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Pang B, Dong G, Pang T, Sun X, Liu X, Nie Y, Chang X. Emerging insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for vascular endothelial injury-associated diseases: focus on mitochondrial dysfunction. Angiogenesis 2024:10.1007/s10456-024-09938-4. [PMID: 39060773 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
As a vital component of blood vessels, endothelial cells play a key role in maintaining overall physiological function by residing between circulating blood and semi-solid tissue. Various stress stimuli can induce endothelial injury, leading to the onset of corresponding diseases in the body. In recent years, the importance of mitochondria in vascular endothelial injury has become increasingly apparent. Mitochondria, as the primary site of cellular aerobic respiration and the organelle for "energy information transfer," can detect endothelial cell damage by integrating and receiving various external stress signals. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction often determine the evolution of endothelial cell injury towards necrosis or apoptosis. Therefore, mitochondria are closely associated with endothelial cell function, helping to determine the progression of clinical diseases. This article comprehensively reviews the interconnection and pathogenesis of mitochondrial-induced vascular endothelial cell injury in cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, pulmonary-related diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and microvascular diseases associated with diabetes. Corresponding therapeutic approaches are also provided. Additionally, strategies for using clinical drugs to treat vascular endothelial injury-based diseases are discussed, aiming to offer new insights and treatment options for the clinical diagnosis of related vascular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxian Pang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tieliang Pang
- Beijing Anding hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyao Sun
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Bioscience Department, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yifeng Nie
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 5 Beixiagge, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.
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2
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Galant LS, Doblado L, Radi R, de Bem AF, Monsalve M. Culture of Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells in Galactose Media Enhances Mitochondrial Plasticity and Changes Redox Sensing, Altering Nrf2 and FOXO3 Levels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:873. [PMID: 39061940 PMCID: PMC11274175 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex biological processes of cells in culture, particularly those related to metabolism, can be biased by culture conditions, since the choice of energy substrate impacts all of the main metabolic pathways. When glucose is replaced by galactose, cells decrease their glycolytic flux, working as an in vitro model of limited nutrient availability. However, the effect of these changes on related physiological processes such as redox control is not well documented, particularly in endothelial cells, where mitochondrial oxidation is considered to be low. We evaluated the differences in mitochondrial dynamics and function in endothelial cells exposed to galactose or glucose culture medium. We observed that cells maintained in galactose-containing medium show a higher mitochondrial oxidative capacity, a more fused mitochondrial network, and higher intercellular coupling. These factors are documented to impact the cellular response to oxidative stress. Therefore, we analyzed the levels of two main redox regulators and found that bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) in galactose media had higher levels of FOXO3 and lower levels of Nrf2 than those in glucose-containing media. Thus, cultures of endothelial cells in a galactose-containing medium may provide a more suitable target for the study of in vitro mitochondrial-related processes than those in glucose-containing media; the medium deeply influences redox signaling in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Selinger Galant
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040900, Brazil;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Laura Doblado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquimica y Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 2125, Uruguay;
| | - Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040900, Brazil;
- Department of Physiological Science, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910900, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Duranova H, Kuzelova L, Borotova P, Simora V, Fialkova V. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells as a Versatile Cellular Model System in Diverse Experimental Paradigms: An Ultrastructural Perspective. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:419-439. [PMID: 38817111 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are primary cells isolated from the vein of an umbilical cord, extensively used in cardiovascular studies and medical research. These cells, retaining the characteristics of endothelial cells in vivo, serve as a valuable cellular model system for understanding vascular biology, endothelial dysfunction, pathophysiology of diseases such as atherosclerosis, and responses to different drugs or treatments. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been a cornerstone in revealing the detailed architecture of multiple cellular model systems including HUVECs, allowing researchers to visualize subcellular organelles, membrane structures, and cytoskeletal elements. Among them, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus can be meticulously examined to recognize alterations indicative of cellular responses to various stimuli. Importantly, Weibel-Palade bodies are characteristic secretory organelles found in HUVECs, which can be easily distinguished in the TEM. These distinctive structures also dynamically react to different factors through regulated exocytosis, resulting in complete or selective release of their contents. This detailed review summarizes the ultrastructural features of HUVECs and highlights the utility of TEM as a pivotal tool for analyzing HUVECs in diverse research frameworks, contributing valuable insights into the comprehension of HUVEC behavior and enriching our knowledge into the complexity of vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Duranova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Kuzelova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Borotova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simora
