Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Crocin Ameliorate Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

The suppressive effects of crocin from saffron on allergic airway inflammation through Drp1/Nfr1/Mfn2/Pgc1-alpha signaling pathway in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Saffron is derived from the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus L., which was considered by ancient nations for food and medicinal purposes. In traditional medicine, the therapeutic use of Crocus sativus includes antispasmodic, antitussive and expectorant.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, and mitophagy are essential processes for maintaining mitochondrial dynamics in response to cellular stress. The primary objective of this research was to examine how crocin affected the levels of important mitochondrial regulators, including Drp1, Pgc1α, Nrf1, and Mfn2, in the lung tissue of ovalbumin-sensitized mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of fifty male BALB/C mice were randomly assigned to five unique groups (n = 10 for each group), including the control group, ovalbumin-sensitized group (OVA), OVA group treated with 30 mg/kg of crocin, OVA group treated with 60 mg/kg of crocin, and OVA group treated with 1 mg/kg of dexamethasone. Post-sensitization and ovalbumin challenge, mice lung tissues were evaluated for the expression of Drp1, Pgc1α, Nrf1, and Mfn2 mRNA levels using real-time PCR as well as histopathological assessments.

RESULTS

In the OVA group, there was a significant elevated in inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes; however, crocin (both concentrations) and dexamethasone intervention showed significant inhibitory effects (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001). Moreover, an increase in the expression of Drp1, Pgc1α, and Nrf1 levels was seen in the OVA group, while crocin and dexamethasone showed protective benefits (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Furthermore, the levels of Mfn2 were reduced in the lung tissue of mice exposed to ovalbumin, but this decrease was reversed by crocin 60 (P < 0.05) and dexamethasone treatment (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In mice with OVA sensitization, the balance of mitochondrial dynamics in lung tissue was disrupted, but intervention of crocin identified to have a protective effect.

Diosmin and Coenzyme q10: Synergistic histopathological and functional protection against doxorubicin-induced hepatorenal injury in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a cytotoxic anthracycline used to treat a variety of cancers. Cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity are adverse effects of DOX, that limit prognosis. The study aims to determine if diosmin (DIOS) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) alone or in combination protect rats against DOX-induced liver and kidney damage. Adult male rats were assigned randomly in five groups. An intraperitoneal injection of DOX (2.5 mg/kg) was given to the DOX group every other day for three weeks, whereas a normal control group received the vehicle. Diosmin group received oral DIOS (100 mg/kg), Co-Q10 group received oral CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) and combination group received oral DIOS and CoQ10 daily for three weeks concomitantly with DOX. Sera and tissues were obtained 24 hours after last DOX injection. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatinine, urea, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were detected with hepatic and renal reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Histopathology and morphometry of liver and kidney were assessed. DOX exerted significant hepatorenal toxicity via elevation of liver and kidney functions, inducing oxidative stress by reducing GSH and elevating MDA, triggering renal and hepatic TNF-α and NF-kB. DIOS and CoQ10 modulated hepatic and renal functions, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. DIOS-CoQ10 combination treatment showed significant improvement in histopathology of liver and kidney along with morphometry compared to DOX group. In conclusion, combining DIOS and CoQ10 exhibited synergistic protective activity against DOX-induced hepatic and renal insult via their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Nrf2/Keap1/ARE regulation by plant secondary metabolites: a new horizon in brain tumor management

Brain cancer is regarded as one of the most life-threatening forms of cancer worldwide. Oxidative stress acts to derange normal brain homeostasis, thus is involved in carcinogenesis in brain. The Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway is an important signaling cascade responsible for the maintenance of redox homeostasis, and regulation of anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities by multiple downstream pathways. Interestingly, Nrf2 plays a somewhat, contradictory role in cancers, including brain cancer. Nrf2 has traditionally been regarded as a tumor suppressor since its cytoprotective functions are considered to be the principle cellular defense mechanism against exogenous and endogenous insults, such as xenobiotics and oxidative stress. However, hyperactivation of the Nrf2 pathway supports the survival of normal as well as malignant cells, protecting them against oxidative stress, and therapeutic agents. Plants possess a pool of secondary metabolites with potential chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive actions. Modulation of Nrf2/ARE and downstream activities in a Keap1-dependant manner, with the aid of plant-derived secondary metabolites exhibits promise in the management of brain tumors. Current article highlights the effects of Nrf2/Keap1/ARE cascade on brain tumors, and the potential role of secondary metabolites regarding the management of the same.

