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Mohan I, Joshi B, Pathania D, Dhar S, Bhau BS. Phytobial remediation advances and application of omics and artificial intelligence: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37988-38021. [PMID: 38780844 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Industrialization and urbanization increased the use of chemicals in agriculture, vehicular emissions, etc., and spoiled all environmental sectors. It causes various problems among living beings at multiple levels and concentrations. Phytoremediation and microbial association are emerging as a potential method for removing heavy metals and other contaminants from soil. The treatment uses plant physiology and metabolism to remove or clean up various soil contaminants efficiently. In recent years, omics and artificial intelligence have been seen as powerful techniques for phytobial remediation. Recently, AI and modeling are used to analyze large data generated by omics technologies. Machine learning algorithms can be used to develop predictive models that can help guide the selection of the most appropriate plant and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria combination that is most effective at remediation. In this review, emphasis is given to the phytoremediation techniques being explored worldwide in soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indica Mohan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Babita Joshi
- Plant Molecular Genetics Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, U.P., 226001, India
| | - Deepak Pathania
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Sunil Dhar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India
| | - Brijmohan Singh Bhau
- Department of Botany, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani, Bagla, District Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India.
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Kumar MPS, Keerthana A, Priya, Singh SK, Rai D, Jaiswal A, Reddy MSS. Exploration of culturable bacterial associates of aphids and their interactions with entomopathogens. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:96. [PMID: 38349547 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Aphids shelter several bacteria that benefit them in various ways. The associates having an obligatory relationship are non-culturable, while a few of facultative associates are culturable in insect cell lines, axenic media or standard microbiology media. In the present investigation, isolation, and characterization of the culturable bacterial associates of various aphid species, viz., Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Sitobion avenae, Schizaphis graminum, and Lipaphis erysimi pseudobrassicae were carried out. A total of 42 isolates were isolated using different growth media, followed by their morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization. The isolated culturable bacterial associates were found to belong to the genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Cytobacillus, Fictibacillus, Planococcus, Priestia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Sutcliffiella, and Tumebacillus which were grouped under seven families of four different orders of phyla Bacillota (Firmicutes) and Pseudomonata (Proteobacteria). Symbiont-entomopathogen interaction study was also conducted, in which the quantification of colony forming units of culturable bacterial associates of entomopathogenic fungal-treated aphids led us to the assumption that the bacterial load in aphid body can be altered by the application of entomopathogens. Whereas, the mycelial growth of entomopathogens Akanthomyces lecanii and Metarhizium anisopliae was found uninhibited by the bacterial associates obtained from Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. Analyzing persistent aphid microflora and their interactions with entomopathogens enhances our understanding of aphid resistance. It also fosters the development of innovative solutions for agricultural pest management, highlighting the intricate dynamics of symbiotic relationships in pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Shireesh Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Alagesan Keerthana
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Priya
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Satish Kumar Singh
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Dinesh Rai
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
| | - Aman Jaiswal
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 848125, Bihar, India
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Jin J, Wang C, Liu R, Gong J, Wang J, Niu X, Zheng R, Tang Z, Malik K, Li C. Soil microbial community compositions and metabolite profiles of Achnatherum inebrians affect phytoremediation potential in Cd contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132280. [PMID: 37591168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses serious risks to soil ecosystems and human health. Herein, the effect of two drunken horse grasses (Achnatherum inebrians) including endophytes Epichloë gansuensis infected (E+ ) and uninfected (E-) on the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils were analyzed by coupling high-throughput sequencing and soil metabolomics. The results showed that the high-risk soil Cd decreased and the medium- and low-risk Cd fraction increased to varying degrees after planting E+ and E- plants in the soil. Meanwhile, total Cd content decreased by 19.7 % and 35.1 % in E+ and E- A. inebrians-planted soils, respectively. Principal coordinate analysis revealed a significant impact of E+ and E- plants on the soil microbial community. Most stress-tolerant and gram-positive functional bacterial taxa were enriched to stabilize Cd(II) in E+ planted soil. Several beneficial fungal groups related to saprotroph and symbiotroph were enriched to absorb Cd(II) in E- soil. Soil metabolomic analysis showed that the introduction of A. inebrians could weaken the threat of CdCl2 to soil microbe metabolism and improve soil quality, which in turn promoted plant growth and improved phytoremediation efficiency in Cd-contaminated soil. In conclusion, A. inebrians plants alleviate soil Cd pollution by regulating soil microbial metabolism and microbial community structure. These results provide valuable information for an in-depth understanding of the phytoremediation mechanisms of A. inebrians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ronggui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xueli Niu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhonglong Tang
- Linxia Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linxia 731100, China
| | - Kamran Malik