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Fialkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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4
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Zhu JY, van de Leemput J, Han Z. Promoting mitochondrial dynamics by inhibiting the PINK1-PRKN pathway to relieve diabetic nephropathy. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050471. [PMID: 38602042 PMCID: PMC11095637 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and is a leading cause of kidney disease. Diabetic nephropathy has been attributed to dysfunctional mitochondria. However, many questions remain about the exact mechanism. The structure, function and molecular pathways are highly conserved between mammalian podocytes and Drosophila nephrocytes; therefore, we used flies on a high-sucrose diet to model type 2 diabetic nephropathy. The nephrocytes from flies on a high-sucrose diet showed a significant functional decline and decreased cell size, associated with a shortened lifespan. Structurally, the nephrocyte filtration structure, known as the slit diaphragm, was disorganized. At the cellular level, we found altered mitochondrial dynamics and dysfunctional mitochondria. Regulating mitochondrial dynamics by either genetic modification of the Pink1-Park (mammalian PINK1-PRKN) pathway or treatment with BGP-15, mitigated the mitochondrial defects and nephrocyte functional decline. These findings support a role for Pink1-Park-mediated mitophagy and associated control of mitochondrial dynamics in diabetic nephropathy, and demonstrate that targeting this pathway might provide therapeutic benefits for type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-yi Zhu
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joyce van de Leemput
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zhe Han
- Center for Precision Disease Modeling, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Liu Y, Huo JL, Ren K, Pan S, Liu H, Zheng Y, Chen J, Qiao Y, Yang Y, Feng Q. Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane (MAM): a dark horse for diabetic cardiomyopathy treatment. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:148. [PMID: 38509100 PMCID: PMC10954771 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), an important complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is one of the most serious chronic heart diseases and has become a major cause of heart failure worldwide. At present, the pathogenesis of DCM is unclear, and there is still a lack of effective therapeutics. Previous studies have shown that the homeostasis of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play a core role in maintaining cardiovascular function, and structural and functional abnormalities in these organelles seriously impact the occurrence and development of various cardiovascular diseases, including DCM. The interplay between mitochondria and the ER is mediated by the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), which participates in regulating energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, ER stress, inflammation, and other cellular processes. Recent studies have proven that MAM is closely related to the initiation and progression of DCM. In this study, we aim to summarize the recent research progress on MAM, elaborate on the key role of MAM in DCM, and discuss the potential of MAM as an important therapeutic target for DCM, thereby providing a theoretical reference for basic and clinical studies of DCM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ling Huo
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Kaidi Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaokang Pan
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hengdao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Zheng
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Jingfang Chen
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yingjin Qiao
- Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Clinical Systems Biology Research Laboratories, Translational Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Feng
- Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Henan Province Research Center for Kidney Disease, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, 450052, Zhengzhou, P. R. China.
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Haastrup MO, Vikramdeo KS, Anand S, Khan MA, Carter JE, Singh S, Singh AP, Dasgupta S. Mitochondrial Translocase TOMM22 Is Overexpressed in Pancreatic Cancer and Promotes Aggressive Growth by Modulating Mitochondrial Protein Import and Function. Mol Cancer Res 2024; 22:197-208. [PMID: 37878010 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has the worst prognosis among all cancers, underscoring the need for improved management strategies. Dysregulated mitochondrial function is a common feature in several malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. Although mitochondria have their own genome, most mitochondrial proteins are nuclear-encoded and imported by a multi-subunit translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOMM). TOMM22 is the central receptor of the TOMM complex and plays a role in complex assembly. Pathobiologic roles of TOMM subunits remain largely unexplored. Here we report that TOMM22 protein/mRNA is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and inversely correlated with disease outcomes. TOMM22 silencing decreased, while its forced overexpression promoted the growth and malignant potential of the pancreatic cancer cells. Increased import of several mitochondrial proteins, including those associated with mitochondrial respiration, was observed upon TOMM22 overexpression which was associated with increased RCI activity, NAD+/NADH ratio, oxygen consumption rate, membrane potential, and ATP production. Inhibition of RCI activity decreased ATP levels and suppressed pancreatic cancer cell growth and malignant behavior confirming that increased TOMM22 expression mediated the phenotypic changes via its modulation of mitochondrial protein import and functions. Altogether, these results suggest that TOMM22 overexpression plays a significant role in pancreatic cancer pathobiology by altering mitochondrial protein import and functions. IMPLICATIONS TOMM22 bears potential for early diagnostic/prognostic biomarker development and therapeutic targeting for better management of patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Oluwadamilola Haastrup
