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Taychaworaditsakul W, Sawong S, Intatham S, Chansakaow S, Kunnaja P, Chewonarin T, Jaijoy K, Wittayapraparat A, Yusuk P, Sireeratawong S. The Ameliorative Effect of Litsea martabanica (Kurz) Hook. f. Leaf Water Extract on Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity in Rats and Its Antioxidant Potentials. Foods 2024; 13:1695. [PMID: 38890923 PMCID: PMC11172329 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Litsea martabanica root's antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity showed promise as a pesticide detoxification agent in our previous study. In addition to its root, leaves can help alleviate pesticide exposure, although there is limited scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. However, the use of roots in several countries, such as Thailand, could contribute to environmental degradation, as highland communities traditionally used leaves instead of roots. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity and anti-pesticide potential of water extract from L. martabanica leaves through in vitro and in vivo investigations. In the in vitro study, L. martabanica water extract and its fractions demonstrated antioxidant activity and induced apoptosis in hepatic satellite cells. In the in vivo study, treatment with the leaf extract led to increased AChE activity, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and reduced glutathione in chlorpyrifos-exposed rats. Histopathological examination revealed that chlorpyrifos-treated rats exhibited liver cell damage, while treatment with the water extract of L. martabanica exhibited a protective effect on the liver. In conclusion, L. martabanica water extract exhibited antioxidant activity, enhanced AChE activity, and improved histopathological abnormalities in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerakit Taychaworaditsakul
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.T.); (S.S.); (S.I.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Suphunwadee Sawong
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.T.); (S.S.); (S.I.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Intatham
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.T.); (S.S.); (S.I.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sunee Chansakaow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Phraepakaporn Kunnaja
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Teera Chewonarin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kanjana Jaijoy
- McCormick Faculty of Nursing, Payap University, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand;
| | - Absorn Wittayapraparat
- Highland Research and Development Institute (Public Organization), Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (P.Y.)
| | - Pedcharada Yusuk
- Highland Research and Development Institute (Public Organization), Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (A.W.); (P.Y.)
| | - Seewaboon Sireeratawong
- Clinical Research Center for Food and Herbal Product Trials and Development (CR-FAH), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.T.); (S.S.); (S.I.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Rahmat E, Yu JS, Lee BS, Lee J, Ban Y, Yim NH, Park JH, Kang CH, Kim KH, Kang Y. Secondary metabolites and transcriptomic analysis of novel pulcherrimin producer Metschnikowia persimmonesis KIOM G15050: A potent and safe food biocontrol agent. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28464. [PMID: 38571591 PMCID: PMC10988027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metschnikowia persimmonesis, a novel endophytic yeast strain isolated from Diospyros kaki calyx, possesses strong antimicrobial activity. We investigated its potential use as an environmentally safe food biocontrol agent through genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. Secondary metabolites were isolated from M. persimmonesis, followed by chemical structure elucidation, PUL gene cluster identification, and RNA sequencing. Pulcherrimin was isolated using 2 M NaOH, its structure was confirmed, and the yield was quantified. Biocontrol efficacy of M. persimmonesis on persimmon fruits and calyx was evaluated by assessing lesion diameter and disease incidence. Following compounds were isolated from M. persimmonesis co-culture with Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum: fusaric acid, benzoic acid, benzeneacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, 4-(-2-hydoxyethyl)-benzoic acid, cyclo (Leu-Leu), benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-benzaldehide, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid, lumichrome, heptadecanoic acid, and nonadecanoic acid. Exposing M. persimmonesis to different growth media conditions (with or without sugar) resulted in the isolation of five compounds: Tyrosol, Cyclo (Pro-Val), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr), cyclo(Leu-Leu), and cyclo(l-tyrosilylicine). Differentially expressed gene analysis revealed 3264 genes that were significantly expressed (fold change ≥2 and p-value ≤0.05) during M. persimmonesis growth in different media, of which only 270 (8.27%) showed altered expression in all sample combinations with Luria-Bertani Agar as control. Minimal media with ferric ions and tween-80 triggered the most gene expression changes, with the highest levels of PUL gene expression and pulcherrimin yield (262.166 mg/L) among all media treatments. M. persimmonesis also produced a higher amount of pulcherrimin (209.733 mg/L) than Metschnikowia pulcherrima (152.8 mg/L). M. persimmonesis inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum in persimmon fruit and calyx. Toxicity evaluation of M. persimmonesis extracts showed no harmful effects on the liver and mitochondria of zebrafish, and no potential risk of cardiotoxicity in hERG-HEK293 cell lines. Thus, M. persimmonesis can be commercialized as a potent and safe biocontrol agent for preserving food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Rahmat
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta, 11480, Indonesia
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Soo Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- University of Science & Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Korean Convergence Medicine Major, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Ban
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Kang
- University of Science & Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Korean Convergence Medicine Major, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 111 Geonjae-ro, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
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Manfo FPT, Nimako C, Nantia EA, Suh CF, Chenwi SP, Cho-Ngwa F, Moundipa PF, Nakayama SMM, Ishizuka M, Ikenaka Y. Exposure of Male Farmers and Nonfarmers to Neonicotinoid Pesticides in the South-West and Littoral Regions of Cameroon: A Comparative Study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38517100 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides, especially the newly developed neonicotinoids, are increasingly used in many countries around the world, including Cameroon, to control pests involved in crop destruction or disease transmission. Unfortunately, the pesticides also pose tremendous environmental problems because a predominant amount of their residues enter environmental matrices to affect other nontargeted species including humans. This therefore calls for continuous biomonitoring of these insecticides in human populations. The present study sought to assess the neonicotinoid insecticide exposures in two agrarian regions of Cameroon, the South-West region and Littoral region. The study involved 188 men, including 125 farmers and 63 nonfarmers. Spot urine samples were obtained from these subjects and subjected to liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric analysis for concentrations of neonicotinoid compounds, including acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, and N-dm-acetamiprid. Neonicotinoid compounds were detected in all study participants, and residues of all the screened pesticides were detected among participants. N-dm-Acetamiprid and imidacloprid were the most prevalent among the subjects (100.0% and 93.1%, respectively), whereas nitenpyram was less common (3.2%). The median values of imidacloprid and total urinary neonicotinoid concentrations were elevated among farmers (0.258 vs. 0.126 µg/L and 0.829 vs. 0.312 µg/L, respectively). Altogether the findings showed that both the farmer and nonfarmer study populations of Cameroon were exposed to multiple residues of neonicotinoids, with relatively higher levels of pesticides generally recorded among farmers. Although exposure levels of the neonicotinoids were generally lower than their respective reference doses, these results warrant further research on the health risk evaluation of multiple residues of the pesticides and reinforcement of control measures to minimize the exposure risks, especially among farmers. