, DLS, FEG-TEM, FT-IR, XRD, and VSM analysis. The results showed that the synthesized G-SPIONs had super-paramagnetic properties (58.31 emu/g) and spherical shape (16 ± 3 nm). The antibacterial activity was assessed in sterilized distilled water at different G-SPIONs concentrations viz. 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 120, and 240 mg/L against E. tarda and A. hydrophila with various bacterial loads viz. 1 × 103 , 1 × 104 , 1 × 105 , 1 × 106 , and 1 × 107 CFU/ml at different time intervals 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. At a lower bacterial load of E. tarda and A. hydrophila 1 × 103 -1 × 104 CFU/ml, 100% bacterial load was removed by 15 min exposure with NPs concentration 6-48 mg/L and 1.5-6 mg/L, respectively. Cent percent bacterial removal was observed in both the bacterial species even at higher bacterial load (1 × 105 -1 × 107 CFU/ml) by increasing exposure time (15-60 min) and nanoparticle concentration as well (24-240 mg/L). At an initial bacterial load of E. tarda and A. hydrophila (1 × 103 -1 × 107 CFU/ml), the EC50 ranged between 0.01-6.51 mg/L and 0.02-3.84 mg/L, respectively, after 15-60 min exposure. Thus, it is concluded that the antibacterial effect of G-SPIONs depends on concentration and exposure time. Hence, G-SPIONs can be used as an antibacterial/biocidal agent to treat Edwardsiellosis and Aeromonosis disease in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Kumar
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Gyandeep Gupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Tincy Varghese
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Subodh Gupta
- Fish Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
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22
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Soveral LDF, de Almeida PA, Kreutz Y, Ribeiro VA, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Modulation of expression of proinflammatory genes and humoral immune response following immunization or infection with Aeromonas hydrophila in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.
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24
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Histopathology of head kidney tissues in challenged rohu, Labeo rohita Hamilton after vaccinating with Aeromonas hydrophila antigens. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Lu Z, Tang M, Zhang M, Li Y, Shi F, Zhan F, Zhao L, Li J, Lin L, Qin Z. Expression and functional analysis of the BCL2-Associated agonist of cell death (BAD) gene in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) during bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104160. [PMID: 34087289 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The BCL2-associated agonist of cell death protein is a key participant in apoptosis dependent on mitochondria and in disease progression that involves the regulation of cell death, such as tumorigenesis, diabetes, sepsis shock, and epilepsy. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the immune responses to teleost BAD bacterial infection and mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis remains unclear. In order to elucidate the mechanisms involved, in this study, a Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) BAD gene named GcBAD1 was firstly cloned and characterized. The results indicated that the ORF (open reading frame) of GcBAD1 was 438 bp in length, encoding a 145-amino acid putative protein of 16.66 kDa. This deduced amino acid sequence has a better identity than another teleost species according to a phylogenetic analysis, and contains a Bcl2-BAD-1 domain. In healthy grass carp fish, the mRNA transcripts of GcBAD1 were widely present in the studied tissues, which could be ranked as follows; spleen > brain > middle-kidney > head-kidney > liver > gills > intestines > heart and muscle. In addition, during infection by Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus, the mRNA transcription and protein levels expression of GcBAD1 in the head-kidney, spleen, and liver tissues of the fish were significantly up-regulated. Moreover, when the C. idellus kidney cell line (CIK) cells were incubated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the GcBAD1 expression transcripts were also significantly up-regulated. Additionally, overexpression of GcBAD1 in CIK cells was able to activate apoptosis-related genes, including those encoding p53, Cytochrome C (CytoC), caspase-3, and caspase-9. Besides, in the TUNEL assays, when pEGFP-BAD1 was over-expressed, the number of red signals associated with apoptosis were significantly increased in the CIK cells infected with LPS or LTA at 12 h. This study demonstrates that GcBAD1 has a significant role in the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of grass carp's innate immunity. Our findings provide new insight into the potential mechanisms of teleost antibacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Meizhen Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Menglan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fanbin Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering, Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai, University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
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26