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Shashi Anand
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - James Elliot Carter
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Seema Singh
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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7
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Zhang X, Zhou H, Chang X. Involvement of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in diabetic endothelial dysfunction and cardiac microvascular injury. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3023-3035. [PMID: 37707623 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs), found in the innermost layer of blood vessels, are crucial for maintaining the structure and function of coronary microcirculation. Dysregulated coronary microcirculation poses a fundamental challenge in diabetes-related myocardial microvascular injury, impacting myocardial blood perfusion, thrombogenesis, and inflammation. Extensive research aims to understand the mechanistic connection and functional relationship between cardiac EC dysfunction and the development, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes-related myocardial microvascular injury. Despite the low mitochondrial content in ECs, mitochondria act as sensors of environmental and cellular stress, influencing EC viability, structure, and function. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy play a vital role in orchestrating mitochondrial responses to various stressors by regulating morphology, localization, and degradation. Impaired mitochondrial dynamics or reduced mitophagy is associated with EC dysfunction, serving as a potential molecular basis and promising therapeutic target for diabetes-related myocardial microvascular injury. This review introduces newly recognized mechanisms of damaged coronary microvasculature in diabetes-related microvascular injury and provides updated insights into the molecular aspects of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Additionally, novel targeted therapeutic approaches against diabetes-related microvascular injury or endothelial dysfunction, focusing on mitochondrial fission and mitophagy in endothelial cells, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Dermatology, Liaocheng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Sixth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 5 Beixiagge, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Scrimieri R, Locatelli L, Cazzaniga A, Cazzola R, Malucelli E, Sorrentino A, Iotti S, Maier JA. Ultrastructural features mirror metabolic derangement in human endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15133. [PMID: 37704683 PMCID: PMC10499809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction is the early event that initiates diabetes-induced vascular disease. Here we employed Cryo Soft X-ray Tomography to obtain three-dimensional maps of high D-glucose-treated endothelial cells and their controls at nanometric spatial resolution. We then correlated ultrastructural differences with metabolic rewiring. While the total mitochondrial mass does not change, high D-glucose promotes mitochondrial fragmentation, as confirmed by the modulation of fission-fusion markers, and dysfunction, as demonstrated by the drop of membrane potential, the decreased oxygen consumption and the increased production of reactive oxygen species. The 3D ultrastructural analysis also indicates the accumulation of lipid droplets in cells cultured in high D-glucose. Indeed, because of the decrease of fatty acid β-oxidation induced by high D-glucose concentration, triglycerides are esterified into fatty acids and then stored into lipid droplets. We propose that the increase of lipid droplets represents an adaptive mechanism to cope with the overload of glucose and associated oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Scrimieri
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laura Locatelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cazzaniga
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Cazzola
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Emil Malucelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Università di Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Mistral Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Iotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Università di Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale Delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeanette A Maier
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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Rodríguez AG, Rodríguez JZ, Barreto A, Sanabria-Barrera S, Iglesias J, Morales L. Impact of Acute High Glucose on Mitochondrial Function in a Model of Endothelial Cells: Role of PDGF-C. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054394. [PMID: 36901825 PMCID: PMC10003065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in plasma high glucose promotes endothelial dysfunction mainly through increasing mitochondrial ROS production. High glucose ROS-induced has been implicated in the fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, mainly by an unbalance expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins. Mitochondrial dynamics alterations affect cellular bioenergetics. Here, we assessed the effect of PDGF-C on mitochondrial dynamics and glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism in a model of endothelial dysfunction induced by high glucose. High glucose induced a fragmented mitochondrial phenotype associated with the reduced expression of OPA1 protein, high DRP1pSer616 levels and reduced basal respiration, maximal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ATP production, regarding normal glucose. In these conditions, PDGF-C significantly increased the expression of OPA1 fusion protein, diminished DRP1pSer616 levels and restored the mitochondrial network. On mitochondrial function, PDGF-C increased the non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption diminished by high glucose conditions. These results suggest that PDGF-C modulates the damage induced by HG on the mitochondrial network and morphology of human aortic endothelial cells; additionally, it compensates for the alteration in the energetic phenotype induced by HG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Grismaldo Rodríguez
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence: (A.G.R.); (L.M.); Tel.: +57-3114566976 (A.G.R.); +57-3132107272 (L.M.)
