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Xie K, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu H, Zhang T, Wang W. Artemisinin and its derivatives as promising therapies for autoimmune diseases. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27972. [PMID: 38596057 PMCID: PMC11001780 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin, a traditional Chinese medicine with remarkable antimalarial activity. In recent years, studies demonstrated that artemisinin and its derivatives (ARTs) showed anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. ARTs have been developed and gradually applied to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. However, their role in the treament of patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in particular is less well recognized. This review will briefly describe the history of ARTs use in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the theorized mechanisms of action of the agents ARTs, their efficacy in patients with autoinmmune and inflammatory diseases. Overall, ARTs have numerous beneficial effects in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and have a good safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Xie
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/ AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/ AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/ AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/ AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/ AIDS Research, Beijing, 100069, China
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Wu W, Zhang J, Qiao Y, Ren L, Chen Z, Fu Y, Yang Z. Association of long-term benzodiazepine hypnotic use and prediabetes in US population: A cross-sectional analysis of national health and nutrition examination survey data. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35705. [PMID: 37960777 PMCID: PMC10637564 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepine hypnotics' effects on glucose metabolism are seldom reported, and the association between long-term (≥4 weeks) benzodiazepine usage and prediabetes has not been studied. This study was aimed to investigate the association between benzodiazepine hypnotic usage for ≥ 3 months and the prevalence of prediabetes. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) during 2005 to 2008, selecting adult participants without diabetes who used benzodiazepine hypnotics for at least 3 months or did not take any hypnotics. Individuals taking other hypnotics, antipsychotics, glucocorticoids, or hypoglycemic drugs were excluded. We defined prediabetes as an hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) 5.7-6.4%, as suggested by the American Diabetes Association. Prescribed drug information was self-reported and checked by official interviewers, and HbA1C data in NHANES was recognized by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program. We calculated the propensity score according to the covariates and adjusted it using multivariate logistic regression. Lower thresholds of HbA1C ≥ 5.5% or ≥ 5.3% were also analyzed. Among 4694 eligible participants, 38 received benzodiazepine hypnotics; using these hypnotics for ≥ 3 months was not significantly associated with the prevalence of prediabetes, as well as HbA1C ≥ 5.5% or ≥ 5.3%. Adjusted for propensity score, the respective odds ratios for prediabetes, HbA1C ≥ 5.5%, and HbA1C ≥ 5.3% were 1.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-6.32), 0.83 (95% CI 0.22-3.13), and 1.22 (95% CI 0.3-4.93). No significant association was found between benzodiazepine hypnotic usage ≥ 3 months and the prevalence of prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Wu
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Junning Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yizhuo Qiao
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lijiang Ren
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhixu Yang
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Ren L, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Ge B, Yang H, Du G, Tang B, Wang H, Wang J. GABAergic signaling as a potential therapeutic target in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114410. [PMID: 36812710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. Synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA could specifically bind with two GABA receptors to transmit inhibition signal stimuli into cells: GABAA receptor and GABAB receptor. In recent years, emerging studies revealed that GABAergic signaling not only participated in traditional neurotransmission but was involved in tumorigenesis as well as regulating tumor immunity. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge of the GABAergic signaling pathway in tumor proliferation, metastasis, progression, stemness, and tumor microenvironment as well as the underlying molecular mechanism. We also discussed the therapeutical advances in targeting GABA receptors to provide the theoretical basis for pharmacological intervention of GABAergic signaling in cancer treatment especially immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liwen Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Binbin Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Tokuda K, Ikemoto T, Yamashita S, Miyazaki K, Okikawa S, Yamada S, Saito Y, Morine Y, Shimada M. Syngeneically transplanted insulin producing cells differentiated from adipose derived stem cells undergo delayed damage by autoimmune responses in NOD mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5852. [PMID: 35393479 PMCID: PMC8991208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-producing cells (IPCs) generated by our established protocol have reached the non-clinical ‘proof of concept’ stage. Our strategy for their clinical application is the autotransplantation of IPCs into patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In this context, the autoimmunity that characterized T1DM is important, rather than allorejection. We aimed to determine how these IPCs respond to T1DM autoimmunity. IPCs were generated from the subcutaneous fat tissue of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice using our protocol. IPCs derived from NOD mice were transplanted under the kidney capsules of NOD mice at the onset of diabetes and the subsequent changes in blood glucose concentration were characterized. Blood glucose decreased within 30 days of transplantation, but increased again after 40–60 days in three of four recipient NOD mice. In tissue samples, the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher 60 days after transplantation than 30 days after transplantation. In conclusion, IPCs significantly ameliorate the diabetes of mice in the short term, but are damaged by autoimmunity in the longer term, as evidenced by local T cells accumulation. This study provides new insights into potential stem cell therapies for T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Tokuda
