1
|
Belenichev I, Popazova O, Bukhtiyarova N, Savchenko D, Oksenych V, Kamyshnyi O. Modulating Nitric Oxide: Implications for Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:504. [PMID: 38790609 PMCID: PMC11118938 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in the fields of biology, physiology, molecular medicine, and pharmacology; the designation of the properties of nitrogen monoxide in the regulation of life-supporting functions of the organism; and numerous works devoted to this molecule, there are still many open questions in this field. It is widely accepted that nitric oxide (•NO) is a unique molecule that, despite its extremely simple structure, has a wide range of functions in the body, including the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system (CNS), reproduction, the endocrine system, respiration, digestion, etc. Here, we systematize the properties of •NO, contributing in conditions of physiological norms, as well as in various pathological processes, to the mechanisms of cytoprotection and cytodestruction. Current experimental and clinical studies are contradictory in describing the role of •NO in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the cardiovascular system and CNS. We describe the mechanisms of cytoprotective action of •NO associated with the regulation of the expression of antiapoptotic and chaperone proteins and the regulation of mitochondrial function. The most prominent mechanisms of cytodestruction-the initiation of nitrosative and oxidative stresses, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and participation in apoptosis and mitosis. The role of •NO in the formation of endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction is also considered. Moreover, we focus on the various ways of pharmacological modulation in the nitroxidergic system that allow for a decrease in the cytodestructive mechanisms of •NO and increase cytoprotective ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Belenichev
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Formulation with Course of Normal Physiology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Olena Popazova
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Nina Bukhtiyarova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Savchenko
- Department of Pharmacy and Industrial Drug Technology, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cigalotto L, Martinvalet D. Granzymes in health and diseases: the good, the bad and the ugly. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371743. [PMID: 38646541 PMCID: PMC11026543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine proteases, composed of five human members: GA, B, H, M and K. They were first discovered in the 1980s within cytotoxic granules released during NK cell- and T cell-mediated killing. Through their various proteolytic activities, granzymes can trigger different pathways within cells, all of which ultimately lead to the same result, cell death. Over the years, the initial consideration of granzymes as mere cytotoxic mediators has changed due to surprising findings demonstrating their expression in cells other than immune effectors as well as new intracellular and extracellular activities. Additional roles have been identified in the extracellular milieu, following granzyme escape from the immunological synapse or their release by specific cell types. Outside the cell, granzyme activities mediate extracellular matrix alteration via the degradation of matrix proteins or surface receptors. In certain contexts, these processes are essential for tissue homeostasis; in others, excessive matrix degradation and extensive cell death contribute to the onset of chronic diseases, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Here, we provide an overview of both the physiological and pathological roles of granzymes, highlighting their utility while also recognizing how their unregulated presence can trigger the development and/or worsening of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Cigalotto
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Denis Martinvalet
- Laboratory of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxic Immunity, Department Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute Of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahsan N, Shariq M, Surolia A, Raj R, Khan MF, Kumar P. Multipronged regulation of autophagy and apoptosis: emerging role of TRIM proteins. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:13. [PMID: 38225560 PMCID: PMC10790450 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00528-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
TRIM proteins are characterized by their conserved N-terminal RING, B-box, and coiled-coil domains. These proteins are efficient regulators of autophagy, apoptosis, and innate immune responses and confer immunity against viruses and bacteria. TRIMs function as receptors or scaffold proteins that target substrates for autophagy-mediated degradation. Most TRIMs interact with the BECN1-ULK1 complex to form TRIMosomes, thereby efficiently targeting substrates to autophagosomes. They regulate the functions of ATG proteins through physical interactions or ubiquitination. TRIMs affect the lipidation of MAP1LC3B1 to form MAP1LC3B2, which is a prerequisite for phagophore and autophagosome formation. In addition, they regulate MTOR kinase and TFEB, thereby regulating the expression of ATG genes. TRIM proteins are efficient regulators of apoptosis and are crucial for regulating cell proliferation and tumor formation. Many TRIM proteins regulate intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis via the cell surface receptors TGFBR2, TNFRSF1A, and FAS. Mitochondria modulate the anti- and proapoptotic functions of BCL2, BAX, BAK1, and CYCS. These proteins use a multipronged approach to regulate the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, culminating in coordinated activation or inhibition of the initiator and executor CASPs. Furthermore, TRIMs can have a dual effect in determining cell fate and are therefore crucial for cellular homeostasis. In this review, we discuss mechanistic insights into the role of TRIM proteins in regulating autophagy and apoptosis, which can be used to better understand cellular physiology. These findings can be used to develop therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat multiple genetic and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Ahsan
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mohd Shariq
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 460012, India.
