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Jacobson PT, Vilarello BJ, Tervo JP, Waring NA, Gudis DA, Goldberg TE, Devanand DP, Overdevest JB. Associations between olfactory dysfunction and cognition: a scoping review. J Neurol 2024; 271:1170-1203. [PMID: 38217708 PMCID: PMC11144520 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strong evidence suggests that olfactory dysfunction (OD) can predict additional neurocognitive decline in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, research exploring olfaction and cognition in younger populations is limited. The aim of this review is to evaluate cognitive changes among non-elderly adults with non-COVID-19-related OD. METHODS We performed a structured comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library in developing this scoping review. The primary outcome of interest was the association between OD and cognitive functioning in adults less than 60 years of age. RESULTS We identified 2878 studies for title and abstract review, with 167 undergoing full text review, and 54 selected for data extraction. Of these, 34 studies reported on populations of individuals restricted to the ages of 18-60, whereas the remaining 20 studies included a more heterogeneous population with the majority of individuals in this target age range in addition to some above the age of 60. The etiologies for smell loss among the included studies were neuropsychiatric disorders (37%), idiopathic cause (25%), type 2 diabetes (7%), trauma (5%), infection (4%), intellectual disability (4%), and other (18%). Some studies reported numerous associations and at times mixed, resulting in a total number of associations greater than the included number of 54 studies. Overall, 21/54 studies demonstrated a positive association between olfaction and cognition, 7/54 demonstrated no association, 25/54 reported mixed results, and only 1/54 demonstrated a negative association. CONCLUSION Most studies demonstrate a positive correlation between OD and cognition, but the data are mixed with associations less robust in this young adult population compared to elderly adults. Despite the heterogeneity in study populations and outcomes, this scoping review serves as a starting point for further investigation on this topic. Notably, as many studies in this review involved disorders that may have confounding effects on both olfaction and cognition, future research should control for these confounders and incorporate non-elderly individuals with non-psychiatric causes of smell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Jacobson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon J Vilarello
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Tervo
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas A Waring
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry E Goldberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D P Devanand
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan B Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Ma F, Zhang Q, Shi J, Li S, Wu L, Zhang H. Risk factors for cognitive dysfunction and glycemic management in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:220. [PMID: 37821909 PMCID: PMC10565992 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological evidence shows a robust relationship between cognitive dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study identified major risk factors that might prevent or ameliorate T2DM-associated cognitive dysfunction in the realm of clinical practice. METHODS Using Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) in the light of education level, we identified older adults with T2DM on admission aged 50 and above. We conducted this case-control study when eligible participants were divided into Cognitively Normal (CN) group and Cognitively Impaired (CI) group. Analytical data referred to demographic characteristics, clinical features, fluid biomarkers, and scale tests. RESULTS Of 596 records screened, 504 cases were included in the final analysis. Modified multivariate logistic regression analysis verified that homocysteine (OR = 2.048, 95%CI = 1.129-3.713), brain infarction (OR = 1.963, 95%CI = 1.197-3.218), dementia (OR = 9.430, 95%CI = 2.113-42.093), education level (OR = 0.605, 95%CI = 0.367-0.997), severity of dependence (OR = 1.996, 95%CI = 1.397-2.851), creatine kinase (OR = 0.514, 95%CI = 0.271-0.974) were significant risk factors of incident T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction in patients of advanced age. CONCLUSION Our study supported a robust relationship between T2DM and cognitive dysfunction. Our results provide clinicians with major risk factors for T2DM-related cognitive dysfunction, in particular the protective role of creatine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyuan Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shuaifeng Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, General Hospital of PLA Tibet Military Area Command, Lhasa, 850007, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Suzuki Y, Tsubaki T, Nakaya K, Kondo G, Takeuchi Y, Aita Y, Murayama Y, Shikama A, Masuda Y, Suzuki H, Kawakami Y, Shimano H, Arai T, Hada Y, Yahagi N. New balance capability index as a screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatr 2023; 23:74. [PMID: 36739383 PMCID: PMC9899403 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-023-03777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is not just a prodrome to dementia, but a very important intervention point to prevent dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has long been known that people with AD have a higher frequency of falls with some gait instability. Recent evidence suggests that vestibular impairment is disproportionately prevalent among individuals with MCI and dementia due to AD. Therefore, we hypothesized that the measurement of balance capability is helpful to identify individuals with MCI. METHODS First, we developed a useful method to evaluate balance capability as well as vestibular function using Nintendo Wii balance board as a stabilometer and foam rubber on it. Then, 49 healthy volunteers aged from 56 to 75 with no clinically apparent cognitive impairment were recruited and the association between their balance capability and cognitive function was examined. Cognitive functions were assessed by MoCA, MMSE, CDR, and TMT-A and -B tests. RESULTS The new balance capability indicator, termed visual dependency index of postural stability (VPS), was highly associated with cognitive impairment assessed by MoCA, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was more than 0.8, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity (app. 80% and 60%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Early evidence suggests that VPS measured using Nintendo Wii balance board as a stabilometer helps identify individuals with MCI at an early and preclinical stage with high sensitivity, establishing a useful method to screen MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Suzuki