Potential therapeutic effects of crocin

Crocin, a natural bioactive compound derived from saffron (Crocus sativus) and other Crocus genera, has gained significant attention recently due to its potential therapeutic properties. The multifaceted nature of crocin's biological effects has piqued the interest of researchers and health enthusiasts, prompting further investigations into its mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. This review article comprehensively explores the emerging evidence supporting crocin's role as a promising ally in protecting against metabolic disorders. The review covers the molecular mechanisms underlying crocin's beneficial effects and highlights its potential applications in preventing and treating diverse pathological conditions. Understanding the mechanisms through which crocin exerts its protective effects could advance scientific knowledge and offer potential avenues for developing novel therapeutic interventions. As we uncover the potential of crocin as a valuable ally in the fight against disorders, it becomes evident that nature's palette holds remarkable solutions for enhancing our health.

Determination of doxorubicin in plasma and tissues of mice by UPLC-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study

A rapid and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established for the simultaneous determination of doxorubicin (DOX) in mouse plasma and tissues, including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and tumor, and to investigate the pharmacokinetics and distribution in mice. In this study, daunorubicin (DNR) was used as an internal standard, and the mobile phase consisted of ammonium formate 2 mM containing 0.1 % formic acid (A) and acetonitrile (B), the chromatographic column was ACQUITY UPLC BEHTM C18 with a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive ion pattern was utilized for the ion separation of DOX, with the ions used for quantitative analysis being DOX m/z 544.28 → 397.10 and DNR m/z 528.35 → 321.08, respectively. The results showed that a good linear relationship in the calibration curve range of 1-800 ng/mL in mouse plasma and 1-2500 ng/g in tissues (R2 > 0.99) with the limits of quantification of 1 ng/mL in plasma and tissues. The method exhibited good matrix effect and extraction recovery, with the intra-day and inter-day precision of plasma and tissue were less than 10.3 % and 15.4 %, and the relative error (RE) were both less than ±14.8 % and ±18.9 %, respectively. The stability results under different conditions were found to be accurate. It also revealed the distribution of DOX in various tissues of mice, with the concentration ranking as liver > heart > kidney > spleen > lung > tumor. This method was successfully used to the study for the pharmacokinetics in plasma and drug distribution in tissues of BALB/c mice.

Liraglutide Pretreatment Does Not Improve Acute Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Doxorubicin is an effective drug for cancer treatment; however, cardiotoxicity limits its use. Cardiotoxicity pathophysiology is multifactorial. GLP-1 analogues have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pretreatment with liraglutide on doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity. A total of 60 male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: Control (C), Doxorubicin (D), Liraglutide (L), and Doxorubicin + Liraglutide (DL). L and DL received subcutaneous injection of liraglutide 0.6 mg/kg daily, while C and D received saline for 2 weeks. Afterwards, D and DL received a single intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin 20 mg/kg; C and L received an injection of saline. Forty-eight hours after doxorubicin administration, the rats were subjected to echocardiogram, isolated heart functional study, and euthanasia. Liraglutide-treated rats ingested significantly less food and gained less body weight than animals that did not receive the drug. Rats lost weight after doxorubicin injection. At echocardiogram and isolated heart study, doxorubicin-treated rats had systolic and diastolic function impairment. Myocardial catalase activity was statistically higher in doxorubicin-treated rats. Myocardial protein expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (p-NFκB), troponin T, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was significantly lower, and the total NFκB/p-NFκB ratio and TLR-4 higher in doxorubicin-treated rats. Myocardial expression of OPA-1, MFN-2, DRP-1, and topoisomerase 2β did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity is accompanied by decreased Bcl-2 and phosphorylated NFκB and increased catalase activity and TLR-4 expression. Liraglutide failed to improve acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Crocetin in Rats with Heart Failure

Gardenia is both a food and medicine plant. It is widely used for cardiovascular protection, and its main bioactive ingredient is crocetin. This study aims to observe the therapeutic effects of crocetin on chronic heart failure in rats induced by various etiologies. It further compares the efficacy differences between preventative and treatment administration, varying dosages, and treatment durations, to provide improved guidance for medication in heart failure rats and determine which categories of chronic heart failure rats might benefit most from crocetin. Chronic heart failure models induced by abdominal aorta constriction, renal hypertension, and coronary artery ligation were constructed. By examining cardiac function, blood biochemistry, and histopathology, the study assessed the preventive and therapeutic effects of crocetin on load-induced and myocardial ischemia-induced heart failure. The results showed that in all three models, both treatment and preventative administration of crocetin significantly improved chronic heart failure in rats, especially in preventative administration. The results indicate crocetin may be beneficial for improving symptoms and functional capacity in rats with heart failure. Furthermore, long-term administration was more effective than short-term administration across all three rat models, with therapeutic onset observed over 6 weeks.