| | - Reshmi Raj
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Pramod Kumar
- Quantlase Lab LLC, Unit 1-8, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Z, Li C, Chen Q, Bai C, Wu G, Fu C, He T, Shen M, Feng C, Liu H. Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol prevents porcine ovarian granulosa cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis via inhibiting STAT4 expression. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae125. [PMID: 38713167 PMCID: PMC11245709 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular fluid meiosis-activating sterol (FF-MAS) is a small molecule compound found in FF, named for its ability to induce oocyte resumption of meiosis. Granulosa cells (GCs) within the follicle are typically located in a hypoxic environment under physiologic conditions due to limited vascular distribution. Previous research suggests that hypoxia-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in GCs may be crucial triggering factors in porcine follicular atresia. However, the impact of FF-MAS on GCs within follicles has not been explored so far. In this study, we uncovered a novel role of FF-MAS in facilitating GC survival under hypoxic conditions by inhibiting STAT4 expression. We found that STAT4 expression was upregulated in porcine GCs exposed to 1% O2. Both gain and loss of function assays confirmed that STAT4 was required for cell apoptosis under hypoxia conditions, and that the GC apoptosis caused by hypoxia was markedly attenuated following FF-MAS treatment through inhibition of STAT4 expression. Correlation analysis in vivo revealed that GC apoptosis was associated with increased STAT4 expression, while the FF-MAS content in follicular fluid was negatively correlated with STAT4 mRNA levels and cell apoptosis. These findings elucidate a novel role of FF-MAS-mediated protection of GCs by inhibiting STAT4 expression under hypoxia, which might contribute to the mechanistic understanding of follicular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chenyu Bai
- Beijing 101 High School, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tong He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chungang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rusetskaya NY, Loginova NY, Pokrovskaya EP, Chesovskikh YS, Titova LE. Redox regulation of the NLRP3-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:333-352. [PMID: 38153050 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236906333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The review considers modern data on the mechanisms of activation and redox regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and gasdermins, as well as the role of selenium in these processes. Activation of the inflammasome and pyroptosis represent an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the defense against pathogens, described for various types of cells and tissues (macrophages and monocytes, microglial cells and astrocytes, podocytes and parenchymal cells of the kidneys, periodontal tissues, osteoclasts and osteoblasts, as well as cells of the digestive and urogenital systems, etc.). Depending on the characteristics of redox regulation, the participants of NLRP3 inflammation and pyroptosis can be subdivided into 2 groups. Members of the first group block the mitochondrial electron transport chain, promote the formation of reactive oxygen species and the development of oxidative stress. This group includes granzymes, the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein MAVS, and others. The second group includes thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), erythroid-derived nuclear factor-2 (NRF2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), ninjurin (Ninj1), scramblase (TMEM16), inflammasome regulatory protein kinase NLRP3 (NEK7), caspase-1, gasdermins GSDM B, D and others. They have redox-sensitive domains and/or cysteine residues subjected to redox regulation, glutathionylation/deglutathionylation or other types of regulation. Suppression of oxidative stress and redox regulation of participants in NLRP3 inflammation and pyroptosis depends on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), containing a selenocysteine residue Sec in the active site. The expression of GPX and TRXR is regulated by NRF2 and depends on the concentration of selenium in the blood. Selenium deficiency causes ineffective translation of the Sec UGA codon, translation termination, and, consequently, synthesis of inactive selenoproteins, which can cause various types of programmed cell death: apoptosis of nerve cells and sperm, necroptosis of erythrocyte precursors, pyroptosis of infected myeloid cells, ferroptosis of T- and B-lymphocytes, kidney and pancreatic cells. In addition, suboptimal selenium concentrations in the blood (0.86 μM or 68 μg/l or less) have a significant impact on expression of more than two hundred and fifty genes as compared to the optimal selenium concentration (1.43 μM or 113 μg/l). Based on the above, we propose to consider blood selenium concentrations as an important parameter of redox homeostasis in the cell. Suboptimal blood selenium concentrations (or selenium deficiency states) should be used for assessment of the risk of developing inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Yu Rusetskaya
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - N Yu Loginova
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - E P Pokrovskaya
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Yu S Chesovskikh
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| | - L E Titova