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728JST START University Ecosystem Promotion Type (University Promotion Type) Project Team, Headquarters for International Industry-University Collaboration, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan ,grid.412814.a0000 0004 0619 0044Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, 305-8596 Japan
| | - Takumi Tsubaki
- grid.412814.a0000 0004 0619 0044Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, 305-8596 Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakaya
- grid.412814.a0000 0004 0619 0044Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, 305-8596 Japan
| | - Genta Kondo
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728JST START University Ecosystem Promotion Type (University Promotion Type) Project Team, Headquarters for International Industry-University Collaboration, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takeuchi
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yuichi Aita
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yuki Murayama
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Akito Shikama
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan ,grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yukari Masuda
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- grid.20515.330000 0001 2369 4728Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575 Japan
| | - Yasushi Hada
- grid.412814.a0000 0004 0619 0044Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, 305-8596 Japan
| | - Naoya Yahagi
- JST START University Ecosystem Promotion Type (University Promotion Type) Project Team, Headquarters for International Industry-University Collaboration, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Nutrigenomics Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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Sawai S, Fujikawa S, Murata S, Abiko T, Nakano H. Dominance of Attention Focus and Its Electroencephalogram Activity in Standing Postural Control in Healthy Young Adults. Brain Sci 2022; 12:538. [PMID: 35624924 PMCID: PMC9138695 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention focus changes performance, and external focus (EF) improves performance compared to internal focus (IF). However, recently, the dominance of attention focus, rather than the effectiveness of unilateral EF, has been examined. Although the positive effects of EF on standing postural control have been reported, the dominance of attention focus has not yet been examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the dominance of attention focus and its neural mechanism in standing postural control using electroencephalography (EEG). A standing postural control task under IF and EF conditions was performed on healthy young men. Gravity center sway and cortical activity simultaneously using a stabilometer and an EEG were measured. Participants were classified into IF-dominant and EF-dominant groups according to their index of postural stability. The EEG was analyzed, and cortical activity in the theta-wave band was compared between the IF-dominant and EF-dominant groups. Significant neural activity was observed in the left parietal lobe of the IF-dominant group in the IF condition, and in the left frontal lobe of the EF-dominant group in the EF condition (p < 0.05). Differences in EEG activity between IF-dominant and EF-dominant groups, in standing postural control, were detected. This contributes to the development of training methods that consider attentional focus dominance in postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sawai
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.A.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Kuno Hospital, Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
| | - Shoya Fujikawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan;
| | - Shin Murata
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan;
| | - Teppei Abiko
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan;
| | - Hideki Nakano
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (S.S.); (S.M.); (T.A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan;
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Ide R, Ota M, Hada Y, Watanabe S, Takahashi T, Tamura M, Nemoto K, Arai T. Dynamic balance deficit and the neural network in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Gait Posture 2022; 93:252-258. [PMID: 35227962 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) exhibit balance deficits. Although only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between the brain images and balance indices. In this study, we measured balance indices, including the index of postural stability (IPS) and assessed the relationship between the brain images and their clinical motor and cognitive functional features. METHODS The study included patients with MCI (N = 14) and patients with AD (N = 19). The primary outcome was IPS under a visual block condition and/or a proprioception block condition. In addition, 9 MCI and 8 AD patients underwent a 1.5-Tesla (1.5-T) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, and the relationships between the MRI parameters and the balance indices were evaluated. RESULTS The IPS score was significantly lower in the AD group than the MCI group, but only under the closed eyes/hard surface condition. In terms of MRI, there was a significant positive correlation between the IPS and the regional betweenness centrality in the left hippocampal region. CONCLUSIONS The finding of a significantly lower IPS score under the closed eyes/hard surface condition in AD than in MCI cases suggests that the vestibular and/or proprioceptive systems were more severely impaired in AD than MCI cases. The results suggest that a dynamic balance disturbance due to deficits of the vestibular hippocampal pathway may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of MCI and detection of disease progression from MCI to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Ide
- Doctoral Program in Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Hada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Takumi Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masashi Tamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nemoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Faour M, Magnan C, Gurden H, Martin C. Olfaction in the context of obesity and diabetes: Insights from animal models to humans. Neuropharmacology 2021; 206:108923. [PMID: 34919903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Faour
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Claire Martin
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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