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-13. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustin Pascal Tsagué Manfo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Collins Nimako
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Edouard Akono Nantia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Christian Fusi Suh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Shu Policap Chenwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Translational Research Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Enangue Njembele AN, Seppo Njembele MAP, Dicka kwambe EH, Hamdja Ngoniri A, Ntyam epse Ondo S, Etchu KA. Impact of pesticides exposure on Archachatina marginata snails in four Cameroon monomodal rainforest sites. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297369. [PMID: 38437232 PMCID: PMC10911591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cameroon monomodal rainforest zone has a strong agricultural activity and is therefore exposed to pesticides. Furthermore, the area possesses climatic factors that favor the growth of Achatinadea snails known as African giant snails, a delicacy for the local population. The present study aimed to evaluate pesticides contamination (less vs more exposed areas) through assessment of exposure and impact on Achatinadea snails. Achatinadea snails were collected within intensive agricultural areas (Njombe and Kribi rural) and in areas with less agricultural activity (Ebodje and Dibombari). Collection was performed at night between July and September 2020 using an adapted square kilometer method. Type, number, weight, and size of the collected snails were analyzed and compared using Welsh's One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). After removing the soft part from the shell, the presence of pesticides was determined using mass spectrometry. Histological analysis of kidney and ovo-testis was performed using eosin-hematoxylin staining. Results showed that the main variety of snails collected are Archachatina marginata. In areas with less agricultural activity, snails are bigger than those from more agricultural areas heavily using pesticides. Furthermore, pesticides detection showed that glyphosate, but not metalaxyl, is present in animals coming from all the collection sites. Cypermethrin was found in all the samples except in those from Dibombari. Histology revealed that the structure of the kidney and ovo-testis of snails from more exposed areas is impaired. In conclusion, this study revealed that some pesticides are transferred to snail and impair the structure of important organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Ntyam epse Ondo
- Nkolbisson Headquarter, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kingsley Agbor Etchu
- Nkolbisson Headquarter, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Fenta L, Mekonnen H. Microbial Biofungicides as a Substitute for Chemical Fungicides in the Control of Phytopathogens: Current Perspectives and Research Directions. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:5322696. [PMID: 38449800 PMCID: PMC10917481 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5322696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
These days, two important issues are causing concern in the global community: the alarmingly growing trend of the human population and the issue of food security. To this end, people around the world have been searching for solutions that could feed the needy in a sustainable way. In response to this urgent call, scientists from around the world started working on increasing crop production and productivity by controlling crop pathogens that could harm the productivity of crops. Synthetic fungicides have been in use for controlling crop diseases for several decades, but later, due to the evidenced side effects of the fungicides, there have been attempts to shift towards a less cost-effective and eco-friendly method of controlling crop diseases, and so far, many remarkable results have been achieved. However, due to the less effective and shorter shelf life of microbial biofungicides, as well as the less accessibility of these microbial biofungicides to growers around the world, it became difficult to remove the fungicides totally from the market. To minimize this problem, researchers suggested an integrated approach: the combination of microbial biofungicides with a reduced dose of synthetic fungicides. Hence, this review explored the status as well as the merits and demerits of microbial biofungicides as compared to synthetic fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamenew Fenta
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Mekonnen
- Department of Biology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Alotaibi KS, Almalki DA. Hepatoprotective Effect of Moringa Oil on Rats under Fungicide Toxicity. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 513:S53-S59. [PMID: 38379081 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923600367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The present study is designed to evaluate whether pretreatment with moringa would have a protective effect on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis, assessing biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar male rats. Exposure to TAA induced notable biochemical and histopathological alterations. Liver fibrosis induced by TAA, along with associated biochemical and histological damage, has not been previously investigated in male rats supplemented with moringa oil. The experiment involved forty male rats distributed across four groups, each comprising ten rats. Group 1 served as controls and received intraperitoneal injections of saline solution twice weekly for six weeks. Group 2 rats were injected with 300 mg/kg body weight of TAA (Sigma-Aldrich Corp.) twice weekly for the same duration. Group 3 rats were orally supplemented with moringa oil at 800 mg/kg body weight/day and received intraperitoneal injections of TAA at the same dosage as Group 2 for six weeks. Finally, Group 4 rats were injected with saline solution twice weekly and orally supplemented with moringa oil at 800 mg/kg body weight/day for the same period. At the end of the experiment, we determined body weight and performed liver function analysis. Additionally, we examined the liver histology of the different groups. Results showed that moringa oil treatment protected rat livers from TAA toxicity by improving liver function analysis and preventing liver fibrosis. Moringa oil can be considered a promising agent for protection against TAA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S Alotaibi
- General Science and English Language Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daklallah A Almalki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Al-Mikhwah, Al-Baha University, Al-Mikhwah, Saudi Arabia.