Research progress on the pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and biosynthesis of crocins

Crocins are water-soluble apocarotenoids isolated from the flowers of crocus and gardenia. They exhibit various pharmacological effects, including neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory properties, hepatorenal protection, and anticancer activity. They are often used as coloring and seasoning agents. Due to the limited content of crocins in plants and the high cost of chemical synthesis, the supply of crocins is insufficient to meet current demand. The biosynthetic pathways for crocins have been elucidated to date, which allows the heterologous production of these valuable compounds in microorganisms by fermentation. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the chemistry, pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and heterologous production of crocins, aiming to lay the foundation for the large-scale production of these valuable natural products by using engineered microbial cell factories.

Investigation of the effects of crocin on inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, NF-κB, TLR-4 and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The primary limitation of gentamicin (Gm) treatment is its potential to induce nephrotoxicity, which can restrict both its duration and efficacy. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Crocin (Cr) against Gm-induced nephrotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms, including inflammation, apoptosis, TLR-4, Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways. 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups for the study. Group I received only saline. Groups II and III were administered 25 and 50 mg/kg of crocin, respectively. Group IV was treated with 80 mg/kg of Gm. Groups V and VI received 25 and 50 mg/kg of crocin, respectively, in addition to Gm administration. Crocin demonstrated protective effects on kidney tissue. It down-regulated the genes NF-κB, COX-2, TLR-4, Bax, and Caspase-3, while up-regulating Bcl-2, Nrf-2, and HO-1. In conclusion, these findings hold promise for the prevention of Gm-induced nephrotoxicity through the modulation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Crocin in high-fat diet plus streptozotocin-induced type-2 diabetic rats

OBJECTIVES

Crocin, the principal water-soluble active constituent of saffron, possesses numerous pharmacological activities. The present investigation examined the potential antidiabetic and antioxidant characteristics of Crocin in rats with type-2 diabetes by administering it orally and intraperitoneally (i.p.).

METHODS

After 2 weeks of a high-fat diet, streptozotocin (STZ) (i.p., 40 mg/kg) was administered to male adult rats to induce type-2 diabetes mellitus. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured on days zero, weeks 1, and 2. At the end of 2 weeks of drug administration in their respective groups, fasting insulin and glucose levels were estimated, and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined. Intraperitoneal glucose (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were carried out. Histopathological investigation and biochemical parameters were estimated in pancreatic tissues.

RESULTS

The Crocin (100 mg/kg) treatment has significantly improved body weight, abatement of FBG, fasting insulin, and HOMA-IR. Likewise, Crocin treatment significantly improved the glucose and insulin challenges. We observed a significantly marked elevation in endogenous antioxidant enzymes in Crocin-treated groups. Similarly, Crocin treatment reversed the histopathological changes and restored the normal integrity and function of the pancreas.

CONCLUSION

The overall finding indicates that intraperitoneal administration of Crocin demonstrated better control of glycemic level and body weight. Further, it has improved insulin levels in the serum and potentiated antioxidant properties.

Resveratrol may dose-dependently modulate nephrin and OTULIN levels in a doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity model

One of the most important side effects of Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapeutic agent, is nephrotoxicity. The purpose of this study is to determine whether different doses of natural polyphenol Resveratrol (RSV) show antioxidative, anti-inflammatory or antiapoptotic effects in kidney tissue in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity and to detect how nephrin and OTULIN levels are affected in this process. A total of six equal groups made up of the 42 Sprague-Dawley rats utilized in the study (n = 7) were randomly assigned. Except for the control group (no treatment), all treatments were given intraperitoneally to the DOX (15 mg/kg), DOX + RSV I (15 mg/kg DOX+ 1 mg/kg/day RSV), DOX + RSV II (15 mg/kg DOX+ 5 mg/kg/day RSV), RSV I and RSV II groups. Kidney tissues taken from rats sacrificed on the fifteenth day were analyzed biochemically, histologically and immunohistochemically. Accordingly, it was determined that nephrin and OTULIN levels decreased in kidney tissue in DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, DOX caused oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, as well as histopathological changes in kidney tissue. However, it was observed that DOX-induced changes were regulated by RSV application. RSV was demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in dose-dependent DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. RSV may exert nephroprotective effects by modulating DOX-induced altered nephrin and OTULIN levels.

Nephroprotective effects of diminazene on doxorubicin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of diminazene, an activator of angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE2), on kidney function and structure in rats with acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The impact of diminazene was compared to that of two other drugs: the ACE inhibitor lisinopril and the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker valsartan. Rats were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX (13.5 mg/kg) on the 5th day, either alone or in combination with diminazene (15 mg/kg/day), lisinopril (10 mg/kg/day), or valsartan (30 mg/kg/day) for 8 consecutive days. Various markers related to kidney function, oxidative stress, and inflammation were measured in plasma and urine. Additionally, kidney tissues were assessed histopathologically. DOX-induced nephrotoxicity was confirmed by elevated levels of plasma urea, creatinine, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). DOX also led to increased urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity and decreased creatinine clearance, albumin levels, and osmolality. Moreover, DOX caused a reduction in renal oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase activities, while increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. It also raised plasma inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). Concurrently administering diminazene significantly mitigated these DOX-induced changes, including histopathological alterations like renal tubule necrosis, tubular casts, shrunken glomeruli, and increased renal fibrosis. Similar protective effects were observed with lisinopril and valsartan. These protective effects, at least in part, appear to result from the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of these drugs. In summary, this study suggests that the administration of diminazene, lisinopril, or valsartan had comparable effects in ameliorating the biochemical and histopathological aspects of DOX-induced acute kidney injury in rats.