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Katsuki Miyazaki
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shohei Okikawa
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuji Morine
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Shcheglova E, Blaszczyk K, Borowiak M. Mitogen Synergy: An Emerging Route to Boosting Human Beta Cell Proliferation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:734597. [PMID: 35155441 PMCID: PMC8829426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.734597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased number and function of beta cells are a key aspect of diabetes mellitus (diabetes), a disease that remains an onerous global health problem. Means of restoring beta cell mass are urgently being sought as a potential cure for diabetes. Several strategies, such as de novo beta cell derivation via pluripotent stem cell differentiation or mature somatic cell transdifferentiation, have yielded promising results. Beta cell expansion is another promising strategy, rendered challenging by the very low proliferative capacity of beta cells. Many effective mitogens have been identified in rodents, but the vast majority do not have similar mitogenic effects in human beta cells. Extensive research has led to the identification of several human beta cell mitogens, but their efficacy and specificity remain insufficient. An approach based on the simultaneous application of several mitogens has recently emerged and can yield human beta cell proliferation rates of up to 8%. Here, we discuss recent advances in restoration of the beta cell population, focusing on mitogen synergy, and the contribution of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to accelerating the elucidation of signaling pathways in proliferating beta cells and the discovery of novel mitogens. Together, these approaches have taken beta cell research up a level, bringing us closer to a cure for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shcheglova
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Blaszczyk
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Malgorzata Borowiak, ;
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Oh H, Newton D, Lewis D, Sibille E. Lower Levels of GABAergic Function Markers in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons in the sgACC of Human Subjects With Depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:827972. [PMID: 35280164 PMCID: PMC8913899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.827972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A previous transcriptome meta-analysis revealed significantly lower levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in corticolimbic brain regions in major depressive disorder (MDD) subjects, suggesting that cortical CRH-expressing (CRH+) cells are affected in MDD. Rodent studies show that cortical CRH is mostly expressed in GABAergic interneurons; however, the characteristic features of CRH+ cells in human brain cortex and their association with MDD are largely unknown. METHODS Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) of human subjects without brain disorders were labeled using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for CRH and markers of excitatory (SLC17A7), inhibitory (GAD1) neurons, as well as markers of other interneuron subpopulations (PVALB, SST, VIP). MDD-associated changes in CRH+ cell density and cellular CRH expression (n = 6/group) were analyzed. RNA-sequencing was performed on sgACC CRH+ interneurons from comparison and MDD subjects (n = 6/group), and analyzed for group differences. The effect of reduced BDNF on CRH expression was tested in mice with blocked TrkB function. RESULTS About 80% of CRH+ cells were GABAergic and 17.5% were glutamatergic. CRH+ GABAergic interneurons co-expressed VIP (52%), SST (7%), or PVALB (7%). MDD subjects displayed lower CRH mRNA levels in GABAergic interneurons relative to comparison subjects without changes in cell density. CRH+ interneurons show transcriptomic profile suggesting lower excitability and less GABA release and reuptake. Further analyses suggested that these molecular changes are not mediated by altered glucocorticoid feedback and potentially occur downstream for a common modulator of neurotrophic function. SUMMARY CRH+ cells in human sgACC are a heterogeneous population of GABAergic interneurons, although largely co-expressing VIP. Our data suggest that MDD is associated with reduced markers of inhibitory function in sgACC CRH+ interneurons, and provide further evidence for impaired GABAergic function in the cortex in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Oh
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dwight Newton
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bavo F, de-Jong H, Petersen J, Falk-Petersen CB, Löffler R, Sparrow E, Rostrup F, Eliasen JN, Wilhelmsen KS, Barslund K, Bundgaard C, Nielsen B, Kristiansen U, Wellendorph P, Bogdanov Y, Frølund B. Structure-Activity Studies of 3,9-Diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-Based γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Antagonists with Immunomodulatory Effect. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17795-17812. [PMID: 34908407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane-based compounds 2027 and 018 have previously been reported to be potent competitive γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) antagonists showing low cellular membrane permeability. Given the emerging peripheral application of GABAAR ligands, we hypothesize 2027 analogs as promising lead structures for peripheral GABAAR inhibition. We herein report a study on the structural determinants of 2027 in order to suggest a potential binding mode as a basis for rational design. The study identified the importance of the spirocyclic benzamide, compensating for the conventional acidic moiety, for GABAAR ligands. The structurally simplified m-methylphenyl analog 1e displayed binding affinity in the high-nanomolar range (Ki = 180 nM) and was superior to 2027 and 018 regarding selectivity for the extrasynaptic α4βδ subtype versus the α1- and α2- containing subtypes. Importantly, 1e was shown to efficiently rescue inhibition of T cell proliferation, providing a platform to explore the immunomodulatory potential for this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bavo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heleen de-Jong