- V.I. Razumovsky Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhou P, Lin L, Yang Y, Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhu D. Effective natural inhibitors targeting granzyme B in rheumatoid arthritis by computational study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1052792. [PMID: 36582296 PMCID: PMC9792495 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1052792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by erosive arthritis, and current treatments for RA fall short of the outcomes expected by clinicians and patients. Objectives This study aimed to identify novel therapeutic and prognostic targets in RA at the genomic level and to screen desirable compounds with potential inhibitory effects on GZMB. Methods We performed differential gene analysis on GSE55235 and GSE55457 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and then obtained the intersection of the two differentially expressed genes (DEGs) lists by drawing Venn diagrams. Then we performed protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis on the DEGs of the intersection. Next, we downloaded the crystal structure of Granzyme B (GZMB). Molecular docking technology was used to screen potential inhibitors of GZMB in subsequent experiments, and we then analyzed the toxicity and water solubility of these potential inhibitors for future drug experiments. Finally, whether the docking of these small molecules with GZMB is stable is tested by molecular dynamics. Results A total of 352 mutual DEGs were identified. Twenty hub genes were obtained according to PPI network analysis, among which the GZMB gene attracted the attention of our research. Three potent natural compounds, ZINC000004557101, ZINC000012495776, and ZINC000038143593, bound to GZMB, show better binding affinity. Furthermore, they are predicted to own low Ames mutagenicity, developmental toxicity potential, rodent carcinogenicity, and high tolerance to cytochrome P4502D6. Molecular dynamics simulations show that ZINC000004557101 and GZMB have more advantageous potential energy and can exist stably in a natural environment. Moreover, we finally verified the inhibitory effect of ZINC000004557101 on granzyme B by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Western blotting experiment. Conclusion RA patients showed increased GZMB expression. ZINC000004557101 is a potential drug targeting GZMB for treating RA.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang MS, Hu Y, Sanchez EE, Xie X, Roy NH, de Jesus M, Winer BY, Zale EA, Jin W, Sachar C, Lee JH, Hong Y, Kim M, Kam LC, Salaita K, Huse M. Mechanically active integrins target lytic secretion at the immune synapse to facilitate cellular cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3222. [PMID: 35680882 PMCID: PMC9184626 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes fight pathogens and cancer by forming immune synapses with infected or transformed target cells and then secreting cytotoxic perforin and granzyme into the synaptic space, with potent and specific killing achieved by this focused delivery. The mechanisms that establish the precise location of secretory events, however, remain poorly understood. Here we use single cell biophysical measurements, micropatterning, and functional assays to demonstrate that localized mechanotransduction helps define the position of secretory events within the synapse. Ligand-bound integrins, predominantly the αLβ2 isoform LFA-1, function as spatial cues to attract lytic granules containing perforin and granzyme and induce their fusion with the plasma membrane for content release. LFA-1 is subjected to pulling forces within secretory domains, and disruption of these forces via depletion of the adaptor molecule talin abrogates cytotoxicity. We thus conclude that lymphocytes employ an integrin-dependent mechanical checkpoint to enhance their cytotoxic power and fidelity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Wang
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elisa E Sanchez
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xihe Xie
- Neuroscience Program, Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathan H Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Miguel de Jesus
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Y Winer
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zale
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weiyang Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chirag Sachar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Takahashi F, Zhang C, Hohjoh H, Raveney B, Yamamura T, Hayashi N, Oki S. Immune-mediated neurodegenerative trait provoked by multimodal derepression of long-interspersed nuclear element-1. iScience 2022; 25:104278. [PMID: 35573205 PMCID: PMC9097630 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a process involving both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous neuron loss, followed by a collapse of neural networks, but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated that Eomes-positive helper T (Eomes + Th) cells recognizing LINE-1(L1)-derived prototypic antigen ORF1 mediate neurotoxicity associated with the neurodegenerative pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we show that Eomes + Th cells accumulate in the CNS of mouse models of authentic neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and secrete the neurotoxic granzyme B after encounter with ORF1 antigen. Multimodal derepression of neuronal L1 transcription is observed in EAE and ALS/AD models during neurodegeneration in active and cell cycle-mediated manner, respectively. These data suggest that the adventitious concurrence of immune-mediated neurodegenerative traits by Eomes + Th cells and ectopic expression of L1-derived antigen(s) in the inflamed CNS may materialize a communal and previously unappreciated pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Eomes + Th cells accumulate in the CNS with undergoing neurodegeneration in common Multimodal L1 derepression is emerged in neuron cells under neurodegeneration Eomes + Th cells recognize L1-ORF1 antigen to exert neurotoxicity via granzyme B Immune-mediated neurotoxicity may embody a novel pathogenesis of neurodegeneration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hohjoh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ben Raveney