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - ChunJie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, China; Center for Grassland Microbiome, China; Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, China; Ministry of Education, China; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, China; Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Munir R, Jan M, Muhammad S, Afzal M, Jan N, Yasin MU, Munir I, Iqbal A, Yang S, Zhou W, Gan Y. Detrimental effects of Cd and temperature on rice and functions of microbial community in paddy soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121371. [PMID: 36878274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contamination and high environmental temperature (HT) are caused by anthropogenic activities that negatively impact soil microbial communities and agricultural productivity. Although HM contaminations have deleterious effects on microbes and plants; there are hardly any reports on the combined effects of HM and HT. Here, we reported that HT coupled with cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soil and irrigated water could seriously affect crop growth and productivity, alternatively influencing the microbial community and nutrient cycles of paddy soils in rice fields. We analyzed different mechanisms of plants and microflora in the rhizospheric region, such as plant rhizospheric nitrification, endophytes colonization, nutrient uptake, and physiology of temperature-sensitive (IR64) and temperature-resistant Huanghuazhan (HZ) rice cultivars against different Cd levels (2, 5 and 10 mg kg-1) with rice plants grown under 25 °C and 40 °C temperatures. Consequently, an increment in Cd accumulation was observed with rising temperature leading to enhanced expression of OsNTRs. In contrast, a greater decline in the microbial community was detected in IR64 cultivar than HZ. Similarly, ammonium oxidation, root-IAA, shoot-ABA production, and 16S rRNA gene abundance in the rhizosphere and endosphere were significantly influenced by HT and Cd levels, resulting in a significant decrease in the colonization of endophytes and the surface area of roots, leading to a decreased N uptake from the soil. Overall, the outcomes of this study unveiled the novel effects of Cd, temperature, and their combined effect on rice growth and functions of the microbial community. These results provide effective strategies to overcome Cd-phytotoxicity on the health of endophytes and rhizospheric bacteria in Cd-contaminated soil by using temperature-tolerant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Munir
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mehmood Jan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nazia Jan
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad Umair Yasin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Iqbal Munir
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Aqib Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Shuaiqi Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Peera Sheikh Kulsum PG, Khanam R, Das S, Nayak AK, Tack FMG, Meers E, Vithanage M, Shahid M, Kumar A, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya T, Biswas JK. A state-of-the-art review on cadmium uptake, toxicity, and tolerance in rice: From physiological response to remediation process. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115098. [PMID: 36586716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a major contaminant of concern, has been extensively reviewed and debated for its anthropogenic global shifts. Cadmium levels in rice grains raise wide food safety concerns. The aim of this review is therefore to capture the dynamics of Cd in paddy soil, translocation pathways of Cd from soil to consumption rice, and assess its bio-accessibility in human consumption. In crop plants, Cd reduces absorption of nutrients and water, triggers oxidative stress, and inhibits plant metabolism. Understanding the mechanisms and behaviour of Cd in paddy soil and rice allows to explain, predict and intervene in Cd transferability from soil to grains and human exposure. Factors affecting Cd movement in soil, and further to rice grain, are elucidated. Recently, physiological and molecular understanding of Cd transport in rice plants have been advanced. Morphological-biochemical characteristics and Cd transporters of plants in such a movement were also highlighted. Ecologically viable remediation approaches, including low input cost agronomic methods, phytoremediation and microbial bioremediation methods, are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubina Khanam
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Shreya Das
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, 741252, West Bengal, India
| | - Amaresh Kumar Nayak
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Filip M G Tack
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Erik Meers
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Anjani Kumar
- ICAR-Crop Production Division, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India
| | - Sukalyan Chakraborty
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Tanushree Bhattacharya
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Biswas
- Department of Ecological Studies &International Centre for Ecological Engineering, Universityof Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Wang X, Tian Z, Xi Y, Guo Y. Identification of endophytic fungi with ACC deaminase-producing isolated from halophyte Kosteletzkya Virginica. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2152224. [PMID: 36463534 PMCID: PMC9721417 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2152224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya virginica), as a noninvasive perennial halophytic oilseed-producing dicot, is native from the Gulf to the Atlantic coasts of the U.S. The purpose of our research was to investigate 1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCD) producing endophytic fungi from K.virginica. A total of 59 endophytic fungal strains, isolated from roots in K.virginica of seedlings, were grouped into 12 genera including in Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Rhizopycnis sp., Ceriporia Donk, Trametes sp., Schizophyllum commune sp., Alternaria, Cladosporium, Cylindrocarpon, and Scytalidium according to sequences of ITS. The ACD activity of 10 endophytic fungi isolated was detected. T.asperellum had the highest ACC deaminase activity among all 10 isolated genera of fungal strains, followed by T. viride. Dry weight and fresh weight of plant, plant height, root length, SOD activity, and chlorophyll content of wheat and soybean inoculated with T.asperellum or T. viride was increased compared with non-inoculated control plants under non salt or salt stress. Further analysis showed that T.asperellum or T.viride strains induced downregulation of the expression of ethylene synthesis-related genes such as ACC oxidase (ACO) and ACC synthase (ACS), thereby reducing ethylene synthesis and damage to plants under salt stress. These endophytic fungi can be used as alternative bioinoculants to increase crop yield in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zengyuan Tian