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Huyben D, Chiasson M, Lumsden JS, Pham PH, Chowdhury MAK. Dietary Microencapsulated Blend of Organic Acids and Plant Essential Oils Affects Intestinal Morphology and Microbiome of Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Microorganisms 2021; 9:2063. [PMID: 34683384 PMCID: PMC8537560 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted on 500 juvenile rainbow trout (122 ± 4 g) fed either a control diet or a treatment diet containing 300 mg/kg of a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and essential oils to elucidate effects on intestinal morphology and microbiome. Proximal intestinal villi length was significantly increased in fish fed the treatment diet. Despite no differences in gut inflammation scores, edema, lamina propria inflammation and apoptosis were completely absent in the distal intestine of fish fed the treatment diet. Next-generation sequencing of the 16S rDNA showed no differences in alpha and beta diversity, and gut bacteria were mainly composed of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. On the genus level, LefSe analysis of indicator OTUs showed Bacteroides, Sporosarcina, Veillonella, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter were associated with the control diet whereas Streptococcus, Fusobacterium and Escherichia were associated with the treatment diet. Aeromonas hydrophila and Acinetobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens and several strains have been found to be resistant to antibiotics. The increase in villi length and reduction of specific pathogens indicates that feeding a microencapsulated blend of organic acids and essential oils improves gut health and may serve as a part of an effective strategy to reduce antibiotic use in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Huyben
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marcia Chiasson
- Ontario Aquaculture Research Centre, Office of Research, University of Guelph, Elora, ON N0B 1S0, Canada;
| | - John S. Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.S.L.); (P.H.P.)
| | - Phuc H. Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.S.L.); (P.H.P.)
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27
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Sughra F, Rahman MHU, Abbas F, Altaf I. Evaluation of three alum-precipitated Aeromonas hydrophila vaccines administered to Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Ctenopharyngodon idella: immunokinetics, immersion challenge and histopathology. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e249913. [PMID: 34550293 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.249913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a cause of infectious disease outbreaks in carp species cultured in South Asian countries including Pakistan. This bacterium has gained resistance to a wide range of antibiotics and robust preventive measures are necessary to control its spread. No prior use of fish vaccines has been reported in Pakistan. The present study aims to develop and evaluate inactivated vaccines against local strain of A. hydrophila in Pakistan with alum-precipitate as adjuvant. The immunogenic potential of vaccine was evaluated in two Indian major carps (Rohu: Labeo rohita, Mori: Cirrhinus mrigala) and a Chinese carp (Grass carp: Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish were vaccinated intraperitoneally followed by a challenge through immersion. Fish with an average age of 4-5 months were randomly distributed in three vaccinated groups with three vaccine concentrations of 108, 109 and 1010 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml and a control group. Fixed dose of 0.1ml was applied to each fish on 1st day and a booster dose at 15 days post-vaccination (DPV). Blood samples were collected on 14, 28, 35, 48 and 60 DPV to determine antibody titers in blood serum using compliment fixation test (CFT). Fish were challenged at 60 DPV with infectious A. hydrophila with 108 CFU/ml through immersion. Significantly higher levels of antibody titers were observed from 28 DPV in all vaccinated groups as compared to those in the control group. In challenge experiment the average RPS (relative percent survivability) was 71% for groups vaccinated with 109 and 1010 CFU/ml and 86% for 108 CFU/ml. Vaccine with 108 CFU/ml induced highest immune response followed by 109 and 1010 CFU/ml. The immune response of L. rohita and C. idella was better than that of C. mrigala. In general, normal histopathology was observed in different organs of vaccinated fish whereas minor deteriorative changes were found in fish vaccinated with higher concentrations of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sughra
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Hafeez-Ur Rahman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - F Abbas
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Altaf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Quality Operations Laboratory, Lahore, Pakistan
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28
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Li J, Ma S, Li Z, Yu W, Zhou P, Ye X, Islam MS, Zhang YA, Zhou Y, Li J. Construction and Characterization of an Aeromonas hydrophila Multi-Gene Deletion Strain and Evaluation of Its Potential as a Live-Attenuated Vaccine in Grass Carp. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050451. [PMID: 34063680 PMCID: PMC8147641 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is an important pathogen that causes motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in the aquaculture industry. Aerolysin, hemolysin, serine protease and enterotoxins are considered to be the major virulence factors of A. hydrophila. In this study, we constructed a five-gene (aerA, hly, ahp, alt and ast) deletion mutant strain (named Aeromonas hydrophila five-gene deletion strain, AHFGDS) to observe the biological characteristics and detect its potential as a live-attenuated vaccine candidate. AHFGDS displayed highly attenuated and showed increased susceptibility to fish blood and skin mucus killing, while the wild-type strain ZYAH72 was highly virulent. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), AHFGDS showed a 240-fold higher 50% lethal dose (LD50) than that of the wild-type strain. Immunization with AHFGDS by intracelomic injection or immersion routes both provided grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) significant protection against the challenge of the strain ZYAH72 or J-1 and protected the fish organs from serious injury. Further agglutinating antibody titer test supported that AHFGDS could elicit a host-adaptive immune response. These results suggested the potential of AHFGDS to serve as a live-attenuated vaccine to control A. hydrophila infection in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shilin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.L.); (M.S.I.); (J.L.)