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Hussain S, Jali AM, Alshahrani S, Khairat KHM, Siddiqui R, Alam MI, Ali R, Mohammed M, Khan A, Al Shahi H, Hanbashi A, Qadri M, Ashafaq M. Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Nanopiperine against Cypermethrin via Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammations and Gene Expression Using qRT-PCR. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15361. [PMID: 37895045 PMCID: PMC10607774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cypermethrin (Cyp) is a pyrethroid that has been associated with the toxicity of various organs. The aim of our study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of nano-piperine (NP) against Cyp toxicity. Cyp (50 mg/kg) was administered orally in all animals of groups III-VI for 15 days. Groups IV-VI each received three doses of NP (125, 250, and 500 µg/kg/day) for 10 days after receiving the Cyp dosage, which was given after 1 h. A rise in serum biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, and albumin), which are indicators of toxicity alongside anomalous oxidative stress indices (lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase), was detected. After Cyp treatment, we observed upregulated cytokines, caspase expression, and histological analysis that the showed distortion of cell shape. However, the administration of NP dramatically reversed all of the Cyp-induced alterations, inducing reductions in serum marker levels, stress level, the production of cytokines, and caspase expression. Additionally, all of the histopathological alterations were minimized to values that were comparable to normal levels. The present findings suggested that NP exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that can protect rats' livers against Cyp-induced liver damage through hepatoprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
| | - Abdulmajeed M. Jali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
| | - Khairat H. M. Khairat
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Najran 66243, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahimullah Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
| | - Mohammad Intakhab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manal Mohammed
- Substance Abuse Research Center (SARC), College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Hamad Al Shahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
| | - Ali Hanbashi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Marwa Qadri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
- Inflammation Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Unit, Medical Research Center (MRC), Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ashafaq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (S.H.); (A.M.J.); (S.A.); (K.H.M.K.); (R.S.); (H.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.Q.)
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Bunsri S, Muenchamnan N, Naksen W, Ong-Artborirak P. The Hematological and Biochemical Effects from Pesticide Exposure on Thai Vegetable Farmers. TOXICS 2023; 11:707. [PMID: 37624212 PMCID: PMC10458049 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide-related health concerns are a global public health issue. Few studies in Thailand have explored the hematological and biochemical effects of occupational pesticide exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of pesticides on the hematology, hepatic, and renal function of Thai vegetable farmers. A cross-sectional study was carried out in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand. A total of 124 apparently healthy vegetable farmers were interviewed about their lifetime exposure to agricultural pesticides. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture to be tested for complete blood count (CBC), liver function, and kidney function. Approximately 46% of the farmers were pesticide users who reported a history of pesticide use for their crops, while 54% were non-pesticide users. In the male farmers, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly higher in the pesticide users compared to the non-pesticide users, while the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hematocrit (HCT), and red blood cells (RBC) were significantly lower (p < 0.05). In the females, the pesticide users had significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and MCHC than the non-pesticide users (p < 0.05). Pesticide use among Thai vegetable farmers may cause hematological alterations and increase the risk of hepatic and renal dysfunction. Some hematological and biochemical parameters may be used for monitoring to protect them from the adverse health effects of occupational exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriphan Bunsri
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.B.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.B.); (N.M.)
| | - Parichat Ong-Artborirak
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (S.B.); (N.M.)