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Xi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Shah G, Tu J, Fayyaz M, Masood S, Ullah H, Jamil M. Moringa oleifera smoke induced positive changes in biochemical, metabolic, and antioxidant profile of rice seedling under cadmium stress. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022:1-11. [PMID: 36573355 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2157793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium as a heavy metal contaminates the agricultural soil and effect plant growth due to rapid increases in industrialization and anthropogenic activities. Smoke water of Moringa oleifera was used in the current study to alleviate the effect of cadmium on the physiological, biochemical, metabolic, and antioxidant profile of Basmati 385 and Shaheen Basmati seedling. Cadmium stress of 100, 200, and 400 µM were given to 28 days-old seedlings along with smoke water (1:1,000) for one week in hydroponic culture. As a result, Cd+2 toxicity negatively affects the seedling length, fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigment, and electrolytes leakage, while the application of smoke water alleviated those effects. Furthermore, Cd+2 content, cell injury, metabolic parameters (proline, total soluble sugar), and antioxidants (peroxidase, catalase) were increased with increasing Cd+2 concentration while smoke water-treated seedlings showed reduction at high concentration. From present study, it can be concluded that smoke water had some regulatory compound which could reduce the Cd+2 stress level in rice seedlings and improve plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulmeena Shah
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Fayyaz
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Masood
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ullah
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Li KT, Peng SY, Zhang B, Peng WF, Yu SJ, Cheng X. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum reduces cadmium uptake and mitigates cadmium toxicity in rice seedlings. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:243. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03435-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Shah G, Fiaz S, Attia KA, Khan N, Jamil M, Abbas A, Yang SH, Jumin T. Indole pyruvate decarboxylase gene regulates the auxin synthesis pathway in rice by interacting with the indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase gene, promoting root hair development under cadmium stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1023723. [PMID: 36340357 PMCID: PMC9635337 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1023723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on cadmium (Cd), which negatively affects plant growth and auxin hemostasis. In plants, many processes are indirectly controlled through the expression of certain genes due to the secretion of bacterial auxin, as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) acts as a reciprocal signaling molecule in plant-microbe interaction. The aim of current studies was to investigate responsible genes in rice for plant-microbe interaction and lateral root development due to the involvement of several metabolic pathways. Studies revealed that GH3-2 interacts with endogenous IAA in a homeostasis manner without directly providing IAA. In rice, indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (IPDC) transgenic lines showed a 40% increase in lateral roots. Auxin levels and YUCCA (auxin biosynthesis gene) expression were monitored in osaux1 mutant lines inoculated with Bacillus cereus exposed to Cd. The results showed an increase in root hairs (RHs) and lateral root density, changes in auxin levels, and expression of the YUCCA gene. B. cereus normalizes the oxidative stress caused by Cd due to the accumulation of O 2 - and H2O2 in osaux1 mutant lines. Furthermore, the inoculation of B. cereus increases DR5:GUS expression, indicating that bacterial species have a positive role in auxin regulation. Thus, the current study suggests that B. cereus and IPDC transgenic lines increase the RH development in rice by interacting with IAA synthetase genes in the host plant, alleviating Cd toxicity and enhancing plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulmeena Shah
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Kotb A. Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida University, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Abbas
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Tu Jumin
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ali Q, Ayaz M, Yu C, Wang Y, Gu Q, Wu H, Gao X. Cadmium tolerant microbial strains possess different mechanisms for cadmium biosorption and immobilization in rice seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135206. [PMID: 35660052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal remediation, such as cadmium (Cd2+) by microbial strains is efficient and environment-friendly. In this current study, we exploited the potential of Bacillus strains (Cd2+-tolerant; NMTD17, GBSW22, and LLTC96) to regulate Cd2+ biosorption mechanisms and improve rice seedling growth. The results showed that initial concentration and contact time affected Cd2+ biosorption, and the kinetic models of pseudo orders were effective in the elaborate biosorption process. Mainly, the bacterial cell wall had the potential for Cd2+ biosorption, and we found non-significant biosorption alterations among bacterial strains' inner and outer surfaces of cell membranes. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis identified the differences in functional groups, such as C-N, PO2, -SO3, CO, COOH, C-O, C-N, -OH, and -NH that interact in biosorption by Bacillus strains. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) examination revealed that the binding of Cd2+ to microbes was mostly based on ion exchange pathways. Moreover, the Bacillus strains responded to Cd2+ stress in rice under pot experiment at various concentrations (0, 0.25, and 0.50 mg kg-1), and they also influenced the chlorophyll contents and antioxidants activities were studied. The analysis of physio-morphological parameters was observed to be increased, which indicated that all Bacillus strains showed significant effects on rice growth under Cd2+ stress. These results revealed that the selected strains had the capability for additional use in the development of Cd2+ bioremediation methods. These strains also provided plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits that can alleviate the harmful effects of Cd2+ in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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11
