1
|
Jiang X, Bíró I, Sárosi J, Fang Y, Gu Y. Comparison of ground reaction forces as running speed increases between male and female runners. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1378284. [PMID: 39135948 PMCID: PMC11317262 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1378284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The biomechanics associated with human running are affected by gender and speed. Knowledge regarding ground reaction force (GRF) at various running speeds is pivotal for the prevention of injuries related to running. This study aimed to investigate the gait pattern differences between males and females while running at different speeds, and to verify the relationship between GRFs and running speed among both males and females. Methods: GRF data were collected from forty-eight participants (thirty male runners and eighteen female runners) while running on an overground runway at seven discrete speeds: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 km/h. Results: The ANOVA results showed that running speed had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on GRFs, propulsive and vertical forces increased with increasing speed. An independent t-test also showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in vertical and anterior-posterior GRFs at all running speeds, specifically, female runners demonstrated higher propulsive and vertical forces than males during the late stance phase of running. Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression showed significant correlations between running speed and the GRF variables. Discussion: These findings suggest that female runners require more effort to keep the same speed as male runners. This study may provide valuable insights into the underlying biomechanical factors of the movement patterns at GRFs during running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Sárosi
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yufei Fang
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Byrne C, Ward M, Saeedi S, Obuseh E. What makes an athlete? A scoping review: Assessing the use of the word athlete with anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation review studies. Is there a standard? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14596. [PMID: 38436214 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The term athlete does not currently have an agreed definition or standardized use across the literature. We analyzed the use of the term "athlete" amongst review studies specific to Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) rehabilitation to investigate if the term was justified in its use. A comprehensive review of a database was performed to identify review papers which used the term "athlete" in the title, and which were related to ACL rehabilitation and surveillance. These papers were analyzed and their source papers were extracted for review. Twenty-eight review papers were identified. Source studies were extracted and analyzed. After removal of duplicates 223 source papers were identified. Despite using the term "athlete" in the review study titles only 5/17 (10.7%) sufficiently justified the use of this term. The term athlete was used in 117/223 (52.5%) of the source studies. Of those, 78/117 source studies (66.7%) justified the term athlete. The remaining 39/117 (33.3%) papers where participants were stated to be athletes, gave no justification. The ambiguous use of the term athlete amongst published studies highlights the need for a definition or justification of the term to be used in studies. The lack of a standard definition leads to the potential for studies to dilute high quality data by the potentially differing rehabilitation requirements and access to resources available to those with varying exercise levels. The indiscriminate use of the term athlete could lead to participants with widely ranging physical activity levels being included in the same study, and being used to create clinical advice for all. Advice could potentially vary across those of differing physical activity levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Byrne
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- James Connolly Hospital Emergency Department, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Ward
- Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Saeedi
- Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E Obuseh
- James Connolly Hospital Emergency Department, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quan W, Gao L, Xu D, Zhou H, Korim T, Shao S, Baker JS, Gu Y. Simulation of Lower Limb Muscle Activation Using Running Shoes with Different Heel-to-Toe Drops Using Opensim. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11091243. [PMID: 37174785 PMCID: PMC10178672 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the acute effects of shoe drops on running kinematics and kinetic variables, their effects on muscle forces remain unknown. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to compare the muscle force, kinematics, and kinetic variables of habitually rearfoot runners with heel-to-toe drops of negative 8 mm shoes (minimalist shoes) and positive 9 mm shoes (normal shoes) during the running stance phase by using musculoskeletal modeling and simulation techniques. METHODS Experimental data of lower limb kinematics, ground reaction force, and muscle activation from 16 healthy runners with rearfoot strike patterns were collected and analyzed in OpenSim. Using Matlab, the statistical parameter mapping paired t-test was used to compare the joint angle, moment, and muscle force waveform. RESULTS The results revealed differences in the sagittal ankle and hip angles and sagittal knee moments between the different heel-to-toe drops of running shoes. Specifically, it showed that the negative 8 mm running shoes led to significantly smaller values than the positive 9 mm running shoes in terms of the angle of ankle dorsiflexion, ankle eversion, knee flexion, hip flexion, and hip internal and hip external rotation. The peak ankle dorsiflexion moment, ankle plantarflexion moment, ankle eversion moment, knee flexion moment, knee abduction moment, and knee internal rotation also decreased obviously with the minimalist running shoes, while the lateral gastrocnemius, Achilleas tendon, and extensor hallucis longus muscles were obviously greater in the minimalist shoes compared to normal shoes. The vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and extensor digitorum longus muscles force were smaller in the minimalist shoes. CONCLUSIONS Runners may shift to a midfoot strike pattern when wearing negative running shoes. High muscle forces in the gastrocnemius lateral, Achilleas tendon, and flexor hallucis longus muscles may also indicate an increased risk of Achilleas tendonitis and ankle flexor injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Linna Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Datao Xu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