| | - Jairo Zamudio Rodríguez
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Alfonso Barreto
- Immunology and Cell Biology Group, Faculty of Sciences, Microbiology Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Sandra Sanabria-Barrera
- Bioengineering FCV Research Group, Department of Innovation and Technological Development, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca 680004, Colombia
| | - José Iglesias
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Ludis Morales
- Experimental and Computational Biochemistry Group, Faculty of Sciences, Nutrition and Biochemistry Department, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Correspondence: (A.G.R.); (L.M.); Tel.: +57-3114566976 (A.G.R.); +57-3132107272 (L.M.)
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10
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Ivnitsky JJ, Schäfer TV, Rejniuk VL, Golovko AI. Endogenous humoral determinants of vascular endothelial dysfunction as triggers of acute poisoning complications. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:47-65. [PMID: 35258106 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is not only the semipermeable membrane that separates tissue from blood but also an organ that regulates inflammation, vascular tone, blood clotting, angiogenesis and synthesis of connective tissue proteins. It is susceptible to the direct cytotoxic action of numerous xenobiotics and to the acute hypoxia that accompanies acute poisoning. This damage is superimposed on the preformed state of the vascular endothelium, which, in turn, depends on many humoral factors. The probability that an exogenous toxicant will cause life-threatening dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, thereby complicating the course of acute poisoning, increases with an increase in the content of endogenous substances in the blood that disrupt endothelial function. These include ammonia, bacterial endotoxin, indoxyl sulfate, para-cresyl sulfate, trimethylamine N-oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, glucose, homocysteine, low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins, free fatty acids and products of intravascular haemolysis. Some other endogenous substances (albumin, haptoglobin, haemopexin, biliverdin, bilirubin, tetrahydrobiopterin) or food-derived compounds (ascorbic acid, rutin, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc.) reduce the risk of lethal vascular endothelial dysfunction. The individual variability of the content of these substances in the blood contributes to the stochasticity of the complications of acute poisoning and is a promising target for the risk reduction measures. Another feasible option may be the repositioning of drugs that affect the function of the vascular endothelium while being currently used for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jury Ju Ivnitsky
- Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Timur V Schäfer
- State Scientific Research Test Institute of the Military Medicine of Defense Ministry of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir L Rejniuk
- Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandr I Golovko
- Golikov Research Clinical Center of Toxicology under the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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11
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Qu K, Yan F, Qin X, Zhang K, He W, Dong M, Wu G. Mitochondrial dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells and its role in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1084604. [PMID: 36605901 PMCID: PMC9807884 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1084604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria are essential organelles that generate large amounts of ATP via the electron transport chain (ECT). Mitochondrial dysfunction causes reactive oxygen species accumulation, energy stress, and cell death. Endothelial mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor causing abnormal function of the endothelium, which plays a central role during atherosclerosis development. Atherosclerosis-related risk factors, including high glucose levels, hypertension, ischemia, hypoxia, and diabetes, promote mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial cells. This review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological roles of endothelial mitochondria in endothelial function and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Qu
- Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China,College of Bioengineering Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Geriatric Diseases Institute of Chengdu, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Qin
- Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China,College of Bioengineering Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China,College of Bioengineering Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen He
- Department of Geriatrics, Clinical trial center, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingqing Dong
- Center for Medicine Research and Translation, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Mingqing Dong, ; Guicheng Wu,
| | - Guicheng Wu
- Clinical Research Center for Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Mingqing Dong, ; Guicheng Wu,
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12