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Duan R, Du Y, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Hu W, Yang L, Xiang G, Luo Y. Diversity and composition of soil bacteria between abandoned and selective-farming farmlands in an antimony mining area. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:953624. [PMID: 35935219 PMCID: PMC9355163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.953624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Land abandonment and selective farming are two common management methods to restore the soil conditions of low-pollution farmland in mining areas. The soil bacterial community plays an important role in farmland soil restoration; however, few studies have compared the composition and diversity of soil bacteria between the abandoned farmlands (AFS) and selective-farming farmlands (FFS). Here, the effects of AFS and FFS on soil properties and bacterial diversity were evaluated in an antimony (Sb) mining area in southern China. This study aimed to identify effective land management methods in terms of positive or negative changes in soil environment and bacterial diversity. Methods 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to compare the diversity and composition of soil bacteria between AFS and FFS in the Xikuangshan (the largest Sb mine in the world). Results Compared to AFS, FFS had higher Sb concentration and nutritional properties (e.g., available N, P, and K) and lower Zn concentration (p < 0.05). The bacterial alpha diversity including Chao1 index, Simpson index, Shannon index and Pielou−e index in FFS was higher than AFS (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, FFS had higher relative abundances of Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Rokubacteria, and lower relative abundances of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, FFS had higher relative abundances of Acidothermus, Haliangium, and Rokubacteriales, and lower relative abundances of Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Sphingomonas, and 67-14. Redundancy analysis indicated that soil heavy metal content and soil fertility were closely correlated with the soil bacterial community. Altogether, selective farming of low-pollution farmland in the mining area can improve soil properties and soil bacterial diversity.
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12
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Jabeen Z, Irshad F, Habib A, Hussain N, Sajjad M, Mumtaz S, Rehman S, Haider W, Hassan MN. Alleviation of cadmium stress in rice by inoculation of Bacillus cereus. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13131. [PMID: 35529485 PMCID: PMC9070326 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal resistant bacteria are of great importance because they play a crucial role in bioremediation. In the present study, 11 bacterial strains isolated from industrial waste were screened under different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (100 µM and 200 µM). Among 11 strains, the Cd tolerant Bacillus cereus (S6D1-105) strain was selected for in vitro and in vivo studies. B. cereus was able to solubilize potassium, and phosphate as well as produce protease and siderophores during plate essays. Moreover, we observed the response of hydroponically grown rice plants, inoculated with B. cereus which was able to promote plant growth, by increasing plant biomass, chlorophyll contents, relative water content, different antioxidant enzymatic activity such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and reducing malondialdehyde content in both roots and leaves of rice plants under Cd stress. Our results showed that the B. cereus can be used as a biofertilizer which might be beneficial for rice cultivation in Cd contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jabeen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Irshad
- Zhejiang University, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ayesha Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazim Hussain
- Zhejiang University, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Mumtaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Haider
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Bravo D, Braissant O. Cadmium-tolerant bacteria: current trends and applications in agriculture. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:311-333. [PMID: 34714944 PMCID: PMC9299123 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is considered a toxic heavy metal; nevertheless, its toxicity fluctuates for different organisms. Cadmium-tolerant bacteria (CdtB) are diverse and non-phylogenetically related. Because of their ecological importance these bacteria become particularly relevant when pollution occurs and where human health is impacted. The aim of this review is to show the significance, culturable diversity, metabolic detoxification mechanisms of CdtB and their current uses in several bioremediation processes applied to agricultural soils. Further discussion addressed the technological devices and the possible advantages of genetically modified CdtB for diagnostic purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bravo
- Laboratory of Soil Microbiology & CalorimetryCorporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria AGROSAVIAMosqueraColombia
| | - O. Braissant
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of MedicineUniversity of BaselAllschwillSwitzerland
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14
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Innovative Culturomic Approaches and Predictive Functional Metagenomic Analysis: The Isolation of Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria with Plant Growth Promoting Capacity. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Innovative culturomic approaches were adopted to isolate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria capable of degrading diesel oil, bitumen and a selection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), e.g., pyrene, anthracene, and dibenzothiophene, from a soil historically contaminated by total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (10,347 ± 98 mg TPH/kg). The culturomic approach focussed on the isolation of saprophytic microorganisms and specialist bacteria utilising the contaminants as sole carbon sources. Bacterial isolates belonging to Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Achromobacter, Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Microbacterium sps. were isolated for their capacity to utilise diesel oil, bitumen, pyrene, anthracene, dibenzothiphene, and their mixture as sole carbon sources. Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Achromobacter and Microbacterium sps. showed plant growth promoting activity, producing indole-3-acetic acid and expressing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase activity. In parallel to the culturomic approach, in the microbial community of interest, bacterial community metabarcoding and predictive functional metagenomic analysis were adopted to confirm the potentiality of the isolates in terms of their functional representativeness. The combination of isolation and molecular approaches for the characterisation of a TPH contaminated soil microbial community is proposed as an instrument for the construction of an artificial hydrocarbonoclastic microbiota for environmental restoration.
