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Peerzade IJ, Peddha MS, Halami PM. The lasso peptide produced by Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514 demonstrates efficacy in treating in-vivoSalmonella Typhimurium infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 281:136470. [PMID: 39393737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella, a significant pathogen transmitted through food, presents a substantial threat to public health. The issue of antibiotic misuse is causing a quest for alternative replacements. An antimicrobial peptide, predicted as lasso peptide 2514 (LP-2514), derived from the probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514, has demonstrated effectiveness against various foodborne pathogens including Salmonella. This study aims to assess the efficacy of this peptide in vivo. Mice infected with Salmonella Typhimurium received daily oral administration of LP-2514 (30 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks until the symptoms subsided. After the treatment, biochemical and histopathological parameters were examined. LP-2514 treated mice demonstrated reduced infection, as evidenced by a 5-fold decrease in aspartate aminotransferase concentration and a 10-fold decrease in alanine aminotransferase concentration in plasma. Nitric oxide generation was decreased by 61.23 %, C-reactive protein by 75.9 %, and numerous antioxidant enzymes were elevated to suppress the infection. Increased expression of the anti-inflammatory marker Interleukin-10 (IL-10) by 43-fold was observed in treated mice, while untreated mice displayed elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicating the severity of infection. Hence, LP-2514 successfully alleviated the disease symptoms caused by S. Typhimurium, thus exhibiting as a potential replacement for antibiotics or food-grade preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prakash M Halami
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-CFTRI, India.
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2
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Campos LL, Oliveira SRM, Amaral MNS, Gallotti B, Oliveira AF, Arantes RME, Ribeiro-Souza S, Vital KD, Fernandes SOA, Cardoso VN, Nicoli JR, Martins FS. Oral Treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 Mitigates the Inflammatory Response Experimentally Induced by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10359-4. [PMID: 39243351 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are intracellular, Gram-negative pathogens responsible for a range of diarrheal diseases, which can present either as self-limited (gastroenteritis) or as a systemic form (typhoid fever), characterizing a serious public health problem. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of oral administration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 in a murine model infected with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST). This yeast species has previously demonstrated the potential to support immune function and reduce inflammation and the ability to exert antimicrobial activity, which is important considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Our findings revealed that mice infected with ST and only treated with sterile saline exhibited a higher mortality rate and body weight loss. In contrast, mice treated with I-3856 showed a notable reduction in these adverse outcomes. The yeast demonstrated a high capacity for co-aggregation with the pathogen. Furthermore, the significant amounts of yeast found in the feces of treated mice suggest that intestinal colonization was effective, which was associated with several beneficial effects, including reduced intestinal permeability, which likely limits bacterial translocation to extraintestinal organs. Additionally, the administration of I-3856 reduced levels of sIgA and resulted in a decrease in the recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils to infection sites, indicating a modulation of the inflammatory response. Histological analyses showed attenuated liver and intestinal lesions in the yeast-treated mice, corroborating the protective effects of the yeast. In conclusion, the results suggest that S. cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 has the potential to control the inflammatory response experimentally induced by S. Typhimurium when administered to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara L Campos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Samantha R M Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maisa N S Amaral
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gallotti
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline F Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosa M E Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Samantha Ribeiro-Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Katia D Vital
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Simone O A Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Valbert N Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas E Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jacques R Nicoli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flaviano S Martins
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Mukherjee S, Verma A, Kong L, Rengan AK, Cahill DM. Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1082. [PMID: 39334849 PMCID: PMC11430415 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogenic microbial infections pose a significant danger to human health, which forces people to use riskier, more expensive, and less effective drugs compared to traditional treatments. These may be attributed to several factors, such as overusing antibiotics in medicine and lack of sanitization in hospital settings. In this context, researchers are looking for new options to combat this worrying condition and find a solution. Nanoparticles are currently being utilized in the pharmaceutical sector; however, there is a persistent worry regarding their potential danger to human health due to the usage of toxic chemicals, which makes the utilization of nanoparticles highly hazardous to eukaryotic cells. Multiple nanoparticle-based techniques are now being developed, offering essential understanding regarding the synthesis of components that play a crucial role in producing anti-microbial nanotherapeutic pharmaceuticals. In this regard, green nanoparticles are considered less hazardous than other forms, providing potential options for avoiding the extensive harm to the human microbiome that is prevalent with existing procedures. This review article aims to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge on green nanoparticles related to antibiotic activity as well as their potential to assist antibiotics in treating opportunistic clinical phytopathogenic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Anamika Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - David Miles Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