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Huang Y, Chen X, Zhuang J, Yu K. The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Rödl S, den Brave F, Räschle M, Kizmaz B, Lenhard S, Groh C, Becker H, Zimmermann J, Morgan B, Richling E, Becker T, Herrmann JM. The metabolite-controlled ubiquitin conjugase Ubc8 promotes mitochondrial protein import. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 6:6/1/e202201526. [PMID: 36253107 PMCID: PMC9579816 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a key role in cellular energy metabolism. Transitions between glycolytic and respiratory conditions induce considerable adaptations of the cellular proteome. These metabolism-dependent changes are particularly pronounced for the protein composition of mitochondria. Here, we show that the yeast cytosolic ubiquitin conjugase Ubc8 plays a crucial role in the remodeling process when cells transition from respiratory to fermentative conditions. Ubc8 is a conserved and well-studied component of the catabolite control system that is known to regulate the stability of gluconeogenic enzymes. Unexpectedly, we found that Ubc8 also promotes the assembly of the translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria (TOM) and increases the levels of its cytosol-exposed receptor subunit Tom22. Ubc8 deficiency results in compromised protein import into mitochondria and reduced steady-state levels of mitochondrial proteins. Our observations show that Ubc8, which is controlled by the prevailing metabolic conditions, promotes the switch from glucose synthesis to glucose usage in the cytosol and induces the biogenesis of the mitochondrial TOM machinery to improve mitochondrial protein import during phases of metabolic transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Rödl
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Fabian den Brave
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Räschle
- Molecular Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Büsra Kizmaz
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Svenja Lenhard
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Carina Groh
- Cell Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Hanna Becker
- Food Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jannik Zimmermann
- Biochemistry, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- Biochemistry, Center for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Food Chemistry, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Chen C, Zhang B, Xue J, Li Z, Dou S, Chen H, Wang Q, Qu M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wan L, Zhou Q, Xie L. Pathogenic Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diabetic Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:4. [PMID: 35238867 PMCID: PMC8899864 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Progressive corneal edema and endothelial cell loss represent the major corneal complications observed in diabetic patients after intraocular surgery. However, the underlying pathogenesis and potential treatment remain incompletely understood. Methods We used streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice and db/db type 2 diabetic mice as diabetic animal models. These mice were treated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress agonist thapsigargin; 60-mmHg intraocular pressure (IOP) with the ER stress antagonist 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA); mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1; or reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Corneal thickness and endothelial cell density were measured before and after treatment. Human corneal endothelial cells were treated with high glucose with or without 4-PBA. The expression of corneal endothelial- and ER stress–related genes was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were measured with an Agilent Seahorse XFp Analyzer. Results In diabetic mice, the appearance of ER stress preceded morphological changes in the corneal endothelium. The persistent ER stress directly caused corneal edema and endothelial cell loss in normal mice. Pharmacological inhibition of ER stress was sufficient to mitigate corneal edema and endothelial cell loss in both diabetic mice after high IOP treatment. Mechanistically, inhibiting ER stress ameliorated the hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial bioenergetic deficits and improved the barrier and pump functional recovery of the corneal endothelium. When compared with NAC, 4-PBA and SkQ1 exhibited better improvement of corneal edema and endothelial cell loss in diabetic mice. Conclusions Hyperglycemia-induced ER stress contributes to the dysfunction of diabetic corneal endothelium, and inhibiting ER stress may offer therapeutic potential by improving mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Medical College of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junfa Xue
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongyi Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shengqian Dou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingli Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Luqin Wan
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
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15
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Li B, Shi Y, Liu M, Wu F, Hu X, Yu F, Wang C, Ye L. Attenuates of NAD + impair BMSC osteogenesis and fracture repair through OXPHOS. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:77. [PMID: 35193674 PMCID: PMC8864833 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controlling the adipo-osteogenic lineage commitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) in favor of osteogenesis is considered a promising approach for bone regeneration and repair. Accumulating evidence indicates that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is involved in regulating cell fate decisions. As an essential cofactor for OXPHOS, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) has been shown to correlate with the differentiation of stem cells. However, whether NAD manipulates BMSC lineage commitment through OXPHOS remains elusive. Therefore, it is critical to investigate the potential role of NAD on energy metabolism in mediating BMSC lineage commitment. METHODS In this study, the mitochondrial respiration and intracellular NAD+ level were firstly compared between osteogenic and adipogenic cells. For validating the role of NAD in mitochondrial OXPHOS, the inhibitor of NAD+ salvage pathway FK866 and activator P7C3 were used to manipulate the NAD+ level during osteogenesis. Furthermore, a murine femur fracture model was established to evaluate the effect of FK866 on bone fracture repair. RESULTS We elucidated that osteogenic committed BMSCs exhibited increased OXPHOS activity and a decreased glycolysis accompanied by an elevated intracellular