| | - Tamás Korim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Shirui Shao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biomechanical Analysis on Skilled Badminton Players during Take-Off Phase in Forehand Overhead Strokes: A Pilot Study. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101401. [PMID: 36290305 PMCID: PMC9598458 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Different movement speeds can contribute to different joint loading in sports. Joint contact force is the actual force acting on the articular surface, which could predict performance and injury, but is rarely reported for badminton overhead strokes. From the perspective of sports biomechanics, this paper analyzes the characteristics of kinematics and mechanics at each stage of the fast and moderately paced movements and studies the changes in the force of the lower extremity joints caused by the characteristics of the movements at different speeds so that athletes and enthusiasts can clarify the essentials of the movements and prevent sports injuries. Abstract Different movement speeds can contribute to different joint loading in sports. Joint contact force is the actual force acting on the articular surface, which could predict performance and injury, but is rarely reported for badminton overhead strokes. Through an approach using musculoskeletal modelling, six male elite badminton players performed forehand overhead strokes at different movement speeds (fast (100%) vs. moderate (90%)). The synchronized kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) data were measured using a motion capturing system and a force platform. All kinematics and GRF information were input into the AnyBody musculoskeletal modelling to determine the three-dimensional hip, knee and ankle contact forces. Paired t-tests were performed to assess the significant differences among the GRF, joint kinematics and contact force variables between the movement speed conditions. The results showed that when compared with the moderate movement condition, participants performing faster stroke movements induced larger first and second vertical peaks and larger first horizontal peak but lower second horizontal peak, and it also led to higher peak ankle lateral and distal contact forces, knee lateral and distal contact forces, and hip distal contact forces. Additionally, fast movements corresponded with distinct joint angles and velocities at the instant of initial contact, peak and take-off among the hip, knee and ankle joints compared with moderate movement speeds. The current results suggest that changes in joint kinematics and loading could contribute to changes in movement speeds. However, the relationship between lower limb joint kinematics and contact forces during overhead stroke is unclear and requires further investigation.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Effect of Fatigue on Lower Limb Joint Stiffness at Different Walking Speeds. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061470. [PMID: 35741281 PMCID: PMC9221592 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the stiffness of each lower limb joint in healthy persons walking at varying speeds when fatigued. The study included 24 subjects (all male; age: 28.16 ± 7.10 years; height: 1.75 ± 0.04 m; weight: 70.62 ± 4.70 kg). A Vicon three-dimensional analysis system and a force plate were used to collect lower extremity kinematic and kinetic data from the participants before and after walking training under various walking situations. Least-squares linear regression equations were utilized to evaluate joint stiffness during single-leg support. Three velocities significantly affected the stiffness of the knee and hip joint (p < 0.001), with a positive correlation. However, ankle joint stiffness was significantly lower only at maximum speed (p < 0.001). Hip stiffness was significantly higher after walking training than that before training (p < 0.001). In contrast, knee stiffness after training was significantly lower than pre-training stiffness in the same walking condition (p < 0.001). Ankle stiffness differed only at maximum speed, and it was significantly higher than pre-training stiffness (p < 0.001). Walking fatigue appeared to change the mechanical properties of the joint. Remarkably, at the maximum walking velocity in exhaustion, when the load on the hip joint was significantly increased, the knee joint’s stiffness decreased, possibly leading to joint instability that results in exercise injury.
Collapse
|
6
|
Garcia S, Delattre N, Berton E, Divrechy G, Rao G. Comparison of landing kinematics and kinetics between experienced and novice volleyball players during block and spike jumps. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:105. [PMID: 35690791 PMCID: PMC9188216 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The practice of volleyball requires many jumps. During landing, anterior cruciate ligament injuries may occur with high-risk lower limb kinematics and kinetics. Differences in landing strategies between experienced and novice volleyball players have not been fully explored. The purpose of the study was to compare lower limb kinematics and kinetics in experienced and novice volleyball players when performing volleyball specific jumps. METHODS A total of 30 healthy males, 15 experienced and 15 novice volleyball players, participated in the study. Participants performed block and spike jumps at a controlled jump height. Hip, knee and ankle joints angles at initial ground contact and ranges of motion in the sagittal plane, knee joint angles and moments in the frontal plane, vertical ground reaction force peak and loading rate were analyzed to investigate the expertise effect. RESULTS Experienced volleyball players landed with larger ankle dorsiflexion range of motion compared to novices. For the spike jump, experienced players landed with larger ankle plantarflexion angles at initial contact and larger ankle dorsiflexion ranges of motion, and for the block jump, they landed with larger knee flexion ranges of motion. Experienced players jumped significantly higher than novices. No difference was found in vertical ground reaction force peaks and loading rates. CONCLUSIONS Although the experienced group jumped higher than the novice group, no difference was found in ground reaction force parameters. These findings highlight that the experience of volleyball players acquired during regular trainings and competitions may play an important role in landing kinematics and kinetics to reduce the injury risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Garcia
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab, 59000, Lille, France. .,CNRS, Insitute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, 13007, Marseille, France.