Potential chemoprotective effects of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: a systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies

Background

Recently, attention has been paid to the protective properties of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza (AISM) against organ toxicity induced by chemotherapy drugs. Purpose of the present systematic review is to evaluate the chemoprotective effects and mechanisms of AISM on in vitro and in vivo models of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC).

Methods

According to the PRISMA guideline, the current systematic review was conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to collect all relevant in vitro and in vivo studies on "the role of AISM on DIC" published up until May 2023. The SYRCLE's tool was used to identify potential risk of bias.

Results

Twenty-two eligible articles were included in this systematic review. Eleven types of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza were used for DIC, which have the following effects: improvement of physical signs and biochemical indicators, reduction of cardiac function damage caused by DIC, protection of heart tissue structure, enhancement of myocardial cell viability, prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, increase of the chemosensitivity of cancer cells to Doxorubicin, etc. The cardioprotective mechanism of AISM involves inhibiting apoptosis, attenuating oxidative stress, suppressing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, decreasing inflammation, improving mitochondrial structure and function, affecting cellular autophagy and calcium homeostasis. The quality scores of included studies ranged from 4 to 7 points (a total of 10 points), according to SYRCLE's risk of bias tool.

Conclusion

This systematic review demonstrated that AISM have chemoprotective effects on DIC in vivo and in vitro models through several main mechanisms such as anti-apoptosis, antioxidant effects, anti-ER stress, and anti-inflammatory.

N-(2-hydroxy phenyl) acetamide ameliorate inflammation and doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracyclin antibiotic used for the treatment of various cancers. Nephrotoxicity is among the serious side effects of DOX, therefore, DOX-induced nephrotoxic model has been widely used to study nephropathies. The objectives of this study is to investigate the possible anti-inflammatory and nephroprotective effects of salicylic acid derivative, N-(2-hydroxy phenyl) acetamide (NA-2), in a rat model of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. The in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of NA-2 was manifested by whole blood oxidative burst and nitric oxide (NO) assays with no toxicity on normal human fibroblast (BJ) cells, human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, and normal monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. The in vivo study included five groups: Normal control, DOX (6 mg/kg DOX-i.v.via tail vein), NA-2 treated control-i.p., NA-2/DOX treated-i.p., and prednisolone/DOX treated. After 7 days of DOX administration, rats with urinary protein level of >50 mg/kg/day were selected. Treatment group rats received i.p. doses of NA-2 (10 mg/kg/day) for 3 weeks with weekly monitoring of urinary protein excretion and body weights. mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Protein expressions were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. NA-2 attenuated DOX-induced changes in serum and urine levels, and improved inflammatory profile of the renal tissue. Histopathological findings revealed protective effects of NA-2 showing lesser lesions. We conclude that NA-2 is able to protect against DOX-induced renal damage functionally, biochemically and histopathologically with corresponding improvement in the kidney inflammatory profile.

A review of how the saffron (Crocus sativus) petal and its main constituents interact with the Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways

The primary by-product of saffron (Crocus sativus) processing is saffron petals, which are produced in large quantities but are discarded. The saffron petals contain a variety of substances, including alkaloids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, glycosides, kaempferol, and minerals. Pharmacological investigations revealed the antibacterial, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antinociceptive, antispasmodic, antitussive, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and renoprotective properties of saffron petals, which are based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway protects against oxidative stress, carcinogenesis, and inflammation. Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) is a protein complex involved in approximately all animal cells and participates in different biological procedures such as apoptosis, cell growth, development, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) transcription, immune response, and inflammation. The pharmacological properties of saffron and its compounds are discussed in this review, along with their associated modes of action, particularly the Nrf2 and NF-ĸB signaling pathways. Without considering a time constraint, our team conducted this review using search engines or electronic databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Saffron petals and their main constituents may have protective effects in numerous organs such as the brain, colon, heart, joints, liver, lung, and pancreas through several mechanisms, including the Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling cascade, which would then result in its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and therapeutic effects.