NAD+ level. In contrast, adipogenic committed BMSCs showed little change in OXPHOS but an upregulated activity in glycolysis and a decline in intracellular NAD+ level in vitro. Moreover, attenuates of NAD+ via salvage pathway in BMSCs diminished osteogenic commitment due to mitochondria dysfunction and reduced activity of OXPHOS. The cells were rescued by supplementing with nicotinamide mononucleotide. In addition, treatment with NAD+ inhibitor FK866 impaired bone fracture healing in vivo. CONCLUSION Our data reveals NAD+-mediated mitochondrial OXPHOS is indispensable for osteogenic commitment in BMSCs and bone repair, which might provide a potential therapeutic target for bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boer Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanzi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuchen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Yang L, Cao J, Wei J, Deng J, Hou X, Hao E, Du Z, Zou L, Li P. Antiproliferative activity of berberine in HepG2 cells via inducing apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. Food Funct 2021; 12:12115-12126. [PMID: 34787617 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic targets of berberine for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its detailed mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, an integration of network pharmacology, proteomic, bioinformatic and in vitro biochemical approach was proposed to reveal therapeutic targets and pathways underlying the antiproliferative activity of berberine against HepG2 cells. Results indicated that berberine caused the cytotoxicity and inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells with IC50 values ranging from 92 μM to 118 μM. Network pharmacology analysis revealed that targeting apoptosis and cell cycle pathways by berberine contributed to its antitumor efficacy against HCC. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that mitochondria-related apoptosis pathways were involved in the cytotoxic action of berberine, as evidenced by the expression of mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated proteins. Moreover, a total of 160 significantly altered proteins were screened, among which AKAP12 presented significantly increased levels under berberine treatment. Bioinformatic analysis of various public datasets showed that expression of AKAP12 in HCC liver tissues was downregulated, emphasizing its role as a tumor suppressor. Immunoblotting validated the increased levels of AKAP12, while co-immunoprecipitation identified its interaction with Cyclin D1. These data, together with flow cytometry analysis, suggested that AKAP12 mediated cell cycle arrest, thereby suppressing cell proliferation. Altogether, the antiproliferative action of berberine in HepG2 cells involves both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Regulating AKAP12 signalling by berberine might provide a promising strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Jiliang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Jinchao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Jiagang Deng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Xiaotao Hou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Erwei Hao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Zhengcai Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Research on Functional Ingredients from Agricultural Residues, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Efficacy Study on Chinese Materia Medica, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
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17
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Yudhani RD, Nugrahaningsih DAA, Sholikhah EN, Mustofa M. The Molecular Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic Properties and Safety Profiles of Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds Extract: A Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is known as the root cause of type 2 diabetes; hence, it is a substantial therapeutic target. Nowadays, studies have shifted the focus to natural ingredients that have been utilized as a traditional diabetes treatment, including Swietenia macrophylla. Accumulating evidence supports the hypoglycemic activities of S. macrophylla seeds extract, although its molecular mechanisms have yet to be well-established.
AIM: This review focuses on the hypoglycemic molecular mechanisms of S. macrophylla seeds extract and its safety profiles.
METHODS: An extensive search of the latest literature was conducted from four main databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) using several keywords: “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and diabetes;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and oxidative stress;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and inflammation;” “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and GLUT4;” and “swietenia macrophylla, seeds, and toxicities.”
RESULTS: The hypoglycemic activities occur through modulating several pathways associated with IR and T2D pathogenesis. The seeds extract of S. macrophylla modulates oxidative stress by decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances while increasing antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). Another propose mechanism is the modulating of the inflammatory pathway by attenuating nuclear factor kappa β, tumor necrosis factor α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2. Some studies have shown that the extract can also control phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/ Akt (PI3K/Akt) pathway by inducing glucose transporter 4, while suppressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Moreover, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity studies supported the safety profile of S. macrophylla seeds extract with the LD50 higher than 2000 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION: The potential of S. macrophylla seeds as antidiabetic candidate is supported by many studies that have documented their non-toxic and hypoglycemic effects, which involve several molecular pathways.