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Duan R, Lin Y, Zhang J, Huang M, Du Y, Yang L, Bai J, Xiang G, Wang Z, Zhang Y. Changes in diversity and composition of rhizosphere bacterial community during natural restoration stages in antimony mine. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12302. [PMID: 34721985 PMCID: PMC8520691 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Open pit antimony (Sb) mining causes serious soil pollution, and phytoremediation is a low-cost approach to remediate heavy metal contaminated soil. Rhizosphere bacteria play an important role in ecological restoration in mining areas. There is a knowledge gap on how to find suitable rhizosphere microorganisms to improve the phytoremediation effect. Understanding the differences of rhizosphere bacterial diversity in different restoration stages is helpful to find suitable bacteria for ecological restoration. Methods A method of the substitution of "space" for "time" was used to study the effect of natural restoration on rhizosphere bacterial community. According to the dominant vegetation types (herb, shrub, and tree) in the natural restoration area of Sb mining, the early restoration (ER), middle restoration (MR), and later restoration (LR) from the largest Sb mine (Xikuangshan mine) in the world were selected to evaluate the differences in the composition and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria during three natural restoration stages. Each restoration stage had five samples. To determine the relationship between restoration stages and bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere, high throughput sequencing of PCR amplified were used. Results Alpha diversity, as assessed by Chao indices, appeared lowest in ER but this trend was not seen with other diversity metrics, including the Simpson and Shannon. Beta diversity analysis suggested there were differences in rhizobacterial community structure associate with restoration stage. At the phylum level, natural restoration led to a significant increase in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the MR, and a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Patescibacteria in the LR. Additionally, Calditrichaeota, Deferribacteres and Epsilonbacteraeota were only found in ER. At the genus level, the relative abundance of RB41 and Haliangium were highest in LR plots, while that of Bacillus and Gaiella were highest in ER plots. Additionally, the Azorhizobium genus was only detected in the ER phase. Overall, our findings suggested that several rhizosphere microbial communities had significant differences among three natural restoration stages (ER, MR, and LR) and the rhizosphere bacterial communities mainly appeared in the early restoration stage can be preferred for remediation of pollution soil in Xikuangshan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyan Duan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxiang Lin
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Minyi Huang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Yihuan Du
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | - Guohong Xiang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
| | | | - Yaqi Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, Hunan, China
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Wang JF, Li WL, Ahmad I, He BY, Wang LL, He T, Wang FP, Xu ZM, Li QS. Biomineralization of Cd 2+ and inhibition on rhizobacterial Cd mobilization function by Bacillus Cereus to improve safety of maize grains. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131095. [PMID: 34144288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing cadmium (Cd) bioavailability and rhizobacterial Cd mobilization functions in the rhizosphere via the inoculation of screened microbial inoculum is an environmental-friendly strategy to improve safety of crop grains. In this study, Bacillus Cereus, a model Cd resistant strain, was selected to explore its effects on Cd bioavailability and uptake, bacterial metabolic functions related to Cd mobilization. Results indicated that inoculation of Bacillus Cereus in maize roots of sand pot with water-soluble Cd (0.06-0.15 mg/kg) and soil pot with high Cd-contaminated soil (total Cd: 2.33 mg/kg; Cd extracted by NH4NO3: 38.6 μg/kg) could decrease water-soluble Cd ion concentration by 7.7-30.1% and Cd extracted with NH4NO3 solution by 7.8-22.5%, inducing Cd concentrations in maize grains reduced by 10.6-39.9% and 17.4-38.6%, respectively. Even for a single inoculation in soil, Cd concentration in maize grains still satisfy food safety requirements (Cd content: 0.1 mg/kg dry weight) due to its successful colonization on root surface of maize. Bacillus Cereus could enrich more plant growth promotion bacteria (PGPB) and down-regulate the expression of genes related to bacterial motility, membrane transports, carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the rhizosphere soil, decreasing Cd bioavailability in soil. Approximately 80% Cd2+ in media was transferred into intracellular, meanwhile Cd salts (sulfide and/or phosphate) were produced in Bacillus Cereus through biomineralization process. Overall, this study could provide a feasible method for improving safety of maize grains via the inoculation of Bacillus Cereus under Cd pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wan-Li Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Bao-Yan He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Li-Li Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tao He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Fo-Peng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhi-Min Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qu-Sheng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Zhou X, Liu X, Zhao J, Guan F, Yao D, Wu N, Tian J. The endophytic bacterium Bacillus koreensis 181-22 promotes rice growth and alleviates cadmium stress under cadmium exposure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8517-8529. [PMID: 34609525 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11613-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soils has become a highly concerning pollution problem. Endophytic microbes in rice not only affect the plant growth but also contribute to ion absorption by the roots. Therefore, they are a promising, ecologically sound means of reducing the Cd transport from soils