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Birkedahl Falk-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebekka Löffler
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma Sparrow
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Rostrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jannik Nicklas Eliasen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine S Wilhelmsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Barslund
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark
| | | | - Birgitte Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uffe Kristiansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Petrine Wellendorph
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yury Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Bente Frølund
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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The Dual Role of the GABA A Receptor in Peripheral Inflammation and Neuroinflammation: A Study in Hyperammonemic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136772. [PMID: 34202516 PMCID: PMC8268725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and motor impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) are mediated by neuroinflammation, which is induced by hyperammonemia and peripheral inflammation. GABAergic neurotransmission in the cerebellum is altered in rats with chronic hyperammonemia. The mechanisms by which hyperammonemia induces neuroinflammation remain unknown. We hypothesized that GABAA receptors can modulate cerebellar neuroinflammation. The GABAA antagonist bicuculline was administrated daily (i.p.) for four weeks in control and hyperammonemic rats. Its effects on peripheral inflammation and on neuroinflammation as well as glutamate and GABA neurotransmission in the cerebellum were assessed. In hyperammonemic rats, bicuculline decreases IL-6 and TNFα and increases IL-10 in the plasma, reduces astrocyte activation, induces the microglia M2 phenotype, and reduces IL-1β and TNFα in the cerebellum. However, in control rats, bicuculline increases IL-6 and decreases IL-10 plasma levels and induces microglial activation. Bicuculline restores the membrane expression of some glutamate and GABA transporters restoring the extracellular levels of GABA in hyperammonemic rats. Blocking GABAA receptors improves peripheral inflammation and cerebellar neuroinflammation, restoring neurotransmission in hyperammonemic rats, whereas it induces inflammation and neuroinflammation in controls. This suggests a complex interaction between GABAergic and immune systems. The modulation of GABAA receptors could be a suitable target for improving neuroinflammation in MHE.
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Sparrow EL, James S, Hussain K, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Bogdanov YD. Activation of GABA(A) receptors inhibits T cell proliferation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251632. [PMID: 34014994 PMCID: PMC8136847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major sites for fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system (CNS) are ion channels activated by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). These receptors are referred as GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)R). Recent evidence indicates a role of GABA(A)R in modulating the immune response. This work aimed to discern the role of GABA and GABA(A)Rs in human and mouse T cell activity. METHODS Mouse splenocytes or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were activated with anti-CD3 antibodies and the proliferation of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells assessed through flow cytometry. Subsequently, the effects on T cell proliferation of either GABA(A)R modulation by diazepam that is also capable of activating mitochondrial based translocator protein (TSPO), alprazolam and allopregnanolone or inhibition by bicucculine methiodide (BMI) and (1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) were assessed. RESULTS Positive modulation of GABA(A)Rs either by benzodiazepines or the neurosteroid allopregnanolone inhibits both mouse and human T cell proliferation. GABAergic inhibition of T cell proliferation by benzodiazepines could be rescued by GABA(A)R blocking. Our data suggest that benzodiazepines influence T cell proliferation through both TSPO and GABA(A)Rs activation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that activation of GABA(A)Rs provides immunosuppression by inhibiting T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Sparrow
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
| | - Yury D. Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, MP127, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, Hants, United Kingdom
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GABA B-Receptor Agonist-Based Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010043. [PMID: 33418884 PMCID: PMC7825043 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some immune system cells express type A and/or type B γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAA-Rs and/or GABAB-Rs). Treatment with GABA, which activates both GABAA-Rs and GABAB-Rs), and/or a GABAA-R-specific agonist inhibits disease progression in mouse models of type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and COVID-19. Little is known about the clinical potential of specifically modulating GABAB-Rs. Here, we tested lesogaberan, a peripherally restricted GABAB-R agonist, as an interventive therapy in diabetic NOD mice. Lesogaberan treatment temporarily restored normoglycemia in most newly diabetic NOD mice. Combined treatment with a suboptimal dose of lesogaberan and proinsulin/alum immunization in newly diabetic NOD mice or a low-dose anti-CD3 in severely hyperglycemic NOD mice greatly increased T1D remission rates relative to each monotherapy. Mice receiving combined lesogaberan and anti-CD3 displayed improved glucose tolerance and, unlike mice that received anti-CD3 alone, had some islets with many insulin+ cells, suggesting that lesogaberan helped to rapidly inhibit β-cell destruction. Hence, GABAB-R-specific agonists may provide adjunct therapies for T1D. Finally, the analysis of microarray and RNA-Seq databases suggested that the expression of GABAB-Rs and GABAA-Rs, as well as GABA production/secretion-related genes, may be a more common feature of immune cells than currently recognized.