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18
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Bam S, Buchanan E, Mahony C, O'Ryan C. DNA Methylation of PGC-1α Is Associated With Elevated mtDNA Copy Number and Altered Urinary Metabolites in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696428. [PMID: 34381777 PMCID: PMC8352569 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex disorder that is underpinned by numerous dysregulated biological pathways, including pathways that affect mitochondrial function. Epigenetic mechanisms contribute to this dysregulation and DNA methylation is an important factor in the etiology of ASD. We measured DNA methylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), as well as five genes involved in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis to examine mitochondrial dysfunction in an ASD cohort of South African children. Using targeted Next Generation bisulfite sequencing, we found differential methylation (p < 0.05) at six key genes converging on mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and fusion in ASD, namely PGC-1α, STOML2, MFN2, FIS1, OPA1, and GABPA. PGC-1α, the transcriptional regulator of biogenesis, was significantly hypermethylated at eight CpG sites in the gene promoter, one of which contained a putative binding site for CAMP response binding element 1 (CREB1) (p = 1 × 10–6). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, a marker of mitochondrial function, was elevated (p = 0.002) in ASD compared to controls and correlated significantly with DNA methylation at the PGC-1α promoter and there was a positive correlation between methylation at PGC-1α CpG#1 and mtDNA copy number (Spearman’s r = 0.2, n = 49, p = 0.04) in ASD. Furthermore, DNA methylation at PGC-1α CpG#1 and mtDNA copy number correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with levels of urinary organic acids associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroendocrinology. Our data show differential methylation in ASD at six key genes converging on PGC-1α-dependent regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. We demonstrate that methylation at the PGC-1α promoter is associated with elevated mtDNA copy number and metabolomic evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD. This highlights an unexplored role for DNA methylation in regulating specific pathways involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, fission and fusion contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Bam
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erin Buchanan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caitlyn Mahony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Colleen O'Ryan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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19
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Pitt AS, Buchanan SK. A Biochemical and Structural Understanding of TOM Complex Interactions and Implications for Human Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051164. [PMID: 34064787 PMCID: PMC8150904 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role mitochondria play in cellular homeostasis has made its study critical to our understanding of various aspects of human health and disease. Mitochondria rely on the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex for the bulk of mitochondrial protein import. In addition to its role as the major entry point for mitochondrial proteins, the TOM complex serves as an entry pathway for viral proteins. TOM complex subunits also participate in a host of interactions that have been studied extensively for their function in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, innate immunity, cancer, metabolism, mitophagy and autophagy. Recent advances in our structural understanding of the TOM complex and the protein import machinery of the outer mitochondrial membrane have made structure-based therapeutics targeting outer mitochondrial membrane proteins during mitochondrial dysfunction an exciting prospect. Here, we describe advances in understanding the TOM complex, the interactome of the TOM complex subunits, the implications for the development of therapeutics, and our understanding of the structure/function relationship between components of the TOM complex and mitochondrial homeostasis.
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20
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Markin AM, Khotina VA, Zabudskaya XG, Bogatyreva AI, Starodubova AV, Ivanova E, Nikiforov NG, Orekhov AN. Disturbance of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitochondrial Therapies in Atherosclerosis. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020165. [PMID: 33672784 PMCID: PMC7924632 DOI: 10.3390/life11020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a wide range of chronic human disorders, including atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo constant turnover in living cells. Through the processes of mitochondrial fission and fusion, a functional population of mitochondria is maintained, that responds to the energy needs of the cell. Damaged or excessive mitochondria are degraded by mitophagy, a specialized type of autophagy. These processes are orchestrated by a number of proteins and genes, and are tightly regulated. When one or several of these processes are affected, it can lead to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, deficient energy production, increased oxidative stress and cell death—features that are described in many human disorders. While severe mitochondrial dysfunction is known to cause specific and mitochondrial disorders in humans, progressing damage of the mitochondria is also observed in a wide range of other chronic diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis, and appears to play an important role in disease development. Therefore, correction of mitochondrial dynamics can help in developing new therapies for the treatment of these conditions. In this review, we summarize the recent knowledge on the processes of mitochondrial turnover and the proteins and genes involved in it. We provide a list of known mutations that affect mitochondrial function, and discuss the emerging therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Markin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.I.B.); (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Viktoria A. Khotina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.I.B.); (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8, Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Xenia G. Zabudskaya
- FSBI National Medical Research Center of Oncology named after N.N. Blokhin of the Ministry of Health of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia I. Bogatyreva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.I.B.); (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
| | - Antonina V. Starodubova
- Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Ustinsky Passage, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Ivanova
- Department of Basic Research, Institute of Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +7-(495)4159594
| | - Nikita G. Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.I.B.); (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Gene Biology, Centre of collective usage, 119344 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.M.); (V.A.K.); (A.I.B.); (N.G.N.); (A.N.O.)