A review of therapeutic impacts of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its constituents

Application of herbal medicines in the treatment of diseases is in the center of attention of medical scientific societies. Saffron (Cricus sativus L.) is a medicinal plant belonging to the Iridaceae family with different therapeutic properties. The outcomes of human and animal experiments indicate that therapeutic impacts of saffron and its constituents, crocin, crocetin, and safranal, mainly are mediated via inhibiting the inflammatory reactions and scavenging free radicals. It has been suggested that saffron and crocin extracted from it also up-regulate the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), down-regulate nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and untimely improve the body organs dysfunction. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) also is attributed to crocin. The current review narrates the therapeutic effects of saffron and its constituents on various body systems through looking for the scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from the beginning of 2010 until the end of 2022.

Ceratonia siliqua pods (Carob) methanol extract alleviates doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anti-neoplastic therapy, but its use is limited by its deleterious toxic effects including nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. This work aimed at assessing the potential protective effect of Ceratonia siliqua methanol extract (CME) on DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in 5 groups of Wistar rats. Nephrotoxicity was induced experimentally by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of DOX (15 mg/kg). DOX increased serum creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium levels. It elevated MDA levels in the renal tissue but decreased the concentration of GSH and the activity of GST, CAT, and SOD. Meanwhile, it decreased the level of immunomodulatory anti-inflammatory mediators: IL-10 and TGF-β, as well as the activity of MPO but increased the level of IL-6, TNF-α, and caspase-3 in the renal tissue. DOX has upregulated COX-2, caspase-9, and Bax gene expression and downregulated the Bcl-2 gene expression. Immunolabeling of renal tubular epithelium in DOX-intoxicated rats was moderate to strong against Bax, COX-2, and NF-kβ and weak against Bcl-2. Treatment with CME significantly restored the levels of kidney function parameters and the levels of oxidative stress markers. It stimulated the production of IL-10 and TGF-β and decreased the level of IL-6 and TNF-α. CME reverted the gene expression of COX-2, caspase-9, and Bax. Microscopically, CME alleviated the DOX-induced renal damage. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds in the CME. No signs of acute toxicity were recorded by CME up to 4000 mg/kg b. wt. orally into mice. Finally, CME could effectively alleviate the deleterious effects of DOX on the kidney. The safety of carob extract encourages its use in the preparation of valuable therapeutic agents.

Advances on the anti-tumor mechanisms of the carotenoid Crocin

Saffron is located in the upper part of the crocus stigma of iridaceae, which has a long history of medicinal use. Crocin (molecular formula C44H64O24) is a natural floral glycoside ester compound extracted from saffron, which is a type carotenoid. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that crocin has multiple therapeutic effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic and anti-stone effects. In recent years, crocin has been widely noticed due to its considerable anti-tumor effects manifested by the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, inhibition of tumor cell invasion and metastasis, enhancement of chemotherapy sensitivity and improvement of immune status. The anti-tumor effects have been shown in various malignant tumors such as gastric cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer. In this review, we compiled recent studies on the anti-tumor effects of crocin and summarized its anti-tumor mechanism for developing ideas of treating malignancies and exploring anti-tumor drugs.

Modulatory Role of Autophagy in Metformin Therapeutic Activity toward Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a frequent chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various malignant tumors. One of the key factors that diminish its therapeutic importance is DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. The first-line oral antidiabetic drug is metformin (Met), which also has antioxidant properties. The purpose of our study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms for the potential protective effects of Met on DOX-triggered nephrotoxicity. Four animal groups were assigned as follows; animals received vehicle (control group), 200 mg/kg Met (Met group), DOX 15 mg/kg DOX (DOX group), and a combination of DOX and Met (DOX/Met group). Our results demonstrated that DOX administration caused marked histological alterations of widespread inflammation and tubular degeneration. Notably, the DOX-induced dramatic up-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B/P65 (NF-κB/P65), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and Beclin-1 in renal tissue. A marked increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue level and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also recorded in DOX-exposed animals. Interestingly, Met could minimize all histopathological changes as well as the disruptions caused by DOX in the aforementioned measures. Thus, Met provided a workable method for suppressing the nephrotoxicity that occurred during the DOX regimen via the deactivation of the Beclin-1/LC3B pathway.

Role of oxidative stress and inflammation-related signaling pathways in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a powerful and commonly used chemotherapeutic drug, used alone or in combination in a variety of cancers, while it has been found to cause serious cardiac side effects in clinical application. More and more researchers are trying to explore the molecular mechanisms of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy (DIC), in which oxidative stress and inflammation are considered to play a significant role. This review summarizes signaling pathways related to oxidative stress and inflammation in DIC and compounds that exert cardioprotective effects by acting on relevant signaling pathways, including the role of Nrf2/Keap1/ARE, Sirt1/p66Shc, Sirt1/PPAR/PGC-1α signaling pathways and NOS, NOX, Fe²⁺ signaling in oxidative stress, as well as the role of NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD, HMGB1/TLR4/MAPKs/NF-κB, mTOR/TFEB/NF-κB pathways in DOX-induced inflammation. Hence, we attempt to explain the mechanisms of DIC in terms of oxidative stress and inflammation, and to provide a theoretical basis or new idea for further drug research on reducing DIC. Video Abstract.