- Department of Research and Medical Innovation, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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Mekuria A, Xia L, Ahmed TA, Bishaw S, Teklemariam Z, Nedi T, Abula T, Engidawork E, Gong YY. Contribution of Aflatoxin B 1 Exposure to Liver Cirrhosis in Eastern Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3543-3553. [PMID: 37605782 PMCID: PMC10440104 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s425992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cirrhosis is a global health problem due to a large number of disability-associated life years and mortality. However, evidence is scarce on its causes in Eastern-Ethiopia, a place where there is a high prevalence of liver cirrhosis of unknown etiology. This study attempted to identify the risk factors related to liver cirrhosis in the area. Methods A case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from January 2020 to July 2021. Following diagnoses using an ultrasound-based cirrhosis scale, a total of 127 cases were identified and compared with 253 control patients. A structured questionnaire and data abstraction form were used to collect demographic, lifestyle, and clinical information. A blood sample was also taken from each participant for clinical chemistry, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus tests as well as for an aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) albumin adduct (AF-alb) assay. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine predictors of liver cirrhosis. Results AF-alb levels were detected in 75% of the cases and 64% of the controls, with a median (IQR) level of 11 pg/mg (5.5-25) and 7.0 pg/mg (4.3-20.5), respectively (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of subjects with high AF-alb levels (≥8.6 pg/mg) was greater in cases (45%, p<0.05)) than controls (28%). Age ≥55 years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8), being a farmer (AOR= 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5, 6.0), family history of liver disease (AOR= 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1, 7.9), HBV seropositivity (AOR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.9, 8.8), and exposure to high levels of AF-alb (AOR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.7) were significantly associated with liver cirrhosis. Conclusion This study found a strong link between AFB1 exposure and liver cirrhosis. Mitigation of aflatoxin exposure and a better understanding of additional environmental risk factors like pesticides may be necessary to reduce the disease burden in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mekuria
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lei Xia
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tekabe Abdosh Ahmed
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Bishaw
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Teklemariam
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Teshome Nedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Abula
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Ayilara MS, Adeleke BS, Akinola SA, Fayose CA, Adeyemi UT, Gbadegesin LA, Omole RK, Johnson RM, Uthman QO, Babalola OO. Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1040901. [PMID: 36876068 PMCID: PMC9978502 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, synthetic pesticides like herbicides, algicides, miticides, bactericides, fumigants, termiticides, repellents, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides, and pheromones have been used to improve crop yield. When pesticides are used, the over-application and excess discharge into water bodies during rainfall often lead to death of fish and other aquatic life. Even when the fishes still live, their consumption by humans may lead to the biomagnification of chemicals in the body system and can cause deadly diseases, such as cancer, kidney diseases, diabetes, liver dysfunction, eczema, neurological destruction, cardiovascular diseases, and so on. Equally, synthetic pesticides harm the soil texture, soil microbes, animals, and plants. The dangers associated with the use of synthetic pesticides have necessitated the need for alternative use of organic pesticides (biopesticides), which are cheaper, environment friendly, and sustainable. Biopesticides can be sourced from microbes (e.g., metabolites), plants (e.g., from their exudates, essential oil, and extracts from bark, root, and leaves), and nanoparticles of biological origin (e.g., silver and gold nanoparticles). Unlike synthetic pesticides, microbial pesticides are specific in action, can be easily sourced without the need for expensive chemicals, and are environmentally sustainable without residual effects. Phytopesticides have myriad of phytochemical compounds that make them exhibit various mechanisms of action, likewise, they are not associated with the release of greenhouse gases and are of lesser risks to human health compared to the available synthetic pesticides. Nanobiopesticides have higher pesticidal activity, targeted or controlled release with top-notch biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we examined the different types of pesticides, the merits, and demerits of synthetic pesticides and biopesticides, but more importantly, we x-rayed appropriate and sustainable approaches to improve the acceptability and commercial usage of microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides for plant nutrition, crop protection/yield, animal/human health promotion, and their possible incorporation into the integrated pest management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe S. Ayilara
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Nigeria
| | - Bartholomew S. Adeleke
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, School of Science, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Nigeria
| | - Saheed A. Akinola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Butare, Rwanda
| | - Chris A. Fayose
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Ekiti State Polytechnic, Isan-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Uswat T. Adeyemi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Lanre A. Gbadegesin
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Richard K. Omole
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Applied Sciences, Osun State College of Technology, Esa-Oke, Nigeria
| | | | - Qudus O. Uthman
- Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Olubukola O. Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
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11