to shoots and grains of the plant. In this study, a Cd-resistant endophytic bacterium, named 181-22, with high Cd absorption capacity (90.8%) was isolated from the roots of rice planting in heavily Cd-contaminated paddy soils and was identified as Bacillus koreensis CGMCC 19,468. The strain significantly increased fresh weight of roots and shoots (44.4% and 42.7%) and dry weight of roots and shoots (71.3% and 39.9%) and decreased Cd content in the rice roots (12.8%), shoots (34.3%), and grains (39.1%) under Cd stress compared to uninoculated plant by colonizing rice roots via seed inoculation. Moreover, colonization of 181-22 reprogrammed rice physiology to alleviate Cd stress by increasing pigment and total protein content, regulating Cd-induced oxidative stress enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase and reducing malondialdehyde. Thus, B. koreensis 181-22 has the potential to protect rice against Cd stress and can be used as a biofertilizer to bioremediate paddy soils contaminated with Cd. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus koreensis 181-22 colonized the inside of rice roots at high numbers via seed inoculation. • B. koreensis 181-22 promoted rice growth and decreased Cd accumulation in grains. • B. koreensis 181-22 regulated the physiological response to alleviated Cd stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jintong Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dongsheng Yao
- Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, 510632, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, 510632, China
| | - Ningfeng Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jian Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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18
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Jan SU, Rehman M, Gul A, Fayyaz M, Rehman SU, Jamil M. Combined application of two Bacillus species enhance phytoremediation potential of Brassica napus in an industrial metal-contaminated soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 24:652-665. [PMID: 34410841 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1962797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of individual as well as combined application of Lysinibacillus macroides and Bacillus safensis in phytoremediation potential of Brassica napus grown in soil contaminated by industrial effluents. In response to five metals; copper, chromium, nickel, lead, and cadmium, results revealed that germination percentage, fresh and dry weights, and photosynthetic pigments of B. napus decreased under contaminated soil. On the other hand, electrolyte leakage due to cellular injury, metabolites (proline and glycine betaine), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase), accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and metals in plant's roots, shoots and leaves increased. Inoculation significantly reduced these effects as proved by the enhancement of germination percentage, fresh and dry biomass, and photosynthetic pigments. Simultaneously, the antioxidant enzymes, metabolites contents (proline and glycine betaine) and metal concentrations in plant's roots, shoots and leaves decreased. Combined application of both Bacilli strains was found more effective as compared to individual inoculation. It was concluded that metal resistant Bacillus species in combination had growth effects on B. napus and enhanced its phytoremediation efficiency in contaminated soil.Novelty statementBrassica napus; a hyper-accumulator of metals, loses phytoremediation potential with the passage of growth. Two Bacillus species (Lysinibacillus macroides and Bacillus safensis) having known bioremediation abilities were employed individually as well as in combination under metals contaminated soil to increase phytoremediation efficiency of B. napus. The metals containing soil used is a unique aspect in this study because selected soil, contaminated by industrial effluents, has not been evaluated or reported earlier. Combined application of Bacilli improved phytoremediation potential of B. napus more as compared to application of individual Bacillus strain which is yet another unique aspect of this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah Jan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Maha Rehman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fayyaz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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Wang G, Zhang Q, Du W, Ai F, Yin Y, Ji R, Guo H. Microbial communities in the rhizosphere of different willow genotypes affect phytoremediation potential in Cd contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:145224. [PMID: 33485209 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant-associated microorganisms play an important role in controlling heavy metal uptake and accumulation in aerial parts. The microbial community and its interaction with Cd accumulation by willow were assessed to explore the association of phytoextraction efficiency and rhizospheric microbial populations. Therefore, the rhizosphere microbial compositions of three willow genotypes grown in two Cd polluted sites were investigated, focusing on their interactions with phytoremediation potential. Principal coordinate analysis revealed a significant effect of genotype on the rhizosphere microbial communities. Distinct beneficial microorganisms, such as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and mycorrhizal fungi, were assembled in the rhizosphere of different willow genotypes. Linear mixed models showed that the relative abundance of PGPB was positively associated (p < 0.01) with Cd accumulation, since these microbes significantly increased willow growth. The higher abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Salix × aureo-pendula CL 'J1011' at the Kejing site, showed a negative correlation with the Cd content, but a positive correlation with biomass. Conversely, mycorrhizal fungi, were more abundant in the rhizosphere of S. × jiangsuensis CL. 'J2345' and positively correlated with the Cd content in willow tissues. This study provides new insights into the distinctive microbial communities in rhizosphere of different willow genotypes, which may be consistent with the phytoremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wenchao Du
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210036, China.