Natural bioactive compounds-doxorubicin combinations targeting topoisomerase II-alpha: Anticancer efficacy and safety

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, so pursuing effective and safe therapeutics for cancer is a key research objective nowadays. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agents that has been used to treat cancer with its antimitotic properties via inhibition of topoisomerase II (TOP2) activity. However, many problems hinder the broad use of DOX in clinical practice, including cardiotoxicity and drug resistance. Research in drug discovery has confirmed that natural bioactive compounds (NBACs) display a wide range of biological activities correlating to anticancer outcomes. The combination of NBACs has been seen to be an ideal candidate that might increase the effectiveness of DOX therapy and decreases its unfavorable adverse consequences. The current review discusses the chemo-modulatory mechanism and the protective effects of combined DOX with NBACs with a binding affinity (pKi) toward TOP2A more than pKi of DOX. This review will also discuss and emphasize the molecular mechanisms to provide a pathway for further studies to reveal other signaling pathways. Taken together, understanding the fundamental mechanisms and implications of combined therapy may provide a practical approach to battling cancer diseases.

Natural Products as Modulators of Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in Neuroprotection

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) affect the West due to the increase in life expectancy. Nervous cells accumulate oxidative damage, which is one of the factors that triggers and accelerates neurodegeneration. However, cells have mechanisms that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate oxidative stress (OS). Many of these endogenous antioxidant systems are regulated at the gene expression level by the transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2). In the presence of prooxidant conditions, Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus and induces the transcription of genes containing ARE (antioxidant response element). In recent years, there has been an increase in the study of the Nrf2 pathway and the natural products that positively regulate it to reduce oxidative damage to the nervous system, both in in vitro models with neurons and microglia subjected to stress factors and in vivo models using mainly murine models. Quercetin, curcumin, anthocyanins, tea polyphenols, and other less studied phenolic compounds such as kaempferol, hesperetin, and icariin can also modulate Nrf2 by regulating several Nrf2 upstream activators. Another group of phytochemical compounds that upregulate this pathway are terpenoids, including monoterpenes (aucubin, catapol), diterpenes (ginkgolides), triterpenes (ginsenosides), and carotenoids (astaxanthin, lycopene). This review aims to update the knowledge on the influence of secondary metabolites of health interest on the activation of the Nrf2 pathway and their potential as treatments for NDs.

Cardioprotective effects of minocycline against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

BACKGROUND

Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity has limited its use. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis have important roles in Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Minocycline (Min) is an antibiotic with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. Here, the cardioprotective effects of Min against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in adult male rats were evaluated.

METHODS

Forty-two adult male rats were divided into six groups including control group (normal saline), Dox group, Min groups (Min 45 mg/kg and Min 90 mg/kg), and treatment groups (Dox + Min 45 mg/kg and Dox + Min 90 mg/kg). Dox (2.5 mg/kg) was administered three times a week for two weeks, and Min once a day for three weeks via intraperitoneal route. Cardiac tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in serum as well as the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cardiac tissue were measured. Cardiac tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), TNF-α, and IL-1β were also measured using ELISA.

RESULTS

Compared with the Dox group, treatment with Min significantly decreased the activity of LDH and CK-MB. Min also increased the activity of catalase and SOD in the tissue samples. The results showed that the levels of MDA, TNF-α, and IL-1β in cardiac tissue samples were significantly lower in the Min groups compared with the Dox group. In addition, histopathological results showed that Min reduced the tissue damage caused by Dox.

CONCLUSION

Min reduced Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Min may contribute to its protective effects.

The protection afforded by Berberine against chemotherapy-mediated nephropathy in rats involves regulation of the antioxidant axis

Doxorubicin (DOX) treatment in cancer patients leads to nephrotoxicity. The nephroprotective effect of Berberine (BBR), a herbal ingredient, is well documented as antioxidant and activation of the Nrf2 signalling. This study aimed to investigate if Nrf2 is a major protective mechanism of BBR in DOX animal models. Rats were divided as (n = 6 each): Control, BBR (100 mg/kg, orally), DOX (15 mg/kg, orally), BBR + DOX, and BBR + DOX + brusatol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p./twice per week) (an Nrf2 inhibitor). DOX was given as a single dose (day 10), whereas BBR was administered for 3 weeks on a daily basis. BBR reduced tubular degeneration and improved renal markers in DOX-treated rats. It also reduced renal nuclear levels of NF-κB p65, total reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as mRNA levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. However, BBR stimulated glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, the transcription of Bcl2, and the mRNA, total cytoplasmic, and nuclear levels of Nrf2 with no effect on the cytoplasmic keap1 levels. All these effects disappeared by brusatol. In conclusion, BBR prevents DOX-induced renal damage by activating Nrf2.