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Nkontcheu Kenko DB, Ngameni NT, Kamta PN. Environmental assessment of the influence of pesticides on non-target arthropods using PRIMET, a pesticide hazard model, in the Tiko municipality, Southwest Cameroon. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136578. [PMID: 36162518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide use in farming is unescapable to enhance the harvest and prevent deleterious organisms. Unfortunately, certain pesticide users most often unveil poor practices, remarkably in developing countries. This study aimed at estimating pesticide risk to non-target arthropods (NTAs) using PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics to Man, Environment and Trade), a pesticide risk model, in the Tiko municipality, Southwest Cameroon. To achieve this, data was assembled on the pesticide treatment plan (active ingredient, crops, dosage, number of applications, application interval) and ecotoxicological properties (LR50), and typeset one at the time in PRIMET 2.0 for risk appraisal. The model estimated the Acceptable Effect Concentration (AECNTA), the In-Field and Off-Field Exposure (PEC) and Exposure Toxicity Ratio (ETR = PEC/AECNTA). If ETR < 1, there is "No Risk", if 1 ≤ ETR≤ 100, there is a "Possible Risk", and if ETR > 100, there is a "Definite Risk". Amongst the thirty-nine (39) pesticides evaluated, the most dangerous compound was imidacloprid (ETRIF = 255 000 000), followed by cypermethrin (ETRIF = 299 800) and oxamyl (ETRIF = 57 917). Epoxiconazole was the only fungicide, out of fourteen predicted to pose a definite in-field risk to NTAs with ETRIF = 1491. Half of the fungicides (50%) posed a possible in-field risk. One third of herbicides evaluated posed a possible in-field risk to NTAs. In this classification, paraquat (ETRIF = 51) exhibited the highest risk. All the herbicides were predicted for no off-field risk to NTAs. NTAs seemed to be more tolerant to most fungicides and herbicides than insecticides. The strengthening of the directive on pesticide purchasing and operation is inevitability in order to protect anthropoid and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parfait Nkontcheu Kamta
- Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
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12
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Rashidi MA, Mahabadi HA, Khavanin A, Tajik L. The association between blood, urine, respiratory, neurobehavioral parameters and occupational exposure to organophosphorus pesticides: a cross-sectional study among formulators. Afr Health Sci 2022; 22:681-696. [PMID: 36910361 PMCID: PMC9993281 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v22i3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are one of the most extensively used chemical compounds all over the world. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether occupational exposure of the formulators to the OP pesticides, under normal working conditions, is associated with any hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and respirotoxic responses among them. Methods 28 OP formulation plant workers and 17 office workers participated in this cross-sectional study as the exposed and control groups, respectively. Blood and urine samples were collected to measure hematological, biochemical, and urinalysis parameters. American thoracic society questionnaire and spirometry tests were employed to assess the function of their respiratory system. Q16 questionnaire was also used to investigate the prevalence of neurobehavioral symptoms. The data were analyzed by SPSS v.22 software using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, T-test, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, Fisher, Pearson, and Spearman tests. Results No statistically significant difference was found in hematological, biochemical, urinalysis (except in specific gravity), spirometry parameters, as well as respiratory and neurobehavioral symptoms between the exposed and the control groups. For the exposed group, however, the means of spirometry parameters were significantly lower among the smokers. Conclusions In this study, the expected adverse health effects due to exposure to OP pesticides were not observed among the formulators; however, the risk of developing respiratory dysfunction was found to be more considerable among smoker subjects than the non-smoker ones. Further investigations are required to determine whether formulators' occupational exposures to OP pesticides result in certain adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Asilian Mahabadi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khavanin
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Tajik
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety at Work Engineering, School of Health and Nutrition, Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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13
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Seasonal Changes in Pesticide Residues in Water and Sediments from River Tano, Ghana. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:8997449. [PMID: 35535351 PMCID: PMC9078842 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8997449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pollution due to pesticide residues has been reported in the downstream of the Tano Basin in the rainy season and has been attributed to the anthropogenic activities upstream. However, data on the seasonal variations in pesticide residues in the upstream of Tano Basin are limited. Seasonal variations in 13 organochlorine pesticide residues, 8 organophosphorus pesticide residues, and 5 synthetic pesticide residues in water and sediment samples of River Tano upstream were assessed through extraction and Varian CP-3800 gas chromatography equipped with a CombiPAL Auto sampler set at ionization mode electron impact methods. Significantly higher pesticide residues were detected in water and sediment samples in the rainy season than the dry season. Permethrin (rainy: 0.007 ± 0.01 mg/kg; dry: 0.008 ± 0.02 mg/kg) and profenofos (rainy: 0.021 ± 0.02 mg/kg; dry: 0.026 ± 0.01 mg/kg) showed higher dry season concentrations in the sediment samples. Two isomers of lindane (δ-HCH = 0.059 ± 0.24 μg/L; γ-HCH = 0.002 ± 0.01 μg/L) were detected in the water in the rainy season, but 3 were detected in the sediment samples (δ-HCH = 0.004 ± 0.12 mg/kg; γ-HCH = 0.003 ± 0.01 mg/kg; aldrin = 0.001 ± 0.01 mg/kg) suggesting possible illegal use. The detected pesticide residual levels in both water and sediment samples were lower than the maximum residual levels in water and sediment. The Chemical Control and Management Centre of the Environmental Protection Agency should check possible faking and adulteration of banned organochlorine pesticides.