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Oki
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tuomela K, Ambrose AR, Davis DM. Escaping Death: How Cancer Cells and Infected Cells Resist Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867098. [PMID: 35401556 PMCID: PMC8984481 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes are critical in our immune defence against cancer and infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells can directly lyse malignant or infected cells in at least two ways: granule-mediated cytotoxicity, involving perforin and granzyme B, or death receptor-mediated cytotoxicity, involving the death receptor ligands, tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and Fas ligand (FasL). In either case, a multi-step pathway is triggered to facilitate lysis, relying on active pro-death processes and signalling within the target cell. Because of this reliance on an active response from the target cell, each mechanism of cell-mediated killing can be manipulated by malignant and infected cells to evade cytolytic death. Here, we review the mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity and examine how cells may evade these cytolytic processes. This includes resistance to perforin through degradation or reduced pore formation, resistance to granzyme B through inhibition or autophagy, and resistance to death receptors through inhibition of downstream signalling or changes in protein expression. We also consider the importance of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms against this pathway. Altogether, it is clear that target cells are not passive bystanders to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and resistance mechanisms can significantly constrain immune cell-mediated killing. Understanding these processes of immune evasion may lead to novel ideas for medical intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoliina Tuomela
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley R Ambrose
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Davis
- The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng L, Wang Y, Wang J, Qin H, Zhu G, Tao L. Cytotoxic Action of Palladium-Based Compound on Prostate Stem Cells, Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells, Prostate Epithelial Cells, and Prostate Cell Lines. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:4993405. [PMID: 35345664 PMCID: PMC8957437 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4993405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer found to occur in males and is ranked as the second-highest cause of cancer-associated deaths among male patients. In this study, we have shown the influence of a new palladium-based anticancer agent in contrast to the six distinct prostate cancer lines and the primary cultures. Methods In this study, we have used six distinct prostate cell lines, that is, PNT2-C2, LNCaP, BPH-1, PC-3, PNT1A, and P4E6. The MTP and ATP assay were performed to evaluate the growth of the cell and the flow cytometry to investigate the status of the cell cycle. The antigrowth effect of the palladium complex was evaluated against different cell lines at three time zones 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. [PdCl(terpy)] (capsule)-2H2O is synthesized by direct encapsulation of equimolar amounts of capsule ions into [Pd (terpy) Cl] Cl-2H2O. Results A comparative analysis was done on 25 mM etoposide and 12 mM cisplatin, cytotoxic agents. The lowest IC50 value at 72 hours was 0.128 mM for BPH-1 cell lines with 0.139 mM, whereas PNT2-C2 cells were found to be most resistant with IC50 values of 0.829 mM. The antigrowth effect of palladium complex on cell lines was measured using the MTS assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours. BPH-1, PNT2-C2, and PNT1A either possess normal tissues or have benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues whereas P4E6, PC-3, and LNCaP cell lines possess malignant origin. The Pd complex exhibited significant cytotoxic action in stem cells when compared against etoposide. An antigrowth effect was reported for Pd complex at lower concentration, but it was more cytotoxic than etoposide with significant cytotoxicity (P=0.001). Conclusion The palladium complex experienced a substantial antigrowth influence over most of the prostate tumor cell lines and the primary cultures, eventually, leading to the implementation of this Pd complex in the treating procedure of metastatic prostate cancer, which is tremendously resistant to the traditional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Haibo Qin
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Guangbiao Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lingsong Tao
- Department of Urology, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miao P, Ruiqing T, Yanrong L, Zhuwen S, Huan Y, Qiong W, Yongnian L, Chao S. Pyroptosis: A possible link between obesity-related inflammation and inflammatory diseases. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1245-1265. [PMID: 34751453 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main manifestation of obesity is persistent low-level inflammation and insulin resistance, which is an important factor inducing or promoting other obesity-related diseases. As a proinflammatory programmed cell death, pyroptosis plays an important role, especially in the activation and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Pyroptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases and is characterized by the formation of micropores in the plasma membrane and the release of a large number of proinflammatory cytokines. This article mainly introduces the main pathways and key molecules of pyroptosis and focuses on the phenomenon of pyroptosis in obesity. It is suggested that the regulation of pyroptosis-related targets may become a new potential therapy for the prevention and treatment of systemic inflammatory response caused by obesity, and we summarize the potential molecular substances that may be beneficial to obesity-related inflammatory diseases through target pyroptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Miao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tai Ruiqing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Yanrong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sun Zhuwen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Huan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wu Qiong