Ceratonia siliqua pods (Carob) methanol extract alleviates doxorubicin – induced nephrotoxicity via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2217042/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antitumor therapy but its use is limited by its deleterious toxic effects including nephrotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The aim of this work was to assess the potential protective effect of Ceratonia siliqua methanol extract (CME) on DOX-induced nephrotoxicity in 5 groups of rats. Rats in groups 1and 2 were given normal saline while groups 3–5 were given Vitamin C (reference antioxidant, 250mg/kg), CME (500mg/kg) and CME (1000 mg/kg) for 5 days. On the 5th day, 1 hour after the last treatment dose, rats of groups 2–5 were given DOX in a dose of 15 mg/kg IP. DOX increased serum creatinine, urea, sodium and potassium and decreased GSH concentration, GST, CAT, SOD and MPO activities but increased MDA. It increased the inflammatory mediators (COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κβ) but decreased the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and the Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). DOX has up-regulated COX-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax and NF- κβ transcripts and down-regulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 as assessed by immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis. CME significantly improved the levels of kidney function parameters and restored the levels of the oxidative stress markers. It also decreased the level of COX-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κβ and stimulated the production of IL-10 and TGF-β. CME down-regulated the expression levels of the Bax, Cox-2 and caspases and up-regulated the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. Microscopically, CME alleviated the DOX-induced renal damage in dose dependent manner. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds among which 4 major compounds (over 5%) in the CME. Acute toxicity test revealed that CME is not toxic up to 5 g/kg orally into rats. In conclusion, CME could effectively alleviate the deleterious effects of DOX on the kidney. The safety of carob extract encourages its use in the preparation of valuable therapeutic agents.

Adrenomedullin Mitigates Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Role of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Pyroptosis

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer antibiotic which has various effects in human cancers. It is one of the commonly known causes of drug-induced nephrotoxicity, which results in acute renal injury. Adrenomedullin (ADM), a vasodilator peptide, is widely distributed in many tissues and has potent protective effects. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the protective potential mechanisms of ADM against DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. A total of 28 male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: control group, doxorubicin group (15 mg/kg single intraperitoneal injection of DOX), adrenomedullin + doxorubicin group (12 μg/kg/day intraperitoneal injection of ADM) 3 days prior to DOX injection and continuing for 14 days after the model was established, and adrenomedullin group. Kidney function biomarkers, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18) were assessed. The expressions of gasdermin D and ASC were assessed by real-time PCR. Furthermore, the abundances of caspase-1 (p20), Bcl-2, and Bax immunoreactivity were evaluated. ADM administration improved the biochemical parameters of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity, significantly reduced oxidative damage markers and inflammatory mediators, and suppressed both apoptosis and pyroptosis. These results were confirmed by the histopathological findings and revealed that ADM's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-pyroptotic properties may have prospective applications in the amelioration of DOX-induced nephrotoxicity.

Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence

Crocins (CRs) and the related active constituents derived from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) have demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke, with various bioactivities including neuroprotection, anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection. Among CRs, crocin (CR) has been shown to act on multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke, including mitochondrial apoptosis, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of B cells pathway, S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CR is generally safe and well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that CR has poor bioavailability and needs to convert to crocetin (CC) in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of saffron and CR in treating various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and coronary artery disease. There is evidence supporting CR as a treatment for ischemic stroke, although further studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

The Effect of Triptolide Combined With Crocin on Arthritis in Mice: From Side Effect Attenuation to Therapy

Clinical use of triptolide (TP) is restricted due to severe toxicity. This study assessed the protective effect of crocin (CR) as a natural antioxidant against TP-induced toxicity in bovine collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. The mice in the CIA model group showed macroscopic signs of severe arthritis. The anti-arthritis effects in the control, TP + CR, and TP groups were evaluated through assessment of foot volume, arthritis score, and proinflammatory cytokines, and collagen antibody assay. Crocin reduced TP-induced toxicity, as evidenced by evaluation of survival rate, body weight, visceral index, hepatic and renal functions, histopathologic analyses, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Transcriptome sequencing resulted in identification of 76 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with hepatotoxicity between the TP and TP + CR groups. Of these, Three DEGs (Cyp1a2,Gsta4, and Gstp1) were validated using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. In conclusion, CR protected CIA mice from TP-induced toxicity through modulation of the cytochrome P450 and glutathione metabolism pathways.