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14
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Hassanen EI, Hussien AM, Mehanna S, Ibrahim MA, Hassan NH. Comparative assessment on the probable mechanisms underlying the hepatorenal toxicity of commercial imidacloprid and hexaflumuron formulations in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:29091-29104. [PMID: 34993831 PMCID: PMC8993790 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are viewed as a major wellspring of ecological contamination and causing serious risky consequences for people and animals. Imidacloprid (IM) and hexaflumuron (HFM) are extensively utilized insect poisons for crop assurance on the planet. A few investigations examined IM harmfulness in rodents, but its exact mechanism hasn't been mentioned previously as well as the toxicity of HFM doesn't elucidate yet. For this reason, the present study was designed to explore the mechanism of each IM and HFM-evoked rat liver and kidney toxicity and to understand its molecular mechanism. 21 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups, as follows: group (1), normal saline; group (2), IM; and group (3), HFM. Both insecticides were orally administered every day for 28 days at a dose equal to 1/10 LD50 from the active ingredient. After 28 days postdosing, rats were anesthetized to collect blood samples then euthanized to collect liver and kidney tissue specimens. The results showed marked changes in walking, body tension, alertness, and head movement with a significant reduction in rats' body weight in both IM and HFM receiving groups. Significant increases in MDA levels and decrease of GHS levels were recorded in liver and kidney homogenates of either IM or HFM groups. Liver and kidney tissues obtained from both pesticide receiving groups showed extensive histopathological alterations with a significant increase in the serum levels of ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine and a decrease in total proteins, albumin, and globulin levels. In addition, there was upregulation of the transcript levels of casp-3, JNK, and HO-1 genes with strong immunopositivity of casp-3, TNF-ὰ, and NF-KB protein expressions in the liver and kidneys of rats receiving either IM or HFM compared with the control group. In all studied parameters, HFM caused hepatorenal toxicity more than those induced by IM. We can conclude that each IM and HFM provoked liver and kidneys damage through overproduction of ROS, activation of NF-KB signaling pathways and mitochondrial/JNK-dependent apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman I Hassanen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Hussien
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sally Mehanna
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Neven H Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Nkontcheu Kenko DB, Ngameni NT. Assessment of ecotoxicological effects of agrochemicals on bees using the PRIMET model, in the Tiko plain (South-West Cameroon). Heliyon 2022; 8:e09154. [PMID: 35345403 PMCID: PMC8956873 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticide utilization in agriculture has many harmful effects of non-target organisms. This study assessed pesticide risk to bees using PRIMET (Pesticide Risks in the Tropics to Man, Environment and Trade), a pesticide risk model. Data was collected on pesticide application scheme (active ingredient, crop, dose, number of applications, application interval) and ecotoxicological properties (LD50-Bee). These two groups of variables were introduced one after the other in PRIMET 2.0 to obtain the Predicted Exposure Concentration (PECbee), No Effect Concentration (NECbee) and Exposure Toxicity Ratio (ETRbee = PECbee/NECbee). Eight insecticides (out of 15 assessed) and 1 nematicide (out of 1) posed a Definite Risk to bees with imidacloprid (PEC = 4412 g/ha; ETR = 1.09E+07) at the top position. Six insecticides (out of 16), and 1 nematicide (out of 1) posed a Possible Risk to bees. The insecticide oxamyl (PEC = 2044g/ha, ETR = 87) had the highest ETR in this category, followed by the nematicide ethoprophos (PEC = 5.4E+04 g/ha; ETR = 69). The results of this study revealed that 27 compounds, including 1 insecticide (out of 15), 10 herbicides (out of 10) and 16 fungicides (out of 16) posed No Risk to bees. Herbicides and fungicides appeared “safer” for bees as compared to other pesticide families. The fungicides, mancozeb (PEC = 1 g/ha, ETR = 0.006) and maneb (PEC = 1 g/ha, ETR = 0.006) had the lowest ETR out of all the 43 compounds assessed in the study. Regulation on the importation, distribution and use should be reinforced for very hazardous compounds such as imidacloprid, carbofuran, thiamethoxam and metaldehyde. Substituting the most toxic pesticides with less toxic ones such as novaluron (insecticide), oxadiazon (herbicide), mancozeb (fungicide) and maneb (fungicide) may help to reduce pesticide pressure on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brice Nkontcheu Kenko
- Zoology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology and Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, South-West Region, Cameroon.,Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit, Dschang School of Science and Technology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67 Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
| | - Norbert Tchamadeu Ngameni
- Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit, Dschang School of Science and Technology, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 67 Dschang, West Region, Cameroon
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16
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Pesticide toxicity assessment and geographic information system (GIS) application in small-scale rice farming operations, Thailand. Sci Rep 2022; 12:499. [PMID: 35017597 PMCID: PMC8752847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of pesticide exposure on farmer health during non-active rice farming and active rice farming periods and present the change in the individual cholinesterase activities (%reduction) on the geographic information system (GIS) mapping in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. Acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) activities were monitored during both study periods using Test-mate ChE (Model 400). The location of paddy fields was specified using Garmin geographic positioning system MAP 62s. Fifty-eight farmers who participated in this study had an average age of 49.2 ± 6.9 years. Higher prevalence of all health symptoms was observed among farmer participants during the active rice farming period comparing to the non-active rice farming period (p < 0.01). Furthermore, farmers had significantly lower activities of AChE and BuChE during the active rice farming period comparing to the non-active rice farming period (p < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the GIS mapping indicate that the cases with a significant enzyme inhibition have dispersed across the agricultural and the nearby residential areas. This, investigation can be used to promote safer use of pesticides among farmers and mitigate pesticide exposure among residents living in close proximity to a rice field.