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8, Baltiyskaya St., 125315 Moscow, Russia
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Chang X, Zhao Z, Zhang W, Liu D, Ma C, Zhang T, Meng Q, Yan P, Zou L, Zhang M. Natural Antioxidants Improve the Vulnerability of Cardiomyocytes and Vascular Endothelial Cells under Stress Conditions: A Focus on Mitochondrial Quality Control. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6620677. [PMID: 33552385 PMCID: PMC7847351 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6620677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has become one of the main causes of human death. In addition, many cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by a series of irreversible damages that lead to organ and vascular complications. In recent years, the potential therapeutic strategy of natural antioxidants in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through mitochondrial quality control has received extensive attention. Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells, including myocardial and vascular endothelial cells. Mitochondrial quality control processes ensure normal activities of mitochondria and cells by maintaining stable mitochondrial quantity and quality, thus protecting myocardial and endothelial cells against stress. Various stresses can affect mitochondrial morphology and function. Natural antioxidants extracted from plants and natural medicines are becoming increasingly common in the clinical treatment of diseases, especially in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Natural antioxidants can effectively protect myocardial and endothelial cells from stress-induced injury by regulating mitochondrial quality control, and their safety and effectiveness have been preliminarily verified. This review summarises the damage mechanisms of various stresses in cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells and the mechanisms of natural antioxidants in improving the vulnerability of these cell types to stress by regulating mitochondrial quality control. This review is aimed at paving the way for novel treatments for cardiovascular diseases and the development of natural antioxidant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Dong Liu
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of the History of Chinese Medicine and Medical Literature, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qingyan Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Peizheng Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Longqiong Zou
- Chongqing Sanxia Yunhai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, China
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Liu M, Li X, Huang D. Mfn2 Overexpression Attenuates Cardio-Cerebrovascular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Mitochondrial Fusion and Activation of the AMPK/Sirt3 Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598078. [PMID: 33195281 PMCID: PMC7644524 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are potential targets for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the role of the mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) protein in regulating mitochondrial fusion and cell survival has not been investigated. In the present study, an adenovirus-mediated Mfn2 overexpression assay was performed to understand the effects of Mfn2 on mitochondrial function and cell damage during cardio-cerebrovascular I/R injury. After exposure to I/R injury in vitro, the transcription and expression of Mfn2 were significantly downregulated, which correlated with decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. By contrast, overexpression of Mfn2 significantly repressed I/R-mediated cell death through modulation of glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. Furthermore, Mfn2 overexpression improved mitochondrial fusion in cells, an effect that was followed by increased mitochondrial membrane potential, improved mitophagy, and inhibition of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Our data also demonstrated that Mfn2 overexpression was associated with activation of the AMPK/Sirt3 signaling pathway. Inhibition of the AMPK/Sirt3 pathway abolished the protective effects of Mfn2 on I/R-induced cell injury arising from mitochondrial damage. Our results indicate that Mfn2 protects against cardio-cerebrovascular I/R injury by augmenting mitochondrial fusion and activating the AMPK/Sirt3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Oduro PK, Fang J, Niu L, Li Y, Li L, Zhao X, Wang Q. Pharmacological management of vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes: TCM and western medicine compared based on biomarkers and biochemical parameters. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104893. [PMID: 32434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, a worldwide health concern while burdening significant populace of countries with time due to a hefty increase in both incidence and prevalence rates. Hyperglycemia has been buttressed both in clinical and experimental studies to modulate widespread molecular actions that effect macro and microvascular dysfunctions. Endothelial dysfunction, activation, inflammation, and endothelial barrier leakage are key factors contributing to vascular complications in diabetes, plus the development of diabetes-induced cardiovascular diseases. The recent increase in molecular, transcriptional, and clinical studies has brought a new scope to the understanding of molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets for endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. In this review, an attempt made to discuss up to date critical and emerging molecular signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and viable pharmacological management targets. Importantly, we exploit some Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM)/TCM isolated bioactive compounds modulating effects on endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Finally, clinical studies data on biomarkers and biochemical parameters involved in the assessment of the efficacy of treatment in vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetes was compared between clinically used western hypoglycemic drugs and TCM formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kwabena Oduro
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Jingmei Fang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lu Niu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Qilong Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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