An evaluation on potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocin

Crocin, an active ingredient derived from saffron, is one of the herbal components that has recently been considered by researchers. Crocin has been shown to have many anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and therefore can be used to treat various diseases. It has been shown that Crocin has a positive effect on the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and kidney disease. In addition, the role of this substance in COVID-19 pandemic has been identified. In this review article, we tried to have a comprehensive review of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Crocin in different diseases and different tissues. In conclusion, Crocin may be helpful in pathological conditions that are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress.

Protective Effects of Antioxidants on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Ovarian Toxicity

The most common limitation of anticancer chemotherapy is the injury to normal cells. Cyclophosphamide, which is one of the most widely used alkylating agents, can cause premature ovarian insufficiency and infertility since the ovarian follicles are extremely sensitive to their effects. Although little information is available about the pathogenic mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian damage, its toxicity is attributed to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The use of compounds with antioxidant and cytoprotective properties to protect ovarian function from deleterious effects during chemotherapy would be a significant advantage. Thus, this article reviews the mechanism by which cyclophosphamide exerts its toxic effects on the different cellular components of the ovary, and describes 24 cytoprotective compounds used to ameliorate cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian injury and their possible mechanisms of action. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for the development of efficient and targeted pharmacological complementary therapies that could protect and prolong female fertility.

Saffron nephroprotective effects against medications and toxins: A review of preclinical data

Toxin and drug-induced nephrotoxicity (DIN) account for about 25% of all acute kidney injury cases and are associated with morbidity and increased utilization of healthcare services. No approved preventive compound is available for DIN. Saffron (Crocus sativus) has important biological properties like antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The protective effects of saffron and its main constituents in different tissues including the brain, heart, liver, kidney, and lung have been confirmed against some toxic materials or drugs in animal studies. This review covers all aspects of saffron’s preventive and therapeutic effects against toxins and DIN including proposed mechanism of action, dosing schedule, and effects on renal biomarkers and histological changes. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched by these search terms: “saffron” OR “Crocus sativus” OR “crocetin” OR “crocin “OR “safranal” AND “Drug induced nephrotoxicity” OR “Renal Injury” OR “Kidney Injury” OR “Nephrotoxicity”. All 25 relevant in vitro and in vivo studies up to the date of publication were included. Promising protective effects were reported particularly on aminoglycosides, cisplatin, and ethanol. Saffron and its constituents significantly prevented biochemical and histopathological changes, mediating via antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite success in animal models, no human study is available in this field and further well-designed clinical trials are necessary for better judgment.

Synergistic effects of exosomal crocin or curcumin compounds and HPV L1-E7 polypeptide vaccine construct on tumor eradication in C57BL/6 mouse model

Cervical cancer is the most common malignant tumor in females worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is associated with the occurrence of cervical cancer. Thus, developing an effective and low-cost vaccine against HPV infection, especially in developing countries is an important issue. In this study, a novel HPV L1-E7 fusion multiepitope construct designed by immunoinformatics tools was expressed in bacterial system. HEK-293T cells-derived exosomes were generated and characterized to use as a carrier for crocin and curcumin compounds. The exosomes loaded with crocin and curcumin compounds as a chemotherapeutic agent (ExoCrocin and ExoCurcumin) were used along with the L1-E7 polypeptide for evaluation of immunological and anti-tumor effects in C57BL/6 mouse model. In vitro studies showed that ExoCrocin and ExoCurcumin were not cytotoxic at a certain dose, and they could enter tumor cells. In vivo studies indicated that combination of the L1-E7 polypeptide with ExoCrocin or ExoCurcumin could produce a significant level of immunity directed toward Th1 response and CTL activity. These regimens showed the protective and therapeutic effects against tumor cells (the percentage of tumor-free mice: ~100%). In addition, both ExoCrocin and ExoCurcumin represented similar immunological and anti-tumor effects. Generally, the use of exosomal crocin or curcumin forms along with the L1-E7 polypeptide could significantly induce T-cell immune responses and eradicate tumor cells.

Protective effect of alamandine on doxorubicin‑induced nephrotoxicity in rats

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of alamandine, a new member of the angiotensin family, against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.

METHODS

Rats were intraperitoneally injected with DOX (3.750 mg/kg/week) to reach a total cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg by day 35. Alamandine (50 µg/kg/day) was administered to the rats via mini-osmotic pumps for 42 days. At the end of the experiment, rats were placed in the metabolic cages for 24 h so that their water intake and urine output could be measured. After scarification, the rats' serum and kidney tissues were collected, and biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical studies were carried out.

RESULTS

DOX administration yielded increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, pro-fibrotic proteins transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear kappa B (NF-κB), kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), creatinine clearance, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and water intake. On the other hand, the DOX-treated group exhibited decreased renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), renal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and urinary output. Alamandine co-therapy decreased these effects, as confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that alamandine can prevent nephrotoxicity induced by DOX‎ in rats.