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Untereiner A, Xu J, Bhattacharjee A, Cabrera O, Hu C, Dai FF, Wheeler MB. γ-aminobutyric acid stimulates β-cell proliferation through the mTORC1/p70S6K pathway, an effect amplified by Ly49, a novel γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor positive allosteric modulator. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:2021-2031. [PMID: 32558194 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the mechanism of action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on β-cell proliferation and investigate if co-treatment with Ly49, a novel GABA type A receptor positive allosteric modulator (GABAA -R PAM), amplifies this effect. METHODS Human or mouse islets were co-treated for 4-5 days with GABA and selected receptor or cell signalling pathway modulators. Immunofluorescence was used to determine protein co-localization, cell number or proliferation, and islet size. Osmotic minipumps were surgically implanted in mice to assess Ly49 effects on pancreatic β-cells. RESULTS Amplification of GABAA -R signalling enhanced GABA-stimulated β-cell proliferation in cultured mouse islets. Co-treatment of GABA with an inhibitor specific for PI3K, mTORC1/2, or p70S6K, abolished GABA-stimulated β-cell proliferation in mouse and human islets. Nuclear p-AktSer473 and p-p70S6KThr421/Ser424 expression in pancreatic β-cells was increased in GABA-treated mice compared with vehicle-treated mice, an effect augmented with GABA and Ly49 co-treatment. Mice co-treated with GABA and Ly49 exhibited enhanced β-cell area and proliferation compared with GABA-treated mice. Furthermore, S961 injection (an insulin receptor antagonist) resulted in enhanced plasma insulin in GABA and Ly49 co-treated mice compared with GABA-treated mice. Importantly, GABA co-treated with Ly49 increased β-cell proliferation in human islets providing a potential application for human subjects. CONCLUSIONS We show that GABA stimulates β-cell proliferation via the PI3K/mTORC1/p70S6K pathway in both mouse and human islets. Furthermore, we show that Ly49 enhances the β-cell regenerative effects of GABA, showing potential in the intervention of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Untereiner
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Alpana Bhattacharjee
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Over Cabrera
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Cheng Hu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Metabolic Disease, Fengxian Central Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihan F Dai
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Marquina-Sanchez B, Fortelny N, Farlik M, Vieira A, Collombat P, Bock C, Kubicek S. Single-cell RNA-seq with spike-in cells enables accurate quantification of cell-specific drug effects in pancreatic islets. Genome Biol 2020; 21:106. [PMID: 32375897 PMCID: PMC7201533 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) is emerging as a powerful tool to dissect cell-specific effects of drug treatment in complex tissues. This application requires high levels of precision, robustness, and quantitative accuracy-beyond those achievable with existing methods for mainly qualitative single-cell analysis. Here, we establish the use of standardized reference cells as spike-in controls for accurate and robust dissection of single-cell drug responses. RESULTS We find that contamination by cell-free RNA can constitute up to 20% of reads in human primary tissue samples, and we show that the ensuing biases can be removed effectively using a novel bioinformatics algorithm. Applying our method to both human and mouse pancreatic islets treated ex vivo, we obtain an accurate and quantitative assessment of cell-specific drug effects on the transcriptome. We observe that FOXO inhibition induces dedifferentiation of both alpha and beta cells, while artemether treatment upregulates insulin and other beta cell marker genes in a subset of alpha cells. In beta cells, dedifferentiation and insulin repression upon artemether treatment occurs predominantly in mouse but not in human samples. CONCLUSIONS This new method for quantitative, error-correcting, scRNA-seq data normalization using spike-in reference cells helps clarify complex cell-specific effects of pharmacological perturbations with single-cell resolution and high quantitative accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Marquina-Sanchez
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Fortelny