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Dehinwal R, Gopinath T, Smith RD, Ernst RK, Schifferli DM, Waldor MK, Marassi FM. A pH-sensitive motif in an outer membrane protein activates bacterial membrane vesicle production. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6958. [PMID: 39138228 PMCID: PMC11322160 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51364-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria have key roles in cell envelope homeostasis, secretion, interbacterial communication, and pathogenesis. The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium increases OMV production inside the acidic vacuoles of host cells by changing expression of its outer membrane proteins and modifying the composition of lipid A. However, the molecular mechanisms that translate pH changes into OMV production are not completely understood. Here, we show that the outer membrane protein PagC promotes OMV production through pH-dependent interactions between its extracellular loops and surrounding lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Structural comparisons and mutational studies indicate that a pH-responsive amino acid motif in PagC extracellular loops, containing PagC-specific histidine residues, is crucial for OMV formation. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that protonation of histidine residues leads to changes in the structure and flexibility of PagC extracellular loops and their interactions with the surrounding LPS, altering membrane curvature. Consistent with that hypothesis, mimicking acidic pH by mutating those histidine residues to lysine increases OMV production. Thus, our findings reveal a mechanism for sensing and responding to environmental pH and for control of membrane dynamics by outer membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Dehinwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tata Gopinath
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dieter M Schifferli
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Matthew K Waldor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Balaji L, Easwaran S, Subramaniam J. Salmonella Peritonitis Secondary to Gastroduodenal Perforation: An Unusual Presentation of Enteric Fever. Cureus 2024; 16:e65090. [PMID: 39171062 PMCID: PMC11338669 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella-induced peritonitis, secondary to spontaneous gastrointestinal perforation, is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition. We present a case of a 62-year-old female with a history of systemic hypertension, who presented with diffuse abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Initial evaluation suggested acute gastroenteritis, but worsening symptoms led to emergent exploratory laparotomy, revealing a gastric/duodenal perforation. Peritoneal fluid analysis and culture confirmed Salmonella Paratyphi A infection. The patient underwent an emergency laparotomy with omental patch repair and received intravenous ceftriaxone, leading to a full recovery. This case underscores the importance of considering Salmonella infection in the differential diagnosis of peritonitis, prompt surgical intervention, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy for optimal management and outcomes. Further research on epidemiological trends, host-pathogen interactions, and antibiotic resistance should be explored. Clinical studies should refine diagnostic criteria and treatment protocols, while animal models can aid in understanding pathophysiology and vaccine development for Salmonella peritonitis. Public health interventions and environmental studies will enhance prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Balaji
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Subbalakshmi Easwaran
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Jayakumar Subramaniam
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Singh K, Vashishtha S, Chakraborty A, Kumar A, Thakur S, Kundu B. The Salmonella typhi Cell Division Activator Protein StCAP Impacts Pathogenesis by Influencing Critical Molecular Events. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1990-2001. [PMID: 38815059 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Conserved molecular signatures in multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi can serve as novel therapeutic targets for mitigation of infection. In this regard, we present the S. typhi cell division activator protein (StCAP) as a conserved target across S. typhi variants. From in silico and fluorimetric assessments, we found that StCAP is a DNA-binding protein. Replacement of the identified DNA-interacting residue Arg34 of StCAP with Ala34 showed a dramatic (15-fold) increase in Kd value compared to the wild type (Kd 546 nm) as well as a decrease in thermal stability (10 °C shift). Out of the two screened molecules against the DNA-binding pocket of StCAP, eltrombopag, and nilotinib, the former displayed better binding. Eltrombopag inhibited the stand-alone S. typhi culture with an IC50 of 38 μM. The effect was much more pronounced on THP-1-derived macrophages (T1Mac) infected with S. typhi where colony formation was severely hindered with IC50 reduced further to 10 μM. Apoptotic protease activating factor1 (Apaf1), a key molecule for intrinsic apoptosis, was identified as an StCAP-interacting partner by pull-down assay against T1Mac. Further, StCAP-transfected T1Mac showed a significant increase in LC3 II (autophagy marker) expression and downregulation of caspase 3 protein. From these experiments, we conclude that StCAP provides a crucial survival advantage to S. typhi during infection, thereby making it a potent alternative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shubham Vashishtha
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ankan Chakraborty
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sheetal Thakur
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
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7