| | - N Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab, 59000, Lille, France
| | - E Berton
- CNRS, Insitute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, 13007, Marseille, France
| | - G Divrechy
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab, 59000, Lille, France
| | - G Rao
- CNRS, Insitute of Movement Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, 13007, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xu D, Quan W, Zhou H, Sun D, Baker JS, Gu Y. Explaining the differences of gait patterns between high and low-mileage runners with machine learning. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2981. [PMID: 35194121 PMCID: PMC8863837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Running gait patterns have implications for revealing the causes of injuries between higher-mileage runners and low-mileage runners. However, there is limited research on the possible relationships between running gait patterns and weekly running mileages. In recent years, machine learning algorithms have been used for pattern recognition and classification of gait features to emphasize the uniqueness of gait patterns. However, they all have a representative problem of being a black box that often lacks the interpretability of the predicted results of the classifier. Therefore, this study was conducted using a Deep Neural Network (DNN) model and Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) technology to investigate the differences in running gait patterns between higher-mileage runners and low-mileage runners. It was found that the ankle and knee provide considerable information to recognize gait features, especially in the sagittal and transverse planes. This may be the reason why high-mileage and low-mileage runners have different injury patterns due to their different gait patterns. The early stages of stance are very important in gait pattern recognition because the pattern contains effective information related to gait. The findings of the study noted that LRP completes a feasible interpretation of the predicted results of the model, thus providing more interesting insights and more effective information for analyzing gait patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Datao Xu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.,Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow, G72 0LH, Scotland, UK
| | - Dong Sun
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Quan W, Ren F, Xu D, Gusztav F, Baker JS, Gu Y. Effects of Fatigue Running on Joint Mechanics in Female Runners: A Prediction Study Based on a Partial Least Squares Algorithm. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:746761. [PMID: 34631685 PMCID: PMC8497745 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.746761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Joint mechanics are permanently changed using different intensities and running durations. These variations in intensity and duration also influence fatigue during prolonged running. Little is known about the potential interactions between fatigue and joint mechanics in female recreational runners. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe and examine kinematic and joint mechanical parameters when female recreational runners are subject to fatigue as a result of running. Method: Fifty female recreational runners maintained running on a treadmill to induce fatigue conditions. Joint mechanics, sagittal joint angle, moment, and power were recorded pre- and immediately post fatigue treadmill running. Result: Moderate reductions in absolute positive ankle power, total ankle energy dissipation, dorsiflexion at initial contact, max dorsiflexion angle, and range of motion of the joint ankle were collected after fatigue following prolonged fatigue running. Knee joint mechanics, joint angle, and joint power remained unchanged after prolonged fatigue running. Nevertheless, with the decreased ankle joint work, negative knee power increased. At the hip joint, the extension angle was significantly decreased. The range motion of the hip joint, hip positive work and hip positive power were increased during the post-prolonged fatigue running. Conclusion: This study found no proximal shift in knee joint mechanics in amateur female runners following prolonged fatigue running. The joint work redistribution was associated with running fatigue changes. As for long-distance running, runners should include muscle strength training to avoid the occurrence of running-related injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Feng Ren
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Datao Xu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fekete Gusztav
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quan W, Zhou H, Xu D, Li S, Baker JS, Gu Y. Competitive and Recreational Running Kinematics Examined Using Principal Components Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9101321. [PMID: 34683001 PMCID: PMC8544359 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinematics data are primary biomechanical parameters. A principal component analysis (PCA) of waveforms is a statistical approach used to explore patterns of variability in biomechanical curve datasets. Differences in experienced and recreational runners' kinematic variables are still unclear. The purpose of the present study was to compare any differences in kinematics parameters for competitive runners and recreational runners using principal component analysis in the sagittal plane, frontal plane and transverse plane. Forty male runners were divided into two groups: twenty competitive runners and twenty recreational runners. A Vicon Motion System (Vicon Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK) captured three-dimensional kinematics data during running at 3.3 m/s. The principal component analysis was used to determine the dominating variation in this model. Then, the principal component scores retained the first three principal components and were analyzed using independent t-tests. The recreational runners were found to have a smaller dorsiflexion angle, initial dorsiflexion contact angle, ankle inversion, knee adduction, range motion in the frontal knee plane and hip frontal plane. The running kinematics data were influenced by running experience. The findings from the study provide a better understanding of the kinematics variables for competitive and recreational runners. Thus, these findings might have implications for reducing running injury and improving running performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.Q.); (H.Z.); (D.X.)
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.Q.); (H.Z.); (D.X.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
| | - Datao Xu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.Q.); (H.Z.); (D.X.)
| | - Shudong Li
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.Q.); (H.Z.); (D.X.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (W.Q.); (H.Z.); (D.X.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (Y.G.)
| |
Collapse
|