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
| | - Xiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
| | - Md. Sharifull Islam
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.L.); (M.S.I.); (J.L.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430070, China
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.L.); (S.M.); (W.Y.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.-A.Z.)
- Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-87282113; Fax: +86-27-87282114
| | - Jinquan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Z.L.); (M.S.I.); (J.L.)
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29
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Chen Q, Zhang Z, Tang H, Zhou L, Ao S, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Gao X, Jiang Q, Tu C, Zhang X. Aeromonas hydrophila associated with red spot disease in Macrobrachium nipponense and host immune-related gene expression profiles. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 182:107584. [PMID: 33811849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In September 2018, a serious disease causing high mortality with red spot syndrome occurred in a Macrobrachium nipponense aquaculture farm in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province, China. In this study, a pathogenic isolate 5-S3 was isolated from diseased M. nipponense and was identified as Aeromonas hydrophila by phenotypically and molecularly. The pathogenicity of the isolate 5-S3 to M. nipponense was determined by challenge experiments. Results of artificial challenge showed A. hydrophila was pathogenic to M. nipponense, the LD50 was 9.58 × 104 CFU/mL, and histopathological analysis revealed that the hepatopancreas of infected M. nipponense exhibited obvious inflammatory responses to A. hydrophila infection. The isolate showed significant phenotypical activities such as the lecithinase, esterase, caseinase and hemolysin which are indicative of their virulence potential. Besides, virulence genes such as aerA, act, fla, ahpβ, alt, lip, eprCAI, hlyA, acg and gcaT were detected in the isolate 5-S3. Subsequently, the immune-related genes expression in M. nipponense were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the results showed that the expression levels of dorsal, relish, crustin1, crustin2, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors 1 (ALF1), anti-lipopolysaccharide factors 2 (ALF2), hemocyanin, i-lysozyme and prophenoloxidase were significantly up-regulated in hepatopancreas of M. nipponense after A. hydrophila infection, the stat, p38, crustin3, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors 3 (ALF3) genes had no significant change during the infection. The present results reveal that A. hydrophila was an etiological agent causing red spot syndrome and mass mortality of M. nipponense and the influence of A. hydrophila infection on host immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zirui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huanyu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Liying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shiqi Ao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinhai Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chuandeng Tu
- Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University, 5 Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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30
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Yadav SK, Dash P, Sahoo PK, Garg LC, Dixit A. Recombinant outer membrane protein OmpC induces protective immunity against Aeromonashydrophila infection in Labeorohita. Microb Pathog 2021; 150:104727. [PMID: 33429054 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonashydrophila is an opportunistic pathogen that causes enormous loss to aquaculture industry. The outer membrane proteins of Aeromonas help in bacterium-host interaction, and are considered to be potential vaccine candidates. In the present study, we evaluated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant OmpC (rOmpC) of A. hydrophila in Indian major carp, Labeorohita. The rOmpC-vaccinated fish produced specific anti-rOmpC antibodies with a significant antibody titer, and the antisera could specifically detect the rOmpC in the cell lysates of Escherichia coli expressing rOmpC and cross-react with different Aeromonas lysates, indicating the suitability of the anti-rOmpC antisera to detect Aeromonas infection. A significant increase was noted in ceruloplasmin level, myeloperoxidase and anti-protease activities in transient and temporal manner the sera of the rOmpC-immunized fish as compared to PBS-control fish. Higher agglutination- and hemolytic activity titers in the anti-rOmpC antisera indicate stimulation of innate immunity. Expression of immune-related genes comprising various acute phase proteins, cytokines and inflammatory response molecules were modulated in the head kidney of rOmpC-immunized L. rohita. While IgM, IL1β, and TLR-22 were significantly up-regulated at early time points (3 h-72 h), the others showed a transient augmentation at both early and later time points (SOD, lysozymes C and G, NKEF-B, C3, CXCa and TNF-α) in the rOmpC-immunized L. rohita in comparison to PBS-injected controls. These data suggest that the rOmpC-induced immune response is temporally regulated to confer immunity. In vivo challenge of the rOmpC-immunized fish with A. hydrophila showed significantly greater survival when compared to PBS-injected control fish. Thus, our results highlight the immunomodulatory role of rOmpC and demonstrate its protective efficacy in L. rohita, along with the use of anti-rOmpC antisera in detecting Aeromonas infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Kumari Yadav