| | - Fuxun Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongyan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China; Joint International Research Centre for Critical Zone Science-University of Leeds and Nanjing University, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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20
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Wang Y, Zheng X, He X, Lü Q, Qian X, Xiao Q, Lin R. Effects of Pseudomonas TCd-1 on rice (Oryza sativa) cadmium uptake, rhizosphere soils enzyme activities and cadmium bioavailability under cadmium contamination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 218:112249. [PMID: 33975222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial remediation is a promising technique to reduce Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa). In present study, a set of pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Cd-tolerate Pseudomonas TCd-1 inoculation on rice Cd uptake, soil enzyme activities and Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere soils under Cd contaminated conditions. The results showed that at the ripening stage, with the inoculation of TCd-1, Cd contents in root, culm, leaf, hull and brown rice significantly reduced by 60.7%, 47.7%, 50.6%, 58.1% and 47.9%, respectively, and the cadmium bioconcentration factor (BCF) of rice lowered by 66.2% under 5 mg kg-1 Cd treatment. At the meantime, in the rhizosphere soils, pH increased by 0.05, the contents of exchangeable Cd (EX-Cd) and Fe-Mn oxides (OX-Cd) increased by 107.8% and 33.5%, whereas organic matter (OM-Cd) and residual (Res-Cd) decreased by 31.9% and 60.0%, respectively. The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) increased by 28.3%, catalase (CAT), saccharase (SUC) activity decreased by 28.5% and 26.0%. Similarly, the Cd contents in root, culm, leaf, hull and brown rice reduced by 42.1%, 42.5%, 58.0%, 50.3%, and 68.8%, respectively, and the BCF lowered by 57.1%, under 10 mg kg-1 Cd treatment. Simultaneously, the soil pH increased by 0.06, the activities of CAT, SUC, urease (URE), ACP decreased by 26.4%, 34.6%, 63.8% and 15.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation analysis showed that the inoculation of TCd-1 changed the correlation between rice Cd content and the biomass of roots, leaves, soil pH, CAT, PPO, URE activities, OM-Cd in rhizosphere soils. It suggested that Pseudomonas TCd-1 effectively reduced Cd uptake and Cd accumulation in rice was closely linked to the changes of soil pH, enzyme activities and Cd availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaosan He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qixin Lü
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin Qian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qingtie Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ruiyu Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Hussain B, Ashraf MN, Abbas A, Li J, Farooq M. Cadmium stress in paddy fields: Effects of soil conditions and remediation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142188. [PMID: 33254942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity in paddy soil and accumulation in rice plants and grains have got global concern due to its health effects. This review highlights the effects of soil factors including soil organic matter, soil pH, redox potential, and soil microbes which influencing Cd uptake by rice plant. Therefore, a comprehensive review of innovative and environmentally friendly management practices for managing Cd stress in rice is lacking. Thus, this review discusses the effect of Cd toxicity in rice and describes management strategies to offset its effects. Moreover, future research thrusts to reduce its uptake by rice has also been highlighted. Through phytoremediation, Cd may be extracted and stabilized in the soil while through microbes Cd can be sequestrated inside the microbial bodies. Increased Cd uptake in hyperaccumulator plants to remediate and convert the toxic form of Cd into non-toxic forms. While in chemical remediation, Cd can be washed out, immobilized and stabilized in the soil through chemical amendments. The organic amendments may help through an increase in soil pH, adsorption in its functional groups, the formation of complexations, and the conversion of exchangeable to residual forms. Developing rice genotypes with restricted Cd uptake and reduced accumulation in grain through conventional and marker-assisted breeding are fundamental keys for safe rice production. In this regard, the use of molecular techniques including identification of QTLs, CRISPR/Cas9, and functional genomics may be quite helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Hussain
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jumei Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural, Marine Sciences Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Oman.
