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Yu W, Qiu R, Li M, Lei W. Effects of Wood Content and Modification on Properties of Wood Flour/Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Biocomposites. Molecules 2023; 28:8057. [PMID: 38138546 PMCID: PMC10746050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers have recently become attractive and have been increasingly used as matrix materials to replace fossil plastics due to concerns about the environmental issue. However, their application areas are limited due to their high costs and natural properties. In this study, we fabricated ecofriendly and economical polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) composites loaded with various concentrations of wood flour (WF) to investigate the effects on the PBAT and WF interfaces as well as the physical properties of the WF/PBAT biocomposites. Then, WF was acetylated with acetic anhydride, and the effect of WF acetylation on the mechanical and thermal properties of the biocomposites were investigated. The results showed that the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus increased with WF loading in the composites, and acetylation could not only further increase these properties, but also increase the impact strength and elongation at break. The incorporation of WF would weaken the thermal stability of PBAT, but the thermal stability of the biocomposite could be improved after WF acetylation. The cold crystallization temperature and hydrophobicity of the WF/PBAT samples would be increased with the increasing load of the WF, while the melting enthalpy and the crystallinity of the samples reduced gradually. A morphological analysis of the modified composites revealed that the matrix exhibited greater interfacial interactions with the WF compared to the WF/PBAT. Considering the much lower cost of WF compared to PBAT, the improved properties of WF/PBAT biocomposites will make it economically competitive with other commercial polymers, and these biocomposites should have much wider application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Qiu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengya Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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2
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Arman Alim AA, Baharum A, Mohammad Shirajuddin SS, Anuar FH. Blending of Low-Density Polyethylene and Poly(Butylene Succinate) (LDPE/PBS) with Polyethylene-Graft-Maleic Anhydride (PE-g-MA) as a Compatibilizer on the Phase Morphology, Mechanical and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020261. [PMID: 36679142 PMCID: PMC9860711 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of significant concern that the buildup of non-biodegradable plastic waste in the environment may result in long-term issues with the environment, the economy and waste management. In this study, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was compounded with different contents of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) at 10-50 wt.%, to evaluate the potential of replacing commercial plastics with a biodegradable renewable polymer, PBS for packaging applications. The morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of the LDPE/PBS blends were examined in relation to the effect of polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) as a compatibilizer. LDPE/PBS/PE-g-MA blends were fabricated via the melt blending method using an internal mixer and then were compression molded into test samples. The presence of LDPE, PBS and PE-g-MA individually in the matrix for each blend presented physical interaction between the constituents, as shown by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The morphology of LDPE/PBS/PE-g-MA blends showed improved compatibility and homogeneity between the LDPE matrix and PBS phase. Compatibilized LDPE/PBS blends showed an improvement in the tensile strength, with 5 phr of compatibilizer providing the optimal content. The thermal stability of LDPE/PBS blends decreased with higher PBS content and the thermal stability of compatibilized blends was higher in contrast to the uncompatibilized blends. Therefore, our research demonstrated that the partial substitution of LDPE with a biodegradable PBS and the incorporation of the PE-g-MA compatibilizer could develop an innovative blend with improved structural, mechanical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Aqila Arman Alim
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Baharum
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Polymer Research Center (PORCE), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Farah Hannan Anuar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Polymer Research Center (PORCE), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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3
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Moraczewski K, Karasiewicz T, Suwała A, Bolewski B, Szabliński K, Zaborowska M. Versatile Polypropylene Composite Containing Post-Printing Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245335. [PMID: 36559703 PMCID: PMC9784443 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the research on the possibility of using waste after the printing process as a filler for polymeric materials. Remains of the label backing were used, consisting mainly of cellulose with glue and polymer label residue. The properly prepared filler (washed, dried, pressed and cut) was added to the polypropylene in a volume ratio of 2:1; 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3 which corresponded to approximately 10, 5, 2.5 and 2 wt % filler. The selected processing properties (mass flow rate), mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, dynamic mechanical analysis) and thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry) were determined. The use of even the largest amount of filler did not cause disqualifying changes in the determined properties. The characteristics of the obtained materials allow them to be used in various applications while reducing costs due to the high content of cheap filler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-3419331
| | - Tomasz Karasiewicz
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Suwała
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bartosz Bolewski
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szabliński
- Faculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30 Str., 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Hasanin MS, Abd El-Aziz ME, El-Nagar I, Hassan YR, Youssef AM. Green enhancement of wood plastic composite based on agriculture wastes compatibility via fungal enzymes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19197. [PMID: 36357465 PMCID: PMC9649651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the production of natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs) to reduce environmental pollution with agricultural and plastic waste. Where the NFPCs were prepared from waste/pure polyethylene (WPE) (pure polyethylene (50%)/recycled polyethylene (50%)) and modified sunflower waste via an eco-friendly and economic biological process. The sunflower fibers (SF) were treated via whole selective fungal isolate, namely, Rhizopus oryzae (acc no. OM912662) using two different incubation conditions; submerged (Sub), and solid-state fermentation (SSF) to enhance the fibers' compatibility with WPE. The treated and untreated fibers were added to WPE with various concentrations (10 and 20 wt%). The morphology and structure of fibers were characterised by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). Furthermore, the mechanical properties, morphology, biodegradation and water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) for the prepared NFPCs were investigated. The results showed that compatibility, mechanical properties and biodegradation of NFPCs were improved by the addition of sunflower fibers treated by SSF conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Hasanin
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. Abd El-Aziz
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam El-Nagar
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Youssef R. Hassan
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Youssef
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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Tang X, Duan W, Yang M, Xu K, Zheng C. Construction and degradation mechanism of polylactic acid-pH-responsive microgel composite system plugging system. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2106996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, The People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmeng Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, The People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yang