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pujarini Dash
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar, 751002, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of feed-based bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infections in hybrid red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:226. [PMID: 32615969 PMCID: PMC7330267 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcosis and Motile Aeromonad Septicemia (MAS) are important diseases of tilapia, Oreochromis spp. and causes huge economic losses in aquaculture globally. The feed-based vaccination may be an alternative to minimize major infectious diseases in tilapia. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the haemato-immunological responses and effectiveness of a newly developed feed-based killed bivalent vaccine against Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila in hybrid red tilapia. A total of 495 hybrid red tilapia of 61.23 ± 4.95 g were distributed into 5 groups (each with triplicate). The fish were immunized orally through bivalent (combined S. iniae and A. hydrophila) spray vaccine (BS group), bivalent formulate vaccine (BF group), monovalent S. iniae vaccine (MS group), monovalent A. hydrophila vaccine (MA group) and unvaccinated as a control group. The vaccine was orally administered on days 0, 14 and 42 applied feed-based bacterin at 5% body weight. The blood and spleen samples were collected from all groups on 7, 21 and 49 days post-vaccination, and also 96 h post-infection to assess their haemato-immune responses. Results Compared with the unvaccinated group, leukocyte, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes counts in vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) increased on 21, 49 days post-vaccination and also 96 h post-infection, while erythrocytes, haemoglobin and haematocrit in vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced only 96 h post-infection. Additionally, the lysozyme and phagocytic activity and, serum antibody (IgM) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) against S. iniae and A. hydrophila in vaccinated groups compared to the unvaccinated group in the pre- and post-infection. Results from the challenge through co-infection with S. iniae and A. hydrophila showed the relative percent survival (RPS) in BF group was 76.67 ± 4.71%, which had the capacity to induce significant protection (P < 0.05) compared to others groups. Conclusions This study demonstrates the bivalent formulate (BF) group could elicit significant non-specific and specific immunological responses with higher protection in hybrid red tilapia. In addition, this newly developed feed-based bivalent vaccination can be a promising technique for effective and large scale fish immunization in the aquaculture industry.
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Zhang Z, Liu G, Ma R, Qi X, Wang G, Zhu B, Ling F. The immunoprotective effect of whole-cell lysed inactivated vaccine with SWCNT as a carrier against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in grass carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:336-343. [PMID: 31874296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a strong gram-negative bacterium that can cause a mass death of grass carp, and result in the huge economic loss. Development of practical vaccines is the best way to control the outbreak of this bacterial disease. In this study, a whole-cell inactivated vaccine was obtained via sonication, and then single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was used to link to the bacterial lysate (BL) for a novel vaccine (SWCNTs-BL). A total of 400 fish were vaccinated with BL and SWCNTs-BL via immersion (5, 10 mg L-1) or injection (5, 10 μg/fish) before challenge with live A. hydrophila at the 28 days post immunization (d.p.i.). The results showed that the antibody titer, enzymatic activity, expression of some immune-related genes (especially IgM and TNF-α) and RPS of fish in the injection groups were significantly increased compared to the control group after 28 d.p.i. For the immersion groups, immunological parameters were increased compared to the control group. Furthermore, the immuno-protective effects of SWCNTs-BL were better than BL. The above results indicated that BL of A. hydrophila can effectively induce specific immune response of grass carp, and BL linked with functionalized SWCNTs could enhance the protective effect of immersion immunization. Our results may provide a practical vaccine, with a simple production, to fight against bacterial diseases in aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gaoyang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Rui Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaozhou Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gaoxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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