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Elhamalawy OH, Al-Anany FS, El Makawy AI. Thiamethoxam-induced hematological, biochemical, and genetic alterations and the ameliorated effect of Moringa oleifera in male mice. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:94-101. [PMID: 35028296 PMCID: PMC8741488 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamethoxam (TMX) exerts pronounced insecticidal effects against a wide variety of economically imperative pests. However, the administration of TMX in experimental animals induced notable adverse effects on the function of various organs. The purpose of this study was to assess TMX induced hematological, biochemical, and genetic alterations and the potential ameliorative effects on them of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) in male mice Animals were orally administered TMX (≈1/10 LD50) daily either alone or with MLE (200 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 successive days. Blood was collected to evaluate the hematological profile and serum levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea. Liver and kidney cells were used to assess the Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and antioxidant enzymes. DNA integrity was estimated also in the liver and kidney using comet and colorimetric diphenylamine assays. Results revealed that TMX exhibited significant changes in the hematological profile and liver and kidney functions. Besides, TMX significantly raised the MDA content and DNA damage in both two of these organs. In contrast, TMX reduced the antioxidant activities in the cells of both liver and kidney. Meanwhile, Moringa extract combined with TMX significantly attenuated the deleterious findings of TMX. Specifically, it improved the TMX-induced hematological changes, liver and kidney function alterations, oxidative stress, and DNA damage rate. It can be concluded that TMX had adverse effects on different cells of male mice, but MLE successfully ameliorated TMX's hematological and hepatorenal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama H Elhamalawy
- Department of Environment and Bio-Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fathia S Al-Anany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Al-Azhar University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Aida I El Makawy
- Department of Cell Biology, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza, P.O. Box 12622, Egypt
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Fuhrimann S, Wan C, Blouzard E, Veludo A, Holtman Z, Chetty-Mhlanga S, Dalvie MA, Atuhaire A, Kromhout H, Röösli M, Rother HA. Pesticide Research on Environmental and Human Exposure and Risks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:259. [PMID: 35010520 PMCID: PMC8750985 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
On the African continent, ongoing agriculture intensification is accompanied by the increasing use of pesticides, associated with environmental and public health concerns. Using a systematic literature review, we aimed to map current geographical research hotspots and gaps around environmental and public health risks research of agriculture pesticides in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Studies were included that collected primary data on past and current-used agricultural pesticides and assessed their environmental occurrence, related knowledge, attitude and practice, human exposure, and environmental or public health risks between 2006 and 2021. We identified 391 articles covering 469 study sites in 37 countries in SSA. Five geographical research hotspots were identified: two in South Africa, two in East Africa, and one in West Africa. Despite its ban for agricultural use, organochlorine was the most studied pesticide group (60%; 86% of studies included DDT). Current-used pesticides in agriculture were studied in 54% of the study sites (including insecticides (92%), herbicides (44%), and fungicides (35%)). Environmental samples were collected in 67% of the studies (e.g., water, aquatic species, sediment, agricultural produce, and air). In 38% of the studies, human subjects were investigated. Only few studies had a longitudinal design or assessed pesticide's environmental risks; human biomarkers; dose-response in human subjects, including children and women; and interventions to reduce pesticide exposure. We established a research database that can help stakeholders to address research gaps, foster research collaboration between environmental and health dimensions, and work towards sustainable and safe agriculture systems in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fuhrimann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.V.); (S.C.-M.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Chenjie Wan
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Elodie Blouzard
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Adriana Veludo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.V.); (S.C.-M.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zelda Holtman
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa; (Z.H.); (M.A.D.); (H.-A.R.)
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa
| | - Shala Chetty-Mhlanga
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.V.); (S.C.-M.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa; (Z.H.); (M.A.D.); (H.-A.R.)
| | - Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala 12590, Uganda;
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.B.); (H.K.)
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.V.); (S.C.-M.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna-Andrea Rother
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa; (Z.H.); (M.A.D.); (H.-A.R.)
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7729, South Africa
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19
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Adverse Health Effects in Women Farmers Indirectly Exposed to Pesticides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115909. [PMID: 34072924 PMCID: PMC8198255 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Farmers are among the most vulnerable populations because of the exposure to low levels of pesticides. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities are considered as biomarkers of pesticides poisoning. However, biomarkers of oxidative stress are also playing an important role in toxicity of these contaminants. Further, increased activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, urea and creatinine have been linked with hepatic and nephrotoxic cell damage, respectively. The aim of this study was to ascertain if the indirect exposure to pesticides leads to some biochemical parameter changes. Thus, cholinesterase activities, oxidative stress status (lipid and protein oxidation), hepatic function (AST and ALT levels), hormonal function (TSH, T4, FSH, LH and AMH), renal function (serum creatinine and urea), as well as possible subclinical kidney damage (urinary proteins and biomarkers of early kidney damage) were evaluated in farmer women who collect fruits and vegetables comparing with a group of women non-occupational exposed to pesticides but living in the same rural environment. Samples were taken periodically along one year to relate the observed effects to a chronic exposure. Our main results showed for the first time a subclinical kidney damage in a rural setting with indirect chronic exposure to pesticides.
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20
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Lozano-Paniagua D, Parrón T, Alarcón R, Requena M, López-Guarnido O, Lacasaña M, Hernández AF. Evaluation of conventional and non-conventional biomarkers of liver toxicity in greenhouse workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 151:112127. [PMID: 33722595 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a prominent role in maintenance of homeostasis and is the major organ for xenobiotic metabolism, including pesticides. Conventional liver function tests are widely used to assess hepatocellular and biliary system dysfunction by measuring serum levels of aminotransferases (ALT, AST) and cholestasis enzymes (alkaline phosphatase -ALP- and γ-glutamyl transferase -GGT-), respectively. Although these tests are not entirely specific for liver damage, their specificity increases when measured concurrently, but still have limited usefulness to predict early liver dysfunction. Hence, non-conventional biomarkers may have a better performance for the early detection of biochemical hepatotoxicity with a greater specificity and sensitivity. A cross-sectional study with a follow-up component was conducted on 175 greenhouse workers regularly exposed to pesticides under integrated production system, and 91 controls living in the same geographical area. All individuals were evaluated for conventional (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT) and non-conventional biomarkers of hepatotoxicity (ornithine transcarbamylase (-OTC-), Arginase-1 -ARG1- and glutathione S-transferase alpha -GSTα-) over two periods of the same crop season, one of high pesticide exposure and other of low exposure. A slight increase in AST was observed in greenhouse workers relative to controls, suggestive of subtle hepatocellular toxicity. Although ALP, ARG1 and GST-α levels were decreased in greenhouse workers, this might be related to a potential homeostatic mechanism that regulates their expression. Altogether, these findings do not represent unambiguous evidence of liver dysfunction (e.g., hepatocellular or biliary system impairment) but may be the result of the low-toxicity pesticides used by greenhouse workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tesifón Parrón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | - Raquel Alarcón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | - Mar Requena
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, Almería, Spain
| | - Olga López-Guarnido
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Spain.