- Medical College; Qinghai Health Development and Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Liu Yongnian
- Medical College; Qinghai Health Development and Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Sun Chao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Jian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ding H, Buzzard GW, Huang S, Sehorn MG, Marcus RK, Wei Y. MICA-G129R: A bifunctional fusion protein increases PRLR-positive breast cancer cell death in co-culture with natural killer cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252662. [PMID: 34077462 PMCID: PMC8172023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells were reported to up-regulate human prolactin receptor (PRLR) to assist their growth through the utilization of prolactin (PRL) as the growth factor, which makes PRLR a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer. On the other hand, advanced cancer cells tend to down-regulate or shed off stress signal proteins to evade immune surveillance and elimination. In this report, we created a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of MHC class I chain-related protein (MICA), a stress signal protein and ligand of the activating receptor NKG2D of natural killer (NK) cells, and G129R, an antagonistic variant of PRL. We hypothesize that the MICA portion of the fusion protein binds to NKG2D to activate NK cells and the G129R portion binds to PRLR on breast cancer cells, so that the activated NK cells will kill the PRLR-positive breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that the MICA-G129R fusion protein not only binds to human natural killer NK-92 cells and PRLR-positive human breast cancer T-47D cells, but also promotes NK cells to release granzyme B and IFN-γ and enhances the cytotoxicity of NK cells specifically on PRLR-positive cells. The fusion protein, therefore, represents a new approach for the development of breast cancer specific immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Garrett W. Buzzard
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sisi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Sehorn
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yanzhang Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu J, Yang N, Xie T, Yang G, Chang L, Yan D, Li T. Summary and comparison of the perforin in teleosts and mammals: A review. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13047. [PMID: 33914954 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Perforin, a pore-forming glycoprotein, has been demonstrated to play key roles in clearing virus-infected cells and tumour cells due to its ability of forming 'pores' on the cell membranes. Additionally, perforin is also found to be associated with human diseases such as tumours, virus infections, immune rejection and some autoimmune diseases. Until now, plenty of perforin genes have been identified in vertebrates, especially the mammals and teleost fish. Conversely, vertebrate homologue of perforin gene was not identified in the invertebrates. Although recently there have been several reviews focusing on perforin and granzymes in mammals, no one highlighted the current advances of perforin in the other vertebrates. Here, in addition to mammalian perforin, the structure, evolution, tissue distribution and function of perforin in bony fish are summarized, respectively, which will allow us to gain more insights into the perforin in lower animals and the evolution of this important pore-forming protein across vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Linrui Chang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Dongchun Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Q, Wang J, Huang F, Yao Y, Xu L. Leptin induces NAFLD progression through infiltrated CD8+ T lymphocytes mediating pyroptotic-like cell death of hepatocytes and macrophages. Dig Liver Dis 2021; 53:598-605. [PMID: 33172809 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease, which causes serious health problems worldwide. Hyperleptinemia and inflammatory stress are crucial in the progression of NAFLD. However, the relationship between leptin and immune cells or hepatocytes is still unclear. AIMS This study aimed to clarify the regulatory mechanism of leptin-mediated disease progression through immune cells and its relationship with hepatocytes. METHODS An NAFLD rat model was established to verify the relationship between hyperleptinemia and CD8+ T lymphocytes and cytokines in liver tissue. CD8+ T lymphocytes isolated from blood mononuclear cells were co-cultured with macrophages or hepatocytes stimulated with leptin or treated with granzyme inhibitors to observe target cell morphology and expression of pivotal protein family members. RESULTS CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration positively correlated with blood leptin, IL-18 and IL-1β levels and was related to macrophage recruitment and differentiation in a rat model of NAFLD. Leptin could induce activated caspase-1 and caspase-3 in hepatocytes and trigger hepatocyte pyroptosis. CONCLUSIONS Leptin may regulate the pyroptotic-like death of macrophages and hepatocytes through CD8+ T lymphocytes in NAFLD progression. The intervention of related pathways of leptin and immune cells may provide a promising strategy for treating NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China.