- Budget management department of PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company, Xinjiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Cunchuan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, The People's Republic of China
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6
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Influence of microwave power and HDPE blend ratio on thermal and mechanical properties of kenaf reinforced PLLA/HDPE blended composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Elgharbawy AS, Ali RM. A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their properties. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09932. [PMID: 35859640 PMCID: PMC9293630 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefins are formed by the polymerization of olefin monomer units such as ethylene, styrene, and vinyl chloride. Polyolefins composites are a mixture of polyolefins with different types of other polymers, reinforcements, or fillers. Blending neat polyolefins with composites widens its uses in various applications that require high efficiency in the areas of environmental degradation, impact resistance, fire and chemical resistance, or strength. In this review, the effects of blending neat polyolefin with other types of polymers or wood fibers on the properties of neat polymers have been represented. Moreover, this review reveals the importance of a coupling agent or compatibilizer in the improvement of the polyolefin’s compatibility with the other added components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S Elgharbawy
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, 21526, Alexandria, Egypt.,The Egyptian Ethylene and Derivatives Company (ETHYDCO), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Ali
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
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8
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Popov AA. Biodegradable Polymer Compositions Based on Polyolefins. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Utilization of forest and plastic wastes for composite manufacturing using microwave-assisted compression molding for low load applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bari E, Sistani A, Morrell JJ, Pizzi A, Akbari MR, Ribera J. Current Strategies for the Production of Sustainable Biopolymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2878. [PMID: 34502919 PMCID: PMC8434032 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid global population growth has led to an exponential increase in the use of disposable materials with a short life span that accumulate in landfills. The use of non-biodegradable materials causes severe damage to the environment worldwide. Polymers derived from agricultural residues, wood, or other fiber crops are fully biodegradable, creating the potential to be part of a sustainable circular economy. Ideally, natural fibers, such as the extremely strong fibers from hemp, can be combined with matrix materials such as the core or hurd from hemp or kenaf to produce a completely renewable biomaterial. However, these materials cannot always meet all of the performance attributes required, necessitating the creation of blends of petroleum-based and renewable material-based composites. This article reviews composites made from natural and biodegradable polymers, as well as the challenges encountered in their production and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Bari
- Department of Wood Sciences and Engineering, Technical Faculty of No. 2, Mazandaran Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Sari 4816831168, Iran;
| | - Asghar Sistani
- Department of Wood Sciences and Engineering, Technical Faculty of No. 2, Mazandaran Branch, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Sari 4816831168, Iran;
| | - Jeffrey J. Morrell
- National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France;
| | - Mohammad Reza Akbari
- Department of Wood and Paper Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal AleAhmad, Nasr, Tehran P.O. Box 14115-111, Iran;
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Evaluation of the Impact of Organic Fillers on Selected Properties of Organosilicon Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071103. [PMID: 33808423 PMCID: PMC8036542 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco-friendly composites are proposed to substitute commonly available polymers. Currently, wood-plastic composites and natural fiber-reinforced composites are gaining growing recognition in the industry, being mostly on the thermoplastic matrix. However, little data are available about the possibility of producing biocomposites on a silicone matrix. This study focused on assessing selected organic fillers' impact (ground coffee waste (GCW), walnut shell (WS), brewers' spent grains (BSG), pistachio shell (PS), and chestnut (CH)) on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of silicone-based materials. Density, hardness, rebound resilience, and static tensile strength of the obtained composites were tested, as well as the effect of accelerated aging under artificial seawater conditions. The results revealed changes in the material's properties (minimal density changes, hardness variation, overall decreasing resilience, and decreased tensile strength properties). The aging test revealed certain bioactivities of the obtained composites. The degree of material degradation was assessed on the basis of the strength characteristics and visual observation. The investigation carried out indicated the impact of the filler's type, chemical composition, and grain size on the obtained materials' properties and shed light on the possibility of acquiring ecological silicone-based materials.
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Development and Characterization of Sustainable Composites from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate -co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Almond Shell Flour by Reactive Extrusion with Oligomers of Lactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051097. [PMID: 32403400 PMCID: PMC7285348 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco-efficient Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) have been obtained using poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate) (PHBH) as the polymer matrix, and almond shell flour (ASF), a by-product from the agro-food industry, as filler/reinforcement. These WPCs were prepared with different amounts of lignocellulosic fillers (wt %), namely 10, 20 and 30. The mechanical characterization of these WPCs showed an important increase in their stiffness with increasing the wt % ASF content. In addition, lower tensile strength and impact strength were obtained. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study revealed the lack of continuity and poor adhesion among the PHBH-ASF interface. Even with the only addition of 10 wt % ASF, these green composites become highly brittle. Nevertheless, for real applications, the WPC with 30 wt % ASF is the most attracting material since it contributes to lowering the overall cost of the WPC and can be manufactured by injection moulding, but its properties are really compromised due to the lack of compatibility between the hydrophobic PHBH matrix and the hydrophilic lignocellulosic filler. To minimize this phenomenon, 10 and 20 phr (weight parts of OLA-Oligomeric Lactic Acid per one hundred weight parts of PHBH) were added to PHBH/ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) suggested poor plasticization effect of OLA on PHBH-ASF composites. Nevertheless, the most important property OLA can provide to PHBH/ASF composites is somewhat compatibilization since some mechanical ductile properties are improved with OLA addition. The study by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), confirmed the increase of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) with increasing OLA content. The dynamic mechanical characterization (DTMA), revealed higher storage modulus, E’, with increasing ASF. Moreover, DTMA results confirmed poor plasticization of OLA on PHBH-ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites, but interesting compatibilization effects.
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