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Hartig SM, Cox AR. Paracrine signaling in islet function and survival. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:451-467. [PMID: 32067063 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a dense cellular network comprised of several cell types with endocrine function vital in the control of glucose homeostasis, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Within the islet, endocrine hormones also form an intricate paracrine network with supportive cells (endothelial, neuronal, immune) and secondary signaling molecules regulating cellular function and survival. Modulation of these signals has potential consequences for diabetes development, progression, and therapeutic intervention. Beta cell loss, reduced endogenous insulin secretion, and dysregulated glucagon secretion are hallmark features of both type 1 and 2 diabetes that not only impact systemic regulation of glucose, but also contribute to the function and survival of cells within the islet. Advancing research and technology have revealed new islet biology (cellular identity and transcriptomes) and identified previously unrecognized paracrine signals and mechanisms (somatostatin and ghrelin paracrine actions), while shifting prior views of intraislet communication. This review will summarize the paracrine signals regulating islet endocrine function and survival, the disruption and dysfunction that occur in diabetes, and potential therapeutic targets to preserve beta cell mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Hartig
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aaron R Cox
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Sun L, Xi S, He G, Li Z, Gang X, Sun C, Guo W, Wang G. Two to Tango: Dialogue between Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4106518. [PMID: 32802890 PMCID: PMC7415089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a long-term and chronic autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system attacks the pancreatic β-cells. Both adaptive and innate immune systems are involved in T1DM development. Both B-cells and T-cells, including CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, as well as other T-cell subsets, could affect onset of autoimmunity. Furthermore, cells involved in innate immunity, including the macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, could also accelerate or decelerate T1DM development. In this review, the crosstalk and function of immune cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM, as well as the corresponding therapeutic interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Shugang Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guangyu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
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15
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Tian J, Dang H, O'Laco KA, Song M, Tiu BC, Gilles S, Zakarian C, Kaufman DL. Homotaurine Treatment Enhances CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T Cell Responses and Synergizes with Low-Dose Anti-CD3 to Enhance Diabetes Remission in Type 1 Diabetic Mice. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:498-510. [PMID: 31636084 PMCID: PMC6823932 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells express γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA-R), and GABA administration can inhibit effector T cell responses in models of autoimmune disease. The pharmacokinetic properties of GABA, however, may be suboptimal for clinical applications. The amino acid homotaurine is a type A GABA-R (GABAA-R) agonist with good pharmacokinetics and appears safe for human consumption. In this study, we show that homotaurine inhibits in vitro T cell proliferation to a similar degree as GABA but at lower concentrations. In vivo, oral homotaurine treatment had a modest ability to reverse hyperglycemia in newly hyperglycemic NOD mice but was ineffective after the onset of severe hyperglycemia. In severely diabetic NOD mice, the combination of homotaurine and low-dose anti-CD3 treatment significantly increased 1) disease remission, 2) the percentages of splenic CD4+and CD8+ regulatory T cells compared with anti-CD3 alone, and 3) the frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes compared with homotaurine monotherapy. Histological examination of their pancreata provided no evidence of the large-scale GABAA-R agonist-mediated replenishment of islet β-cells that has been reported by others. However, we did observe a few functional islets in mice that received combined therapy. Thus, GABAA-R activation enhanced CD4+and CD8+ regulatory T cell responses following the depletion of effector T cells, which was associated with the preservation of some functional islets. Finally, we observed that homotaurine treatment enhanced β-cell replication and survival in a human islet xenograft model. Hence, GABAA-R agonists, such as homotaurine, are attractive candidates for testing in combination with other therapeutic agents in type 1 diabetes clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hoa Dang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karen Anne O'Laco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Min Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Bryan-Clement Tiu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Spencer Gilles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christina Zakarian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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