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Majumdar S, Sachdev S, Kundu R. Salicylic acid mediated reduction in grain cadmium accumulation and amelioration of toxicity in Oryza sativa L. cv Bandana. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111167. [PMID: 32827967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of agricultural fields with Cadmium (Cd) due to several agricultural practices is increasing worldwide. The rice plants can easily take up Cd and accumulate it into different parts, including the grains, posing a threat to human health even at low concentration exposure. Several phytohormones, including Salicylic acid (SA) have been investigated since long for its alleviating properties under various biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In the present study, 100 μM SA application to ameliorate 25 μM Cd stress was studied for 72 h in hydroponics in Oryza sativa cv. Bandana seedlings. Pot experiments were done with same treatment condition and plants were grown till maturity. SA application to Cd exposed rice seedlings alleviated the stress condition, which was established by several physiological, biochemical, histochemical and gene expression analysis. SA treatment to Cd stressed seedlings showed elevated photosynthetic pigment content, on-protein thiol content and relieved the Cd induced growth inhibition considerably. It lowered the accumulation of ROS like, O2- and H2O2 with a regulated antioxidative enzymatic activity. SA application in Cd exposed rice seedlings had upregulated expression of OsHMA3 and OsPCS1 whereasOsNRAMP2 gene was downregulated. Co-application of SA and Cd led to higher yield and improved agronomic traits in comparison to only Cd exposed plants under pot experimentation. Daily intake of Cd and Carcinogenic risk were also reduced by 99.75% and 99.99% respectively in the SA treated Cd stressed plants. SA positively affected the growth and tolerance of rice seedlings to Cd stress. Hence, SA addition to Cd contaminated soil can ensure rice cultivation without posing health risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehalata Majumdar
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | - Sonal Sachdev
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Road, Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Rita Kundu
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Shah AA, Bibi F, Hussain I, Yasin NA, Akram W, Tahir MS, Ali HM, Salem MZM, Siddiqui MH, Danish S, Fahad S, Datta R. Synergistic Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Putrescine on Alleviating Cadmium-Induced Phytotoxicity in Capsicum annum. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111512. [PMID: 33171611 PMCID: PMC7695146 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and putrescine (Put) have shown a promising role in the mitigation of abiotic stresses in plants. The present study was anticipated to elucidate the potential of Bacillus thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put in mitigation of cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in Capsicum annum. Cadmium toxicity decreased growth, photosynthetic rate, gas exchange attributes and activity of antioxidant enzymes in C. annum seedlings. Moreover, higher levels of protein and non-protein bound thiols besides increased Cd contents were also observed in Cd-stressed plants. B. thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put, alone or in combination, reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in treated plants. Synergistic effect of B. thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put significantly enhanced the activity of stress-responsive enzymes including peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, Put and microbial interaction enhanced the amount of proline, soluble sugars, and total soluble proteins in C. annum plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil. Data obtained during the current study advocates that application of B. thuringiensis IAGS 199 and Put establish a synergistic role in the mitigation of Cd-induced stress through modulating physiochemical features of C. annum plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal 51801, Pakistan; (A.A.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Fatima Bibi
- Department of Botany, University of Narowal, Narowal 51801, Pakistan; (A.A.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Iqtidar Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Nasim Ahmad Yasin
- Senior Suprintendent Gardens, Resident Officer-II office Department, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (S.D.); (S.F.); (R.D.); Tel.: +92-304-799-6951 (S.D.); +42-077-399-0283 (R.D)
| | - Waheed Akram
- Vegetable research institute, Guangdong Academy of Agriculture Science, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Muhammad Saeed Tahir
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (M.H.S.)
- Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z. M. Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (S.D.); (S.F.); (R.D.); Tel.: +92-304-799-6951 (S.D.); +42-077-399-0283 (R.D)
| | - Shah Fahad
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Department of Agronomy, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (S.D.); (S.F.); (R.D.); Tel.: +92-304-799-6951 (S.D.); +42-077-399-0283 (R.D)
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (S.D.); (S.F.); (R.D.); Tel.: +92-304-799-6951 (S.D.); +42-077-399-0283 (R.D)
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Lead and cadmium-resistant bacterial species isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soils show plant growth-promoting traits. Int Microbiol 2020; 23:625-640. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Wei X, Cao P, Wang G, Han J. Microbial inoculant and garbage enzyme reduced cadmium (Cd) uptake in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Bge.) under Cd stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110311. [PMID: 32061988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Bge.) negatively affects the quality of its harvested roots, and seriously threatens human health. This study investigates the effect of a microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage enzyme (GE) on Cd uptake, the accumulation of bioactive compounds, and the community composition of microbes in the rhizosphere soil of S. miltiorrhiza under Cd stress. S. miltiorrhiza seedlings were transplanted to Cd-contaminated pots and irrigated with an MI, GE, a combination of an MI and GE (MIGE) or water (control). The results indicated that treatments with an MI, GE or MIGE can reduce Cd uptake in S. miltiorrhiza. The MIGE treatment had greater efficiency in reducing Cd uptake than the control (reduction by 37.90%), followed by the GE (25.31%) and MI (5.84%) treatments. Treatments with an MI, GE and MIGE had no significant impact on fresh and dry root biomass. Relative to the control, the MI treatment had the highest efficiency in increasing the accumulation of total tanshinones (an increase of 40.45%), followed by the GE treatment (40.08%), with the MIGE treatment (9.90%) treatment not having a more favorable effect than the separate application of an MI or GE. The salvianolic acid content for all groups was higher than the standard prescribed by Chinese pharmacopoeia, notwithstanding a slightly lower level in the treated groups relative to the control. In addition, metagenomic analysis indicated changes in the relative abundance of soil microbes associated with the bioremediation of heavy metals. The relative abundances of Brevundimonas, Microbacterium, Cupriavidus and Aspergillus were significantly greater in the treated groups than in the Control. These results suggest that using MI and GE, either separately or together, may not only improve the quality of S. miltiorrhiza but may also facilitate the microbial remediation of soil contaminated with Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Cao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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