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Popoff MR. Overview of Bacterial Protein Toxins from Pathogenic Bacteria: Mode of Action and Insights into Evolution. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:182. [PMID: 38668607 PMCID: PMC11054074 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial protein toxins are secreted by certain bacteria and are responsible for mild to severe diseases in humans and animals. They are among the most potent molecules known, which are active at very low concentrations. Bacterial protein toxins exhibit a wide diversity based on size, structure, and mode of action. Upon recognition of a cell surface receptor (protein, glycoprotein, and glycolipid), they are active either at the cell surface (signal transduction, membrane damage by pore formation, or hydrolysis of membrane compound(s)) or intracellularly. Various bacterial protein toxins have the ability to enter cells, most often using an endocytosis mechanism, and to deliver the effector domain into the cytosol, where it interacts with an intracellular target(s). According to the nature of the intracellular target(s) and type of modification, various cellular effects are induced (cell death, homeostasis modification, cytoskeleton alteration, blockade of exocytosis, etc.). The various modes of action of bacterial protein toxins are illustrated with representative examples. Insights in toxin evolution are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R Popoff
- Unité des Toxines Bactériennes, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 2001 INSERM U1306, F-75015 Paris, France
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8
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Walls AW, Rosenthal AZ. Bacterial phenotypic heterogeneity through the lens of single-cell RNA sequencing. Transcription 2024; 15:48-62. [PMID: 38532542 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2024.2334110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial transcription is not monolithic. Microbes exist in a wide variety of cell states that help them adapt to their environment, acquire and produce essential nutrients, and engage in both competition and cooperation with their neighbors. While we typically think of bacterial adaptation as a group behavior, where all cells respond in unison, there is often a mixture of phenotypic responses within a bacterial population, where distinct cell types arise. A primary phenomenon driving these distinct cell states is transcriptional heterogeneity. Given that bacterial mRNA transcripts are extremely short-lived compared to eukaryotes, their transcriptional state is closely associated with their physiology, and thus the transcriptome of a bacterial cell acts as a snapshot of the behavior of that bacterium. Therefore, the application of single-cell transcriptomics to microbial populations will provide novel insight into cellular differentiation and bacterial ecology. In this review, we provide an overview of transcriptional heterogeneity in microbial systems, discuss the findings already provided by single-cell approaches, and plot new avenues of inquiry in transcriptional regulation, cellular biology, and mechanisms of heterogeneity that are made possible when microbial communities are analyzed at single-cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Walls
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam Z Rosenthal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Li S, Liu H, Shu J, Li Q, Liu Y, Feng H, Wang J, Deng X, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Qiu J. Fisetin inhibits Salmonella Typhimurium type III secretion system regulator HilD and reduces pathology in vivo. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0240623. [PMID: 38078719 PMCID: PMC10783070 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02406-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Salmonella spp. remains a major worldwide health concern that causes significant morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. The spread of antimicrobial resistant strains has declined the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. Thus, novel anti-infection drugs or strategies are needed. Anti-virulence strategy represents one of the promising means for the treatment of bacterial infections. In this study, we found that the natural compound fisetin could inhibit Salmonella invasion of host cells by targeting SPI-1 regulation. Fisetin treatment impaired the interaction of the regulatory protein HilD with the promoters of its target genes, thereby suppressing the expression of T3SS-1 effectors as well as structural proteins. Moreover, fisetin treatment could reduce pathology in the Salmonella murine infection model. Collectively, our results suggest that fisetin may serve as a promising lead compound for the development of anti-Salmonella drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jingyan Shu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xuming Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiazhang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, Jilin, China
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Feuerwerker S, Cockrell RC, An G. Characterizing the Crosstalk Between Programmed Cell Death Pathways in Cytokine Storm With an Agent-Based Model. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2023; 24:725-733. [PMID: 37824803 PMCID: PMC10615089 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2023.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing recognition of extensive crosstalk between programmed cell death pathways (PCDPs), such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, resulting in a highly redundant system responsive to a breadth of potential pathogens. However, because pyroptosis and necroptosis propagate inflammation, these redundancies also present challenges for therapeutic control of dysregulated hyperinflammation seen in cytokine storm (CS) generated organ dysfunction. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the conversion of existing knowledge regarding apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis into a computational model can enhance our understanding of the crosstalk between PCDPs via simulation experiments of microbe interactions and experimental interventions. Materials and Methods: Literature regarding apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis was reviewed and transposed into an agent-based model, the programmed cell death agent-based model (PCDABM). Computational experiments were performed to simulate the activation of various PCDPs as seen by differing microbes, specifically: influenza A virus (IAV), enteropathic Escherichia coli (EPEC), and Salmonella enterica (SE). The potential protective value of PCDP crosstalk was evaluated by silencing either pyroptosis, necroptosis, or both. Computational experiments were also performed simulating the effect of potential therapies blocking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1. Results: The PCDABM was implemented in the agent-based modeling toolkit NetLogo. Computational experiments of infection with IAV, EPEC, and SE reproduced cross-activation of PCDPs with effective microbial clearance. Simulations of anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 did not reduce the aggregated amount of inflammation-generated system damage, the surrogate for CS-generated tissue damage. Conclusions: Redundancies have evolved in host PCDPs to maintain protection against a wide range of pathogens. However, these redundancies also challenge attempts at dampening the pathogenic hyperinflammatory state of CS using therapeutic immunomodulation. Integrative simulation models such as the PCDABM can aid in identifying potentially targetable inflection points to mitigate CS while maintaining effective host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Feuerwerker
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - R. Chase Cockrell
- Department of Surgical Research, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Gary An
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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11
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Dégi J, Herman V, Radulov I, Morariu F, Florea T, Imre K. Surveys on Pet-Reptile-Associated Multi-Drug-Resistant Salmonella spp. in the Timișoara Metropolitan Region-Western Romania. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1203. [PMID: 37508299 PMCID: PMC10376298 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of reptiles owned as pets has risen worldwide. Additionally, urban expansion has resulted in more significant human encroachment and interactions with the habitats of captive reptiles. Between May and October 2022, 48 reptiles from pet shops and 69 from households were sampled in the Timișoara metropolitan area (western Romania). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), a molecular testing method (invA gene target), and strains were serotyped in accordance with the Kauffman-White-Le-Minor technique; the antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. This study showed that 43.28% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carried Salmonella spp. All of the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 79.32% (23/29) were multi-drug-resistant strains, with the most frequently observed resistances being to gentamicin, nitrofurantion, tobramycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The findings of the study undertaken by our team reveal that reptile multi-drug-resistant Salmonella is present. Considering this aspect, the most effective way of preventing multi-drug-resistant Salmonella infections requires stringent hygiene control in reptile pet shops as well as ensuring proper animal handling once the animals leave the pet shop and are introduced into households.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Dégi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Viorel Herman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Isidora Radulov
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florica Morariu
- Department of Animal Production Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Recourses, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiana Florea
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Department of Animal Production and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I", 300645 Timisoara, Romania
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Hu M, Zhang Y, Huang X, He M, Zhu J, Zhang Z, Cui Y, He S, Shi X. PhoPQ Regulates Quinolone and Cephalosporin Resistance Formation in Salmonella Enteritidis at the Transcriptional Level. mBio 2023:e0339522. [PMID: 37184399 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03395-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-component system (TCS) PhoPQ has been demonstrated to be crucial for the formation of resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins in Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis). However, the mechanism underlying PhoPQ-mediated antibiotic resistance formation remains poorly understood. Here, it was shown that PhoP transcriptionally regulated an assortment of genes associated with envelope homeostasis, the osmotic stress response, and the redox balance to confer resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins in S. Enteritidis. Specifically, cells lacking the PhoP regulator, under nalidixic acid and ceftazidime stress, bore a severely compromised membrane on the aspects of integrity, fluidity, and permeability, with deficiency to withstand osmolarity stress, an increased accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and dysregulated redox homeostasis, which are unfavorable for bacterial survival. The phosphorylated PhoP elicited transcriptional alterations of resistance-associated genes, including the outer membrane porin ompF and the aconitate hydratase acnA, by directly binding to their promoters, leading to a limited influx of antibiotics and a well-maintained intracellular metabolism. Importantly, it was demonstrated that the cavity of the PhoQ sensor domain bound to and sensed quinolones/cephalosporins via the crucial surrounding residues, as their mutations abrogated the binding and PhoQ autophosphorylation. This recognition mode promoted signal transduction that activated PhoP, thereby modulating the transcription of downstream genes to accommodate cells to antibiotic stress. These findings have revealed how bacteria employ a specific TCS to sense antibiotics and combat them, suggesting PhoPQ as a potential drug target with which to surmount S. Enteritidis. IMPORTANCE The prevalence of quinolone and cephalosporin-resistant S. Enteritidis is of increasing clinical concern. Thus, it is imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets with which to treat S. Enteritidis-associated infections. The PhoPQ two-component system is conserved across a variety of Gram-negative pathogens, by which bacteria adapt to a range of environmental stimuli. Our earlier work has demonstrated the importance of PhoPQ in the resistance formation in S. Enteritidis to quinolones and cephalosporins. In the current work, we identified a global profile of genes that are regulated by PhoP under antibiotic stresses, with a focus on how PhoP regulated downstream genes, either positively or negatively. Additionally, we established that PhoQ sensed quinolones and cephalosporins in a manner of directly binding to them. These identified genes and pathways that are mediated by PhoPQ represent promising targets for the development of a drug potentiator with which to neutralize antibiotic resistance in S. Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Hu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhen Huang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu He