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan First People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. Human NK cells: From development to effector functions. Innate Immun 2021; 27:212-229. [PMID: 33761782 PMCID: PMC8054151 DOI: 10.1177/17534259211001512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system that mediates antiviral and anti-tumor responses. It is well established that they develop mechanisms to distinguish self from non-self during the process of NK cell education. Unlike T and B cells, natural killer cells lack clonotypic receptors and are activated after recognizing their target via germline-encoded receptors through natural cytotoxicity, cytokine stimulation, and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Subsequently, they utilize cytotoxic granules, death receptor ligands, and cytokines to perform their effector functions. In this review, we provide a general overview of human NK cells, as opposed to murine NK cells, discussing their ontogeny, maturation, receptor diversity, types of responses, and effector functions. Furthermore, we also describe recent advances in human NK cell biology, including tissue-resident NK cell populations, NK cell memory, and novel approaches used to target NK cells in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Alamsyah F, Pratiwi R, Firdausi N, Irene Mesak Pello J, Evi Dwi Nugraheni S, Ghitha Fadhlurrahman A, Nurhidayat L, Purwo Taruno W. Cytotoxic T cells response with decreased CD4/CD8 ratio during mammary tumors inhibition in rats induced by non-contact electric fields. F1000Res 2021; 10:35. [PMID: 34164110 PMCID: PMC8142601 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27952.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 04/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and is the leading cause of death in women with cancer. One novel therapy used for breast cancer treatment is non-contact electric fields called electro-capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT) with intermediate frequency (100 kHz) and low intensity (18 Vpp). The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ECCT on mammary tumors growth in rats and observing the immune responses that play a role in fighting the tumor. Methods: Female SD rats were used and divided into four groups, namely control (NINT), placebo (NIT), non- therapy (INT), and therapy (IT) groups with 6 biological replicates in each group. Rats in INT and IT groups were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for mammary tumor induction. Only rats in NIT and IT groups were exposed to ECCT individually for 10 hours per day for 21 days. The size of all tumors was measured with a digital caliper. The distributions of PCNA, ErbB2, caspase-3, CD68, CD4 and CD8-positive cells were observed with immunohistochemistry and scoring with ImageJ. Results: The growth rate of mammary tumors in IT group was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that in the INT group. The number of mitotic figures and the percentage of PCNA, caspase-3, and CD68- positive cells in IT group were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in INT group. Conversely, the percentage of CD8-positive T cells in IT group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in INT group. Moreover, the CD4/CD8 ratio in IT group was decreased. Some tumor tissues were blackened and detached from the surrounding tissue, resulting in an open wound which then healed up upon exposure. Conclusions: Non-contact electric fields exposure showed inhibition on mammary tumor growth in rats while inducing CD8+ T cells that lead to tumor cells death and potentially helps wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firman Alamsyah
- Center for Medical Physics and Cancer Research, Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| | - Rarastoeti Pratiwi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nisrina Firdausi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Luthfi Nurhidayat
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Warsito Purwo Taruno
- Center for Medical Physics and Cancer Research, Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Alamsyah F, Pratiwi R, Firdausi N, Irene Mesak Pello J, Evi Dwi Nugraheni S, Ghitha Fadhlurrahman A, Nurhidayat L, Purwo Taruno W. Cytotoxic T cells response with decreased CD4/CD8 ratio during mammary tumors inhibition in rats induced by non-contact electric fields. F1000Res 2021; 10:35. [PMID: 34164110 PMCID: PMC8142601 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.27952.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and is the leading cause of death amongst women with cancer. One novel therapy used for breast cancer treatment constitutes non-contact electric fields and is called electro-capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT) with intermediate frequency and low intensity. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of ECCT on mammary tumors growth in rats and observing the immune responses that play a role in fighting the tumor. Methods: Female SD rats were used and divided into four groups, namely control (NINT), placebo (NIT), non- therapy (INT), and therapy (IT) groups with 6 biological replicates in each group. Rats in INT and IT groups were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene for mammary tumor induction. Only rats in NIT and IT groups were exposed to ECCT individually for 10 hours per day for 21 days. The size of all tumors was measured with a digital caliper. The distributions of PCNA, ErbB2, caspase-3, CD68, CD4, and CD8-positive cells were observed with immunohistochemistry and scoring with ImageJ. Results: The growth rate of mammary tumors in IT group was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that in INT group. The number of mitotic figures and the percentage of PCNA, caspase-3, and CD68-positive cells in IT group were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in INT group. Conversely, the percentage of CD8-positive T cells in IT group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in INT group. Moreover, the CD4/CD8 ratio in IT group was found to have decreased. Some tumor tissues were blackened and detached from the surrounding tissue, resulting in an open wound which then healed upon exposure. Conclusions: Non-contact electric fields exposure showed inhibition on mammary tumor growth in rats while inducing CD8+ T cells, leading to tumor cell death and potentially helping wounds heal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firman Alamsyah