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21
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Manfo FPT, Suh CF, Nantia EA, Moundipa PF, Cho-Ngwa F. Occupational use of agrochemicals results in inhibited cholinesterase activity and altered reproductive hormone levels in male farmers from Buea, Cameroon. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:232-248. [PMID: 33884174 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of agro pesticides and fertilizers in eliminating pests and scaling up crop yield has motivated farmers to increase their use. Unfortunately, health hazards caused on farmers by these agrochemicals are of growing concern, though not well elucidated. In order to evaluate the effects of occupational exposure to agrochemicals on some key parameters of male farmers' health in Buea Subdivision, Cameroon, a total of 101 men, including 62 farmers using the agrochemicals and a reference population of 39 men not involved in occupational utilization of the agrochemicals, were interviewed on use of protective equipment, exposure symptoms and reproductive health status. Thereafter, serum cholinesterase [acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)] activities, total antioxidant capacity and reproductive hormones [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone] were assessed. Results revealed that farmers mainly used insecticides followed by fungicides, herbicides and fertilizers, but with inadequate protective measures. The use of agrochemicals resulted in several exposure symptoms including weakness, itches, burning sensation, headache, sneezing, coughing and vomiting, as well as decrease in serum AChE activity when compared to the reference population. The agrochemicals impacted negatively on the farmers' reproductive health as evidenced by increased FSH levels. Taken altogether, these results suggested that exposure to agrochemicals adversely affects farmers' health. Therefore, there is a need to further sensitize the farmers on the use of protective equipment to mitigate the exposure and resulting health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustin Pascal Tsagué Manfo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Christian Fusi Suh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Edouard Akono Nantia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bambili, Cameroon
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Laboratory for Drugs and Molecular Diagnostics Research (ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research), Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
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22
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Otuechere CA, Farombi EO. Pterocarpus mildbraedii (Harms) extract resolves propanil-induced hepatic injury via repression of inflammatory stress responses in Wistar rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13506. [PMID: 33047371 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pterocarpus mildbraedii (PME) is a green leafy vegetable from the Papilionaceae family. This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of PME in Wistar rats exposed to experimental hepatotoxicity using propanil (PRP), a post-emergent herbicide. Animals were grouped as control, PRP, PME, and PME + PRP. After 7 days, the levels of stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT-3) were measured in rat liver. Furthermore, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, as well as protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB p65), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined. Compared with PRP-treated rats, PME significantly reduced the hepatic MPO and NO levels. PME also diminished NFκB, iNOS, and COX-2 protein expressions in PRP-treated rats. This study showed that Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaves produce active principles with relevant anti-inflammatory potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Previous studies have shown that bioactive principles contained in medicinal plants can offer protection against chemically induced inflammation. Pterocarpus mildbraedii leaves, with rich content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential fatty acids, could be exploited as a therapeutic agent against pesticide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. This current study has also shown that the potential of PME as a functional food is boosted by the presence of α-linolenic acid, an omega-3-fatty acid known to possess anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we elucidated the cellular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory action of PME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiagoziem Anariochi Otuechere
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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23
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Sharma A, Shukla A, Attri K, Kumar M, Kumar P, Suttee A, Singh G, Barnwal RP, Singla N. Global trends in pesticides: A looming threat and viable alternatives. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 201:110812. [PMID: 32512419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used chemical compounds in agriculture to destroy insects, pests and weeds. In modern era, they form an indispensable part of agricultural and health practices. Globally, nearly 3 billion kg of pesticides are used every year with a budget of ~40 billion USD. This extensive usage has increased the crop yield as well as led to significant reduction in harvest losses and thereby, enhanced food availability. On the other hand, indiscriminate usage of these chemicals has led to several environmental implications and caused adverse effects on human health. Epidemiological evidences have revealed the harmful effects of pesticides exposure on various organs including liver, brain, lungs and colon. Recent investigations have shown that pesticides can also lead to fatal consequences such as cancer among individuals. These chemicals enter ecosystem, thus hampering the sensitive environmental equilibrium through bio-accumulation. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, they can persist in nature for years and are regarded as potent biohazard. Worldwide, very few surveillance methods have been considered, which can bring awareness among the individuals, therefore the present review is an attempt to delineate consequences induced by various types of pesticide exposure on the environment. Further, the prospective of biopesticides use could facilitate the increase of crop production without compromising human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ananya Shukla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kriti Attri
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India; Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Megha Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Ashish Suttee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Gurpal Singh
- UIPS, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Neha Singla
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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