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyu Zhu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shoukui He
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Nishi K, Okada J, Iwasaki T, Gondaira S, Higuchi H. Characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma arginini, and Mycoplasma californicum on immunological response of bovine synovial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 260:110608. [PMID: 37182306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritis in calves caused by M. bovis exhibits joint swelling, lameness, and immobility. In contrast to M. bovis, M. arginini, and M. californicum which were similarly isolated from the affected joints, only induced mild inflammation. The changes in pathogenesis that depended on species, however, remained unknown. This investigation aims to examine the characteristics of immune responses to M. bovis, M. arginini, and M. californicum in synovial cells. Intracellular M. bovis was detected by gentamicin assay, but M. arginini and M. californicum were not detected. M. bovis-infected synovial cells were encouraged to proliferate and had their apoptosis suppressed. We suggest that M. bovis invaded and inhibited apoptosis of synovial to evade host immunity, which led to long term survival in joints. M. bovis infection significantly increased IL-6 mRNA expression compared to control, although M. arginini and M. californicum infection were comparable to control. We suggest that M. arginini and M. californicum have low abilities to induce inflammation in joints and therefore do not cause severe pathology. Our findings are the first to show the variations in synovial cell immune responses to M. bovis, M. arginini, and M. californicum, which are thought to be related to the pathogenicity of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nishi
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan; Monbetsu Veterinary Clinic, Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Monbetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Julia Okada
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohito Iwasaki
- Department of Food Science and Human Wellness, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Gondaira
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Higuchi
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Aguilera-Herce J, Panadero-Medianero C, Sánchez-Romero MA, Balbontín R, Bernal-Bayard J, Ramos-Morales F. Salmonella Type III Secretion Effector SrfJ: A Glucosylceramidase Affecting the Lipidome and the Transcriptome of Mammalian Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098403. [PMID: 37176110 PMCID: PMC10179164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III secretion systems are found in many Gram-negative pathogens and symbionts of animals and plants. Salmonella enterica has two type III secretion systems associated with virulence, one involved in the invasion of host cells and another involved in maintaining an appropriate intracellular niche. SrfJ is an effector of the second type III secretion system. In this study, we explored the biochemical function of SrfJ and the consequences for mammalian host cells of the expression of this S. enterica effector. Our experiments suggest that SrfJ is a glucosylceramidase that alters the lipidome and the transcriptome of host cells, both when expressed alone in epithelial cells and when translocated into macrophages in the context of Salmonella infection. We were able to identify seventeen lipids with higher levels and six lipids with lower levels in the presence of SrfJ. Analysis of the forty-five genes, the expression of which is significantly altered by SrfJ with a fold-change threshold of two, suggests that this effector may be involved in protecting Salmonella from host immune defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aguilera-Herce
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Concepción Panadero-Medianero
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Antonia Sánchez-Romero
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto Balbontín
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Joaquín Bernal-Bayard
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Ramos-Morales
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda Reina Mercedes, 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Khan M, Shamim S. Understanding the Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogenesis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2006. [PMID: 36296282 PMCID: PMC9606911 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes typhoid fever in humans. Though many serotypes of Salmonella spp. are capable of causing disease in both humans and animals alike, S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are common in human hosts only. The global burden of typhoid fever is attributable to more than 27 million cases each year and approximately 200,000 deaths worldwide, with many regions such as Africa, South and Southeast Asia being the most affected in the world. The pathogen is able to cause disease in hosts by evading defense systems, adhesion to epithelial cells, and survival in host cells in the presence of several virulence factors, mediated by virulence plasmids and genes clustered in distinct regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). These factors, coupled with plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes, enable the bacterium to become resistant to various broad-spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of typhoid fever and other infections caused by Salmonella spp. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains in many countries of the world has raised great concern over the rise of antibiotic resistance in pathogens such as S. Typhi. In order to identify the key virulence factors involved in S. Typhi pathogenesis and infection, this review delves into various mechanisms of virulence, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance to reinforce efficacious disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saba Shamim
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Defence Road Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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