- Center for Medical Physics and Cancer Research, Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| | - Rarastoeti Pratiwi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Nisrina Firdausi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Luthfi Nurhidayat
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Warsito Purwo Taruno
- Center for Medical Physics and Cancer Research, Ctech Labs Edwar Technology, Tangerang, Banten, 15143, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Martínez Cuesta L, Pérez SE. Perforin and granzymes in neurological infections: From humans to cattle. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 75:101610. [PMID: 33453589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perforin and granzymes are essential components of the cytotoxic granules present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. These proteins play a crucial role in a variety of conditions, including viral infections, tumor immune surveillance, and tissue rejection. Besides their beneficial effect in most of these situations, perforin and granzymes have also been associated with tissue damage and immune diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that perforin and granzymes released during viral infections could contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In this review, we summarize the information available on human perforin and granzymes and their relationship with neurological infections and immune disorders. Furthermore, we compare this information with that available for bovine and present data on perforin and granzymes expression in cattle infected with bovine alphaherpesvirus types1 and -5. To our knowledge, this is the first review analyzing the impact of perforin and granzymes on neurological infections caused by bovine herpesviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Virology, SAMP Department, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pinto 399, Tandil, PC7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsuchiya K. Switching from Apoptosis to Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Elicited Inflammation and Antitumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E426. [PMID: 33406603 PMCID: PMC7794676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a necrotic form of regulated cell death. Gasdermines (GSDMs) are a family of intracellular proteins that execute pyroptosis. While GSDMs are expressed as inactive forms, certain proteases proteolytically activate them. The N-terminal fragments of GSDMs form pores in the plasma membrane, leading to osmotic cell lysis. Pyroptotic cells release pro-inflammatory molecules into the extracellular milieu, thereby eliciting inflammation and immune responses. Recent studies have significantly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms and physiological roles of pyroptosis. GSDMs are activated by caspases and granzymes, most of which can also induce apoptosis in different situations, for example where the expression of GSDMs is too low to cause pyroptosis; that is, caspase/granzyme-induced apoptosis can be switched to pyroptosis by the expression of GSDMs. Pyroptosis appears to facilitate the killing of tumor cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and it may also reprogram the tumor microenvironment to an immunostimulatory state. Understanding pyroptosis may help the development of cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of pyroptosis are introduced. The effectiveness and limitations of pyroptosis in inducing antitumor immunity are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-76-264-6721
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yuan J, Lan H, Jiang X, Zeng D, Xiao S. Bcl‑2 family: Novel insight into individualized therapy for ovarian cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1255-1265. [PMID: 32945348 PMCID: PMC7447322 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance to platinum‑based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer in the advanced stage remains a formidable concern clinically. Increasing evidence has revealed that apoptosis represents the terminal events of the anti‑tumor mechanisms of a number of chemical drugs and has a close association with chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. The B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) family plays a crucial role in apoptosis and has a close association with chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Some drugs that target Bcl‑2 family members have shown efficacy in overcoming the chemoresistance of ovarian cancer. A BH3 profiling assay was found to be able to predict how primed a cell is when treated with antitumor drugs. The present review summarizes the role of the Bcl‑2 family in mediating cell death in response to antitumor drugs and novel drugs that target Bcl‑2 family members. The application of the new functional assay, BH3 profiling, is also discussed herein. Furthermore, the present review presents the hypothesis that targeting Bcl‑2 family members may prove to be helpful for the individualized therapy of ovarian cancer in clinical practice and in laboratory research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Hua Lan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Da Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Songshu Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cui Y, Chen G, Yang Z. Mitochondrial superoxide mediates PM 2.5-induced cytotoxicity in human pulmonary lymphatic endothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114423. [PMID: 32222623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with a variety of respiratory health effects and contributes to premature mortality. Lymphatic vessels are instrumental in facilitating the transport of toxic materials away from the lung to maintain alveolar clearance and have been shown to play important roles in lung injury and repair. Despite intense research efforts in delineating the effects of PM2.5 on blood vascular endothelial cells, the impacts of PM2.5 on lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), a specialized subset of endothelial cells that comprise lymphatic vessels, remain enigmatic. Here, we conducted MTT assay and show that treatment of human pulmonary LECs with PM2.5 suppresses cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We subsequently performed Annexin V/propidium iodide labeling and demonstrate that PM2.5 induces LECs apoptosis and necrosis. Furthermore, we found that manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) expression and mitochondrial SOD activity were profoundly reduced following PM2.5 exposure. Mechanistically, we provide compelling evidence that PM2.5 reduces SOD2 expression through activation of Akt pathway, which leads to a disruption of mitochondrial redox homeostasis characterized by increased accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide. Conversely, mitochondria-targeted SOD mimetic (MitoTEMPO) corrects the disturbed oxidative milieu in PM2.5-treated LECs. Additionally, MitoTEMPO ameliorates the deleterious impacts of PM2.5 on mitochondrial DNA integrity and preserves the viability of LECs. Taken together, these novel data support a critical role for mitochondrial superoxide in the pathogenesis of PM2.5-induced LECs injury and identity mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants as promising therapeutic options to treat environmental lung diseases. Our findings are limited to experimental studies with primary LECs, and future investigations in animal models are warranted to shed light on the precise pathophysiology of lymphatic system in response to PM exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cui
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang Chen
- Interventional Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeran Yang
- Interventional Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xia L, Zheng ZZ, Liu JY, Chen YJ, Ding JC, Xia NS, Luo WX, Liu W. EGFR-targeted CAR-T cells are potent and specific in suppressing triple-negative breast cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e01135. [PMID: 32373345 PMCID: PMC7196685 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is well known for its strong invasiveness, rapid recurrence and poor prognosis. Immunotherapy, including chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cells, has emerged as a promising tool to treat TNBC. The identification of a specific target tumor antigen and the design of an effective CAR are among the many challenges of CAR-T therapy. Methods We reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in TNBC and consequently designed an optimal third generation of CAR targeting EGFR. The efficacy of primary T lymphocytes infected with EGFR CAR lentivirus (EGFR CAR-T) against TNBC was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The signalling pathways activated in tumor and EGFR CAR-T cells were revealed by RNA sequencing analysis. Results Third-generation EGFR CAR-T cells exerted potent and specific suppression of TNBC cell growth in vitro, whereas limited cytotoxicity was observed towards normal breast epithelial cells or oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. This capability was further demonstrated in vivo in a xenograft mouse model, with minimal off-tumor cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, in vitro stimulation with TNBC cells induced the expansion of naïve-associated EGFR CAR-T cells and enhanced their persistence. Furthermore, EGFR CAR-T cells activated the interferon γ, granzyme-perforin-PARP and Fas-FADD-caspase signalling pathways in TNBC cells. Conclusion We demonstrate that EGFR is a relevant immunotherapeutic target in TNBC, and EGFR CAR-T exhibits potent and specific antitumor activity against TNBC, suggesting the potential of this third-generation EGFR CAR-T as an immunotherapy tool to treat TNBC in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases School of Public Health School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Zao-Zao Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases School of Public Health School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yu-Jie Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Jian-Cheng Ding
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ning-Shao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases School of Public Health School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wen-Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases School of Public Health School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Wen Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases School of Public Health School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells eliminate infected cells from the organism by triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis). The contents of the lytic granules of killer cells, including pore-forming proteins perforins and proteolytic enzymes granzymes, are released with the following penetration of the released proteins into the target cells. Granzyme B initiates mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via (i) proapoptotic Bid protein, (ii) Mcl-1 and Bim proteins, or (iii) p53 protein. As a result, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, causing formation of apoptosomes that initiate the proteolytic cascade of caspase activation. Granzymes M, H, and F cause cell death accompanied by the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Granzyme A induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated SET complex to the nucleus where it is cleaved by granzyme A, leading to the activation of nucleases that catalyze single-strand DNA breaks. Granzymes A and B penetrate into the mitochondria and cleave subunits of the respiratory chain complex I. One of the complex I subunits is also a target for caspase-3. Granzyme-dependent damage to complex I leads to the ROS generation and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D B Kiselevsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|